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Wu J. Hyperspectral imaging for non-invasive blood oxygen saturation assessment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:104003. [PMID: 38336148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) seamlessly integrates imaging and spectroscopy, capturing both spatial and spectral data concurrently. With widespread applications in medical diagnostics, HSI serves as a noninvasive tool for gaining insights into tissue characteristics. The distinctive spectral profiles of biological tissues set HSI apart from traditional microscopy in enabling in vivo tissue analysis. Despite its potential, existing HSI techniques face challenges such as alignment issues, low light throughput, and tissue heating due to intense illumination. This study introduces an innovative HSI system featuring active sequential bandpass illumination seamlessly integrated into conventional optical instruments. The primary focus is on analyzing oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin saturation in animal tissue samples using multivariate linear regression. This approach holds promise for enhancing noninvasive medical diagnostics. A key feature of the system, active bandpass illumination, effectively prevents tissue overheating, thereby bolstering its suitability for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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2
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Zuo J, Bai J, Choi S, Basiri A, Chen X, Wang C, Yao Y. Chip-integrated metasurface full-Stokes polarimetric imaging sensor. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:218. [PMID: 37673857 PMCID: PMC10482842 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Polarimetric imaging has a wide range of applications for uncovering features invisible to human eyes and conventional imaging sensors. Chip-integrated, fast, cost-effective, and accurate full-Stokes polarimetric imaging sensors are highly desirable in many applications, which, however, remain elusive due to fundamental material limitations. Here we present a chip-integrated Metasurface-based Full-Stokes Polarimetric Imaging sensor (MetaPolarIm) realized by integrating an ultrathin (~600 nm) metasurface polarization filter array (MPFA) onto a visible imaging sensor with CMOS compatible fabrication processes. The MPFA is featured with broadband dielectric-metal hybrid chiral metasurfaces and double-layer nanograting polarizers. This chip-integrated polarimetric imaging sensor enables single-shot full-Stokes imaging (speed limited by the CMOS imager) with the most compact form factor, records high measurement accuracy, dual-color operation (green and red) and a field of view up to 40 degrees. MetaPolarIm holds great promise to enable transformative applications in autonomous vision, industry inspection, space exploration, medical imaging and diagnosis.
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Grants
- 2048230 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 1809997 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- ECCS-1542160 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 2048230 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 1809997 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- ECCS-1542160 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 2048230 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 1809997 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- ECCS-1542160 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 2048230 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 1809997 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- ECCS-1542160 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 2048230 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 1809997 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- ECCS-1542160 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 2048230 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 1809997 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- ECCS-1542160 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 2048230 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- 1809997 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- ECCS-1542160 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS)
- DE-EE0008999 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-EE0008999 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-EE0008999 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-EE0008999 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-EE0008999 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-EE0008999 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-EE0008999 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zuo
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shinhyuk Choi
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Basiri
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Xiahui Chen
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, 85281, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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3
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Tchvialeva L, Phillips J, Louie DC, Zeng H, Lui H, Lee TK. Micro-relief characterization of benign and malignant skin lesions by polarization speckle analysis in vivo. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:449-456. [PMID: 37138413 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE A recent direction in skin disease classification is to develop quantitative diagnostic techniques. Skin relief, colloquially known as roughness, is an important clinical feature. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a novel polarization speckle technique to quantitatively measure roughness on skin lesions in vivo. We then calculate the average roughness of different types of skin lesions to determine the extent to which polarization speckle roughness measurements can be used to identify skin cancer. METHODS The experimental conditions were set to target the fine relief structure on the order of ten microns within a small field of view of 3 mm. The device was tested in a clinical study on patients with malignant and benign skin lesions that resemble cancer. The cancer group includes 37 malignant melanomas (MM), 43 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), and 26 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), all categories confirmed by gold standard biopsy. The benign group includes 109 seborrheic keratoses (SK), 79 nevi, and 11 actinic keratoses (AK). Normal skin roughness was obtained for the same patients (301 different body sites proximal to the lesion). RESULTS The average root mean squared (rms) roughness ± standard error of the mean for MM and nevus was equal to 19 ± 5 μm and 21 ± 3 μm, respectively. Normal skin has rms roughness of 31 ± 3 μm, other lesions have roughness of 35 ± 10 μm (AK), 35 ± 7 μm (SCC), 31 ± 4 μm (SK), and 30 ± 5 μm (BCC). CONCLUSION An independent-samples Kruskal-Wallis test indicates that MM and nevus can be separated from each of the tested types of lesions, except each other. These results quantify clinical knowledge of lesion roughness and could be useful for optical cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lioudmila Tchvialeva
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jamie Phillips
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel C Louie
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haishan Zeng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Imaging Unit, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Harvey Lui
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Imaging Unit, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tim K Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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van der Laan JD, Redman BJ, Segal JW, Westlake K, Wright JB, Bentz BZ. Increased range and contrast in fog with circularly polarized imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2577-2586. [PMID: 37132806 DOI: 10.1364/ao.479271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fogs, low lying clouds, and other highly scattering environments pose a challenge for many commercial and national security sensing systems. Current autonomous systems rely on optical sensors for navigation whose performance is degraded by highly scattering environments. In our previous simulation work, we have shown that polarized light can penetrate through a scattering environment such as fog. We have demonstrated that circularly polarized light maintains its initial polarization state better than linearly polarized light, even through large numbers of scattering events and thus ranges. This has recently been experimentally verified by other researchers. In this work, we present the design, construction, and testing of active polarization imagers at short-wave infrared and visible wavelengths. We explore multiple polarimetric configurations for the imagers, focusing on linear and circular polarization states. The polarized imagers were tested at the Sandia National Laboratories Fog Chamber under realistic fog conditions. We show that active circular polarization imagers can increase range and contrast in fog better than linear polarization imagers. We show that when imaging typical road sign and safety retro-reflective films, circularly polarized imaging has enhanced contrast throughout most fog densities/ranges compared to linearly polarized imaging and can penetrate over 15 to 25 m into the fog beyond the range limit of linearly polarized imaging, with a strong dependence on the interaction of the polarization state with the target materials.
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5
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Hacker L, Wabnitz H, Pifferi A, Pfefer TJ, Pogue BW, Bohndiek SE. Criteria for the design of tissue-mimicking phantoms for the standardization of biophotonic instrumentation. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:541-558. [PMID: 35624150 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A lack of accepted standards and standardized phantoms suitable for the technical validation of biophotonic instrumentation hinders the reliability and reproducibility of its experimental outputs. In this Perspective, we discuss general criteria for the design of tissue-mimicking biophotonic phantoms, and use these criteria and state-of-the-art developments to critically review the literature on phantom materials and on the fabrication of phantoms. By focusing on representative examples of standardization in diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy, fluorescence-guided surgery and photoacoustic imaging, we identify unmet needs in the development of phantoms and a set of criteria (leveraging characterization, collaboration, communication and commitment) for the standardization of biophotonic instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hacker
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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He C, He H, Chang J, Chen B, Ma H, Booth MJ. Polarisation optics for biomedical and clinical applications: a review. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:194. [PMID: 34552045 PMCID: PMC8458371 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many polarisation techniques have been harnessed for decades in biological and clinical research, each based upon measurement of the vectorial properties of light or the vectorial transformations imposed on light by objects. Various advanced vector measurement/sensing techniques, physical interpretation methods, and approaches to analyse biomedically relevant information have been developed and harnessed. In this review, we focus mainly on summarising methodologies and applications related to tissue polarimetry, with an emphasis on the adoption of the Stokes-Mueller formalism. Several recent breakthroughs, development trends, and potential multimodal uses in conjunction with other techniques are also presented. The primary goal of the review is to give the reader a general overview in the use of vectorial information that can be obtained by polarisation optics for applications in biomedical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Honghui He
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jintao Chang
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Binguo Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Martin J Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
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7
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Batool S, Nisar M, Mangini F, Frezza F, Fazio E. Scattering of Light from the Systemic Circulatory System. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E1026. [PMID: 33266018 PMCID: PMC7760138 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many factors of methodological origin that influence the measurement of optical properties of the entire circulatory system which consists of blood as the basic component. The basic idea of this review article is to provide the optical properties of the circulatory system with all those factors of influence that have been employed in biomedical optics for different applications. We begin with the available optical properties, i.e., absorption, scattering and, reduced scattering coefficient, in general for any tissue inside the human body and prominent scattering theories (e.g., light, X-rays, neutrons) that are helpful in this regard. We have reviewed and compiled already available formulas and their respective available data for different human tissues for these optical properties. Then we have descended to the blood composition and to different scattering techniques available in the literature to study scattering and light propagation inside blood. We have reviewed both computational and theoretical scattering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Batool
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Mehwish Nisar
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (F.F.)
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabio Mangini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 59, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Frezza
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Eugenio Fazio
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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8
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Recent Advances of Organic Near-Infrared II Fluorophores in Optical Properties and Imaging Functions. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:160-172. [PMID: 33030708 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging (FI) has become a research hotspot because of its distinctive imaging properties: high temporal resolution and sensitivity. Especially in recent years, with the research focus of NIR FI shifting to the NIR-II region, which has better imaging performance, it is expected that NIR FI will find significant applications in the field of in vivo imaging. One of the most crucial directions for research into NIR-II FI is the promotion of novel NIR-II fluorophores with superior imaging properties. The remarkable advantages of organic NIR-II fluorophores in biosafety make them more promising than other fluorescent materials in certain applications. But serious defects in their fluorescence performance preclude particular imaging effects and limit imaging functions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent leading literature on overcoming the defects of organic NIR-II fluorophores, demonstrating the potential for further improving their imaging properties. In addition, we cover the functions of NIR-II FI that are promoted by the development of fluorophores, notably including its outlook on molecular imaging in vivo.
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9
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Jain A, Maurya AK, Ulrich L, Jaeger M, Rossi RM, Neels A, Schucht P, Dommann A, Frenz M, Akarçay HG. Polarimetric imaging in backscattering for the structural characterization of strongly scattering birefringent fibrous media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:16673-16695. [PMID: 32549485 DOI: 10.1364/oe.390303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting the polarimetric data from fiber-like macromolecules constitutive of tissue can be difficult due to strong scattering. In this study, we probed the superficial layers of fibrous tissue models (membranes consisting of nanofibers) displaying varying degrees of alignment. To better understand the manifestation of membranes' degree of alignment in polarimetry, we analyzed the spatial variations of the backscattered light's Stokes vectors as a function of the orientation of the probing beam's linear polarization. The degree of linear polarization reflects the uniaxially birefringent behavior of the membranes. The rotational (a-)symmetry of the backscattered light's degree of linear polarization provides a measure of the membranes' degree of alignment.
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10
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Gnanatheepam E, Kanniyappan U, Dornadula K, Prakasarao A, Singaravelu G. Polarization gating technique extracts depth resolved fluorescence redox ratio in oral cancer diagnostics. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101757. [PMID: 32335189 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mortality of oral cancer is often due to late diagnosis. Effective non-invasive diagnostic techniques may increase the survival rate based on an earlier diagnosis.. We report on the application of the polarization gating technique for isolating weakly scattered and highly scattered components of fluorescence emission from the superficial and deeper layers of tissue due to intrinsic fluorophores NADH and FAD. The fluorescence polarization spectra were collected from 21 normal and 67 oral squamous cell carcinoma biopsy tissues. The tissues were excited at 350 nm and the fluorescence emission had two peaks corresponding to NADH, and FAD respectively. The spectra were analyzed using the polarization gating technique along with the spectral deconvolution method to derive the optical redox ratio from different layers of tissue. The fractional change in redox ratio between superficial and deeper layers of tissue exhibits excellent statistical significance (p<10-3) which may be due to a shift in the metabolic pathway from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in the cancer cell. Further, variation in collagen intensity in deeper layers of tissue is observed which may be attributed to the breakdown of collagen fibers in the stroma. Linear discriminant analysis showed that oral cancer tissue is discriminated with a better accuracy using polarization gating technique than that of conventional fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udayakumar Kanniyappan
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Koteeswaran Dornadula
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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11
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Zaffar M, Pradhan A. Assessment of anisotropy of collagen structures through spatial frequencies of Mueller matrix images for cervical pre-cancer detection. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:1237-1248. [PMID: 32225267 DOI: 10.1364/ao.377105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of spatial frequency of Mueller matrix (MM) images in the Fourier domain yields quantifying parameters of anisotropy in the stromal region in normal and precancerous tissue sections of human uterine cervix. The spatial frequencies of MM elements reveal reliable information of microscopic structural organization arising from the different orientations of collagen fibers in the connective tissue and their randomization with disease progression. Specifically, the local disorder generated in the normal periodic and regular structure of collagen during the growth of the cervical cancer finds characteristic manifestation in the Fourier spectrum of the selected Mueller matrix elements encoding the anisotropy effects through retardance and birefringence. In contrast, Fourier spectra of differential polarization gated images are limited to only one orientation of collagen. Fourier spectra of first row elements M11, M12, M13, and M14 and first column elements M11, M21, M31, and M41 discriminates cervical inter-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)-I from normal cervical tissue samples with 95%-100% sensitivity and specificity. FFT spectra of first and fourth row elements classify CIN-I and CIN-II grades of cervical cancerous tissues with 90%-100% sensitivity and 87%-100% specificity. Normal and CIN-II grade samples are successfully discriminated through Fourier spectra of every MM element while that of M31 element arises as the key classifier among normal, CIN-I, and CIN-II grades of cervical cancer with 100% sensitivity and specificity. These results demonstrate the promise of spatial frequency analysis of Mueller matrix images as a novel, to the best of our knowledge, approach for cancer/precancer detection.
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12
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Chu J, Wu Q, Zeng X, Li Y. Forward transmission characteristics in polystyrene solution with different concentrations by use of circularly and linearly polarized light. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:6750-6754. [PMID: 31503642 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.006750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polarized light forward propagation in scattering environments is important basic research. Polystyrene microspheres in water are common scattering environments that can be helpful to investigate in existing literature research. In this paper, we investigated the polarization state persistence of both linearly and circularly polarized light. We used a single active source with a wavelength of 532 nm to illuminate 1 μm diameter polystyrene spheres immersed in water. To evaluate the polarization state persistence of linearly and circularly polarized light, a parameter change of polarization state was used to replace the Stokes parameters. In the setting environments of different concentrations, circularly polarized light has superior polarization state persistence to that of linearly polarized light.
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13
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Vallamkondu J, Corgiat EB, Buchaiah G, Kandimalla R, Reddy PH. Liquid Crystals: A Novel Approach for Cancer Detection and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E462. [PMID: 30469457 PMCID: PMC6267481 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystals are defined as the fourth state of matter forming between solid and liquid states. Earlier the applications of liquid crystals were confined to electronic instruments, but recent research findings suggest multiple applications of liquid crystals in biology and medicine. Here, the purpose of this review article is to discuss the potential biological impacts of liquid crystals in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer along with the risk assessment. In this review, we also discussed the recent advances of liquid crystals in cancer biomarker detection and treatment in multiple cell line models. Cases reviewed here will demonstrate that cancer diagnostics based on the multidisciplinary technology and intriguingly utilization of liquid crystals may become an alternative to regular cancer detection methodologies. Additionally, we discussed the formidable challenges and problems in applying liquid crystal technologies. Solving these problems will require great effort and the way forward is through the multidisciplinary collaboration of physicists, biologists, chemists, material-scientists, clinicians, and engineers. The triumphant outcome of these liquid crystals and their applications in cancer research would be convenient testing for the detection of cancer and may result in treating the cancer patients non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu
- Department of Physics, NIT Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
- Centre for Advanced Materials, NIT Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
| | - Edwin Bernard Corgiat
- Department of Cellular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
- Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 6630 S. Quaker Suite E, MS 7495, Lubbock, TX 79413, USA.
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
- Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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14
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González-Rodríguez P, Kim AD, Moscoso M, Tsogka C. Quantitative subsurface imaging in strongly scattering media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:27346-27357. [PMID: 30469805 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to obtain quantitatively accurate images of small obstacles or inhomogeneities situated near the surface of a strongly scattering medium. The method uses time-resolved measurements of backscattered light to form the images. Using the asymptotic solution of the radiative transfer equation for this problem, we determine that the key information content in measurements is modeled by a diffusion approximation that is valid for small source-detector distances, and shallow penetration depths. We simplify this model further by linearizing the effect of the inhomogeneities about the known background optical properties using the Born approximation. The resulting model is used in a two-stage imaging algorithm. First, the spatial location of the inhomogeneities are determined using a modification of the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method. Using those results, we then determine the quantitative values of the inhomogeneities through a least-squares approximation. We find that this two-stage method is most effective for reconstructing a sequence of one-dimensional images along the penetration depth corresponding to null source-detector separations rather than simultaneously using measurements over several source-detector distances. This method is limited to penetration depths and distances between boundary measurements on the order of the scattering mean-free path.
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15
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Mowla A, Du BW, Taimre T, Bertling K, Wilson S, Rakić AD. Polarization-sensitive laser feedback interferometry for specular reflection removal. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:4067-4074. [PMID: 29791380 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.004067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Specular reflection from the surface of targets or prepared specimens represents a significant problem in optical microscopy and related optical imaging techniques as usually the surface reflection does not contribute to the desired signal. Solutions exist for many of these imaging techniques; however, remedial techniques for imaging based on laser feedback interferometry (LFI) are absent. We propose a reflection cancellation technique based on crossed-polarization filtering that is tailored for a typical LFI configuration. The technique is validated with three experimental designs, and a significant improvement of about 40 dB in the ratio of the diffuse and specular LFI signal is observed. Applications of this principle extend from specular reflection removal to characterization of target materials in industrial to biomedical domains.
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16
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Xin Z, Wei D, Xie X, Chen M, Zhang X, Liao J, Wang H, Xie C. Dual-polarized light-field imaging micro-system via a liquid-crystal microlens array for direct three-dimensional observation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:4035-4049. [PMID: 29475259 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.004035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light-field imaging is a crucial and straightforward way of measuring and analyzing surrounding light worlds. In this paper, a dual-polarized light-field imaging micro-system based on a twisted nematic liquid-crystal microlens array (TN-LCMLA) for direct three-dimensional (3D) observation is fabricated and demonstrated. The prototyped camera has been constructed by integrating a TN-LCMLA with a common CMOS sensor array. By switching the working state of the TN-LCMLA, two orthogonally polarized light-field images can be remapped through the functioned imaging sensors. The imaging micro-system in conjunction with the electric-optical microstructure can be used to perform polarization and light-field imaging, simultaneously. Compared with conventional plenoptic cameras using liquid-crystal microlens array, the polarization-independent light-field images with a high image quality can be obtained in the arbitrary polarization state selected. We experimentally demonstrate characters including a relatively wide operation range in the manipulation of incident beams and the multiple imaging modes, such as conventional two-dimensional imaging, light-field imaging, and polarization imaging. Considering the obvious features of the TN-LCMLA, such as very low power consumption, providing multiple imaging modes mentioned, simple and low-cost manufacturing, the imaging micro-system integrated with this kind of liquid-crystal microstructure driven electrically presents the potential capability of directly observing a 3D object in typical scattering media.
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17
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Qi J, Elson DS. Mueller polarimetric imaging for surgical and diagnostic applications: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:950-982. [PMID: 28464464 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarization is a fundamental property of light and a powerful sensing tool that has been applied to many areas. A Mueller matrix is a complete mathematical description of the polarization characteristics of objects that interact with light, and is known as a transfer function of Stokes vectors which characterise the state of polarization of light. Mueller polarimetric imaging measures Mueller matrices over a field of view and thus allows for visualising the polarization characteristics of the objects. It has emerged as a promising technique in recent years for tissue imaging, improving image contrast and providing a unique perspective to reveal additional information that cannot be resolved by other optical imaging modalities. This review introduces the basis of the Stokes-Mueller formulism, interpretation methods of Mueller matrices into fundamental polarization properties, polarization properties of biological tissues, and considerations in the construction of Mueller polarimetric imaging devices for surgical and diagnostic applications, including primary configurations, optimization procedures, calibration methods as well as the instrument polarization properties of several widely-used biomedical optical devices. The paper also reviews recent progress in Mueller polarimetric endoscopes and fibre Mueller polarimeters, followed by the future outlook in applying the technique to surgery and diagnostics. Tissue polarization properties convey morphological, micro-structural and compositional information of tissue with great potential for label free characterization of tissue pathological changes. Recent progress in tissue polarimetric imaging and polarization resolved endoscopy paved the way for translation of polarimetric imaging to surgery and tissue diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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18
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Chue-Sang J, Bai Y, Stoff S, Straton D, Ramaswamy S, Ramella-Roman JC. Use of combined polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and Mueller matrix imaging for the polarimetric characterization of excised biological tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71109. [PMID: 26934019 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix polarimetry and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) are two emerging techniques utilized in the assessment of tissue anisotropy. While PS-OCT can provide cross-sectional images of local tissue birefringence through its polarimetric sensitivity, Mueller matrix polarimetry can be used to measure bulk polarimetric properties such as depolarization, diattenuation, and retardance. To this day true quantification of PS-OCT data can be elusive, partly due to the reliance on inverse models for the characterization of tissue birefringence and the influence of instrumentation noise. Similarly for Mueller matrix polarimetry, calculation of retardance or depolarization may be influenced by tissue heterogeneities that could be monitored with PS-OCT. Here, we propose an instrument that combines Mueller matrix polarimetry and PS-OCT. Through the co-registration of the two systems, we aim at achieving a better understanding of both modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chue-Sang
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10555 West Flagler Street, EC 2600, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Yuqiang Bai
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10555 West Flagler Street, EC 2600, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Susan Stoff
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10555 West Flagler Street, EC 2600, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - David Straton
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10555 West Flagler Street, EC 2600, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10555 West Flagler Street, EC 2600, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Jessica C Ramella-Roman
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10555 West Flagler Street, EC 2600, Miami, Florida 33174, United StatesbFlorida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC2, Miami, Flori
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19
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Sridhar S, Da Silva A. Enhanced contrast and depth resolution in polarization imaging using elliptically polarized light. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71107. [PMID: 26868614 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarization gating is a popular and widely used technique in biomedical optics to sense superficial tissues (colinear detection), deeper volumes (crosslinear detection), and also selectively probe subsuperficial volumes (using elliptically polarized light). As opposed to the conventional linearly polarized illumination, we propose a new protocol of polarization gating that combines coelliptical and counter-elliptical measurements to selectively enhance the contrast of the images. This new method of eliminating multiple-scattered components from the images shows that it is possible to retrieve a greater signal and a better contrast for subsurface structures. In vivo experiments were performed on skin abnormalities of volunteers to confirm the results of the subtraction method and access subsurface information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sridhar
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, FrancebInstitut de Ciències Fotòniques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabela Da Silva
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
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20
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Tuchin VV. Polarized light interaction with tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71114. [PMID: 27121763 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial-review introduces the fundamentals of polarized light interaction with biological tissues and presents some of the recent key polarization optical methods that have made possible the quantitative studies essential for biomedical diagnostics. Tissue structures and the corresponding models showing linear and circular birefringence, dichroism, and chirality are analyzed. As the basis for a quantitative description of the interaction of polarized light with tissues, the theory of polarization transfer in a random medium is used. This theory employs the modified transfer equation for Stokes parameters to predict the polarization properties of single- and multiple-scattered optical fields. The near-order of scatterers in tissues is accounted for to provide an adequate description of tissue polarization properties. Biomedical diagnostic techniques based on polarized light detection, including polarization imaging and spectroscopy, amplitude and intensity light scattering matrix measurements, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography are described. Examples of biomedical applications of these techniques for early diagnostics of cataracts, detection of precancer, and prediction of skin disease are presented. The substantial reduction of light scattering multiplicity at tissue optical clearing that leads to a lesser influence of scattering on the measured intrinsic polarization properties of the tissue and allows for more precise quantification of these properties is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov National Research State University, Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, 83 Astrakhanskaya street, Saratov 410012, RussiabInstitute of Precision Mechanics and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya street, Sarat
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21
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Rahm M, Falgout Z, Sedarsky D, Linne M. Optical sectioning for measurements in transient sprays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:4610-4621. [PMID: 29092289 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.004610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a practical arrangement for optical sectioning by means of time-gated backscatter imaging using ultrafast illumination and a CS2-based optical Kerr effect shutter. This arrangement can reveal additional information when probing transient turbid media such as fuel injection sprays or complex multiphase flows which require single-shot imaging with sufficient time resolution to freeze the dynamics of the flow.
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22
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Wang BL, Jiang C, Li K, Liu YH, Xie Y, Yu XQ. Molecular engineering of a dual emission near-infrared ratiometric fluorophore for the detection of pH at the organism level. Analyst 2016; 140:4608-15. [PMID: 26016813 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00551e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared ratiometric fluorophore (NIR-HBT) was rationally designed and constructed by expanding both the excitation and emission wavelength of the classical ratiometric fluorophore 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol (HBT) into the near-infrared region. The NIR-HBT was easily synthesized by incorporating the HBT module into the hemicyanine skeleton and showed evident NIR ratiometric fluorophore characteristics. Further application of the new fluorophore for pH detection demonstrated that NIR-HBT possesses superior overall analytical performance and NIR-HBT was successfully applied for detection of acidosis caused by inflammation in living animal tissue, which indicated the potential application value of NIR-HBT in biological imaging and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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23
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24
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Zhu Y, Shi J, Yang Y, Zeng G. Polarization difference ghost imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:1279-1284. [PMID: 25968188 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose the polarization difference ghost imaging method and experimentally demonstrate that polarization properties can provide additional information in conventional ghost imaging for object discrimination with contrast enhancement. In our experiment, two kinds of visually similar objects with different polarization properties can be separated for imaging. Meanwhile, an improved polarization difference algorithm is presented, fully utilizing the polarization discrepancy between objects and background, to further enhance the image contrast. Our work facilitates practical applications of ghost imaging.
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25
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Ney M, Abdulhalim I. Ultrahigh polarimetric image contrast enhancement for skin cancer diagnosis using InN plasmonic nanoparticles in the terahertz range. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:125007. [PMID: 26720872 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.125007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix imaging sensitivity, to delicate water content changes in tissue associated with early stages of skin cancer, is demonstrated by numerical modeling to be enhanced by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects at the terahertz (THz) range when InN nanoparticles (NPs) coated with Parylene-C are introduced into the skin. A skin tissue model tailored for THz wavelengths is established for a Monte Carlo simulation of polarized light propagation and scattering, and a comparative study based on simulated Mueller matrices is presented considering different NPs’ parameters and insertion into the skin methods. The insertion of NPs presenting LSPR in the THz is demonstrated to enable the application of polarization-based sample characterization techniques adopted from the scattering dominated visible wavelengths domain for the, otherwise, relatively low scattering THz domain, where such approach is irrelevant without the NPs. Through these Mueller polarimetry techniques, the detection of water content variations in the tissue is made possible and with high sensitivity. This study yields a limit of detection down to 0.0018% for relative changes in the water content based on linear degree of polarization--an improvement of an order of magnitude relative to the limit of detection without NPs calculated in a previous ellipsometric study.
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26
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Swami MK, Patel H, Somyaji MR, Kushwaha PK, Gupta PK. Size-dependent patterns in depolarization maps from turbid medium and tissue. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:6133-6139. [PMID: 25322088 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.006133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix measurements on turbid media can be used to quantify its polarization properties in terms of retardance, diattenuation, and depolarization. In particular, the depolarizing ability of such media, which is represented by the depolarization index, has been shown to be a useful diagnostic parameter. However, being a single valued metric, its dependence on a host of tissue optical parameters makes it difficult to interpret. In this paper, we show that a map of depolarization as a function of input polarization state parameters can be used to infer information about the size of scatterer and order of birefringent and depolarizing layers in turbid medium. The experiments carried out on different mice organ tissues indicate that the depolarization characteristics of tissue are closely represented by depolarization properties of intralipid. We also observed that these maps do not vary in the presence of absorption.
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27
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Ferber S, Baabur-Cohen H, Blau R, Epshtein Y, Kisin-Finfer E, Redy O, Shabat D, Satchi-Fainaro R. Polymeric nanotheranostics for real-time non-invasive optical imaging of breast cancer progression and drug release. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Alenin AS, Tyo JS. Generalized channeled polarimetry. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:1013-1022. [PMID: 24979633 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Channeled polarimeters measure polarization by modulating the measured intensity in order to create polarization-dependent channels that can be demodulated to reveal the desired polarization information. A number of channeled systems have been described in the past, but their proposed designs often unintentionally sacrifice optimality for ease of algebraic reconstruction. To obtain more optimal systems, a generalized treatment of channeled polarimeters is required. This paper describes methods that enable handling of multi-domain modulations and reconstruction of polarization information using linear algebra. We make practical choices regarding use of either Fourier or direct channels to make these methods more immediately useful. Employing the introduced concepts to optimize existing systems often results in superficial system changes, like changing the order, orientation, thickness, or spacing of polarization elements. For the two examples we consider, we were able to reduce noise in the reconstruction to 34.1% and 57.9% of the original design values.
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29
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Kapsokalyvas D, Bruscino N, Alfieri D, de Giorgi V, Cannarozzo G, Cicchi R, Massi D, Pimpinelli N, Pavone FS. Spectral morphological analysis of skin lesions with a polarization multispectral dermoscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:4826-40. [PMID: 23482017 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.004826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dermoscopy is the conventional technique used for the clinical inspection of human skin lesions. However, the identification of diagnostically relevant morphologies can become a complex task. We report on the development of a polarization multispectral dermoscope for the in vivo imaging of skin lesions. Linearly polarized illumination at three distinct spectral regions (470, 530 and 625 nm), is performed by high luminance LEDs. Processing of the acquired images, by means of spectral and polarization filtering, produces new contrast images, each one specific for melanin absorption, hemoglobin absorption, and single scattering. Analysis of such images could facilitate the identification of pathological morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Univ. of Florence, 50019 Sesto-Fiorentino, Italy.
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30
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Qi J, Ye M, Singh M, Clancy NT, Elson DS. Narrow band 3 × 3 Mueller polarimetric endoscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2433-49. [PMID: 24298405 PMCID: PMC3829538 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix polarimetric imaging has shown potential in tissue diagnosis but is challenging to implement endoscopically. In this work, a narrow band 3 × 3 Mueller matrix polarimetric endoscope was designed by rotating the endoscope to generate 0°, 45° and 90° linearly polarized illumination and positioning a rotating filter wheel in front of the camera containing three polarisers to permit polarization state analysis for backscattered light. The system was validated with a rotating linear polarizer and a diffuse reflection target. Initial measurements of 3 × 3 Mueller matrices on a rat are demonstrated, followed by matrix decomposition into the depolarization and retardance matrices for further analysis. Our work shows the feasibility of implementing polarimetric imaging in a rigid endoscope conveniently and economically in order to reveal diagnostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Menglong Ye
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohan Singh
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Neil T. Clancy
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel S. Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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31
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Ghassemi P, Lemaillet P, Germer TA, Shupp JW, Venna SS, Boisvert ME, Flanagan KE, Jordan MH, Ramella-Roman JC. Out-of-plane Stokes imaging polarimeter for early skin cancer diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:076014. [PMID: 22894497 PMCID: PMC10716523 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.076014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optimal treatment of skin cancer before it metastasizes critically depends on early diagnosis and treatment. Imaging spectroscopy and polarized remittance have been utilized in the past for diagnostic purposes, but valuable information can be also obtained from the analysis of skin roughness. For this purpose, we have developed an out-of-plane hemispherical Stokes imaging polarimeter designed to monitor potential skin neoplasia based on a roughness assessment of the epidermis. The system was utilized to study the rough surface scattering for wax samples and human skin. The scattering by rough skin-simulating phantoms showed behavior that is reasonably described by a facet scattering model. Clinical tests were conducted on patients grouped as follows: benign nevi, melanocytic nevus, melanoma, and normal skin. Images were captured and analyzed, and polarization properties are presented in terms of the principal angle of the polarization ellipse and the degree of polarization. In the former case, there is separation between different groups of patients for some incidence azimuth angles. In the latter, separation between different skin samples for various incidence azimuth angles is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejhman Ghassemi
- Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064
- Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20010
| | - Paul Lemaillet
- Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064
| | - Thomas A. Germer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Jeffrey W. Shupp
- Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20010
| | - Suraj S. Venna
- Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20010
| | - Marc E. Boisvert
- Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20010
| | - Katherine E. Flanagan
- Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20010
| | - Marion H. Jordan
- Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20010
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32
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Miller DA, Dereniak EL. Selective polarization imager for contrast enhancements in remote scattering media. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:4092-4102. [PMID: 22722285 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.004092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional intensity imaging through turbid media suffers from rapid loss of image contrast due to light scattering from particles or random variations of refractive index. This paper features the development of an active imaging, snapshot, system design and postprocessing algorithms that differentiate between radiation that scatters or reflects from remote, obscured objects and the radiation from the scattering media itself through a combination of polarization difference imaging, channel blurring, and Fourier spatial filtering. The produced sensor acquires and processes image data in real time, yielding improved image contrasts by factors of 10 or greater for dense water vapor obscurants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren A Miller
- College of Optical Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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33
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Pansare V, Hejazi S, Faenza W, Prud'homme RK. Review of Long-Wavelength Optical and NIR Imaging Materials: Contrast Agents, Fluorophores and Multifunctional Nano Carriers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:812-827. [PMID: 22919122 PMCID: PMC3423226 DOI: 10.1021/cm2028367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The importance of long wavelength and near infra-red (NIR) imaging has dramatically increased due to the desire to perform whole animal and deep tissue imaging. The adoption of NIR imaging is also growing rapidly due to the availability of targeted biological agents for diagnosis and basic medical research that can be imaged in vivo. The wavelength range of 650-1450 nm falls in the region of the spectrum with the lowest absorption in tissue and therefore enables the deepest tissue penetration. This is the wavelength range we focus on with this review. To operate effectively the imaging agents must both be excited and must emit in this long-wavelength window. We review the agents used both for imaging by absorption, scattering, and excitation (such as fluorescence). Imaging agents comprise both aqueous soluble and insoluble species, both organic and inorganic, and unimolecular and supramolecular constructs. The interest in multi-modal imaging, which involves delivery of actives, targeting, and imaging, requires nanocarriers or supramolecular assemblies. Nanoparticles for diagnostics also have advantages in increasing circulation time and increased imaging brightness relative to single molecule imaging agents. This has led to rapid advances in nanocarriers for long-wavelength, NIR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Pansare
- Princeton University, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ 08544
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Ghosh N, Vitkin IA. Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:110801. [PMID: 22112102 DOI: 10.1117/1.3652896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarimetry has a long and successful history in various forms of clear media. Driven by their biomedical potential, the use of the polarimetric approaches for biological tissue assessment has also recently received considerable attention. Specifically, polarization can be used as an effective tool to discriminate against multiply scattered light (acting as a gating mechanism) in order to enhance contrast and to improve tissue imaging resolution. Moreover, the intrinsic tissue polarimetry characteristics contain a wealth of morphological and functional information of potential biomedical importance. However, in a complex random medium-like tissue, numerous complexities due to multiple scattering and simultaneous occurrences of many scattering and polarization events present formidable challenges both in terms of accurate measurements and in terms of analysis of the tissue polarimetry signal. In order to realize the potential of the polarimetric approaches for tissue imaging and characterization/diagnosis, a number of researchers are thus pursuing innovative solutions to these challenges. In this review paper, we summarize these and other issues pertinent to the polarized light methodologies in tissues. Specifically, we discuss polarized light basics, Stokes-Muller formalism, methods of polarization measurements, polarized light modeling in turbid media, applications to tissue imaging, inverse analysis for polarimetric results quantification, applications to quantitative tissue assessment, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Department of Physical Sciences, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India.
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Sivertsen AH, Heia K, Stormo SK, Elvevoll E, Nilsen H. Automatic Nematode Detection in Cod Fillets (Gadus Morhua) by Transillumination Hyperspectral Imaging. J Food Sci 2010; 76:S77-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sormaz M, Jenny P. Contrast improvement by selecting ballistic-photons using polarization gating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:23746-23755. [PMID: 21164718 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.023746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper a new approach to improve contrast in optical subsurface imaging is presented. The method is based on time-resolved reflectance and selection of ballistic photons using polarization gating. Numerical studies with a statistical Monte Carlo method also reveal that weakly scattered diffuse photons can be eliminated by employing a small aperture and that the contrast improvement strongly depends on the single-scattering phase function. A possible experimental setup is discussed in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Sormaz
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH), Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Safrani A, Aharon O, Mor S, Arnon O, Rosenberg L, Abdulhalim I. Skin biomedical optical imaging system using dual-wavelength polarimetric control with liquid crystals. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:026024. [PMID: 20459269 DOI: 10.1117/1.3394338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spectropolarimetric skin imaging is becoming an attractive technique for early detection of skin cancer. Using two liquid crystal retarders in combination with a dual-band passive spectral filter and two linear polarizers, we demonstrate the spectral and polarimetric imaging of skin tissue in the near infrared. Based on this concept, a compact prototype module has been built and is being used for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Safrani
- Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Electro-Optic Engineering, Beer Sheva, 84105 Israel
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Novikova T, Bénière A, Goudail F, De Martino A. Sources of possible artefacts in the contrast evaluation for the backscattering polarimetric images of different targets in turbid medium. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:23851-60. [PMID: 20052095 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.023851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It is known that polarization-sensitive backscattering images of different objects in turbid media may show better contrasts than usual intensity images. Polarimetric image contrast depends on both target and background polarization properties and typically involves averaging over groups of pixels, corresponding to given areas of the image. By means of numerical modelling we show that the experimental arrangement, namely, the shape of turbid medium container, the optical properties of the container walls, the relative positioning of the absorbing, scattering and reflecting targets with respect to each other and to the container walls, as well as the choice of the image areas for the contrast calculations, can strongly affect the final results for both linearly and circularly polarized light.
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Shukla P, Pradhan A. Polarization-gated imaging in tissue phantoms: effect of size distribution. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:6099-6104. [PMID: 19904305 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.006099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of size distribution of aqueous solutions of monodisperse and a mixture of polydisperse scatterers of two different sizes on the image quality using linear and circularly polarized light. The contrast and resolution are affected by the size distribution present in the mixture of a polydisperse medium, while they are affected by the refractive index in a monodisperse medium. Circularly polarized light improves image quality of polydisperse scatterers. Images in the polydisperse medium are retrieved for values of optical thickness less than those of the large-sized monodisperse medium. We offer plausible explanations for all the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shukla
- Department of Physics and Center for Laser Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Mathur N, Chaudhary NK, Bharti P. 2D polarization imaging of turbid media. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 159:295-8. [PMID: 19802710 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer normally tends to result in the decrease of tissue elasticity; i.e., the cancerous region is more rigid than the normal surrounding areas. This would appear as differences in the distribution of internal birefringence that could be used to improve image contrast between the cancerous and normal tissue structures. Different filtering techniques are used to enhance the image to help us identify, locate, and diagnose an "object," such as a tumor inside a biological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Mathur
- Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Jain R, Dandekar P, Patravale V. Diagnostic nanocarriers for sentinel lymph node imaging. J Control Release 2009; 138:90-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Richert M, Orlik X, De Martino A. Adapted polarization state contrast image. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:14199-14210. [PMID: 19654831 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.014199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose a general method to maximize the polarimetric contrast between an object and its background using a predetermined illumination polarization state. After a first estimation of the polarimetric properties of the scene by classical Mueller imaging, we evaluate the incident polarized field that induces scattered polarization states by the object and background, as opposite as possible on the Poincar e sphere. With a detection method optimized for a 2-channel imaging system, Monte Carlo simulations of low flux coherent imaging are performed with various objects and backgrounds having different properties of retardance, dichroism and depolarization. With respect to classical Mueller imaging, possibly associated to the polar decomposition, our results show a noticeable increase in the Bhattacharyya distance used as our contrast parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Richert
- Department, ONERA, Theoretical and Applied Optics, 31055 Toulouse, France
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BUENO J, COOKSON C, KISILAK M, CAMPBELL M. Enhancement of confocal microscopy images using Mueller-matrix polarimetry. J Microsc 2009; 235:84-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takagi K, Kakinuma H, Kato Y, Shimizu K. CW transillumination imaging by extracting weakly scattered light from strongly diffused light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:8332-8342. [PMID: 19434166 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.008332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transmitted light through a diffuse scattering medium includes strongly diffused light (SDL) and weakly scattered light (WSL). To realize clear transillumination imaging through thick body tissue, which is typically more than 10 mm, we developed a technique to extract the WSL component from diffused light. In experiments using a 15-mm-thick scattering medium (mu(s)' = 1.0/mm), the cross-section of the light propagation area at the center of the medium was confined to a 50% area. This method's usefulness was demonstrated by transillumination imaging through a 40-mm-thick piece of chicken meat. The possibility of depth evaluation was also verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Takagi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Garcia-Allende PB, Krishnaswamy V, Hoopes PJ, Samkoe KS, Conde OM, Pogue BW. Automated identification of tumor microscopic morphology based on macroscopically measured scatter signatures. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:034034. [PMID: 19566327 PMCID: PMC2857335 DOI: 10.1117/1.3155512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An automated algorithm and methodology is presented to identify tumor-tissue morphologies based on broadband scatter data measured by raster scan imaging of the samples. A quasi-confocal reflectance imaging system was used to directly measure the tissue scatter reflectance in situ, and the spectrum was used to identify the scattering power, amplitude, and total wavelength-integrated intensity. Pancreatic tumor and normal samples were characterized using the instrument, and subtle changes in the scatter signal were encountered within regions of each sample. Discrimination between normal versus tumor tissue was readily performed using a K-nearest neighbor classifier algorithm. A similar approach worked for regions of tumor morphology when statistical preprocessing of the scattering parameters was included to create additional data features. This type of automated interpretation methodology can provide a tool for guiding surgical resection in areas where microscopy imaging cannot be realized efficiently by the surgeon. In addition, the results indicate important design changes for future systems.
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Krishnaswamy V, Hoopes PJ, Samkoe KS, O'Hara JA, Hasan T, Pogue BW. Quantitative imaging of scattering changes associated with epithelial proliferation, necrosis, and fibrosis in tumors using microsampling reflectance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:014004. [PMID: 19256692 PMCID: PMC2813673 DOI: 10.1117/1.3065540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly localized reflectance measurements can be used to directly quantify scatter changes in tissues. We present a microsampling approach that is used to raster scan tumors to extract parameters believed to be related to the tissue ultrastructure. A confocal reflectance imager was developed to examine scatter changes across pathologically distinct regions within tumor tissues. Tissue sections from two murine tumors, AsPC-1 pancreas tumor and the Mat-LyLu Dunning prostate tumor, were imaged. After imaging, histopathology-guided region-of-interest studies of the images allowed analysis of the variations in scattering resulting from differences in tissue ultra-structure. On average, the median scatter power of tumor cells with high proliferation index (HPI) was about 26% less compared to tumor cells with low proliferation index (LPI). Necrosis exhibited the lowest scatter power signature across all the tissue types considered, with about 55% lower median scatter power than LPI tumor cells. Additionally, the level and maturity of the tumor's fibroplastic response was found to influence the scatter signal. This approach to scatter visualization of tissue ultrastructure in situ could provide a unique tool for guiding surgical resection, but this kind of interpretation into what the signal means relative to the pathology is required before proceeding to clinical studies.
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Bae Y, Nelson JS, Jung B. Multimodal facial color imaging modality for objective analysis of skin lesions. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:064007. [PMID: 19123654 PMCID: PMC2664295 DOI: 10.1117/1.3006056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a multimodal facial color imaging modality that provides a conventional color image, parallel and cross-polarization color images, and a fluorescent color image. We characterize the imaging modality and describe the image analysis methods for objective evaluation of skin lesions. The parallel and cross-polarization color images are useful for the analysis of skin texture, pigmentation, and vascularity. The polarization image, which is derived from parallel and cross-polarization color images, provides morphological information of superficial skin lesions. The fluorescent color image is useful for the evaluation of skin chromophores excited by UV-A radiation. In order to demonstrate the validity of the new imaging modality in dermatology, sample images were obtained from subjects with various skin disorders and image analysis methods were applied for objective evaluation of those lesions. In conclusion, we are confident that the imaging modality and analysis methods should be useful tools to simultaneously evaluate various skin lesions in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Bae
- Yonsei University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 234 Maeji, Heungup-myun, Wonju-Ci, Gangwon-Do 220-710, Korea
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Razansky D, Vinegoni C, Ntziachristos V. Polarization-sensitive optoacoustic tomography of optically diffuse tissues. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:2308-2310. [PMID: 18923605 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polarization is indicative of material anisotropy, a property that reveals structural orientation information of molecules inside the material. Herein we investigate whether polarization can be detected optoacoustically in scattering and absorbing tissues. Using a laboratory prototype of polarization-sensitive optoacoustic tomography, we demonstrate high-resolution reconstructions of dichroism contrast deep in optically diffusive tissue-mimicking phantoms. The technique is expected to enable highly accurate imaging of polarization contrast in tissues, far beyond the current capabilities of pure optical polarization-imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Ghosh N, Wood MFG, Vitkin IA. Mueller matrix decomposition for extraction of individual polarization parameters from complex turbid media exhibiting multiple scattering, optical activity, and linear birefringence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:044036. [PMID: 19021363 DOI: 10.1117/1.2960934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Linear birefringence and optical activity are two common optical polarization effects present in biological tissue, and determination of these properties has useful biomedical applications. However, measurement and unique interpretation of these parameters in tissue is hindered by strong multiple scattering effects and by the fact that these and other polarization effects are often present simultaneously. We have investigated the efficacy of a Mueller matrix decomposition methodology to extract the individual intrinsic polarimetry characteristics (linear retardance delta and optical rotation psi, in particular) from a multiply scattering medium exhibiting simultaneous linear birefringence and optical activity. In the experimental studies, a photoelastic modulation polarimeter was used to record Mueller matrices from polyacrylamide phantoms having strain-induced birefringence, sucrose-induced optical activity, and polystyrene microspheres-induced scattering. Decomposition of the Mueller matrices recorded in the forward detection geometry from these phantoms with controlled polarization properties yielded reasonable estimates for delta and psi parameters. The confounding effects of scattering, the propagation path of multiple scattered photons, and detection geometry on the estimated values for delta and psi were further investigated using polarization-sensitive Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that in the forward detection geometry, the effects of scattering induced linear retardance and diattenuation are weak, and the decomposition of the Mueller matrix can retrieve the intrinsic values for delta and psi with reasonable accuracy. The ability of this approach to extract the individual intrinsic polarimetry characteristics should prove valuable in diagnostic photomedicine, for example, in quantifying the small optical rotations due to the presence of glucose in tissue and for monitoring changes in tissue birefringence as a signature of tissue abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Ghosh
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Improved diagnostics using polarization imaging and artificial neural networks. Int J Biomed Imaging 2008; 2007:74143. [PMID: 18274657 PMCID: PMC2234335 DOI: 10.1155/2007/74143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in studying the propagation of polarized light in biological cells and tissues. This paper presents a novel approach to cell or tissue imaging using a full Stokes imaging system with advanced polarization image analysis algorithms for improved diagnostics. The key component of the Stokes imaging system is the electrically tunable retarder, enabling high-speed operation of the system to acquire four intensity images sequentially. From the acquired intensity images, four Stokes vector images can be computed to obtain complete polarization information. Polarization image analysis algorithms are then developed to analyze Stokes polarization images for cell or tissue classification. Specifically, wavelet transforms are first applied to the Stokes components for initial feature analysis and extraction. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are then used to extract diagnostic features for improved classification and prediction. In this study, phantom experiments have been conducted using a prototyped Stokes polarization imaging device. In particular, several types of phantoms, consisting of polystyrene latex spheres in various diameters, were prepared to simulate different conditions of epidermal layer of skin. The experimental results from phantom studies and a plant cell study show that the classification performance using Stokes images is significantly improved over that using the intensity image only.
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