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Cho SW, Nguyen VT, DiSpirito A, Yang J, Kim CS, Yao J. Sounding out the dynamics: a concise review of high-speed photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11521. [PMID: 38323297 PMCID: PMC10846286 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Significance Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) offers advantages in high-resolution and high-contrast imaging of biomedical chromophores. The speed of imaging is critical for leveraging these benefits in both preclinical and clinical settings. Ongoing technological innovations have substantially boosted PAM's imaging speed, enabling real-time monitoring of dynamic biological processes. Aim This concise review synthesizes historical context and current advancements in high-speed PAM, with an emphasis on developments enabled by ultrafast lasers, scanning mechanisms, and advanced imaging processing methods. Approach We examine cutting-edge innovations across multiple facets of PAM, including light sources, scanning and detection systems, and computational techniques and explore their representative applications in biomedical research. Results This work delineates the challenges that persist in achieving optimal high-speed PAM performance and forecasts its prospective impact on biomedical imaging. Conclusions Recognizing the current limitations, breaking through the drawbacks, and adopting the optimal combination of each technology will lead to the realization of ultimate high-speed PAM for both fundamental research and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Woo Cho
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Pusan National University, Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Tu Nguyen
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Anthony DiSpirito
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Joseph Yang
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Pusan National University, Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Junjie Yao
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Han S, Kye H, Kim CS, Kim TK, Yoo J, Kim J. Automated Laser-Fiber Coupling Module for Optical-Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6643. [PMID: 37514935 PMCID: PMC10384817 DOI: 10.3390/s23146643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging has emerged as a promising biomedical imaging technique that enables visualization of the optical absorption characteristics of biological tissues in vivo. Among the different photoacoustic imaging system configurations, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy stands out by providing high spatial resolution using a tightly focused laser beam, which is typically transmitted through optical fibers. Achieving high-quality images depends significantly on optical fluence, which is directly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio. Hence, optimizing the laser-fiber coupling is critical. Conventional coupling systems require manual adjustment of the optical path to direct the laser beam into the fiber, which is a repetitive and time-consuming process. In this study, we propose an automated laser-fiber coupling module that optimizes laser delivery and minimizes the need for manual intervention. By incorporating a motor-mounted mirror holder and proportional derivative control, we successfully achieved efficient and robust laser delivery. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated using a leaf-skeleton phantom in vitro and a human finger in vivo, resulting in high-quality photoacoustic images. This innovation has the potential to significantly enhance the quality and efficiency of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyi Han
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Kye
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Yoo
- Department of Automobile and IT Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Lin R, Zhang J, Gao W, Wang X, Lv S, Lam KH, Gong X. A Miniature Multi-Functional Photoacoustic Probe. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1269. [PMID: 37374854 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic technology is a promising tool to provide morphological and functional information in biomedical research. To enhance the imaging efficiency, the reported photoacoustic probes have been designed coaxially involving complicated optical/acoustic prisms to bypass the opaque piezoelectric layer of ultrasound transducers, but this has led to bulky probes and has hindered the applications in limited space. Though the emergence of transparent piezoelectric materials helps to save effort on the coaxial design, the reported transparent ultrasound transducers were still bulky. In this work, a miniature photoacoustic probe with an outer diameter of 4 mm was developed, in which an acoustic stack was made with a combination of transparent piezoelectric material and a gradient-index lens as a backing layer. The transparent ultrasound transducer exhibited a high center frequency of ~47 MHz and a -6 dB bandwidth of 29.4%, which could be easily assembled with a pigtailed ferrule of a single-mode fiber. The multi-functional capability of the probe was successfully validated through experiments of fluid flow sensing and photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiatian Wang
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shengmiao Lv
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Xiaojing Gong
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zhang G, Wei L, Zhang B, Zhou X, Huo J. Parallel optimization of tridimensional deformation measurement based on correlation function constraints of a multi-camera network. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:9311-9323. [PMID: 36606877 DOI: 10.1364/ao.471747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study primarily investigates the low accuracy and redundant time-consuming problem of speckle registration in the full-field deformation measurement of slender and biggish specimens. To solve these problems, a parallel optimization of the tridimensional deformation measurement method is proposed based on what we believe is a novel correlation function constraints of a multi-camera network. First, a neotype correlation function is built based on the joint constraint relationship among the multiple cameras, which is capable of accurately restricting the search for homologous points in image pairs to the epipolar line, instead of the entire image, while significantly narrowing the search space and accelerating the search. The multiple cameras are bundled as a whole, thus reducing the dimension of the Jacobian matrix and the normalized matrix to a certain extent. Subsequently, more speckle images can be calculated in one iteration. Furthermore, the decomposition of the derived correlation function and the scheme of the parallel algorithm are decomposed via the kernel function based on the GPU parallel mechanism of the compute unified device architecture source program, thus increasing the subpixel search speed of speckle matching and ensuring the calculation performance of the stereo deformation measurement method to reach a higher level. Lastly, the experimental results revealed that the proposed strategy could allow the calculation speed-up ratio of speckle sequence and stereo registration to reach 20.390 times and 17.873 times, respectively, while ensuring the out-of-plane displacement average measuring accuracy to be higher than 0.179 mm within the spatial range of [2 m, 2 m, 3 m]. As a result, the proposed approach has crucial applications in rapid and stable tridimensional deformation measurement.
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Han S, Lee D, Kim S, Kim HH, Jeong S, Kim J. Contrast Agents for Photoacoustic Imaging: A Review Focusing on the Wavelength Range. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080594. [PMID: 36004990 PMCID: PMC9406114 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging using endogenous chromophores as a contrast has been widely applied in biomedical studies owing to its functional imaging capability at the molecular level. Various exogenous contrast agents have also been investigated for use in contrast-enhanced imaging and functional analyses. This review focuses on contrast agents, particularly in the wavelength range, for use in photoacoustic imaging. The basic principles of photoacoustic imaging regarding light absorption and acoustic release are introduced, and the optical characteristics of tissues are summarized according to the wavelength region. Various types of contrast agents, including organic dyes, semiconducting polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and other inorganic nanoparticles, are explored in terms of their light absorption range in the near-infrared region. An overview of the contrast-enhancing capacity and other functional characteristics of each agent is provided to help researchers gain insights into the development of contrast agents in photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyi Han
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Dakyeon Lee
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Hyung-Hoi Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-H.K.); (S.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Sanghwa Jeong
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-H.K.); (S.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-H.K.); (S.J.); (J.K.)
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Wang Z, Yang F, Cheng Z, Zhang W, Xiong K, Shen T, Yang S. Quantitative multilayered assessment of skin lightening by photoacoustic microscopy. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:470-480. [PMID: 34993094 PMCID: PMC8666735 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emergence of various new skin-lightening products, there is an urgent need to scientifically evaluate the efficacy and toxicology of these products, and provide scientific guidance for their use based on physiological differences between individuals. Visualized imaging methods and quantitative evaluation criteria play key roles in evaluating the efficacy of skin-lightening products. In order to quantify the changes in the multilayered morphology and endogenous components of human skin before and after the use of lightening products, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging of human skin is required. METHODS In this study, photoacoustic microscopy (PAM; SSPM-532, Guangdong Photoacoustic Medical Technology Co., Ltd.) was used to capture the morphological structures of human skin and reveal skin components quantitatively. The efficacy and safety of skin-lightening products were evaluated by measuring skin melanin concentration and observing skin morphology. The melanin concentration in the epidermis was obtained by examining the linear relationship between photoacoustic (PA) signals. Further, the epidermal thickness and the melanin distribution were obtained in the cross-sectional (x-z) and lateral (x-y) images. Finally, the efficacy of skin-lightening products was evaluated according to the concentration and distribution of melanin in the epidermis, and the safety of cosmetics was assessed by observing the vascular morphology in the dermis. RESULTS PAM noninvasively could assess the multilayered morphological structures of human skin, which allowed for quantification of epidermal thickness and melanin concentration of different skin sites. Based on this, the efficacy and safety of skin-lightening products in multilayer structures were quantitatively evaluated. CONCLUSIONS As a quantitative imaging method, PAM, has the potential to accurately evaluate the use of skin-lightening products. The method can also be extended to assessments within the larger field of aesthetic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwen Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kedi Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianding Shen
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihua Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang D, Chen H, Hu X, Yu A. Photoacoustic microscopy: a novel approach for studying perforator skin flap in a mouse model. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:4365-4374. [PMID: 34603991 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background A comprehensive understanding of cutaneous microvessels is key to the design and use of the perforator skin flap. Compared with the various imaging technologies that have been applied in the clinical practice of the perforator skin flap, photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a very promising noninvasive imaging modality with high resolution and deep penetration in biological tissues. Methods PAM was employed to explore its multiple applications in a perforator skin flap. The following experiments were then conducted in 3 parts. In part 1, 7 mice were used to obtain the preoperative perforator mapping on the mouse back. In parts 2 and 3, 7 mice were used to design and harvest the multiterritory perforator flap. The status of the flap and the morphological changes of choke vessels were subsequently observed by PAM at several time points. Results The results showed that PAM could visualize and assess the vascular physiological and pathological conditions of the skin tissue in real time in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution. It could also provide preoperative perforator mapping, including the total number of perforators, localization, vascular territories, and diameter. Furthermore, it could offer a quantitative, objective method to monitor the status of the perforator skin flap, and was capable of noninvasive characterization of the changes of choke vessels that play an important role in multiterritory perforator skin flap expansion and survival. Conclusions PAM has great potential to be an effective and precise quantitative imaging tool for perforator skin flap research, such in as flap design, monitoring, and choke vessel observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hairen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aixi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Nguyen VT, Truong NTP, Pham VH, Choi J, Park S, Ly CD, Cho SW, Mondal S, Lim HG, Kim CS, Oh J. Ultra-widefield photoacoustic microscopy with a dual-channel slider-crank laser-scanning apparatus for in vivo biomedical study. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 23:100274. [PMID: 34150499 PMCID: PMC8190471 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is an important imaging tool that can noninvasively visualize the anatomical structure of living animals. However, the limited scanning area restricts traditional PAM systems for scanning a large animal. Here, we firstly report a dual-channel PAM system based on a custom-made slider-crank scanner. This novel scanner allows us to stably capture an ultra-widefield scanning area of 24 mm at a high B-scan speed of 32 Hz while maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio. Our system's spatial resolution is measured at ∼3.4 μm and ∼37 μm for lateral and axial resolution, respectively. Without any contrast agent, a dragonfly wing, a nude mouse ear, an entire rat ear, and a portion of mouse sagittal are successfully imaged. Furthermore, for hemodynamic monitoring, the mimicking circulating tumor cells using magnetic contrast agent is rapidly captured in vitro. The experimental results demonstrated that our device is a promising tool for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Tu Nguyen
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Van Hiep Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeop Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea
- Ohlabs Corp, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Park
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Cao Duong Ly
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Woo Cho
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudip Mondal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Gyun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Oh
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Ohlabs Corp, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Bai S, Zhu J, Chirarattananon P, Ni K, Zhou Q, Wang L. Dual-foci fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy with 3.2-MHz A-line rate. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 23:100292. [PMID: 34430201 PMCID: PMC8367837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report fiber-based dual-foci fast-scanning OR-PAM that can double the scanning rate without compromising the imaging resolution, the field of view, and the detection sensitivity. To achieve fast scanning speed, the OR-PAM system uses a single-axis water-immersible resonant scanning mirror that can confocally scan the optical and acoustic beams at 1018 Hz with a 3-mm range. Pulse energies of 45∼100-nJ are sufficient for acquiring vascular and oxygen-saturation images. The dual-foci method can double the B-scan rate to 2036 Hz. Using two lasers and stimulated Raman scattering, we achieve dual-wavelength excitation on both foci, and the total A-line rate is 3.2-MHz. In in vivo experiments, we inject epinephrine and monitor the hemodynamic and oxygen saturation response in the peripheral vessels at 1.7 Hz over 2.5 × 6.7 mm2. Dual-foci OR-PAM offers a new imaging tool for the study of fast physiological and pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Songnan Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pakpong Chirarattananon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong, 518057, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong, 518057, China.
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Zhang D, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Yi X, Xiao W, Yu A. Photoacoustic Microscopy Provides Early Prediction of Tissue Necrosis in Skin Avulsion Injuries. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:837-844. [PMID: 34267532 PMCID: PMC8275181 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s316060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin avulsion injuries caused by high-energy traffic and machinery accidents are important topics in the field of repair and reconstruction. The injury generates a skin flap with uncertain vascular basis resulting in ischemic necrosis of the distal portion of the flap. Yet there is lack of reliable way for estimating the extent of blood supply in damaged tissue, which has limited the possibility of prompt surgical intervention. Recent studies have confirmed that photoacoustic microscopy imaging has a wide range of applications in the biomedical field owing to its good performance in angiography. METHODS In our study, we successfully surgically induced skin avulsion injury on mice hindlimbs. Then, we used this novel approach to image skin microcirculation and predict skin necrosis with impaired blood supply after injury in live mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION All skin tissues in the avulsed hindlimb flap group show different levels of necrosis at the end of the observation period. The "dark zone" with impaired microcirculation in PAM images, which continuously extends over time, was seen as a prediction of necrosis of skin tissue and at 60 min after surgery was similar to the area of clinical necrosis on postoperative day 7. All these indicate that photoacoustic microscopy imaging is a feasible, precise, high-resolution, non-invasive technique for early prediction of necrosis in skin avulsion injury, providing a promising tool for surgeons to manage the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinzeyu Yi
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aixi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Li Z, Li T, Zhang C, Ni JS, Ji Y, Sun A, Peng D, Wu W, Xi L, Li K. A Multispectral Photoacoustic Tracking Strategy for Wide-Field and Real-Time Monitoring of Macrophages in Inflammation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8467-8475. [PMID: 34109798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common defensive response of the vascular system that involves the activation and mediation of immune cell and stem cell homing. However, it is usually hard to track and analyze the real-time status of these cell types toward the inflammation microenvironment in a large field of view with desired resolution. Here, we designed and synthesized near-infrared absorbing semiconducting polymer nanoparticles, BBT-TQP-NP (BTNPs), as the cell tracker and utilized their photoacoustic activity to unveil the targeting behaviors of macrophages, neutrophils, and mesenchymal stem cells to the inflamed sites in mice. Facilitated by multispectral optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ORPAM), we can continuously monitor the in vivo photoacoustic signals of the labeled cells with cellular resolution in a wide-field (a circle field-of-view with a diameter of 9 mm). In addition, the highly sensitive observation of vascular microstructures and labeled cells can reveal the time-dependent accumulating behaviors of various cell types toward inflammation sites. As a result, our study offers an effective and promising tracking strategy to analyze the in vivo status and fate of functional cells in targeting the diseased/damaged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jen-Shyang Ni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yaoyao Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Aihui Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dinglu Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Weijun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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12
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Qin W, Gan Q, Yang L, Wang Y, Qi W, Ke B, Xi L. High-resolution in vivo imaging of rhesus cerebral cortex with ultrafast portable photoacoustic microscopy. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118260. [PMID: 34118393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Revealing the structural and functional change of microvasculature is essential to match vascular response with neuronal activities in the investigation of neurovascular coupling. The increasing use of rhesus models in fundamental and clinical studies of neurovascular coupling presents an emerging need for a new imaging modality. Here we report a structural and functional cerebral vascular study of rhesus monkeys using an ultrafast, portable, and high resolution photoacoustic microscopic system with a long working distance and a special scanning mechanism to eliminate the relative displacement between the imaging interface and samples. We derived the structural and functional response of the cerebral vasculature to the alternating normoxic and hypoxic conditions by calculating the vascular diameter and functional connectivity. Both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction were observed in hypoxia. In addition to the change of vascular diameter, the decrease of functional connectivity is also an important phenomenon induced by the reduction of oxygen ventilatory. These results suggest that photoacoustic microscopy is a promising method to study the neurovascular coupling and cerebral vascular diseases due to the advanced features of high spatiotemporal resolution, excellent sensitivity to hemoglobin, and label-free imaging capability of observing hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610040, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610040, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Weizhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610040, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Yao J, Wang LV. Perspective on fast-evolving photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210105-PERR. [PMID: 34196136 PMCID: PMC8244998 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.6.060602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Acoustically detecting the rich optical absorption contrast in biological tissues, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) seamlessly bridges the functional and molecular sensitivity of optical excitation with the deep penetration and high scalability of ultrasound detection. As a result of continuous technological innovations and commercial development, PAT has been playing an increasingly important role in life sciences and patient care, including functional brain imaging, smart drug delivery, early cancer diagnosis, and interventional therapy guidance. AIM Built on our 2016 tutorial article that focused on the principles and implementations of PAT, this perspective aims to provide an update on the exciting technical advances in PAT. APPROACH This perspective focuses on the recent PAT innovations in volumetric deep-tissue imaging, high-speed wide-field microscopic imaging, high-sensitivity optical ultrasound detection, and machine-learning enhanced image reconstruction and data processing. Representative applications are introduced to demonstrate these enabling technical breakthroughs in biomedical research. CONCLUSIONS We conclude the perspective by discussing the future development of PAT technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
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14
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Chen Q, Qin W, Qi W, Xi L. Progress of clinical translation of handheld and semi-handheld photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100264. [PMID: 33868921 PMCID: PMC8040335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), featuring rich contrast, high spatial/temporal resolution and deep penetration, is one of the fastest-growing biomedical imaging technology over the last decade. To date, numbers of handheld and semi-handheld photoacoustic imaging devices have been reported with corresponding potential clinical applications. Here, we summarize emerged handheld and semi-handheld systems in terms of photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), optoacoustic mesoscopy (OAMes), and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). We will discuss each modality in three aspects: laser delivery, scanning protocol, and acoustic detection. Besides new technical developments, we also review the associated clinical studies, and the advantages/disadvantages of these new techniques. In the end, we propose the challenges and perspectives of miniaturized PAI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Physics, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Weizhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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15
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Wang Y, Xi L. Chronic cranial window for photoacoustic imaging: a mini review. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2021; 4:15. [PMID: 34037873 PMCID: PMC8155166 DOI: 10.1186/s42492-021-00081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) microscopy is being increasingly used to visualize the microcirculation of the brain cortex at the micron level in living rodents. By combining it with long-term cranial window techniques, vasculature can be monitored over a period of days extending to months through a field of view. To fulfill the requirements of long-term in vivo PA imaging, the cranial window must involve a simple and rapid surgical procedure, biological compatibility, and sufficient optical-acoustic transparency, which are major challenges. Recently, several cranial window techniques have been reported for longitudinal PA imaging. Here, the development of chronic cranial windows for PA imaging is reviewed and its technical details are discussed, including window installation, imaging quality, and longitudinal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Wang
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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16
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Chen J, Zhang Y, He L, Liang Y, Wang L. Wide-field polygon-scanning photoacoustic microscopy of oxygen saturation at 1-MHz A-line rate. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100195. [PMID: 32577378 PMCID: PMC7300162 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report wide-field polygon-scanning functional OR-PAM that for the first time achieves 1-MHz A-line rate of oxygen saturation in vivo. We address two technical challenges. The first is a 1-MHz dual-wavelength pulsed laser that has sufficient pulse energy and ultrafast wavelength switching. The second is a polygon-scanning imaging probe that has a fast scanning speed, a large field of view, and great sensitivity. The OR-PAM system offers a B-scan rate of 477.5 Hz in a 12-mm range and a volumetric imaging rate of ∼1 Hz over a 12 × 5 mm2 scanning area. We image microvasculature and blood oxygen saturation in a 12 × 12 mm2 scanning area in 5 s. Dynamic imaging of oxygen saturation in the mouse ear is demonstrated to monitor fast response to epinephrine injection. The new wide-field fast functional imaging ability broadens the biomedical application of OR-PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linyun He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yizhi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong, 518057, China
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17
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Yang C, Jian X, Zhu X, Lv J, Jiao Y, Han Z, Stylogiannis A, Ntziachristos V, Sergiadis G, Cui Y. Sensitivity Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging Using a High-Frequency PZT Transducer with an Integrated Front-End Amplifier. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030766. [PMID: 32019228 PMCID: PMC7038444 DOI: 10.3390/s20030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a hybrid imaging technique that can provide both structural and functional information of biological tissues. Due to limited permissible laser energy deposited on tissues, highly sensitive PA imaging is required. Here, we developed a 20 MHz lead zirconium titanate (PZT) transducer (1.5 mm × 3 mm) with front-end amplifier circuits for local signal processing to achieve sensitivity enhanced PA imaging. The electrical and acoustic performance was characterized. Experiments on phantoms and chicken breast tissue were conducted to validate the imaging performance. The fabricated prototype shows a bandwidth of 63% and achieves a noise equivalent pressure (NEP) of 0.24 mPa/√Hz and a receiving sensitivity of 62.1 μV/Pa at 20 MHz without degradation of the bandwidth. PA imaging of wire phantoms demonstrates that the prototype is capable of improving the detection sensitivity by 10 dB compared with the traditional transducer without integrated amplifier. In addition, in vitro experiments on chicken breast tissue show that structures could be imaged with enhanced contrast using the prototype and the imaging depth range was improved by 1 mm. These results demonstrate that the transducer with an integrated front-end amplifier enables highly sensitive PA imaging with improved penetration depth. The proposed method holds the potential for visualization of deep tissue structures and enhanced detection of weak physiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (X.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.J.); (Z.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Xiaohua Jian
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (X.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.J.); (Z.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Xinle Zhu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (X.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.J.); (Z.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Jiabing Lv
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (X.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.J.); (Z.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Yang Jiao
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (X.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.J.); (Z.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Zhile Han
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (X.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.J.); (Z.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Antonios Stylogiannis
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.S.); (V.N.)
- Chair for Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.S.); (V.N.)
- Chair for Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - George Sergiadis
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (X.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.J.); (Z.H.); (G.S.)
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.S.); (V.N.)
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yaoyao Cui
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (X.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.J.); (Z.H.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Qin W, Qi W, Xi L. Quantitative investigation of vascular response to mesenteric venous thrombosis using large-field-of-view photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900198. [PMID: 31389162 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) is one of major causes leading to severe mesenteric ischemia. Vascular network plays an important role during the occurrence and development of MVT. However, there lacks an appropriate imaging method, which features advanced volumetric resolving capability, superior sensitivity to hemoglobin, and ultra-large field-of-view (FOV), to investigate vascular response of MVT. In this study, we developed and applied a large-FOV optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy to quantify the vascular response during the entire course of two different MVT models in which we ligated the superior mesenteric vein and inferior mesenteric vein, respectively. Furthermore, we developed a quantitative algorithm to derive total vascular length, relative concentration of total hemoglobin and vascular density over the FOV to reveal different vascular responses in different MVT models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weizhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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19
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Lin X, Liang Y, Jin L, Wang L. Dual-Polarized Fiber Laser Sensor for Photoacoustic Microscopy. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19214632. [PMID: 31653076 PMCID: PMC6864677 DOI: 10.3390/s19214632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) provides high-resolution, label-free and non-invasive functional imaging for broad biomedical applications. Dual-polarized fiber laser sensors have high sensitivity, low noise, a miniature size, and excellent stability; thus, they have been used in acoustic detection in OR-PAM. Here, we review recent progress in fiber-laser-based ultrasound sensors for photoacoustic microscopy, especially the dual-polarized fiber laser sensor with high sensitivity. The principle, characterization and sensitivity optimization of this type of sensor are presented. In vivo experiments demonstrate its excellent performance in the detection of photoacoustic (PA) signals in OR-PAM. This review summarizes representative applications of fiber laser sensors in OR-PAM and discusses their further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yizhi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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20
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Jeon S, Kim J, Lee D, Baik JW, Kim C. Review on practical photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2019; 15:100141. [PMID: 31463194 PMCID: PMC6710377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has many interesting advantages, such as deep imaging depth, high image resolution, and high contrast to intrinsic and extrinsic chromophores, enabling morphological, functional, and molecular imaging of living subjects. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is one form of the PAI inheriting its characteristics and is useful in both preclinical and clinical research. Over the years, PAM systems have been evolved in several forms and each form has its relative advantages and disadvantages. Thus, to maximize the benefits of PAM for a specific application, it is important to configure the PAM system optimally by targeting a specific application. In this review, we provide practical methods for implementing a PAM system to improve the resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and imaging speed. In addition, we review the preclinical and the clinical applications of PAM and discuss the current challenges and the scope for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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21
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Zhao H, Chen N, Li T, Zhang J, Lin R, Gong X, Song L, Liu Z, Liu C. Motion Correction in Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2019; 38:2139-2150. [PMID: 30668495 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2893021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we are proposing a novel motion correction algorithm for high-resolution OR-PAM imaging. Our algorithm combines a modified demons-based tracking approach with a newly developed multi-scale vascular feature matching method to track motion between adjacent B-scan images without needing any reference object. We first applied this algorithm to correct motion artifacts within one three-dimensional (3D) data segment of rat iris obtained with OR-PAM imaging. We then extended the application of this algorithm to correct motions to obtain vasculature imaging in the whole mouse back. In here, we stitched five adjacent 3D data segments (large field-of-view) obtained while changing the focus of OR-PAM differently for each subarea. The results showed that the motion artifacts of both large blood vessels and microvessels could be accurately corrected in both cases. Compared to the manually stitching method and the traditional SIFT algorithm, the algorithm proposed in this paper has better performance in stitching adjacent data segments. The high accuracy of the motion correction algorithm makes it valuable in OR-PAM for high-resolution imaging of large animals and for quantitative functional imaging.
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22
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Xu Q, Wang X, Jiang H. Convolutional neural network for breast cancer diagnosis using diffuse optical tomography. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2019; 2:1. [PMID: 32240400 PMCID: PMC7099566 DOI: 10.1186/s42492-019-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a computer-aided diagnosis system based on a convolutional neural network that aims to classify breast mass lesions in optical tomographic images obtained using a diffuse optical tomography system, which is suitable for repeated measurements in mass screening. Sixty-three optical tomographic images were collected from women with dense breasts, and a dataset of 1260 2D gray scale images sliced from these 3D images was built. After image preprocessing and normalization, we tested the network on this dataset and obtained 0.80 specificity, 0.95 sensitivity, 90.2% accuracy, and 0.94 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Furthermore, a data augmentation method was implemented to alleviate the imbalance between benign and malignant samples in the dataset. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC of the classification on the augmented dataset were 0.88, 0.96, 93.3%, and 0.95, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Huabei Jiang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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23
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Yang J, Zhang G, Li Q, Liao C, Huang L, Ke T, Jiang H, Han D. Photoacoustic imaging for the evaluation of early tumor response to antivascular treatment. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:160-170. [PMID: 30976540 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) provides real-time noninvasive and contrast agent-free monitoring of the concentrations of some endogenous compounds related to tumor vascularization and oxygenation. In this study, we used PAI to noninvasively evaluate tumor responses to antiangiogenic therapy. Methods In vivo studies were performed with the approval of our institutional animal ethics committee. We used a xenograft mouse model of 4T1 breast cancer treated with different doses of bevacizumab or vehicle. Seven days after implantation, tumor-bearing mice (with tumors ~5-8 mm diameter) were randomly divided into low-dose (10 mg/kg), high-dose (20 mg/kg) and vehicle groups (same dose of saline). Each experimental group was administered bevacizumab intraperitoneally only once. Before and after treatment, acoustic resolution-photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM), a type of PAI, was conducted in vivo consecutively from day 1 to day 5. PAI-derived quantitative parameters were calculated at each time point. Additional cohorts of mice were used to quantify CD31 and hypoxia by immunohistochemical assays. Results The values of the PAI parameters were not significantly different among the experimental and control groups at the same time point before treatment (all P>0.05). The total hemoglobin (HbT) levels in the treatment group gradually decreased from day 1 to day 2 (relative to those in the control group, P>0.05) and decreased significantly relative to those in the control group from day 3 to day 5 (P<0.05). The deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) levels in the treatment group decreased from day 1 to 5 after treatment. The high-dose group had significantly decreased HbR levels relative to the control group from day 1 to 5 (P<0.05). The low-dose group also showed a gradual and significant decrease in HbR levels on day 3 (P<0.05). CD31 was decreased in the low-dose group relative to the control group on day 1 (decreased by 34.05%, P=0.067) and day 3 (decreased by 45.27%, P=0.180), and the decrease in CD31 persisted on day 5 (decreased by 71.41%, P=0.000). CD31 decreased to a greater extent in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group. Tumor hypoxia was significantly increased on day 1 from day 0 in the treatment groups (P<0.05), especially in the high-dose group. Hypoxia was decreased on days 3 and 5 in the low-dose group (10.92±0.92 and 8.17±1.9, P=0.317) but continuously increased over time in the high-dose group. Significantly greater hypoxia was observed in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group (17.60±1.20 and 20.33±0.47, P<0.05). Conclusions PAI can be used to evaluate both vessel regression and hypoxia in response to anti-vascular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Guang Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China.,Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qinqing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengde Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China.,Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Tengfei Ke
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Huabei Jiang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China.,Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China.,Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
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24
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Liu F, Jin T, Yan R, Li T, Hu B, Yao L, Huang T, Song C, Xi L. An opto-acousto-fluidic microscopic system with a high spatiotemporal resolution for microfluidic applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:1425-1432. [PMID: 30696208 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.001425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we develop a new opto-acouto-fludic microsopic system, which employs a high-speed one-dimensional galvanometer scanner and an ultrafast pulse laser (600 kHz). The new system has achieved a high two-dimensional frame rate of up to 2500 Hz with a lateral resolution of 1.7 μm and an axial resolution of 36 μm at the imaging plane. To demonstrate the improved performance of the new system compared to our previous one, we carried out experiments to image the flowing droplets generated with T-junction and flow focusing configurations. We also successfully imaged dynamic migration of magneto particles subjected to non-uniform magnetic field in the microchannel. The results suggest that our new system has sufficient spatiotemporal resolutions to carry out studies for high throughput microfluidic applications.
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Kim J, Kim JY, Jeon S, BAIK JW, Cho SH, Kim C. Super-resolution localization photoacoustic microscopy using intrinsic red blood cells as contrast absorbers. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:103. [PMID: 31798842 PMCID: PMC6868204 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has become a premier microscopy tool that can provide the anatomical, functional, and molecular information of animals and humans in vivo. However, conventional PAM systems suffer from limited temporal and/or spatial resolution. Here, we present a fast PAM system and an agent-free localization method based on a stable and commercial galvanometer scanner with a custom-made scanning mirror (L-PAM-GS). This novel hardware implementation enhances the temporal resolution significantly while maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These improvements allow us to photoacoustically and noninvasively observe the microvasculatures of small animals and humans in vivo. Furthermore, the functional hemodynamics, namely, the blood flow rate in the microvasculature, is successfully monitored and quantified in vivo. More importantly, thanks to the high SNR and fast B-mode rate (500 Hz), by localizing photoacoustic signals from captured red blood cells without any contrast agent, unresolved microvessels are clearly distinguished, and the spatial resolution is improved by a factor of 2.5 in vivo. L-PAM-GS has great potential in various fields, such as neurology, oncology, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbeom Kim
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwan Jeon
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo BAIK
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hee Cho
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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Lan B, Liu W, Wang YC, Shi J, Li Y, Xu S, Sheng H, Zhou Q, Zou J, Hoffmann U, Yang W, Yao J. High-speed widefield photoacoustic microscopy of small-animal hemodynamics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4689-4701. [PMID: 30319896 PMCID: PMC6179413 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has become a popular tool in small-animal hemodynamic studies. However, previous OR-PAM techniques variously lacked a high imaging speed and/or a large field of view, impeding the study of highly dynamic physiologic and pathophysiologic processes over a large region of interest. Here we report a high-speed OR-PAM system with an ultra-wide field of view, enabled by an innovative water-immersible hexagon-mirror scanner. By driving the hexagon-mirror scanner with a high-precision DC motor, the new OR-PAM has achieved a cross-sectional frame rate of 900 Hz over a 12-mm scanning range, which is 3900 times faster than our previous motor-scanner-based system and 10 times faster than the MEMS-scanner-based system. Using this hexagon-scanner-based OR-PAM system, we have imaged epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction in the whole mouse ear and vascular reperfusion after ischemic stroke in the mouse cortex in vivo, with a high spatial resolution and high volumetric imaging speed. We expect that the hexagon-scanner-based OR-PAM system will become a powerful tool for small animal imaging where the hemodynamic responses over a large field of view are of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxin Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ya-chao Wang
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Junhui Shi
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tx 77843, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tx 77843, USA
| | - Ulrike Hoffmann
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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