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Li C, Pan R, Gu C, Guo H, Li J. Reconfigurable Micro/Nano-Optical Devices Based on Phase Transitions: From Materials, Mechanisms to Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306344. [PMID: 38489745 PMCID: PMC11132080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring innovative micro/nano-optical devices (MNODs) with reconfigurable functionality, which is highly significant because of the progressively increasing requirements for next-generation photonic systems. Fortunately, phase change materials (PCMs) provide an extremely competitive pathway to achieve this goal. The phase transitions induce significant changes to materials in optical, electrical properties or shapes, triggering great research interests in applying PCMs to reconfigurable micro/nano-optical devices (RMNODs). More specifically, the PCMs-based RMNODs can interact with incident light in on-demand or adaptive manners and thus realize unique functions. In this review, RMNODs based on phase transitions are systematically summarized and comprehensively overviewed from materials, phase change mechanisms to applications. The reconfigurable optical devices consisting of three kinds of typical PCMs are emphatically introduced, including chalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and shape memory alloys, highlighting the reversible state switch and dramatic contrast of optical responses along with designated utilities generated by phase transition. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the whole content is given, discussing the challenge and outlooking the potential development of the PCMs-based RMNODs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ruhao Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Changzhi Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Haiming Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Junjie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
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2
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Wang C, Liu X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Yu Z, Zheng Z. Dual-Channel Switchable Metasurface Filters for Compact Spectral Imaging with Deep Compressive Reconstruction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2854. [PMID: 37947699 PMCID: PMC10649194 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Spectral imaging technology, which aims to capture images across multiple spectral channels and create a spectral data cube, has been widely utilized in various fields. However, conventional spectral imaging systems face challenges, such as slow acquisition speed and large size. The rapid development of optical metasurfaces, capable of manipulating light fields versatilely and miniaturizing optical components into ultrathin planar devices, offers a promising solution for compact hyperspectral imaging (HSI). This study proposes a compact snapshot compressive spectral imaging (SCSI) system by leveraging the spectral modulations of metasurfaces with dual-channel switchable metasurface filters and employing a deep-learning-based reconstruction algorithm. To achieve compactness, the proposed system integrates dual-channel switchable metasurface filters using twisted nematic liquid crystals (TNLCs) and anisotropic titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures. These thin metasurface filters are closely attached to the image sensor, resulting in a compact system. The TNLCs possess a broadband linear polarization conversion ability, enabling the rapid switching of the incidence polarization state between x-polarization and y-polarization by applying different voltages. This polarization conversion facilitates the generation of two groups of transmittance spectra for wavelength-encoding, providing richer information for spectral data cube reconstruction compared to that of other snapshot compressive spectral imaging techniques. In addition, instead of employing classic iterative compressive sensing (CS) algorithms, an end-to-end residual neural network (ResNet) is utilized to reconstruct the spectral data cube. This neural network leverages the 2-frame snapshot measurements of orthogonal polarization channels. The proposed hyperspectral imaging technology demonstrates superior reconstruction quality and speed compared to those of the traditional compressive hyperspectral image recovery methods. As a result, it is expected that this technology will have substantial implications in various domains, including but not limited to object detection, face recognition, food safety, biomedical imaging, agriculture surveillance, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Zeqing Yu
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhenrong Zheng
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.W.); (X.L.)
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China
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3
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Gao Z, Wildenborg A, Kocoj CA, Liu E, Sheofsky C, Rawashdeh A, Qu H, Guo P, Suh JY, Yang A. Low-Loss Plasmonics with Nanostructured Potassium and Sodium-Potassium Liquid Alloys. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7150-7156. [PMID: 37477493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Alkali metals have low optical losses in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) compared with noble metals. However, their high reactivity prohibits the exploration of their optical properties. Recently sodium (Na) has been experimentally demonstrated as a low-loss plasmonic material. Here we report on a thermo-assisted nanoscale embossing (TANE) technique for fabricating plasmonic nanostructures from pure potassium (K) and NaK liquid alloys. We show high-quality-factor resonances from K as narrow as 15 nm in the NIR, which we attribute to the high material quality and low optical loss. We further demonstrate liquid Na-K plasmonics by exploiting the Na-K eutectic phase diagram. Our study expands the material library for alkali metal plasmonics and liquid plasmonics, potentially enabling a range of new material platforms for active metamaterials and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Aaron Wildenborg
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Conrad A Kocoj
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Eric Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Caden Sheofsky
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Abdelsalam Rawashdeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Hongwei Qu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Peijun Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Jae Yong Suh
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Ankun Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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4
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Lininger A, Palermo G, Guglielmelli A, Nicoletta G, Goel M, Hinczewski M, Strangi G. Chirality in Light-Matter Interaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2107325. [PMID: 35532188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The scientific effort to control the interaction between light and matter has grown exponentially in the last 2 decades. This growth has been aided by the development of scientific and technological tools enabling the manipulation of light at deeply sub-wavelength scales, unlocking a large variety of novel phenomena spanning traditionally distant research areas. Here, the role of chirality in light-matter interactions is reviewed by providing a broad overview of its properties, materials, and applications. A perspective on future developments is highlighted, including the growing role of machine learning in designing advanced chiroptical materials to enhance and control light-matter interactions across several scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lininger
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Giovanna Palermo
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Alexa Guglielmelli
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicoletta
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Madhav Goel
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael Hinczewski
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Giuseppe Strangi
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
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5
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Zhang Z, Shi H, Wang L, Chen J, Chen X, Yi J, Zhang A, Liu H. Recent Advances in Reconfigurable Metasurfaces: Principle and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:534. [PMID: 36770494 PMCID: PMC9921398 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have shown their great capability to manipulate electromagnetic waves. As a new concept, reconfigurable metasurfaces attract researchers' attention. There are many kinds of reconfigurable components, devices and materials that can be loaded on metasurfaces. When cooperating with reconfigurable structures, dynamic control of the responses of metasurfaces are realized under external excitations, offering new opportunities to manipulate electromagnetic waves dynamically. This review introduces some common methods to design reconfigurable metasurfaces classified by the techniques they use, such as special materials, semiconductor components and mechanical devices. Specifically, this review provides a comparison among all the methods mentioned and discusses their pros and cons. Finally, based on the unsolved problems in the designs and applications, the challenges and possible developments in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongyu Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Luyi Wang
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jianjia Yi
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Anxue Zhang
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Haiwen Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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6
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Mylnikov DA, Titova EI, Kashchenko MA, Safonov IV, Zhukov SS, Semkin VA, Novoselov KS, Bandurin DA, Svintsov DA. Terahertz Photoconductivity in Bilayer Graphene Transistors: Evidence for Tunneling at Gate-Induced Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:220-226. [PMID: 36546884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoconductivity of novel materials is the key property of interest for design of photodetectors, optical modulators, and switches. Despite the photoconductivity of most novel 2d materials having been studied both theoretically and experimentally, the same is not true for 2d p-n junctions that are necessary blocks of most electronic devices. Here, we study the sub-terahertz photocoductivity of gapped bilayer graphene with electrically induced p-n junctions. We find a strong positive contribution from junctions to resistance, temperature resistance coefficient, and photoresistivity at cryogenic temperatures T ∼ 20 K. The contribution to these quantities from junctions exceeds strongly the bulk values at uniform channel doping even at small band gaps of ∼10 meV. We further show that positive junction photoresistance is a hallmark of interband tunneling, and not of intraband thermionic conduction. Our results point to the possibility of creating various interband tunneling devices based on bilayer graphene, including steep-switching transistors and selective sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Mylnikov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny141700, Russia
| | - Elena I Titova
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny141700, Russia
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Moscow121205, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Kashchenko
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny141700, Russia
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Moscow121205, Russia
| | - Ilya V Safonov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny141700, Russia
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Moscow121205, Russia
| | - Sergey S Zhukov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny141700, Russia
| | - Valentin A Semkin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny141700, Russia
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Moscow121205, Russia
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore117575, Singapore
| | - Denis A Bandurin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117575, Singapore
| | - Dmitry A Svintsov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny141700, Russia
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7
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Shabaninezhad M, Ramunno L, Berini P. Tunable plasmonics on epsilon-near-zero materials: the case for a quantum carrier model. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:46501-46519. [PMID: 36558602 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The carrier density profile in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors is computed under gating using two classical models - conventional drift-diffusion (CDD) and density-gradient (DG) - and a self-consistent Schrödinger-Poisson (SP) quantum model. Once calibrated the DG model approximates well the SP model while being computationally more efficient. The carrier profiles are used in optical mode computations to determine the gated optical response of surface plasmons supported by waveguides incorporating MOS structures. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is used as the semiconductor in the MOS structures, as the real part of its optical permittivity can be driven through zero to become negative under accumulation, enabling epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) effects. Under accumulation the predictions made by the CDD and SP models differ considerably, in that the former predicts one ENZ point but the latter predicts two. Consequently, the CDD model significantly underestimates perturbations in n e f f of surface plasmons (by ∼4×) and yields incorrect details in surface plasmon fields near ENZ points. The discrepancy is large enough to invalidate the CDD model in MOS structures on ENZ materials under accumulation, strongly motivating a quantum carrier model in this regime.
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8
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Wang P, Krasavin AV, Liu L, Jiang Y, Li Z, Guo X, Tong L, Zayats AV. Molecular Plasmonics with Metamaterials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15031-15081. [PMID: 36194441 PMCID: PMC9562285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest in fundamental research and found numerous technological applications. Plasmonic metamaterials, which offer rich opportunities to control the light intensity, field polarization, and local density of electromagnetic states on subwavelength scales, provide a versatile platform to enhance and tune light-molecule interactions. A variety of applications, including spontaneous emission enhancement, optical modulation, optical sensing, and photoactuated nanochemistry, have been reported by exploiting molecular interactions with plasmonic metamaterials. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the developments of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials. After a brief introduction to the optical properties of plasmonic metamaterials and relevant fabrication approaches, we discuss light-molecule interactions in plasmonic metamaterials in both weak and strong coupling regimes. We then highlight the exploitation of molecules in metamaterials for applications ranging from emission control and optical modulation to optical sensing. The role of hot carriers generated in metamaterials for nanochemistry is also discussed. Perspectives on the future development of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials conclude the review. The use of molecules in combination with designer metamaterials provides a rich playground both to actively control metamaterials using molecular interactions and, in turn, to use metamaterials to control molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Alexey V Krasavin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Lufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
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9
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Thrane PC, Meng C, Ding F, Bozhevolnyi SI. MEMS Tunable Metasurfaces Based on Gap Plasmon or Fabry-Pérot Resonances. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6951-6957. [PMID: 35980825 PMCID: PMC9479152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tunable metasurfaces promise to enable adaptive optical systems with complex functionalities. Among possible realizations, a recent platform combining microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) with gap-surface plasmon (GSP) metasurfaces offers high modulation efficiency, broadband operation, and fast response. We compare tunable metasurfaces operating in GSP and Fabry-Pérot (FP) regions by investigating polarization-independent blazed gratings both numerically and experimentally. Peak efficiency is calculated to be ∼75% in both cases (∼40% in measurements), while the operation bandwidth is found larger when operating in the GSP region. Advantages of operating in the FP region include relaxed assembly requirements and operation tolerances. Additionally, simulation and experimental results show that coupling between neighboring unit cells increases for larger air gaps, resulting in deteriorated efficiency. We believe the presented analysis provides important guidelines for designing tunable metasurfaces for diverse applications in miniaturized adaptive optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C.
V. Thrane
- Centre
for Nano Optics, University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
- SINTEF
Smart Sensors and Microsystems, Gaustadalleen 23C, 0737 Oslo, Norway
| | - Chao Meng
- Centre
for Nano Optics, University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Fei Ding
- Centre
for Nano Optics, University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi
- Centre
for Nano Optics, University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
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10
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Zheng C, Simpson RE, Tang K, Ke Y, Nemati A, Zhang Q, Hu G, Lee C, Teng J, Yang JKW, Wu J, Qiu CW. Enabling Active Nanotechnologies by Phase Transition: From Electronics, Photonics to Thermotics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15450-15500. [PMID: 35894820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phase transitions can occur in certain materials such as transition metal oxides (TMOs) and chalcogenides when there is a change in external conditions such as temperature and pressure. Along with phase transitions in these phase change materials (PCMs) come dramatic contrasts in various physical properties, which can be engineered to manipulate electrons, photons, polaritons, and phonons at the nanoscale, offering new opportunities for reconfigurable, active nanodevices. In this review, we particularly discuss phase-transition-enabled active nanotechnologies in nonvolatile electrical memory, tunable metamaterials, and metasurfaces for manipulation of both free-space photons and in-plane polaritons, and multifunctional emissivity control in the infrared (IR) spectrum. The fundamentals of PCMs are first introduced to explain the origins and principles of phase transitions. Thereafter, we discuss multiphysical nanodevices for electronic, photonic, and thermal management, attesting to the broad applications and exciting promises of PCMs. Emerging trends and valuable applications in all-optical neuromorphic devices, thermal data storage, and encryption are outlined in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Robert E Simpson
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Kechao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MOE), School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujie Ke
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Arash Nemati
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore 487372, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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11
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Active multiband varifocal metalenses based on orbital angular momentum division multiplexing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4292. [PMID: 35879316 PMCID: PMC9314414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalenses as miniature flat lenses exhibit a substantial potential in replacing traditional optical component. Although the metalenses have been intensively explored, their functions are limited by poor active ability, narrow operating band and small depth of field (DOF). Here, we show a dielectric metalens consisting of TiO2 nanofins array with ultrahigh aspect ratio to realize active multiband varifocal function. Regulating the orbital angular momentum (OAM) by the phase assignment covering the 2π range, its focal lengths can be switched from 5 mm to 35 mm. This active optical multiplexing uses the physical properties of OAM channels to selectively address and decode the vortex beams. The multiband capability and large DOFs with conversion efficiency of 49% for this metalens are validated for both 532 nm and 633 nm, and the incidence wavelength can further change the focal lengths. This non-mechanical tunable metalens demonstrates the possibility of active varifocal metalenses. A dielectric metalens consisting of ultrahigh aspect ratio TiO2 nanofins array is demonstrated to realize active multiband varifocal functionality. By regulating the orbital angular momentum, the focal length can be switched from 5 mm to 35 mm with large DOFs.
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12
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Liu S, Qi S, Li Y, Wei B, Li P, Zhao J. Controllable oscillated spin Hall effect of Bessel beam realized by liquid crystal Pancharatnam-Berry phase elements. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:219. [PMID: 35821002 PMCID: PMC9276670 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase has become an effective tool to realize the photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) in recent years, due to its capacity of enhancing the spin-orbit interaction. Various forms of PSHEs have been proposed by tailoring the PB phase of light, however, the propagation trajectory control of the separated spin states has not been reported. In this paper, we realize the oscillated spin-dependent separation by using the well-designed PB phase optical elements based on the transverse-to-longitudinal mapping of Bessel beams. Two typical oscillated PSHEs, i.e., the spin states are circulated and reversed periodically, are experimentally demonstrated with two PB phase elements fabricated with liquid crystal. The displacements and periods of these oscillations can be controlled by changing the transverse vector of the input Bessel beam. The proposed method offers a new degree of freedom to manipulate the spin-dependent separation, and provides technical supports for the application in spin photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Shuxia Qi
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Yanke Li
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Bingyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
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13
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Guan J, Park JE, Deng S, Tan MJH, Hu J, Odom TW. Light-Matter Interactions in Hybrid Material Metasurfaces. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15177-15203. [PMID: 35762982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This Review focuses on the integration of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces with emissive or stimuli-responsive materials for manipulating light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Metasurfaces, engineered planar structures with rationally designed building blocks, can change the local phase and intensity of electromagnetic waves at the subwavelength unit level and offers more degrees of freedom to control the flow of light. A combination of metasurfaces and nanoscale emitters facilitates access to weak and strong coupling regimes for enhanced photoluminescence, nanoscale lasing, controlled quantum emission, and formation of exciton-polaritons. In addition to emissive materials, functional materials that respond to external stimuli can be combined with metasurfaces to engineer tunable nanophotonic devices. Emerging metasurface designs including surface-functionalized, chemically tunable, and multilayer hybrid metasurfaces open prospects for diverse applications, including photocatalysis, sensing, displays, and quantum information.
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14
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Liu SQ, Ma ZY, Pei J, Jiao QB, Yang L, Zhang W, Li H, Li YH, Zou YB, Tan X. A review of anomalous refractive and reflective metasurfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal refraction and reflection refers to the phenomenon in which light does not follow its traditional laws of propagation and instead is subject to refraction and reflection at abnormal angles that satisfy a generalization of Snell’s law. Metasurfaces can realize this phenomenon through appropriate selection of materials and structural design, and they have a wide range of potential applications in the military, communications, scientific, and biomedical fields. This paper summarizes the current state of research on abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces and their application scenarios. It discusses types of abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces based on their tuning modes (active and passive), their applications in different wavelength bands, and their future development. The technical obstacles that arise with existing metasurface technology are summarized, and prospects for future development and applications of abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-qi Liu
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-yu Ma
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-bin Jiao
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Li
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-hang Li
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-bo Zou
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Fu X, Shi L, Yang J, Fu Y, Liu C, Wu JW, Yang F, Bao L, Cui TJ. Flexible Terahertz Beam Manipulations Based on Liquid-Crystal-Integrated Programmable Metasurfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22287-22294. [PMID: 35476394 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz wave manipulations, especially the phase manipulations, through metasurfaces has attracted considerable interests. Here, we develop a terahertz beam steering device using the liquid-crystal (LC)-integrated programmable metasurface. Specifically, a reflective-type 1 bit metasurface element is designed by employing a multilayer structure composed of metallic back plate-LC-complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). Numerical simulations show that, at the optimized operation frequency of 0.675 THz, the developed metasurface element has a nearly 180° phase difference between unbiased and biased states with close reflection amplitudes. Furthermore, a one-dimensional programmable metasurface array with 32 independently controlled subarrays is designed and fabricated using the lithography technology. Both simulated and measured far-field scattering patterns of the metasurface certify the anomalous beam reflection and wide-angle beam steering performances. Nevertheless, the optimal frequency red shifts to 0.645 THz in the experiment. This work may advance the application of metasurfaces in terahertz beam manipulation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-electric Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
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16
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Yang J, Gurung S, Bej S, Ni P, Howard Lee HW. Active optical metasurfaces: comprehensive review on physics, mechanisms, and prospective applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:036101. [PMID: 35244609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac2aaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces with subwavelength thickness hold considerable promise for future advances in fundamental optics and novel optical applications due to their unprecedented ability to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of transmitted, reflected, and diffracted light. Introducing active functionalities to optical metasurfaces is an essential step to the development of next-generation flat optical components and devices. During the last few years, many attempts have been made to develop tunable optical metasurfaces with dynamic control of optical properties (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spatial/spectral/temporal responses) and early-stage device functions (e.g., beam steering, tunable focusing, tunable color filters/absorber, dynamic hologram, etc) based on a variety of novel active materials and tunable mechanisms. These recently-developed active metasurfaces show significant promise for practical applications, but significant challenges still remain. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recently-reported tunable metasurfaces is provided which focuses on the ten major tunable metasurface mechanisms. For each type of mechanism, the performance metrics on the reported tunable metasurface are outlined, and the capabilities/limitations of each mechanism and its potential for various photonic applications are compared and summarized. This review concludes with discussion of several prospective applications, emerging technologies, and research directions based on the use of tunable optical metasurfaces. We anticipate significant new advances when the tunable mechanisms are further developed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Sudip Gurung
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Bej
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Peinan Ni
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Ho Wai Howard Lee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
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17
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Rocco D, Gandolfi M, Tognazzi A, Pashina O, Zograf G, Frizyuk K, Gigli C, Leo G, Makarov S, Petrov M, De Angelis C. Opto-thermally controlled beam steering in nonlinear all-dielectric metastructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37128-37139. [PMID: 34808791 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable metasurfaces have recently gained a lot of attention in applications such as adaptive meta-lenses, hyperspectral imaging and optical modulation. This kind of metastructure can be obtained by an external control signal, enabling us to dynamically manipulate the electromagnetic radiation. Here, we theoretically propose an AlGaAs device to control the second harmonic generation (SHG) emission at nanoscale upon optimized optical heating. The asymmetric shape of the used meta-atom is selected to guarantee a predominant second harmonic (SH) emission towards the normal direction. The proposed structure is concurrently excited by a pump beam at a fundamental wavelength of 1540 nm and by a continuous wave (CW) control signal above the semiconductor band gap. The optical tuning is achieved by a selective optimization of meta-atoms SH phase, which is modulated by the control signal intensity. We numerically demonstrate that the heating induced in the meta-atoms by the CW pump can be used to dynamically tune the device properties. In particular, we theoretically demonstrate a SH beam steering of 8° with respect to the vertical axis for an optimized device with average temperature increase even below 90° C.
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18
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Lin YH, Wang YJ, Hu GL, Reshetnyak V. Electrically tunable polarization independent liquid crystal lenses based on orthogonally anisotropic orientations on adjacent micro-domains. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:29215-29227. [PMID: 34615036 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polarization dependency is an intrinsic property of liquid crystals (LC) devices but major problem is optical efficiency. We demonstrated a polarization independent liquid crystal phase modulation based on the orthogonal nematic LC (OLC) mode wherein the optics axes of nematic liquid crystal molecules are set orthogonally to adjacent sub-domains for the first time. Such an OLC mode includes sub-domain with anisotropic orientations but collectively presents a capability of a polarizer-free optical phase modulation. An OLC mode cell provides a tunable optical phase of ∼3.35π radians for unpolarized light and different linearly polarized light. Among the polarizer-free LC mode, the proposed OLC mode is single-layered with large tunable optical phase. We also demonstrated a polarizer-free LC micro-lens. We expect this novel LC mode provide alternatives technology roadmap for upcoming optical applications, such as electrically tunable ophthalmic lenses and optical systems for augmented reality.
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19
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Qian Y, Hu B, Du Z, Liu J. Reinforced design method for moiré metalens with large spacing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:26496-26508. [PMID: 34615084 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although metalens has attracted many research interests for its advantages of light weight, ultrathin size, and high design freedom in realizing achromatic and aberration-free optical devices, it still lacks adjustability in zoomable optical systems. Moiré metalens, which consists of two cascaded metasurface layers, can realize large focus tuning range by the mutual rotation of the two layers, and becomes a possible solution to realize real application of reconfigurable metalenses. However, due to the spacing between the two metasurface layers, it suffers from aberration caused by diffraction, leading to a dramatically decreased efficiency with the spacing. In this paper, we propose a reinforced design method for moiré metalenses with large spacing based on diffraction optics. Simulation results demonstrate that at the wavelength of 810 nm, when the spacing of the two metasurfaces is 10λ, the focusing efficiency of the reinforced moiré metalens is 3.4 times larger than the traditional moiré metalens. Furthermore, in order to consider the situation that the spacing between the two metasurfaces cannot be controlled precisely, we also propose a reinforced design method for multiplex spacings, which can make the device maintain a high focusing efficiency (3 times larger than the traditional moiré metalens) for the spacing in a range of 6λ∼10λ. The new design method is anticipated to be applied in realizing tunable metalenses in integrated continuously zoomable optical systems.
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20
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Hu Y, Ou X, Zeng T, Lai J, Zhang J, Li X, Luo X, Li L, Fan F, Duan H. Electrically Tunable Multifunctional Polarization-Dependent Metasurfaces Integrated with Liquid Crystals in the Visible Region. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4554-4562. [PMID: 34047184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces open up new avenues for designing planar optics, enabling compact dynamic metadevices. Numerous dynamic strategies have been proposed, among which liquid crystal (LC) based metasurfaces are expected due to the maturity of LC materials. However, existing schemes rarely exploit the polarization manipulation capabilities of metasurfaces and the limited performance hinders the development of practical addressable devices. Here, we demonstrate an electrically tunable multifunctional polarization-dependent metasurface integrated with LCs in the visible range. By a combination of the helicity-dependent metasurface and the birefringent LCs, continuous intensity tuning and switching of two helicity channels are realized. Electrically tunable mono- and multicolor switchable metaholograms and dynamic varifocal metalenses are demonstrated with a simple and performance-enhancing integration scheme. Further, electrically addressable dynamic metasurfaces are achieved. The proposed modulation and integration schemes pave the way for addressable dynamic metasurface devices in various applications, such as space light modulators, light detection and ranging systems, and holographic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangnian Ou
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Tibin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Lai
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhao Luo
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
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21
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Bosch M, Shcherbakov MR, Won K, Lee HS, Kim Y, Shvets G. Electrically Actuated Varifocal Lens Based on Liquid-Crystal-Embedded Dielectric Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3849-3856. [PMID: 33900774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Compact varifocal lenses are essential to various imaging and vision technologies. However, existing varifocal elements typically rely on mechanically actuated systems with limited tuning speeds and scalability. Here, an ultrathin electrically controlled varifocal lens based on a liquid crystal (LC) encapsulated dielectric metasurface is demonstrated. Enabled by the field-dependent LC anisotropy, applying a voltage bias across the LC cell modifies the local phase response of the silicon meta-atoms, in turn modifying the metalens focal length. In a numerical implementation, a voltage-actuated metalens with continuous zoom and up to 20% total focal shift is demonstrated. The LC-based metalens concept is experimentally verified through the design and fabrication of a bifocal metalens that facilitates high-contrast switching between two discrete focal lengths upon application of a 9.8 Vpp voltage bias. Owing to their ultrathin thickness and adaptable design, LC-driven dielectric metasurfaces open new opportunities for compact varifocal lensing in a diversity of modern imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bosch
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Maxim R Shcherbakov
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kanghee Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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22
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Shalaginov MY, An S, Zhang Y, Yang F, Su P, Liberman V, Chou JB, Roberts CM, Kang M, Rios C, Du Q, Fowler C, Agarwal A, Richardson KA, Rivero-Baleine C, Zhang H, Hu J, Gu T. Reconfigurable all-dielectric metalens with diffraction-limited performance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1225. [PMID: 33619270 PMCID: PMC7900249 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Active metasurfaces, whose optical properties can be modulated post-fabrication, have emerged as an intensively explored field in recent years. The efforts to date, however, still face major performance limitations in tuning range, optical quality, and efficiency, especially for non-mechanical actuation mechanisms. In this paper, we introduce an active metasurface platform combining phase tuning in the full 2π range and diffraction-limited performance using an all-dielectric, low-loss architecture based on optical phase change materials (O-PCMs). We present a generic design principle enabling binary switching of metasurfaces between arbitrary phase profiles and propose a new figure-of-merit (FOM) tailored for reconfigurable meta-optics. We implement the approach to realize a high-performance varifocal metalens operating at 5.2 μm wavelength. The reconfigurable metalens features a record large switching contrast ratio of 29.5 dB. We further validate aberration-free and multi-depth imaging using the metalens, which represents a key experimental demonstration of a non-mechanical tunable metalens with diffraction-limited performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y Shalaginov
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sensong An
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Su
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir Liberman
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Chou
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | - Myungkoo Kang
- The College of Optics & Photonics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Carlos Rios
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qingyang Du
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clayton Fowler
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Anuradha Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Richardson
- The College of Optics & Photonics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Hualiang Zhang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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23
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Kim I, Ansari MA, Mehmood MQ, Kim WS, Jang J, Zubair M, Kim YK, Rho J. Stimuli-Responsive Dynamic Metaholographic Displays with Designer Liquid Crystal Modulators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004664. [PMID: 33169455 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flat optics, realized by the artificially created 2D material platform called optical metasurfaces, is currently undergoing a science-to-technology transition. However, "real-time" active operations of such flat optical devices remain yet unresolved. Here, liquid crystals (LCs)-integrated metaholograms for ultracompact dynamic holographic displays are proposed. The anisotropic nature of the LCs allows facile and repeatable manipulation of the polarization of light. Specifically designed ("designer") LCs and efficient helicity-encoded metaholograms are combined to realize stimuli-responsive dynamic displays. The designer LC modulators are used as switches that enable a variety of external stimuli (e.g., electric field, heat, surface pressure) to operate holographic images in real-time. Such a dynamic metaholographic platform will provide a path to external stimuli-driven "smart" sensing and display applications such as hologram labels for temperature/pressure/touch monitoring and interactive holographic displays with haptic motion recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Yu P, Zhang S, Liu N. Electrically-controlled digital metasurface device for light projection displays. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3574. [PMID: 32681122 PMCID: PMC7367846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Light projection displays play an increasingly important role in our modern life. Core projection systems including liquid crystal displays and digital micromirror devices can impose spatial light modulation and actively shape light waves. Recently, the advent of metasurfaces has revolutionized design concepts in nanophotonics, enabling a new family of optical elements with exceptional degrees of freedom. Here, we demonstrate a light projection display technology based on optical metasurfaces, called digital metasurface device (DMSD). Each metasurface pixel in a DMSD is electrically reconfigurable with well-controlled programmability and addressability. The DMSD can not only continuously modulate the intensity of light with high contrast, but also shape the wavefront of light generated by each metasurface pixel and dynamically switch between arbitrary holographic patterns. Our approach will pave an avenue towards the development of customized light projection devices. It will also drive the field of dynamic optical metasurfaces with fresh momentum and inspiring concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Li
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ping Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Na Liu
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics and Centre for Advanced Materials, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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25
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Tuning of Classical Electromagnetically Induced Reflectance in Babinet Chalcogenide Metamaterials. iScience 2020; 23:101367. [PMID: 32738612 PMCID: PMC7394773 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials analog of electromagnetically induced reflectance (EIR) has attracted intense attentions since they can provide various applications for novel photonic devices such as optical detectors with a high sensitivity and slow-light devices with a low loss. The development of dynamic photonic devices desires a tunable EIR feature in metamaterials. However, most metamaterials-induced EIR is not spectrally controllable particularly for the near-infrared (NIR) region. Herein, a tuning of EIR is illustrated in Babinet chalcogenide metamaterials in the NIR region. The EIR response is created by weak hybridization of two dipolar (bright) modes of the paired Au slots. Such a mode interference can be engineered through non-volatile phase transition to the refractive index of the Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), resulting in an active controlling of the reflection window. A 15% spectral tuning of the reflectance peak is observed experimentally in the NIR region as switching the GST state between amorphous and crystalline.
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26
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Gorkunov MV, Kasyanova IV, Artemov VV, Ezhov AA, Mamonova AV, Simdyankin IV, Palto SP. Liquid-Crystal Metasurfaces Self-Assembled on Focused Ion Beam Patterned Polymer Layers: Electro-Optical Control of Light Diffraction and Transmission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30815-30823. [PMID: 32510915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling of liquid-crystal metasurfaces on polymer layers patterned by a focused ion beam manifests itself in distinctly colored optical transmission, as light from certain spectral bands is efficiently diffracted by the periodic liquid crystal modulations. We explore the metasurface electro-optics by applying voltage across the liquid crystal to straighten its director distribution and reroute the diffracted light into the direct transmission. We show that the characteristic times of switching from the diffracting to the transmitting state can be decreased down to a millisecond by increasing the driving voltage up to 6-8 V, while the main part of the relaxation back into the periodically deformed diffracting state occurs within about a few milliseconds, i.e., by an order of magnitude faster than the relaxation of the analogous homogeneous electro-optical liquid crystal cell. We explain the profound dynamics in terms of superimposed exponential modes governed by an interplay of the metasurface geometric parameters, the liquid crystal viscosity, and elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Gorkunov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Kasyanova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Artemov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Ezhov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Quantum Technology Centre, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena V Mamonova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V Simdyankin
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Serguei P Palto
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
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27
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Shirmanesh GK, Sokhoyan R, Wu PC, Atwater HA. Electro-optically Tunable Multifunctional Metasurfaces. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6912-6920. [PMID: 32352740 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shaping the flow of light at the nanoscale has been a grand challenge for nanophotonics over decades. It is now widely recognized that metasurfaces represent a chip-scale nanophotonics array technology capable of comprehensively controlling the wavefront of light via appropriately configuring subwavelength antenna elements. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable metasurface that is multifunctional, i.e., notionally capable of providing diverse optical functions in the telecommunication wavelength regime, using a single compact, lightweight, electronically controlled array with no moving parts. By electro-optical control of the phase of the scattered light from each identical individual metasurface element in an array, we demonstrate a single prototype multifunctional programmable metasurface that is capable of both dynamic beam steering and reconfigurable light focusing. Reconfigurable multifunctional metasurfaces with arrays of tunable optical antennas thus can perform arbitrary optical functions by programmable array-level control of scattered light phase, amplitude, and polarization, similar to dynamic and programmable memories in electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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28
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Nersesyan V, Nys I, Van Acker F, Wang CT, Beeckman J, Neyts K. Observation of symmetry breaking in photoalignment-induced periodic 3D LC structures. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Fan CY, Chuang TJ, Wu KH, Su GDJ. Electrically modulated varifocal metalens combined with twisted nematic liquid crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:10609-10617. [PMID: 32225642 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Focus-tunable lenses are indispensable to optical systems. This paper proposes an electrically modulated varifocal metalens combined with twisted nematic liquid crystals. In our design, a metalens is employed to focus on different points depending on the polarization state of incident light. We demonstrated that the varifocal metalens has a sub-millisecond response time. Furthermore, the numerical aperture of both the first and second focal points can be customized to achieve a wide range of 0.2-0.7. Moreover, the full width at half maximum approached the diffraction limit at multiple focal points. Because of the advantages of our proposed electrically modulated metalens, it has the potential for application in optical technology and biomedical science, both of which require high image quality and a rapid response time.
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30
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Shaltout AM, Shalaev VM, Brongersma ML. Spatiotemporal light control with active metasurfaces. Science 2019; 364:364/6441/eaat3100. [PMID: 31097638 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces have provided us with extraordinary ways to control light by spatially structuring materials. The space-time duality in Maxwell's equations suggests that additional structuring of metasurfaces in the time domain can even further expand their impact on the field of optics. Advances toward this goal critically rely on the development of new materials and nanostructures that exhibit very large and fast changes in their optical properties in response to external stimuli. New physics is also emerging as ultrafast tuning of metasurfaces is becoming possible, including wavelength shifts that emulate the Doppler effect, Lorentz nonreciprocity, time-reversed optical behavior, and negative refraction. The large-scale manufacturing of dynamic flat optics has the potential to revolutionize many emerging technologies that require active wavefront shaping with lightweight, compact, and power-efficient components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Shaltout
- Geballe Lab for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Lab for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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31
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All-silicon reconfigurable metasurfaces for multifunction and tunable performance at optical frequencies based on glide symmetry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13641. [PMID: 31541128 PMCID: PMC6754409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dielectric metasurfaces have opened promising possibilities to enable a versatile platform in the miniaturization of optical elements at visible and infrared frequencies. Due to high efficiency and compatibility with CMOS fabrication technology, silicon-based metasurfaces have a remarkable potential for a wide variety of optical devices. Adding tunability mechanisms to metasurfaces could be beneficial for their application in areas such as communications, imaging and sensing. In this paper, we propose an all-silicon reconfigurable metasurface based on the concept of glide symmetry. The reconfigurability is achieved by a phase modulation of the transmitted wave activated by a lateral displacement of the layers. The misalignment between the layers creates a new inner periodicity which leads to the formation of a metamolecule with a new sort of near-field interaction. The proposed approach is highly versatile for developing multifunctional and tunable metadevices at optical frequencies. As a proof of concept, in this paper, we design a bifunctional metadevice, as well as a tunable lens and a controllable beam deflector operating at 1.55 μm.
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32
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Kim Y, Wu PC, Sokhoyan R, Mauser K, Glaudell R, Kafaie Shirmanesh G, Atwater HA. Phase Modulation with Electrically Tunable Vanadium Dioxide Phase-Change Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3961-3968. [PMID: 31136191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a dynamically tunable reflectarray metasurface that continuously modulates the phase of reflected light in the near-infrared wavelength range under active electrical control of the phase transition from semiconducting to semimetallic states. We integrate a vanadium dioxide (VO2) active layer into the dielectric gap of antenna elements in a reflectarray metasurface, which undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition upon resistive heating of the metallic patch antenna. The induced phase transition in the VO2 film strongly perturbs the magnetic dipole resonance supported by the metasurface. By carefully controlling the volume fractions of coexisting metallic and dielectric regions of the VO2 film, we observe a continuous shift of the phase of the reflected light, with a maximal achievable phase shift as high as 250°. We also observe a reflectance modulation of 23.5% as well as a spectral shift of the resonance position by 175 nm. The metasurface phase modulation is fairly broadband, yielding large phase shifts at multiple operation wavelengths.
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33
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Li J, Zhang X. Tunable polarization-controlled perfect switching of transverse scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:323-326. [PMID: 30644891 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the polarization-controlled perfect switching effect in near-infrared frequency ranges using silicon particles embedded in a liquid crystal cell. The effect has electric field tunable properties in a wide frequency band. The phenomenon originates from the interaction between electric multipole modes and magnetic multipole modes, which can also be generalized to the visible and other frequency ranges. It is expected that such an electric field tunable switching device can play important role in the optical information process.
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34
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Liquid Crystal Enabled Dynamic Nanodevices. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8110871. [PMID: 30360573 PMCID: PMC6265771 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the anisotropic molecular shape and tunable alignment of liquid crystals (LCs), investigations on hybrid nanodevices which combine LCs with plasmonic metasurfaces have received great attention recently. Since LCs possess unique electro-optical properties, developing novel dynamic optical components by incorporating nematic LCs with nanostructures offers a variety of practical applications. Owing to the large birefringence of LCs, the optical properties of metamaterials can be electrically or optically modulated over a wide range. In this review article, we show different elegant designs of metasurface based nanodevices integrated into LCs and explore the tuning factors of transmittance/extinction/scattering spectra. Moreover, we review and classify substantial tunable devices enabled by LC-plasmonic interactions. These dynamically tunable optoelectronic nanodevices and components are of extreme importance, since they can enable a significant range of applications, including ultra-fast switching, modulating, sensing, imaging, and waveguiding. By integrating LCs with two dimensional metasurfaces, one can manipulate electromagnetic waves at the nanoscale with dramatically reduced sizes. Owing to their special electro-optical properties, recent efforts have demonstrated that more accurate manipulation of LC-displays can be engineered by precisely controlling the alignment of LCs inside small channels. In particular, device performance can be significantly improved by optimizing geometries and the surrounding environmental parameters.
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35
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Atorf B, Friesen S, Rennerich R, Mühlenbernd H, Zentgraf T, Kitzerow H. Switchable Plasmonic Metasurface Utilizing the Electro-Optic Kerr Effect of a Blue Phase Liquid Crystal. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238218010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Reconfigurable Multifunctional Metasurface Hybridized with Vanadium Dioxide at Terahertz Frequencies. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11102040. [PMID: 30347715 PMCID: PMC6213937 DOI: 10.3390/ma11102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the continuous demand for system integration and device miniaturization, integrating multiple diversified functions into a single metasurface hybridized with the tunable metaparticle is highly demanding at terahertz (THz) range. However, up to now, because of the limitation of the tunable metaparticle at terahertz range, most of the metasurfaces feature a single function only or process similar functionalities at a single frequency. A reconfigurable multifunctional metasurface which can realize the switch of transmission and reflection and manipulate the linearized polarization state of electromagnetic waves simultaneously over a controllable terahertz frequency range based on the vanadium dioxide was designed for the first time in the paper. The numerical result demonstrates the validity of the appropriately designed metasurface. Simulation results show that the reconfigurable and multifunctional performance of this metasurface can be acquired over 1.59 THz to 1.74 THz without re-optimizing or re-fabricating structures, which effectively extends the operating frequencies. The proposed metasurface holds potential for electromagnetic wave manipulation and this study can motivate the realization of the wideband multifunctional metasurface and the software-driven reconfigurable metasurface at terahertz frequencies.
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37
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Design and Simulation of Active Frequency-selective Metasurface for Full-colour Plasmonic Display. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11778. [PMID: 30082819 PMCID: PMC6079087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a full-colour plasmonic pixel by incorporating a low-index buffer layer and an EO material layer with a gap surface plasmon-based metasuface. The reflection spectra can be modulated by an external voltage bias with a reflectivity higher than 60% when filtering red, green and blue primary light. Vivid colour can be generated by mixing the three primaries in time sequence. Brightness can be tuned by the duty cycle of bright and dark state. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the switchable pixels we designed can achieve a gamut overlapping 80% area of NTSC colour space and a contrast ratio of 10.63, 26.11 and 2.97 for red, green and blue when using a white quatom-dot-enhancement-film backlit.
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38
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Kafaie Shirmanesh G, Sokhoyan R, Pala RA, Atwater HA. Dual-Gated Active Metasurface at 1550 nm with Wide (>300°) Phase Tunability. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2957-2963. [PMID: 29570306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Active metasurfaces composed of electrically reconfigurable nanoscale subwavelength antenna arrays can enable real-time control of scattered light amplitude and phase. Achievement of widely tunable phase and amplitude in chip-based active metasurfaces operating at or near 1550 nm wavelength has considerable potential for active beam steering, dynamic hologram rendition, and realization of flat optics with reconfigurable focal lengths. Previously, electrically tunable conducting oxide-based reflectarray metasurfaces have demonstrated dynamic phase control of reflected light with a maximum phase shift of 184° ( Nano Lett. 2016 , 16 , 5319 ). Here, we introduce a dual-gated reflectarray metasurface architecture that enables much wider (>300°) phase tunability. We explore light-matter interactions with dual-gated metasurface elements that incorporate two independent voltage-controlled MOS field effect channels connected in series to form a single metasurface element that enables wider phase tunability. Using indium tin oxide (ITO) as the active metasurface material and a composite hafnia/alumina gate dielectric, we demonstrate a prototype dual-gated metasurface with a continuous phase shift from 0 to 303° and a relative reflectance modulation of 89% under applied voltage bias of 6.5 V.
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39
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Liquid-Crystal-Based Electrically Tuned Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Metasurface Switch. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17378. [PMID: 29234053 PMCID: PMC5727166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a structure to realize a switchover between two different responses of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was designed and implemented by simulation. Taking advantage of the anisotropy in the structure and the coupling between the radiative and dark elements, a metasurface switch with modulation depth of over 85% between orthogonal polarization incident light illuminations was demonstrated. The key mode switchover between the “on” and “off” states was achieved by electrically changing the dressing light polarization with a liquid crystals layer pre-aligned with a mature technology, without changing the incident light and an expected and reversible transition from an EIT-like spectrum to a strong spectral dip was observed. The modulation in the EIT switch fabricated with the proposed straightforward approach is a promising tool to control the groping velocity delay.
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40
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Guo J, Tu Y, Yang L, Zhang R, Wang L, Wang B. Electrically Tunable Gap Surface Plasmon-based Metasurface for Visible Light. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14078. [PMID: 29074980 PMCID: PMC5658421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an electrically tunable metasuface is designed for visible regime. The device mainly consists of a V-shaped metallic metasurface, an ITO film, an electro-optic (EO) dielectric and a metal layer fabricated on a silica substrate. A continuous electrical modulation of resonant wavelength has been theoretically demonstrated in the visible range from 555 nm to 640 nm by changing the voltage applied on the EO dielectric from -20 V to 20 V. During the modulation, the steering angle also changes with the selective color. The peak cross-polarized reflectivity is higher than 48% and the bandwidth is narrower than 60 nm. The resonant wavelength shift can be explained by that the refractive index variation of the EO material induces resonance condition changes of the gap surface plasmon (GSP). The results provide a novel design solution for active plasmonic devices, especially for dynamic metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Baoping Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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41
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Thyagarajan K, Sokhoyan R, Zornberg L, Atwater HA. Millivolt Modulation of Plasmonic Metasurface Optical Response via Ionic Conductance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701044. [PMID: 28612946 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A plasmonic metasurface with an electrically tunable optical response that operates at strikingly low modulation voltages is experimentally demonstrated. The fabricated metasurface shows up to 30% relative change in reflectance in the visible spectral range upon application of 5 mV and 78% absolute change in reflectance upon application of 100 mV of bias. The designed metasurface consists of nanostructured silver and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes which are separated by 5 nm thick alumina. The millivolt-scale optical modulation is attributed to a new modulation mechanism, in which transport of silver ions through alumina dielectric leads to bias-induced nucleation and growth of silver nanoparticles in the ITO counter-electrode, altering the optical extinction response. This transport mechanism, which occurs at applied electric fields of 1 mV nm-1 , provides a new approach to use of ionic transport for electrical control over light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Thyagarajan
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ruzan Sokhoyan
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Leonardo Zornberg
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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42
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Yang X, Zhang D, Wu S, Yin Y, Li L, Cao K, Huang K. Reconfigurable all-dielectric metasurface based on tunable chemical systems in aqueous solution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3190. [PMID: 28600537 PMCID: PMC5466680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic control transmission and polarization properties of electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation is investigated using chemical reconfigurable all-dielectric metasurface. The metasurface is composed of cross-shaped periodical teflon tubes and inner filled chemical systems (i.e., mixtures and chemical reaction) in aqueous solution. By tuning the complex permittivity of chemical systems, the reconfigurable metasurface can be easily achieved. The transmission properties of different incident polarized waves (i.e., linear and circular polarization) were simulated and experimentally measured for static ethanol solution as volume ratio changed. Both results indicated this metasurface can serve as either tunable FSS (Frequency Selective Surface) or tunable linear-to-circular/cross Polarization Converter at required frequency range. Based on the reconfigurable laws obtained from static solutions, we developed a dynamic dielectric system and researched a typical chemical reaction with time-varying permittivity filled in the tubes experimentally. It provides new ways for realizing automatic reconfiguration of metasurface by chemical reaction system with given variation laws of permittivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shiyue Wu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yang Yin
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lanshuo Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Kaiyuan Cao
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Kama Huang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Ahmadivand A, Gerislioglu B, Sinha R, Karabiyik M, Pala N. Optical Switching Using Transition from Dipolar to Charge Transfer Plasmon Modes in Ge 2Sb 2Te 5 Bridged Metallodielectric Dimers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42807. [PMID: 28205643 PMCID: PMC5311934 DOI: 10.1038/srep42807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Capacitive coupling and direct shuttling of charges in nanoscale plasmonic components across a dielectric spacer and through a conductive junction lead to excitation of significantly different dipolar and charge transfer plasmon (CTP) resonances, respectively. Here, we demonstrate the excitation of dipolar and CTP resonant modes in metallic nanodimers bridged by phase-change material (PCM) sections, material and electrical characteristics of which can be controlled by external stimuli. Ultrafast switching (in the range of a few nanoseconds) between amorphous and crystalline phases of the PCM section (here Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST)) allows for designing a tunable plasmonic switch for optical communication applications with significant modulation depth (up to 88%). Judiciously selecting the geometrical parameters and taking advantage of the electrical properties of the amorphous phase of the GST section we adjusted the extinction peak of the dipolar mode at the telecommunication band (λ~1.55 μm), which is considered as the OFF state. Changing the GST phase to crystalline via optical heating allows for direct transfer of charges through the junction between nanodisks and formation of a distinct CTP peak at longer wavelengths (λ~1.85 μm) far from the telecommunication wavelength, which constitutes the ON state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ahmadivand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Burak Gerislioglu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Raju Sinha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Mustafa Karabiyik
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Nezih Pala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
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Qiu K, Jia N, Liu Z, Wu C, Fan Y, Fu Q, Zhang F, Zhang W. Electrically reconfigurable split ring resonator covered by nematic liquid crystal droplet. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:27096-27103. [PMID: 27906284 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.027096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an electrically reconfigurable split ring resonator (SRR) covered by sessile droplet of nematic liquid crystal (LC) is demonstrated experimentally. The magnetic resonance of single SRR decreases gradually by 237 MHz as external bias voltage is applied, resulting from increasing fringing capacitance due to liquid crystal molecular reorientation along local electric field distribution. The transmission phase can be modulated by more than 100 degrees. Furthermore, frequency tuning range of SRR increases with the droplet height, because of the significant enhancement for SRR capacitance difference between LC states with/without bias voltage. This work will be of interest for the development of reconfigurable metasurface and related application.
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Huang YW, Lee HWH, Sokhoyan R, Pala RA, Thyagarajan K, Han S, Tsai DP, Atwater HA. Gate-Tunable Conducting Oxide Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5319-25. [PMID: 27564012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces composed of planar arrays of subwavelength artificial structures show promise for extraordinary light manipulation. They have yielded novel ultrathin optical components such as flat lenses, wave plates, holographic surfaces, and orbital angular momentum manipulation and detection over a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, the optical properties of metasurfaces developed to date do not allow for versatile tunability of reflected or transmitted wave amplitude and phase after their fabrication, thus limiting their use in a wide range of applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a gate-tunable metasurface that enables dynamic electrical control of the phase and amplitude of the plane wave reflected from the metasurface. Tunability arises from field-effect modulation of the complex refractive index of conducting oxide layers incorporated into metasurface antenna elements which are configured in reflectarray geometry. We measure a phase shift of 180° and ∼30% change in the reflectance by applying 2.5 V gate bias. Additionally, we demonstrate modulation at frequencies exceeding 10 MHz and electrical switching of ±1 order diffracted beams by electrical control over subgroups of metasurface elements, a basic requirement for electrically tunable beam-steering phased array metasurfaces. In principle, electrically gated phase and amplitude control allows for electrical addressability of individual metasurface elements and opens the path to applications in ultrathin optical components for imaging and sensing technologies, such as reconfigurable beam steering devices, dynamic holograms, tunable ultrathin lenses, nanoprojectors, and nanoscale spatial light modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Seunghoon Han
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Lee YU, Kim J, Wu JW. Electro-optic switching in metamaterial by liquid crystal. NANO CONVERGENCE 2015; 2:23. [PMID: 28191409 PMCID: PMC5271135 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-015-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electro-optic switching of reflection and refraction is experimentally demonstrated in metasurface liquid crystal cell. Negative metasurface is fabricated by focused-ion-beam milling, and twisted nematic cells are constructed with complementary double-split ring resonator and V-shape slot antenna metasurface. By application of an external voltage, electro-optic switchings are achieved in reflection and refraction. It has a strong implication for applications in spatial light modulation and wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer in a near-IR spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ui Lee
- Department of Physics, Quantum Metamaterials Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750 Korea
| | - Junghee Kim
- Department of Physics, Quantum Metamaterials Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750 Korea
| | - Jeong Weon Wu
- Department of Physics, Quantum Metamaterials Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750 Korea
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Sautter J, Staude I, Decker M, Rusak E, Neshev DN, Brener I, Kivshar YS. Active tuning of all-dielectric metasurfaces. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4308-15. [PMID: 25748581 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric metasurfaces provide a powerful platform for highly efficient flat optical devices, owing to their strong electric and magnetic dipolar response accompanied by negligible losses at near-infrared frequencies. Here we experimentally demonstrate dynamic tuning of electric and magnetic resonances in all-dielectric silicon nanodisk metasurfaces in the telecom spectral range based on the temperature-dependent refractive-index change of a nematic liquid crystal. We achieve a maximum resonance tuning range of 40 nm and a pronounced change in the transmittance intensity up to a factor of 5. Strongly different tuning rates are observed for the electric and the magnetic response, which allows for dynamically adjusting the spectral mode separation. Furthermore, we experimentally investigate the influence of the anisotropic (temperature-dependent) dielectric environment provided by the liquid crystal on both the electric and magnetic resonances. We demonstrate that the phase transition of the liquid crystal from its nematic to its isotropic phase can be used to break the symmetry of the optical metasurface response. As such, our approach allows for spectral tuning of electric and magnetic resonances of all-dielectric metasurfaces as well as switching of the anisotropy of the optical response of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Sautter
- †Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Isabelle Staude
- †Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Manuel Decker
- †Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Evgenia Rusak
- †Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- †Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Igal Brener
- ‡Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Yuri S Kivshar
- †Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Quint MT, Delgado S, Paredes JH, Nuno ZS, Hirst LS, Ghosh S. All-optical switching of nematic liquid crystal films driven by localized surface plasmons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:6888-6895. [PMID: 25836908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.006888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated an all-optical technique for reversible in-plane and out-of-plane switching of nematic liquid crystal molecules in few micron thick films. Our method leverages the highly localized electric fields ("hot spots") and plasmonic heating that are generated in the near-field region of densely packed gold nanoparticle layers optically excited on-resonance with the localized surface plasmon absorption. Using polarized microscopy and transmission measurements, we observe this switching from homeotropic to planar over a temperature range starting at room temperature to just below the isotropic transition, and at on-resonance excitation intensity less than 0.03 W/cm(2). In addition, we controllably vary the in-plane directionality of the liquid crystal molecules in the planar state by altering the linear polarization of the incident excitation. Using discrete dipole simulations and control measurements, we establish spectral selectivity in this new and interesting perspective for photonic application using low light power.
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Lee YU, Kim J, Woo JH, Bang LH, Choi EY, Kim ES, Wu JW. Electro-optic switching in phase-discontinuity complementary metasurface twisted nematic cell. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:20816-20827. [PMID: 25321285 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.020816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electro-optic switching of refraction is experimentally demonstrated in a phase-discontinuity complementary metasurface twisted nematic cell. The phase-discontinuity complementary metasurface is fabricated by focused-ion-beam milling, and a twisted nematic cell is constructed with complementary V-shape slot antenna metasurface. By application of an external voltage, switching is achieved between ordinary refraction and extraordinary refraction satisfying the generalized Snell's law. It has a strong implication for applications in spatial light modulation and wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer in a near-IR spectral range.
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50
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Matsui T, Yoshida H, Miura A, Kobashi J, Ikeda N, Sugimoto Y, Ozaki M. Tunable enhanced 0th-order transmission in a metal-dielectric hole array covered with a subwavelength liquid crystal layer. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:1262-1265. [PMID: 24690722 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate tunable, enhanced 0th-order transmission through a metal-dielectric nanohole array device with a subwavelength-thick liquid crystal (LC) layer. The LC filled the nanoholes and formed a subwavelength covering layer, which is then capped by a top cover layer. The wavelength where the transmittance dip associated with the LC occurs is determined by the anisotropic refractive-index component of the LC, which is normal to the surface of the hole array. A low-refractive-index cover layer suppresses unwanted higher-order diffraction, which results in an enhancement of the 0th-order transmission, which is closely related to laterally propagating surface plasmon polaritons. The proposed design is expected to help realize tunable plasmonic devices with high optical transmittance.
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