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Low-Power Regulated Cascode CMOS Transimpedance Amplifier with Local Feedback Circuit. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a multistage transimpedance amplifier (TIA) based on the local negative feedback technique. Compared with the conventional global-feedback technique, the proposed TIA has the advantages of a wider bandwidth, and lower power dissipation. The schematic and characteristics of the proposed TIA circuit are described. Moreover, the proposed TIA employs inductive peaking to increase bandwidth. The TIA is implemented using a 65 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and consumes 23.9 mW with a supply voltage of 1.0 V. Using a back-annotated simulation, we obtained the following characteristics: a gain of 46 dBΩ and −3 dB frequency of 11.4 GHz. TIA occupies an area of 366 μm × 225 μm.
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2
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Rao A, Moille G, Lu X, Westly DA, Sacchetto D, Geiselmann M, Zervas M, Papp SB, Bowers J, Srinivasan K. Towards integrated photonic interposers for processing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:109. [PMID: 34039954 PMCID: PMC8155053 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcombs-optical frequency combs generated in microresonators-have advanced tremendously in the past decade, and are advantageous for applications in frequency metrology, navigation, spectroscopy, telecommunications, and microwave photonics. Crucially, microcombs promise fully integrated miniaturized optical systems with unprecedented reductions in cost, size, weight, and power. However, the use of bulk free-space and fiber-optic components to process microcombs has restricted form factors to the table-top. Taking microcomb-based optical frequency synthesis around 1550 nm as our target application, here, we address this challenge by proposing an integrated photonics interposer architecture to replace discrete components by collecting, routing, and interfacing octave-wide microcomb-based optical signals between photonic chiplets and heterogeneously integrated devices. Experimentally, we confirm the requisite performance of the individual passive elements of the proposed interposer-octave-wide dichroics, multimode interferometers, and tunable ring filters, and implement the octave-spanning spectral filtering of a microcomb, central to the interposer, using silicon nitride photonics. Moreover, we show that the thick silicon nitride needed for bright dissipative Kerr soliton generation can be integrated with the comparatively thin silicon nitride interposer layer through octave-bandwidth adiabatic evanescent coupling, indicating a path towards future system-level consolidation. Finally, we numerically confirm the feasibility of operating the proposed interposer synthesizer as a fully assembled system. Our interposer architecture addresses the immediate need for on-chip microcomb processing to successfully miniaturize microcomb systems and can be readily adapted to other metrology-grade applications based on optical atomic clocks and high-precision navigation and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Rao
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA.
| | - Gregory Moille
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA
| | - Daron A Westly
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Davide Sacchetto
- Ligentec, EPFL Innovation Park, Batiment C, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Zervas
- Ligentec, EPFL Innovation Park, Batiment C, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Scott B Papp
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - John Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Xin M, Li N, Singh N, Ruocco A, Su Z, Magden ES, Notaros J, Vermeulen D, Ippen EP, Watts MR, Kärtner FX. Optical frequency synthesizer with an integrated erbium tunable laser. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:122. [PMID: 31871674 PMCID: PMC6917697 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency synthesizers have widespread applications in optical spectroscopy, frequency metrology, and many other fields. However, their applicability is currently limited by size, cost, and power consumption. Silicon photonics technology, which is compatible with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor fabrication processes, provides a low-cost, compact size, lightweight, and low-power-consumption solution. In this work, we demonstrate an optical frequency synthesizer using a fully integrated silicon-based tunable laser. The synthesizer can be self-calibrated by tuning the repetition rate of the internal mode-locked laser. A 20 nm tuning range from 1544 to 1564 nm is achieved with ~10-13 frequency instability at 10 s averaging time. Its flexibility and fast reconfigurability are also demonstrated by fine tuning the synthesizer and generating arbitrary specified patterns over time-frequency coordinates. This work promotes the frequency stability of silicon-based integrated tunable lasers and paves the way toward chip-scale low-cost optical frequency synthesizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xin
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Nanxi Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Present Address: Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neetesh Singh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Alfonso Ruocco
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhan Su
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Present Address: Analog Photonics, 1 Marina Park Drive, Boston, MA 02210 USA
| | - Emir Salih Magden
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Present Address: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey
| | - Jelena Notaros
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Diedrik Vermeulen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Present Address: Analog Photonics, 1 Marina Park Drive, Boston, MA 02210 USA
| | - Erich P. Ippen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Michael R. Watts
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Franz X. Kärtner
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY and Hamburg University, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Zhao H, Pinna S, Song B, Megalini L, Brunelli STŠ, Coldren LA, Klamkin J. Indium Phosphide Photonic Integrated Circuits for Free Space Optical Links. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2018; 24:6101806. [PMID: 30416332 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2019.2908788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An indium phosphide (InP)-based photonic integrated circuit (PIC) transmitter for free space optical communications was demonstrated. The transmitter consists of a sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector (SGDBR) laser, a high-speed semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), a Mach-Zehnder modulator, and a high-power output booster SOA. The SGDBR laser tunes from 1521 nm to 1565 nm with >45 dB side mode suppression ratio. The InP PIC was also incorporated into a free space optical link to demonstrate the potential for low cost, size, weight and power. Error-free operation was achieved at 3 Gbps for an equivalent link length of 180 m (up to 300 m with forward error correction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sergio Pinna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bowen Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA (
| | - Ludovico Megalini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. He is with Infineon Technologies, Italy
| | - Simone Tommaso Šuran Brunelli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Larry A Coldren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jonathan Klamkin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Liu Y, Tong S, Chang S, Song Y, Dong Y, Zhao X, An Z, Yu F. Design of a delayed XOR phase detector for an optical phase-locked loop toward high-speed coherent laser communication. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:3770-3780. [PMID: 29791340 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical phase-locked loops are an effective detection method in high-speed and long-distance laser communication. Although this method can detect weak signal light and maintain a small bit error rate, it is difficult to perform because identifying the phase difference between the signal light and the local oscillator accurately has always been a technical challenge. Thus, a series of studies is conducted to address this issue. First, a delayed exclusive or gate (XOR) phase detector with multi-level loop compound control is proposed. Then, a 50 ps delay line and relative signal-to-noise ratio control at 15 dB are produced through theoretical derivation and simulation. Thereafter, a phase discrimination module is designed on a 15 cm×5 cm printed circuit board board. Finally, the experiment platform is built for verification. Experimental results show that the phase discrimination range is -1.1 to 1.1 GHz, and the gain is 0.82 mV/MHz. Three times the standard deviation, that is, 0.064 V, is observed between the test and theoretical values. The accuracy of phase detection is better than 0.07 V, which meets the design standards. A coherent carrier recovery test system is established. The delayed XOR gate has good performance in this system. When the communication rate is 5 Gbps, the system realizes a bit error rate of 1.55×10-8 when the optical power of the signal is -40.4 dBm. When the communication rate is increased to 10 Gbps, the detection sensitivity drops to -39.5 dBm and still shows good performance in high-speed communications. This work provides a reference for future high-speed coherent homodyne detection in space. Ideas for the next phase of this study are presented at the end of this paper.
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Spencer DT, Drake T, Briles TC, Stone J, Sinclair LC, Fredrick C, Li Q, Westly D, Ilic BR, Bluestone A, Volet N, Komljenovic T, Chang L, Lee SH, Oh DY, Suh MG, Yang KY, Pfeiffer MHP, Kippenberg TJ, Norberg E, Theogarajan L, Vahala K, Newbury NR, Srinivasan K, Bowers JE, Diddams SA, Papp SB. An optical-frequency synthesizer using integrated photonics. Nature 2018; 557:81-85. [PMID: 29695870 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optical-frequency synthesizers, which generate frequency-stable light from a single microwave-frequency reference, are revolutionizing ultrafast science and metrology, but their size, power requirement and cost need to be reduced if they are to be more widely used. Integrated-photonics microchips can be used in high-coherence applications, such as data transmission 1 , highly optimized physical sensors 2 and harnessing quantum states 3 , to lower cost and increase efficiency and portability. Here we describe a method for synthesizing the absolute frequency of a lightwave signal, using integrated photonics to create a phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link. We use a heterogeneously integrated III-V/silicon tunable laser, which is guided by nonlinear frequency combs fabricated on separate silicon chips and pumped by off-chip lasers. The laser frequency output of our optical-frequency synthesizer can be programmed by a microwave clock across 4 terahertz near 1,550 nanometres (the telecommunications C-band) with 1 hertz resolution. Our measurements verify that the output of the synthesizer is exceptionally stable across this region (synthesis error of 7.7 × 10-15 or below). Any application of an optical-frequency source could benefit from the high-precision optical synthesis presented here. Leveraging high-volume semiconductor processing built around advanced materials could allow such low-cost, low-power and compact integrated-photonics devices to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl T Spencer
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Tara Drake
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Travis C Briles
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jordan Stone
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laura C Sinclair
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Connor Fredrick
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Daron Westly
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - B Robert Ilic
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Bluestone
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Volet
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tin Komljenovic
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Dong Yoon Oh
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Ki Youl Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kerry Vahala
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - John E Bowers
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Scott B Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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7
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Fast Frequency Acquisition and Phase Locking of Nonplanar Ring Oscillators. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Arafin S, Simsek A, Lu M, Rodwell MJ, Coldren LA. Heterodyne locking of a fully integrated optical phase-locked loop with on-chip modulators. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3745-3748. [PMID: 28957117 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We design and experimentally demonstrate a highly integrated heterodyne optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) consisting of an InP-based coherent photonic receiver, high-speed feedback electronics, and an RF synthesizer. Such coherent photonic integrated circuits contain two widely tunable lasers, semiconductor optical amplifiers, phase modulators, and a pair of balanced photodetectors. Offset phase-locking of the two lasers is achieved by applying an RF signal to an on-chip optical phase modulator following one of the lasers and locking the other one to a resulting optical sideband. Offset locking frequency range >16 GHz is achieved for such a highly sensitive OPLL system which can employ up to the third-order-harmonic optical sidebands for locking. Furthermore, the rms phase error between the two lasers is measured to be 8°.
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