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Yu Z, Li Y, Deng L, Luo B, Wu P, Geng D. A high-performance cell-phone based polarized microscope for malaria diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200290. [PMID: 36541739 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a cell-phone based polarized microscope for diagnosing malaria through hemozoin recognition over a wide field-of-view (FOV) accompanied with decent image performance. The system is constructed based on attachment method using a lens assembly as objective, two mobile phones and two linear polarizers. A ~0.92 μm resolution across a FOV of ~3.27 mm × 3.27 mm with high imaging quality is realized, demonstrating an increased resolving power, four times improvement in FOV and better imaging quality over mobile-optical-polarization imaging device. Importantly, we also demonstrate it has capability of recognizing hemozoin within the sample for malaria diagnosis by imaging malaria-infected blood samples with similar sensitivity comparable to Leica microscopy. It is more compact, portable, and insensitive to alignment, making it highly suitable for malaria detection in a portable, easy to setup and use way in low-resource areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Yu
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Pinghui Wu
- College of Physics & Information Engineering, Quanzhou Normal University, QuanZhou, China
| | - Dongxian Geng
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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2
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Månefjord H, Li M, Brackmann C, Reistad N, Runemark A, Rota J, Anderson B, Zoueu JT, Merdasa A, Brydegaard M. A biophotonic platform for quantitative analysis in the spatial, spectral, polarimetric, and goniometric domains. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113709. [PMID: 36461456 DOI: 10.1063/5.0095133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advanced instrumentation and versatile setups are needed for understanding light interaction with biological targets. Such instruments include (1) microscopes and 3D scanners for detailed spatial analysis, (2) spectral instruments for deducing molecular composition, (3) polarimeters for assessing structural properties, and (4) goniometers probing the scattering phase function of, e.g., tissue slabs. While a large selection of commercial biophotonic instruments and laboratory equipment are available, they are often bulky and expensive. Therefore, they remain inaccessible for secondary education, hobbyists, and research groups in low-income countries. This lack of equipment impedes hands-on proficiency with basic biophotonic principles and the ability to solve local problems with applied physics. We have designed, prototyped, and evaluated the low-cost Biophotonics, Imaging, Optical, Spectral, Polarimetric, Angular, and Compact Equipment (BIOSPACE) for high-quality quantitative analysis. BIOSPACE uses multiplexed light-emitting diodes with emission wavelengths from ultraviolet to near-infrared, captured by a synchronized camera. The angles of the light source, the target, and the polarization filters are automated by low-cost mechanics and a microcomputer. This enables multi-dimensional scatter analysis of centimeter-sized biological targets. We present the construction, calibration, and evaluation of BIOSPACE. The diverse functions of BIOSPACE include small animal spectral imaging, measuring the nanometer thickness of a bark-beetle wing, acquiring the scattering phase function of a blood smear and estimating the anisotropic scattering and the extinction coefficients, and contrasting muscle fibers using polarization. We provide blueprints, component list, and software for replication by enthusiasts and educators to simplify the hands-on investigation of fundamental optical properties in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Månefjord
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Brackmann
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nina Reistad
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Runemark
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jadranka Rota
- Biological Museum, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jeremie T Zoueu
- Laboratoire d'Instrumentation, Image et Spectroscopie, INP-HB, BP 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aboma Merdasa
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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3
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Baptista V, Peng WK, Minas G, Veiga MI, Catarino SO. Review of Microdevices for Hemozoin-Based Malaria Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020110. [PMID: 35200370 PMCID: PMC8870200 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite being preventable and treatable, malaria still puts almost half of the world's population at risk. Thus, prompt, accurate and sensitive malaria diagnosis is crucial for disease control and elimination. Optical microscopy and immuno-rapid tests are the standard malaria diagnostic methods in the field. However, these are time-consuming and fail to detect low-level parasitemia. Biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices, as reported to different applications, usually offer high sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use at the point of care. Thus, these can be explored as an alternative for malaria diagnosis. Alongside malaria infection inside the human red blood cells, parasites consume host hemoglobin generating the hemozoin crystal as a by-product. Hemozoin is produced in all parasite species either in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, hemozoin crystals are produced as the parasites invade the red blood cells and their content relates to disease progression. Hemozoin is, therefore, a unique indicator of infection, being used as a malaria biomarker. Herein, the so-far developed biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices aiming for malaria detection by targeting hemozoin as a biomarker are reviewed and discussed to fulfil all the medical demands for malaria management towards elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Baptista
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Weng Kung Peng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Building A1, University Innovation Park, Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Graça Minas
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana O. Catarino
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
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4
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Brydegaard M, Jansson S, Malmqvist E, Mlacha YP, Gebru A, Okumu F, Killeen GF, Kirkeby C. Lidar reveals activity anomaly of malaria vectors during pan-African eclipse. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5487. [PMID: 32426490 PMCID: PMC7220366 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Yearly, a quarter billion people are infected and a half a million killed by the mosquito-borne disease malaria. Lack of real-time observational tools for continuously assessing the unperturbed mosquito flight activity in situ limits progress toward improved vector control. We deployed a high-resolution entomological lidar to monitor a half-kilometer static transect adjacent to a Tanzanian village. We evaluated one-third million insect observations during five nights, four days, and one annular solar eclipse. We demonstrate in situ lidar classification of several insect families and their sexes based on their modulation signatures. We were able to compare the fine-scale spatiotemporal activity patterns of malaria vectors during ordinary days and an eclipse to disentangle phototactic activity patterns from the circadian mechanism. We observed an increased insect activity during the eclipse attributable to mosquitoes. These unprecedented findings demonstrate how lidar-based monitoring of distinct mosquito activities could advance our understanding of vector ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Brydegaard
- Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Prost Stabels vei 22, N-2019 Skedsmokorset, Norway
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Samuel Jansson
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Malmqvist
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yeromin P. Mlacha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alem Gebru
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, 9 York Rd, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gerry F. Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.K.)
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5
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Schloetel JG, Heine J, Cowman AF, Pasternak M. Guided STED nanoscopy enables super-resolution imaging of blood stage malaria parasites. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4674. [PMID: 30886187 PMCID: PMC6423018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major burden world-wide, but the disease-causing parasites from the genus Plasmodium are difficult to study in vitro. Owing to the small size of the parasites, subcellular imaging poses a major challenge and the use of super-resolution techniques has been hindered by the parasites' sensitivity to light. This is particularly apparent during the blood-stage of the Plasmodium life cycle, which presents an important target for drug research. The iron-rich food vacuole of the parasite undergoes disintegration when illuminated with high-power lasers such as those required for high resolution in Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy. This causes major damage to the sample precluding the use of this super-resolution technique. Here we present guided STED, a novel adaptive illumination (AI) STED approach, which takes advantage of the highly-reflective nature of the iron deposit in the cell to identify the most light-sensitive parts of the sample. Specifically in these parts, the high-power STED laser is deactivated automatically to prevent local damage. Guided STED nanoscopy finally allows super-resolution imaging of the whole Plasmodium life cycle, enabling multicolour imaging of blood-stage malaria parasites with resolutions down to 35 nm without sample destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörn Heine
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alan F Cowman
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michał Pasternak
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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Markwalter C, Kantor AG, Moore CP, Richardson KA, Wright DW. Inorganic Complexes and Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Infectious Disease Diagnostics. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1456-1518. [PMID: 30511833 PMCID: PMC6348445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases claim millions of lives each year. Robust and accurate diagnostics are essential tools for identifying those who are at risk and in need of treatment in low-resource settings. Inorganic complexes and metal-based nanomaterials continue to drive the development of diagnostic platforms and strategies that enable infectious disease detection in low-resource settings. In this review, we highlight works from the past 20 years in which inorganic chemistry and nanotechnology were implemented in each of the core components that make up a diagnostic test. First, we present how inorganic biomarkers and their properties are leveraged for infectious disease detection. In the following section, we detail metal-based technologies that have been employed for sample preparation and biomarker isolation from sample matrices. We then describe how inorganic- and nanomaterial-based probes have been utilized in point-of-care diagnostics for signal generation. The following section discusses instrumentation for signal readout in resource-limited settings. Next, we highlight the detection of nucleic acids at the point of care as an emerging application of inorganic chemistry. Lastly, we consider the challenges that remain for translation of the aforementioned diagnostic platforms to low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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7
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Cai C, Carey KA, Nedosekin DA, Menyaev YA, Sarimollaoglu M, Galanzha EI, Stumhofer JS, Zharov VP. In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry for early malaria diagnosis. Cytometry A 2016; 89:531-42. [PMID: 27078044 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) has already demonstrated a great potential for the diagnosis of deadly diseases through ultrasensitive detection of rare disease-associated circulating markers in whole blood volume. Here, we demonstrate the first application of this powerful technique for early diagnosis of malaria through label-free detection of malaria parasite-produced hemozoin in infected red blood cells (iRBCs) as high-contrast PA agent. The existing malaria tests using blood smears can detect the disease at 0.001-0.1% of parasitemia. On the contrary, linear PAFC showed a potential for noninvasive malaria diagnosis at an extremely low level of parasitemia of 0.0000001%, which is ∼10(3) times better than the existing tests. Multicolor time-of-flight PAFC with high-pulse repetition rate lasers at wavelengths of 532, 671, and 820 nm demonstrated rapid spectral and spatial identification and quantitative enumeration of individual iRBCs. Integration of PAFC with fluorescence flow cytometry (FFC) provided real-time simultaneous detection of single iRBCs and parasites expressing green fluorescence proteins, respectively. A combination of linear and nonlinear nanobubble-based multicolor PAFC showed capability to real-time control therapy efficiency by counting of iRBCs before, during, and after treatment. Our results suggest that high-sensitivity, high-resolution ultrafast PAFC-FFC platform represents a powerful research tool to provide the insight on malaria progression through dynamic study of parasite-cell interactions directly in bloodstream, whereas portable hand-worn PAFC device could be broadly used in humans for early malaria diagnosis. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhong Cai
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205.,Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079
| | - Kai A Carey
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Yulian A Menyaev
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
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8
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Lukianova-Hleb E, Bezek S, Szigeti R, Khodarev A, Kelley T, Hurrell A, Berba M, Kumar N, D'Alessandro U, Lapotko D. Transdermal Diagnosis of Malaria Using Vapor Nanobubbles. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1122-7. [PMID: 26079141 PMCID: PMC4480396 DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laser device rapidly and noninvasively detected malaria in a patient and identified parasite-positive mosquitoes. A fast, precise, noninvasive, high-throughput, and simple approach for detecting malaria in humans and mosquitoes is not possible with current techniques that depend on blood sampling, reagents, facilities, tedious procedures, and trained personnel. We designed a device for rapid (20-second) noninvasive diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection in a malaria patient without drawing blood or using any reagent. This method uses transdermal optical excitation and acoustic detection of vapor nanobubbles around intraparasite hemozoin. The same device also identified individual malaria parasite–infected Anopheles mosquitoes in a few seconds and can be realized as a low-cost universal tool for clinical and field diagnoses.
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9
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Ishmukhametov RR, Russell AN, Wheeler RJ, Nord AL, Berry RM. A Simple low-cost device enables four epi-illumination techniques on standard light microscopes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20729. [PMID: 26853732 PMCID: PMC4745110 DOI: 10.1038/srep20729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Back-scattering darkfield (BSDF), epi-fluorescence (EF), interference reflection contrast (IRC), and darkfield surface reflection (DFSR) are advanced but expensive light microscopy techniques with limited availability. Here we show a simple optical design that combines these four techniques in a simple low-cost miniature epi-illuminator, which inserts into the differential interference-contrast (DIC) slider bay of a commercial microscope, without further additions required. We demonstrate with this device: 1) BSDF-based detection of Malarial parasites inside unstained human erythrocytes; 2) EF imaging with and without dichroic components, including detection of DAPI-stained Leishmania parasite without using excitation or emission filters; 3) RIC of black lipid membranes and other thin films, and 4) DFSR of patterned opaque and transparent surfaces. We believe that our design can expand the functionality of commercial bright field microscopes, provide easy field detection of parasites and be of interest to many users of light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Ishmukhametov
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Aidan N Russell
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Richard J Wheeler
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ashley L Nord
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Richard M Berry
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
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10
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Burnett JL, Carns JL, Richards-Kortum R. In vivo microscopy of hemozoin: towards a needle free diagnostic for malaria. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3462-74. [PMID: 26417515 PMCID: PMC4574671 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of malaria suffers from poor specificity leading to overtreatment with antimalarial medications. Alternatives, like blood smear microscopy or antigen-based tests, require a blood sample. We investigate in vivo microscopy as a needle-free malaria diagnostic. Two optical signatures, birefringence and absorbance, of the endogenous malaria by-product hemozoin were evaluated as in vivo optical biomarkers. Hemozoin birefringence was difficult to detect in highly scattering tissue; however, hemozoin absorbance was observed in increasingly complex biological environments and detectable over a clinically-relevant range of parasitemia in vivo in a P. yoelii-infected mouse model of malaria.
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11
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Chu K, Smith ZJ, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Development of inexpensive blood imaging systems: where are we now? Expert Rev Med Devices 2015; 12:613-27. [PMID: 26305840 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2015.1075388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical applications in the developing world, such as malaria and anemia diagnosis, demand a change in the medical paradigm of expensive care given in central locations by highly trained professionals. There has been a recent explosion in optical technologies entering the consumer market through the widespread adoption of smartphones and LEDs. This technology commoditization has enabled the development of small, portable optical imaging systems at an unprecedentedly low cost. Here, we review the state-of-the-field of the application of these systems for low-cost blood imaging with an emphasis on cellular imaging systems. In addition to some promising results addressing specific clinical issues, an overview of the technology landscape is provided. We also discuss several key issues that need to be addressed before these technologies can be commercialized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqin Chu
- a 1 Center for Biophotonics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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12
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Pirnstill CW, Coté GL. Malaria Diagnosis Using a Mobile Phone Polarized Microscope. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13368. [PMID: 26303238 PMCID: PMC4548194 DOI: 10.1038/srep13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global health burden, and new methods for low-cost, high-sensitivity, diagnosis are essential, particularly in remote areas with low-resource around the world. In this paper, a cost effective, optical cell-phone based transmission polarized light microscope system is presented for imaging the malaria pigment known as hemozoin. It can be difficult to determine the presence of the pigment from background and other artifacts, even for skilled microscopy technicians. The pigment is much easier to observe using polarized light microscopy. However, implementation of polarized light microscopy lacks widespread adoption because the existing commercial devices have complicated designs, require sophisticated maintenance, tend to be bulky, can be expensive, and would require re-training for existing microscopy technicians. To this end, a high fidelity and high optical resolution cell-phone based polarized light microscopy system is presented which is comparable to larger bench-top polarized microscopy systems but at much lower cost and complexity. The detection of malaria in fixed and stained blood smears is presented using both, a conventional polarized microscope and our cell-phone based system. The cell-phone based polarimetric microscopy design shows the potential to have both the resolution and specificity to detect malaria in a low-cost, easy-to-use, modular platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W Pirnstill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Gerard L Coté
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.,Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX 77843
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13
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Ali ME, Oppeneer PM. Unraveling the Electronic Structure, Spin States, Optical and Vibrational Spectra of Malaria Pigment. Chemistry 2015; 21:8544-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Rebelo M, Tempera C, Fernandes JF, Grobusch MP, Hänscheid T. Assessing anti-malarial drug effects ex vivo using the haemozoin detection assay. Malar J 2015; 14:140. [PMID: 25879757 PMCID: PMC4393616 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro sensitivity assays are crucial to detect and monitor drug resistance. Plasmodium falciparum has developed resistance to almost all anti-malarial drugs. Although different in vitro drug assays are available, some of their inherent characteristics limit their application, especially in the field. A recently developed approach based on the flow cytometric detection of haemozoin (Hz) allowed reagent-free monitoring of parasite maturation and detection of drug effects in culture-adapted parasites. In this study, the set-up, performance and usefulness of this novel assay were investigated under field conditions in Gabon. Methods An existing flow cytometer (Cyflow Blue) was modified on site to detect light depolarization caused by Hz. Blood from malaria patients was incubated for 72 hrs with increasing concentrations of chloroquine, artesunate and artemisinin. The percentage of depolarizing red blood cells (RBC) was used as maturation indicator and measured at 24, 48 and 72 hrs of incubation to determine parasite growth and drug effects. Results The flow cytometer was easily adapted on site to detect light depolarization caused by Hz. Analysis of ex vivo cultures of parasites, obtained from blood samples of malaria patients, showed four different growth profiles. In 39/46 samples, 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were successfully determined. IC50 values for chloroquine were higher than 200 nM in 70% of the samples, indicating the presence of chloroquine-resistant parasites. For artesunate and artemisinin, IC50 values ranged from 0.9 to 60 nM and from 2.2 nM to 124 nM, respectively, indicating fully sensitive parasites. Conclusion Flow cytometric detection of Hz allowed the detection of drug effects in blood samples from malaria patients, without using additional reagents or complex protocols. Adjustment of the initial parasitaemia was not required, which greatly simplifies the protocol, although it may lead to different IC50 values. Further investigation of set-up conditions of the Hz assay, as well as future studies in various settings should be performed to further determine the usefulness of this assay as a tool for rapid resistance testing in malaria-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rebelo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av Prof Egas Moniz, Lisbon, P-1649-028, Portugal. .,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné - CERMEL, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.
| | - Carolina Tempera
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av Prof Egas Moniz, Lisbon, P-1649-028, Portugal.
| | - José F Fernandes
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné - CERMEL, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon. .,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné - CERMEL, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon. .,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Hänscheid
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av Prof Egas Moniz, Lisbon, P-1649-028, Portugal. .,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné - CERMEL, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon. .,Instituto de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Rebelo M, Tempera C, Bispo C, Andrade C, Gardner R, Shapiro HM, Hänscheid T. Light depolarization measurements in malaria: A new job for an old friend. Cytometry A 2015; 87:437-45. [PMID: 25808846 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow cytometry in malaria research has increased over the last decade. Most approaches use nucleic acid stains to detect parasite DNA and RNA and require complex multi-color, multi-parameter analysis to reliably detect infected red blood cells (iRBCs). We recently described a novel and simpler approach to parasite detection based on flow cytometric measurement of scattered light depolarization caused by hemozoin (Hz), a pigment formed by parasite digestion of hemoglobin in iRBCs. Depolarization measurement by flow cytometry was described in 1987; however, patent issues restricted its use to a single manufacturer's hematology analyzers until 2009. Although we recently demonstrated that depolarization measurement of Hz, easily implemented on a bench top flow cytometer (Cyflow), provided useful information for malaria work, doubts regarding its application and utility remain in both the flow cytometry and malaria communities, at least in part because instrument manufacturers do not offer the option of measuring depolarized scatter. Under such circumstances, providing other researchers with guidance as to how to do this seemed to offer the most expeditious way to resolve the issue. We accordingly examined how several commercially available flow cytometers (CyFlow SL, MoFLo, Attune and Accuri C6) could be modified to detect depolarization due to the presence of free Hz on solution, or of Hz in leukocytes or erythrocytes from rodent or human blood. All were readily adapted, with substantially equivalent results obtained with lasers emitting over a wide wavelength range. Other instruments now available may also be modifiable for Hz measurement. Cytometric detection of Hz using depolarization is useful to study different aspects of malaria. Adding additional parameters, such as DNA content and base composition and RNA content, can demonstrably provide improved accuracy and sensitivity of parasite detection and characterization, allowing malaria researchers and eventually clinicians to benefit from cytometric technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rebelo
- Molecular Microbiology and Infection Unit, Instituto De Medicina Molecular, Faculdade De Medicina, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Ibrahim F, Thio THG, Faisal T, Neuman M. The application of biomedical engineering techniques to the diagnosis and management of tropical diseases: a review. SENSORS 2015; 15:6947-95. [PMID: 25806872 PMCID: PMC4435123 DOI: 10.3390/s150306947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews a number of biomedical engineering approaches to help aid in the detection and treatment of tropical diseases such as dengue, malaria, cholera, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, ebola, leprosy, leishmaniasis, and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas). Many different forms of non-invasive approaches such as ultrasound, echocardiography and electrocardiography, bioelectrical impedance, optical detection, simplified and rapid serological tests such as lab-on-chip and micro-/nano-fluidic platforms and medical support systems such as artificial intelligence clinical support systems are discussed. The paper also reviewed the novel clinical diagnosis and management systems using artificial intelligence and bioelectrical impedance techniques for dengue clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tzer Hwai Gilbert Thio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Tarig Faisal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Faculty-Electronics Engineering, Ruwais College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Ruwais, P.O Box 12389, UAE.
| | - Michael Neuman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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17
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Delahunt C, Horning MP, Wilson BK, Proctor JL, Hegg MC. Limitations of haemozoin-based diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum using dark-field microscopy. Malar J 2014; 13:147. [PMID: 24739286 PMCID: PMC4021049 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The haemozoin crystal continues to be investigated extensively for its potential as a biomarker for malaria diagnostics. In order for haemozoin to be a valuable biomarker, it must be present in detectable quantities in the peripheral blood and distinguishable from false positives. Here, dark-field microscopy coupled with sophisticated image processing algorithms is used to characterize the abundance of detectable haemozoin within infected erythrocytes from field samples in order to determine the window of detection in peripheral blood. Methods Thin smears from Plasmodium falciparum-infected and uninfected patients were imaged in both dark field (DF) unstained and bright field (BF) Giemsa-stained modes. The images were co-registered such that each parasite had thumbnails in both BF and DF modes, providing an accurate map between parasites and DF objects. This map was used to find the abundance of haemozoin as a function of parasite stage through careful parasite staging and correlation with DF objects. An automated image-processing and classification algorithm classified the bright spots in the DF images as either haemozoin or non-haemozoin objects. Results The algorithm distinguishes haemozoin from non-haemozoin objects in DF images with an object-level sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 97%. Ring stages older than about 6 hours begin to show detectable haemozoin, and rings between 10–16 hours reliably contain detectable haemozoin. However, DF microscopy coupled with the image-processing algorithm detect no haemozoin in rings younger than six hours. Discussion Although this method demonstrates the most sensitive detection of haemozoin in field samples reported to date, it does not detect haemozoin in ring-stage parasites younger than six hours. Thus, haemozoin is a poor biomarker for field samples primarily composed of young ring-stage parasites because the crystal is not present in detectable quantities by the methods described here. Based on these results, the implications for patient-level diagnosis and recommendations for future work are discussed.
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18
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Hemozoin-generated vapor nanobubbles for transdermal reagent- and needle-free detection of malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:900-5. [PMID: 24379385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316253111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful diagnosis, screening, and elimination of malaria critically depend on rapid and sensitive detection of this dangerous infection, preferably transdermally and without sophisticated reagents or blood drawing. Such diagnostic methods are not currently available. Here we show that the high optical absorbance and nanosize of endogenous heme nanoparticles called "hemozoin," a unique component of all blood-stage malaria parasites, generates a transient vapor nanobubble around hemozoin in response to a short and safe near-infrared picosecond laser pulse. The acoustic signals of these malaria-specific nanobubbles provided transdermal noninvasive and rapid detection of a malaria infection as low as 0.00034% in animals without using any reagents or drawing blood. These on-demand transient events have no analogs among current malaria markers and probes, can detect and screen malaria in seconds, and can be realized as a compact, easy-to-use, inexpensive, and safe field technology.
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19
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Wilson BK, Vigil GD. Automated bacterial identification by angle resolved dark-field imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1692-1701. [PMID: 24049690 PMCID: PMC3771840 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a dark-field imaging technique capable of automated identification of individual bacteria. An 87-channel multispectral system capable of angular and spectral resolution was used to measure the scattering spectrum of various bacteria in culture smears. Spectra were compared between various species and between various preparations of the same species. A 15-channel system was then used to prove the viability of bacterial identification with a relatively simple microscope system. A simple classifier was able to identify four of six bacterial species with greater than 90% accuracy in bacteria-by-bacteria testing.
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20
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Mei Z, Korotkova O. Random light scattering by collections of ellipsoids. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29296-29307. [PMID: 23388755 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Theory of weak scattering of random optical fields from deterministic collections of particles with soft ellipsoidal scattering potentials of arbitrary shapes and orientations is developed. Far-field intensity distribution produced on scattering is shown to be influenced by source correlation properties as well as by a number, shapes and orientations of scatterers. The theory extends previous results on scattering from collections of spheres with soft Gaussian potentials and is applicable to analysis of a wide range of media including blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrong Mei
- Department of Physics, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou 313000, China.
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21
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Rebelo M, Shapiro HM, Amaral T, Melo-Cristino J, Hänscheid T. Haemozoin detection in infected erythrocytes for Plasmodium falciparum malaria diagnosis-prospects and limitations. Acta Trop 2012; 123:58-61. [PMID: 22465900 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several methods based on the detection of the parasite-specific pigment haemozoin (Hz) in blood are currently being investigated as alternative diagnostic methods for malaria. Although this approach may appear attractive, the fact that in Plasmodium falciparum (P. f.) malaria, the severity of which should give it the highest diagnostic priority, the fact that most circulating intra-erythrocytic P. f. parasites contain little or no Hz raises some concern. We used flow cytometry to investigate the possibilities and limitations of the detection of intra-erythrocytic Hz in malaria infected patient blood samples and in vitro cultures. However, reliable detection of ring-forms or young trophozoites of P. f. parasites could not be achieved, although one-quarter of mature parasites could be detected after 24-48 h in culture. Our results strongly suggest that, although it may be useful for monitoring maturation, detection of intra-erythrocytic Hz by flow cytometry will not provide an optimal method for diagnosis of P. falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rebelo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Cho S, Kim S, Kim Y, Park Y. Optical imaging techniques for the study of malaria. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 30:71-9. [PMID: 21930322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malarial infection needs to be imaged to reveal the mechanisms behind malaria pathophysiology and to provide insights to aid in the diagnosis of the disease. Recent advances in optical imaging methods are now being transferred from physics laboratories to the biological field, revolutionizing how we study malaria. To provide insight into how these imaging techniques can improve the study and treatment of malaria, we summarize recent progress on optical imaging techniques, ranging from in vitro visualization of the disease progression of malaria infected red blood cells (iRBCs) to in vivo imaging of malaria parasites in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyeon Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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