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Serebrennikova KV, Berlina AN, Sotnikov DV, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Raman Scattering-Based Biosensing: New Prospects and Opportunities. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:512. [PMID: 34940269 PMCID: PMC8699498 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in the development of new platforms for the application of Raman spectroscopy techniques in biosensor technologies is driven by the potential of these techniques in identifying chemical compounds, as well as structural and functional features of biomolecules. The effect of Raman scattering is a result of inelastic light scattering processes, which lead to the emission of scattered light with a different frequency associated with molecular vibrations of the identified molecule. Spontaneous Raman scattering is usually weak, resulting in complexities with the separation of weak inelastically scattered light and intense Rayleigh scattering. These limitations have led to the development of various techniques for enhancing Raman scattering, including resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy (coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy and stimulated Raman spectroscopy). Furthermore, the discovery of the phenomenon of enhanced Raman scattering near metallic nanostructures gave impetus to the development of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as well as its combination with resonance Raman spectroscopy and nonlinear Raman spectroscopic techniques. The combination of nonlinear and resonant optical effects with metal substrates or nanoparticles can be used to increase speed, spatial resolution, and signal amplification in Raman spectroscopy, making these techniques promising for the analysis and characterization of biological samples. This review provides the main provisions of the listed Raman techniques and the advantages and limitations present when applied to life sciences research. The recent advances in SERS and SERS-combined techniques are summarized, such as SERRS, SE-CARS, and SE-SRS for bioimaging and the biosensing of molecules, which form the basis for potential future applications of these techniques in biosensor technology. In addition, an overview is given of the main tools for success in the development of biosensors based on Raman spectroscopy techniques, which can be achieved by choosing one or a combination of the following approaches: (i) fabrication of a reproducible SERS substrate, (ii) synthesis of the SERS nanotag, and (iii) implementation of new platforms for on-site testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (K.V.S.); (A.N.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.V.Z.)
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Mitrofanov AV, Rozhko MV, Voronin AA, Sidorov-Biryukov DA, Fedotov AB, Zheltikov AM. High-harmonic-driven inverse Raman scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3219-3222. [PMID: 34197420 DOI: 10.1364/ol.419790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spectral analysis of high-order harmonics generated by ultrashort mid-infrared pulses in molecular nitrogen reveals well-resolved signatures of inverse Raman scattering, showing up near the frequencies of prominent vibrational transitions of nitrogen molecules. When tuned on a resonance with the v'=0→v''=0 pathway within the B3Πg→C3Πu second positive system of molecular nitrogen, the eleventh harmonic of a 3.9 µm, 80 fs driver is shown to acquire a distinctive antisymmetric spectral profile with red-shifted bright and blue-shifted dark features as indicators of stimulated Raman gain and loss. This high-harmonic setting extends the inverse Raman effect to a vast class of strong-field light-matter interaction scenarios.
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Shi L, Fung AA, Zhou A. Advances in stimulated Raman scattering imaging for tissues and animals. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1078-1101. [PMID: 33654679 PMCID: PMC7829158 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged in the last decade as a powerful optical imaging technology with high chemical selectivity, speed, and subcellular resolution. Since the invention of SRS microscopy, it has been extensively employed in life science to study composition, structure, metabolism, development, and disease in biological systems. Applications of SRS in research and the clinic have generated new insights in many fields including neurobiology, tumor biology, developmental biology, metabolomics, pharmacokinetics, and more. Herein we review the advances and applications of SRS microscopy imaging in tissues and animals, as well as envision future applications and development of SRS imaging in life science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andy Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wang Y, Li F, Dou Z, Sun C, Fang W, Men Z. Resonance enhancement stimulated Raman scattering of O–H stretching vibration in water molecule. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Flickering nanometre-scale disorder in a crystal lattice tracked by plasmonic flare light emission. Nat Commun 2020; 11:682. [PMID: 32015332 PMCID: PMC6997371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic restructuring of metal nanoparticle surfaces is known to greatly influence their catalytic, electronic transport, and chemical binding functionalities. Here we show for the first time that non-equilibrium atomic-scale lattice defects can be detected in nanoparticles by purely optical means. These fluctuating states determine interface electronic transport for molecular electronics but because such rearrangements are low energy, measuring their rapid dynamics on single nanostructures by X-rays, electron beams, or tunnelling microscopies, is invasive and damaging. We utilise nano-optics at the sub-5nm scale to reveal rapid (on the millisecond timescale) evolution of defect morphologies on facets of gold nanoparticles on a mirror. Besides dynamic structural information, this highlights fundamental questions about defining bulk plasma frequencies for metals probed at the nanoscale. Dynamic restructuring of metal nanoparticle surfaces greatly influences their catalytic, electronic transport, and chemical binding functionalities. Here, the authors show that non-equilibrium atomic-scale lattice defects can be detected in nanoparticles by using nano-optics at the sub-5nm scale.
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Shumyatsky P, Shi L, Sordillo LA, Budansky Y, Alfano RR. Comparison of continuous wave versus picosecond SRS and the resonance SRS effect. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:622-627. [PMID: 32225186 DOI: 10.1364/ao.59.000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a powerful optical technique for probing the vibrational states of molecules in biological tissues and provides greater signal intensities than when using spontaneous Raman scattering. In this study, we examined the use of continuous wave (cw) and picosecond (ps) laser excitations to generate SRS signals in pure methanol, a carotene-methanol solution, acetone, and brain tissue samples. The cw-SRS system, which utilized two cw lasers, produced better signal-to-noise (S/N) than the conventional ps-SRS system, suggesting that the cw-SRS system is an efficient and cost-effective approach for studying SRS in complex systems like the brain. The cw-SRS approach will reduce the size of the SRS system, allowing for stimulated Raman gain/loss microscopy. In addition, we showed that there exists a resonance SRS (RSRS) effect from the carotene-methanol solution and brain tissue samples using cw laser excitations. The RSRS effect will further improve the signal-to-noise and may be utilized as an enhanced, label-free SRS microscopic tool for the study of biological tissues.
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Kerdoncuff H, Lassen M, Petersen JC. Continuous-wave coherent Raman spectroscopy for improving the accuracy of Raman shifts. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5057-5060. [PMID: 31613263 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an appealing technique that probes molecular vibrations in a wide variety of materials with virtually no sample preparation. However, accurate and reliable Raman measurements are still a challenge and require more robust and practical calibration methods. We demonstrate the implementation of a simple low-cost continuous-wave (cw) stimulated Raman spectroscopy scheme for accurate and high-resolution spectroscopy. We perform shot noise-limited cw stimulated Raman scattering as well as cw coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering on polystyrene samples. Our method enables accurate determination of Raman shifts with an uncertainty below 0.1 cm-1. The setup is used for the characterization of reference materials required for the calibration of Raman spectrometers. Compared with existing standards, we provide an order of magnitude improvement of the uncertainty of Raman energy shifts in a polystyrene reference material.
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Continuous-Wave Coherent Raman Spectroscopy via Plasmonic Enhancement. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12092. [PMID: 31431666 PMCID: PMC6702195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a successful combination of stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) using cw laser sources and gold/silica nanoparticles with embedded reporter molecules. We describe the preparation method for our gold/silica nanoparticles as well as the effect of probe wavelength, pump and probe power, polarization and sample concentration on the cwSESRS signal. Altogether, a stable ~12 orders of magnitude enhancement in the stimulated Raman signal is achieved because of the amplification of both pump and probe beams, leading to the detection of pico-molar nanoparticle concentrations, comparable to those of SERS. The coherent Raman spectra matches the incoherent conventional Raman spectra of the reporter molecules. Unlike conventional incoherent SERS this approach generates a coherent stimulated signal of microwatt intensities, opening the field to applications requiring a coherent beam, such as Molecular Holography.
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Lee CLD, Hewitt KC. First demonstration of surface enhanced-stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SE-SRS) using low-power CW sources. Faraday Discuss 2019; 205:227-232. [PMID: 28967938 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using commercially available nanoparticles, continuous wave Surface-Enhanced Stimulated Raman spectroscopy (CW SE-SRS) is demonstrated for the first time using two Ti:Sapphire lasers producing a pump beam (785 nm, 100 mW) and appropriately varying probe/Stokes beams (860-870 nm, 120 mW). The Ti-Sapphire lasers are co-pumped by a 10 W low noise 532 nm Spectra Physics Millennia laser. Pulsed SE-SRS is also demonstrated using a Coherent Chameleon Ultra laser for the Stokes/probe (863-871 nm) beam and a Coherent Ultra II as the pump laser (785 nm). In both cases lock-in techniques are used to extract the small signal (1 in 109) successfully. These experiments convincingly demonstrate that SRS with CW sources is possible using appropriate nanoparticles, and this realization creates opportunities for a wider range of stimulated Raman spectroscopy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L D Lee
- Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, 6310 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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10
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Kim D, Choi DS, Kwon J, Shim SH, Rhee H, Cho M. Selective Suppression of Stimulated Raman Scattering with Another Competing Stimulated Raman Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:6118-6123. [PMID: 29210582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A three-beam femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) scheme is formulated and demonstrated to simultaneously induce two different SRS processes associated with Raman-active modes in the same molecule. Two SR gains involving a common pump pulse are coupled and compete: As one of the Stokes beam intensities increases, the other SRS is selectively suppressed. We provide theoretical description and experimental evidence that the selective suppression behavior is due to the limited number of pump photons used for both of the two SRS processes when an intense depletion beam induces one SRS process. The maximum suppression efficiency was ∼60% with our experimental setup, where the SR gain of the ring breathing mode of benzene is the target SRS signal, which is allowed to compete with another SRS process, induced by an intense depletion beam, of the CH stretching mode. We anticipate a potential of this new switching-off concept in super-resolution label-free microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Kim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Choi
- Technology Human Resource Support for SMEs Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) , Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute , Smart Korea, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kwon
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Shim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanju Rhee
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lu FK, Calligaris D, Olubiyi OI, Norton I, Yang W, Santagata S, Xie XS, Golby AJ, Agar NYR. Label-Free Neurosurgical Pathology with Stimulated Raman Imaging. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3451-62. [PMID: 27197198 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of brain tumor surgery is to maximize tumor removal without injuring critical brain structures. Achieving this goal is challenging as it can be difficult to distinguish tumor from nontumor tissue. While standard histopathology provides information that could assist tumor delineation, it cannot be performed iteratively during surgery as freezing, sectioning, and staining of the tissue require too much time. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful label-free chemical imaging technology that enables rapid mapping of lipids and proteins within a fresh specimen. This information can be rendered into pathology-like images. Although this approach has been used to assess the density of glioma cells in murine orthotopic xenografts models and human brain tumors, tissue heterogeneity in clinical brain tumors has not yet been fully evaluated with SRS imaging. Here we profile 41 specimens resected from 12 patients with a range of brain tumors. By evaluating large-scale stimulated Raman imaging data and correlating this data with current clinical gold standard of histopathology for 4,422 fields of view, we capture many essential diagnostic hallmarks for glioma classification. Notably, in fresh tumor samples, we observe additional features, not seen by conventional methods, including extensive lipid droplets within glioma cells, collagen deposition in gliosarcoma, and irregularity and disruption of myelinated fibers in areas infiltrated by oligodendroglioma cells. The data are freely available in a public resource to foster diagnostic training and to permit additional interrogation. Our work establishes the methodology and provides a significant collection of reference images for label-free neurosurgical pathology. Cancer Res; 76(12); 3451-62. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ke Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David Calligaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Olutayo I Olubiyi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaiah Norton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Alexandra J Golby
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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12
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Cheng JX, Xie XS. Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of living systems: An emerging platform for biology and medicine. Science 2015; 350:aaa8870. [PMID: 26612955 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively applied to the study of molecules in gas phase, in condensed phase, and at interfaces. The transition from spectroscopy to spectroscopic imaging of living systems, which allows the spectrum of biomolecules to act as natural contrast, is opening new opportunities to reveal cellular machinery and to enable molecule-based diagnosis. Such a transition, however, involves more than a simple combination of spectrometry and microscopy. We review recent efforts that have pushed the boundary of the vibrational spectroscopic imaging field in terms of spectral acquisition speed, detection sensitivity, spatial resolution, and imaging depth. We further highlight recent applications in functional analysis of single cells and in label-free detection of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Seto K, Tsukada T, Okuda Y, Tokunaga E, Kobayashi T. Noise cancellation with phase-detection technique for pump-probe measurement and application to stimulated Raman imaging. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2015; 32:809-821. [PMID: 26366905 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.32.000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intensity noise on a probe beam is a serious obstacle to highly sensitive and high-speed pump-probe microscopy. In this report, a reference beam of the probe is prepared and delayed. The intensity modulation by the sample is measured as the phase modulation of the superposition of detected electrical signals of the probe and reference beams, and the intensity noise is canceled. We evaluate performance of the noise cancellation using the super-continuum light from a piece of photonic crystal fiber, and find that the noise is canceled by ∼26 dB. We then apply the method to a stimulated Raman microscope. This method contributes to highly sensitive and high-speed pump-probe imaging with various light sources.
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Meng Z, Petrov GI, Yakovlev VV. Continuous-Wave Stimulated Raman Scattering (cwSRS) Microscopy. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2013; 112:99-103. [PMID: 24058269 PMCID: PMC3775370 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-013-5405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful tool for chemically-sensitive non-invasive optical imaging. However, ultrafast laser sources, which are currently employed, are still expensive and require substantial maintenance to provide temporal overlap and spectral tuning. SRS imaging, which utilizes continuous-wave laser sources, has a major advantage, as it eliminates the cell damage due to exposure to the high-intensity light radiation, while substantially reducing the cost and complexity of the set-up. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate microscopic imaging of dimethyl sulfoxide using two independent, commonly used lasers, a diode-pumped, intracavity doubled 532-nm laser and a He-Ne laser operating at 632.8-nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,USA
- Corresponding author address: Zhaokai Meng, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
| | - Georgi I. Petrov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,USA
| | - Vladislav V. Yakovlev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,USA
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Seto K, Okuda Y, Tokunaga E, Kobayashi T. Development of a multiplex stimulated Raman microscope for spectral imaging through multi-channel lock-in detection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:083705. [PMID: 24007071 DOI: 10.1063/1.4818670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a multiplex stimulated Raman microscope for spectral imaging through multi-channel lock-in detection with a single light source. A white pump beam is prepared with a piece of photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The system does not require the synchronization of plural light sources or the scanning of their wavelengths, and thus a jitter-free pair of pump and Stokes beams is obtained, and a high degree of temporal synchronization is attained in the spectra. The multi-channel lock-in detection (extended to 128 channels) enables the observation of pseudo-continuous stimulated Raman spectra, demonstrating the strong ability of qualitative analysis to identify various types of C-H stretching modes such as the symmetric and asymmetric modes of the methylene∕methyl and aromatic groups. Images of a mixed film of polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate are presented to demonstrate the system's spectral imaging ability. The spatial distribution of these materials is successfully captured through one-time imaging, although the noise of the white light pump beam generated with the PCF limits the system's imaging speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Seto
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry and Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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Hu CR, Slipchenko MN, Wang P, Wang P, Lin JD, Simpson G, Hu B, Cheng JX. Stimulated Raman scattering imaging by continuous-wave laser excitation. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:1479-81. [PMID: 23632524 PMCID: PMC3952503 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.001479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a low-cost-stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope using continuous-wave (cw) lasers as excitation sources. A dual modulation scheme is used to remove the electronic background. The cw-SRS imaging of lipids in fatty liver is demonstrated by excitation of C─H stretch vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rui Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of Science, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Pu Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jiandie D. Lin
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Garth Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Bing Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of Science, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Yue S, Slipchenko MN, Cheng JX. Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2011; 5:10.1002/lpor.201000027. [PMID: 24353747 PMCID: PMC3863942 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Because each nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging modality is sensitive to specific molecules or structures, multimodal NLO imaging capitalizes the potential of NLO microscopy for studies of complex biological tissues. The coupling of multiphoton fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has allowed investigation of a broad range of biological questions concerning lipid metabolism, cancer development, cardiovascular disease, and skin biology. Moreover, recent research shows the great potential of using CARS microscope as a platform to develop more advanced NLO modalities such as electronic-resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, and pump-probe microscopy. This article reviews the various approaches developed for realization of multimodal NLO imaging as well as developments of new NLO modalities on a CARS microscope. Applications to various aspects of biological and biomedical research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yue
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Volkmer A. Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy. EMERGING RAMAN APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL FIELDS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02649-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Tura A, Maran A, Pacini G. Non-invasive glucose monitoring: assessment of technologies and devices according to quantitative criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77:16-40. [PMID: 17141349 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this review was to describe the main technologies for non-invasive glucose monitoring and the corresponding most relevant devices. The review tries to overcome the limitations of previous reviews on this topic, such as the lack of objective criteria for inclusion or exclusion of technologies or devices, and the poor organization of the information, which often does not allow easy comparison between technologies and devices. In this review, the information is concise and organized into specific categories, and hence it becomes easy to compare advantages and disadvantages of the different technologies and devices. For technologies, the categories of information considered are the technology name, the underlying physical principle, the technology limitations and the measurement sites on the human body. For devices, the categories of information are the device name, its approval condition (FDA Approval and/or CE Mark), the technology on which it is based, a device general description, the tests performed on the device, the corresponding results, safety information, aspects affecting usability, current status of the device and the manufacturer, an Internet reference for the device. A total of 14 technologies and 16 devices are included. Conclusions of the review were that, despite some interesting and promising technologies and devices, a satisfactory solution to the non-invasive glucose monitoring problem still requires further efforts.
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Fields MH, Popp J, Chang RK. External seeding of stimulated Raman scattering in microdroplets. OPTICS LETTERS 1996; 21:1457-1459. [PMID: 19881690 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
External seeding of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in microdroplets is achieved by light injection into the droplet at the Raman-shifted frequency. Two implementations permit observation of the seeding effect. First, a broadband seed laser (~2 nm FWHM) is used to spectrally discriminate the elastically scattered seed light from the narrow-linewidth SRS. Second, a crossed analyzer is used to reduce by several orders of magnitude the intensity of the detected elastically scattered seed laser, preventing saturation of the detector. Seeding of SRS in microdroplets is effective in enhancing the signal from weak-gain Raman modes but does not significantly increase the SRS intensity from strong-gain Raman modes.
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Kwok AS, Chang RK. Fluorescence seeding of weaker-gain Raman modes in microdroplets: enhancement of stimulated Raman scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 1992; 17:1262-1264. [PMID: 19798151 DOI: 10.1364/ol.17.001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence seeding by dissolving a fluorescent dye in a liquid droplet enhances the stimulated Raman scattering of a weaker-gain Raman mode. With the dye fluorescence at the Stokes wavelength of the weaker-gain Raman mode, the weaker-gain Raman mode can now build up from the much stronger fluorescence instead of from the weaker spontaneous Raman scattering. With fluorescence seeding, the weaker-gain C-C-O Raman mode of ethanol can be observed at a much lower input-laser intensity and can be more intense than the stronger-gain C-H Raman mode.
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Rosasco GJ, Bowers WJ, Hurst WS, Looney JP, Smyth KC, May AD. Simultaneous forward–backward Raman scattering studies of D2 broadened by D2, He, and Ar. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Beaman R, Baran J, Grofcsik A, Kubinyi M, Langley A, Jeremy Jones W. Raman amplification spectroscopy using pulsed dye lasers. J Mol Struct 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(84)80058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rosasco G, Lempert W, Hurst W, Fein A. Line interference effects in the vibrational Q-branch spectra of N2 and CO. Chem Phys Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(83)80524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heritage J, Bergman J, Pinczuk A, Worlock J. Surface picosecond raman gain spectroscopy of a cyanide monolayer on silver. Chem Phys Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(79)85152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nestor JR. Stimulated Raman gain (SRG) spectroscopy using two pulsed dye lasers. J Chem Phys 1978. [DOI: 10.1063/1.436712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Owyoung A. High-resolution cw stimulated Raman spectroscopy in molecular hydrogen. OPTICS LETTERS 1978; 2:91. [PMID: 19680417 DOI: 10.1364/ol.2.000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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