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Bourgeois MR, Pan F, Anyanwu CP, Nixon AG, Beutler EK, Dionne JA, Goldsmith RH, Masiello DJ. Spectroscopy in Nanoscopic Cavities: Models and Recent Experiments. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:509-534. [PMID: 38941525 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-125525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The ability of nanophotonic cavities to confine and store light to nanoscale dimensions has important implications for enhancing molecular, excitonic, phononic, and plasmonic optical responses. Spectroscopic signatures of processes that are ordinarily exceedingly weak such as pure absorption and Raman scattering have been brought to the single-particle limit of detection, while new emergent polaritonic states of optical matter have been realized through coupling material and photonic cavity degrees of freedom across a wide range of experimentally accessible interaction strengths. In this review, we discuss both optical and electron beam spectroscopies of cavity-coupled material systems in weak, strong, and ultrastrong coupling regimes, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the physics inherent to each while highlighting recent experimental advances and exciting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - C Praise Anyanwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Austin G Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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2
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West CA, Lee SA, Shooter J, Searles EK, Goldwyn HJ, Willets KA, Link S, Masiello DJ. Nonlinear effects in single-particle photothermal imaging. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024202. [PMID: 36641380 DOI: 10.1063/5.0132167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although photothermal imaging was originally designed to detect individual molecules that do not emit or small nanoparticles that do not scatter, the technique is now being applied to image and spectroscopically characterize larger and more sophisticated nanoparticle structures that scatter light strongly. Extending photothermal measurements into this regime, however, requires revisiting fundamental assumptions made in the interpretation of the signal. Herein, we present a theoretical analysis of the wavelength-resolved photothermal image and its extension to the large particle scattering regime, where we find the photothermal signal to inherit a nonlinear dependence upon pump intensity, together with a contraction of the full-width-at-half-maximum of its point spread function. We further analyze theoretically the extent to which photothermal spectra can be interpreted as an absorption spectrum measure, with deviations between the two becoming more prominent with increasing pump intensities. Companion experiments on individual 10, 20, and 100 nm radius gold nanoparticles evidence the predicted nonlinear pump power dependence and image contraction, verifying the theory and demonstrating new aspects of photothermal imaging relevant to a broader class of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Stephen A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Jesse Shooter
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Emily K Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Harrison J Goldwyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Katherine A Willets
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Pan F, Karlsson K, Nixon AG, Hogan LT, Ward JM, Smith KC, Masiello DJ, Nic Chormaic S, Goldsmith RH. Active Control of Plasmonic-Photonic Interactions in a Microbubble Cavity. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:20470-20479. [PMID: 36620077 PMCID: PMC9814823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Active control of light-matter interactions using nanophotonic structures is critical for new modalities for solar energy production, cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), and sensing, particularly at the single-particle level, where it underpins the creation of tunable nanophotonic networks. Coupled plasmonic-photonic systems show great promise toward these goals because of their subwavelength spatial confinement and ultrahigh-quality factors inherited from their respective components. Here, we present a microfluidic approach using microbubble whispering-gallery mode cavities to actively control plasmonic-photonic interactions at the single-particle level. By changing the solvent in the interior of the microbubble, control can be exerted on the interior dielectric constant and, thus, on the spatial overlap between the photonic and plasmonic modes. Qualitative agreement between experiment and simulation reveals the competing roles mode overlap and mode volume play in altering coupling strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Kristoffer Karlsson
- Light-Matter
Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
| | - Austin G. Nixon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Levi T. Hogan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Ward
- Department
of Physics, University College Cork, CorkVGV5+95, Ireland
| | - Kevin C. Smith
- Department
of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - David J. Masiello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Síle Nic Chormaic
- Light-Matter
Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
| | - Randall H. Goldsmith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
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WANG MINGKANG, PEREZ-MORELO DIEGOJ, AKSYUK VLADIMIRA. Using thermo-optical nonlinearity to robustly separate absorption and radiation losses in nanophotonic resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:6967-6979. [PMID: 33726207 PMCID: PMC11165910 DOI: 10.1364/oe.416576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Key for optical microresonator engineering, the total intrinsic loss is easily determined by spectroscopy; however, quantitatively separating absorption and radiative losses is challenging, and there is not a general and robust method. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a general all-optical characterization technique for separating the loss mechanisms with high confidence using only linear spectroscopic measurements and an optically measured resonator thermal time constant. We report the absorption, radiation, and coupling losses for ten whispering-gallery modes of three different radial orders on a Si microdisk. Although the total dissipation rates show order-of-magnitude differences, the small absorptive losses are successfully distinguished from the overwhelming radiation losses and show similar values for all the modes as expected for the bulk material absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- MINGKANG WANG
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - DIEGO J. PEREZ-MORELO
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - VLADIMIR A. AKSYUK
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
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Liu W, Chen YL, Tang SJ, Vollmer F, Xiao YF. Nonlinear Sensing with Whispering-Gallery Mode Microcavities: From Label-Free Detection to Spectral Fingerprinting. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1566-1575. [PMID: 33356315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical microresonators have attracted intense interests in highly sensitive molecular detection and optical precision measurement in the past decades. In particular, the combination of a high quality factor with a small mode volume significantly enhances the nonlinear light-matter interaction in whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microresonators, which greatly boost nonlinear optical sensing applications. Nonlinear WGM microsensors not only allow for label-free detection of molecules with an ultrahigh sensitivity but also support new functionalities in sensing such as the specific spectral fingerprinting of molecules with frequency conversion involved. Here, we review the mechanisms, sensing modalities, and recent progresses of nonlinear optical sensors along with a brief outlook on the possible future research directions of this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - You-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, 226010, Nantong, China
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Adhikari S, Spaeth P, Kar A, Baaske MD, Khatua S, Orrit M. Photothermal Microscopy: Imaging the Optical Absorption of Single Nanoparticles and Single Molecules. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16414-16445. [PMID: 33216527 PMCID: PMC7760091 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The photothermal (PT) signal arises from slight changes of the index of refraction in a sample due to absorption of a heating light beam. Refractive index changes are measured with a second probing beam, usually of a different color. In the past two decades, this all-optical detection method has reached the sensitivity of single particles and single molecules, which gave birth to original applications in material science and biology. PT microscopy enables shot-noise-limited detection of individual nanoabsorbers among strong scatterers and circumvents many of the limitations of fluorescence-based detection. This review describes the theoretical basis of PT microscopy, the methodological developments that improved its sensitivity toward single-nanoparticle and single-molecule imaging, and a vast number of applications to single-nanoparticle imaging and tracking in material science and in cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Spaeth
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashish Kar
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Martin Dieter Baaske
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saumyakanti Khatua
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Visualizable detection of nanoscale objects using anti-symmetric excitation and non-resonance amplification. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2754. [PMID: 32488014 PMCID: PMC7265281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Why can we not see nanoscale objects under a light microscope? The textbook answers are that their relative signals are weak and their separation is smaller than Abbe’s resolution limit. Thus, significant effort has gone into developing ultraviolet imaging, oil and solid immersion objectives, nonlinear methods, fluorescence dyes, evanescent wave tailoring, and point-spread function engineering. In this work, we introduce a new optical sensing framework based on the concepts of electromagnetic canyons and non-resonance amplification, to directly view on a widefield microscope λ/31-scale (25-nm radius) objects in the near-field region of nanowire-based sensors across a 726-μm × 582-μm field of view. Our work provides a simple but highly efficient framework that can transform conventional diffraction-limited optical microscopes for nanoscale visualization. Given the ubiquity of microscopy and importance of visualizing viruses, molecules, nanoparticles, semiconductor defects, and other nanoscale objects, we believe our proposed framework will impact many science and engineering fields. The authors introduce the concept of electromagnetic canyons and non-resonance amplification for optical detection of nanoscale objects. They demonstrate that a pair of nanowire sensors enable detection of 25-nm radii objects with a standard widefield microscope.
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Jiang X, Yang L. Optothermal dynamics in whispering-gallery microresonators. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:24. [PMID: 32133127 PMCID: PMC7039911 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical whispering-gallery-mode microresonators with ultrahigh quality factors and small mode volumes have played an important role in modern physics. They have been demonstrated as a diverse platform for a wide range of applications in photonics, such as nonlinear optics, optomechanics, quantum optics, and information processing. Thermal behaviors induced by power build-up in the resonators or environmental perturbations are ubiquitous in high-quality-factor whispering-gallery-mode resonators and have played an important role in their operation for various applications. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of laser-field-induced thermal nonlinear effects, including thermal bistability and thermal oscillation. With the help of the thermal bistability effect, optothermal spectroscopy and optical nonreciprocity have been demonstrated. By tuning the temperature of the environment, the resonant mode frequency will shift, which can also be used for thermal sensing/tuning applications. The thermal locking technique and thermal imaging mechanisms are discussed briefly. Finally, we review some techniques employed to achieve thermal stability in a high-quality-factor resonator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Jiang
- Department of Electrical and System Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical and System Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
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Hogan LT, Horak EH, Ward JM, Knapper KA, Nic Chormaic S, Goldsmith RH. Toward Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Single Nanoparticle Properties with a Microbubble Resonator Spectrometer. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12743-12757. [PMID: 31614083 PMCID: PMC6887843 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical microresonators have widespread application at the frontiers of nanophotonic technology, driven by their ability to confine light to the nanoscale and enhance light-matter interactions. Microresonators form the heart of a recently developed method for single-particle photothermal absorption spectroscopy, whereby the microresonators act as microscale thermometers to detect the heat dissipated by optically pumped, nonluminescent nanoscopic targets. However, translation of this technology to chemically dynamic systems requires a platform that is mechanically stable, solution compatible, and visibly transparent. We report microbubble absorption spectrometers as a versatile platform that meets these requirements. Microbubbles integrate a two-port microfluidic device within a whispering gallery mode microresonator, allowing for the facile exchange of chemical reagents within the resonator's interior while maintaining a solution-free environment on its exterior. We first leverage these qualities to investigate the photoactivated etching of single gold nanorods by ferric chloride, providing a method for rapid acquisition of spatial and morphological information about nanoparticles as they undergo chemical reactions. We then demonstrate the ability to control nanorod orientation within a microbubble through optically exerted torque, a promising route toward the construction of hybrid photonic-plasmonic systems. Critically, the reported platform advances microresonator spectrometer technology by permitting room-temperature, aqueous experimental conditions, which may be used for time-resolved single-particle experiments on non-emissive, nanoscale analytes engaged in catalytically and biologically relevant chemical dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi T. Hogan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Erik H. Horak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Ward
- Light-Matter
Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Kassandra A. Knapper
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Síle Nic Chormaic
- Light-Matter
Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Randall H. Goldsmith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- E-mail:
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