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Houhou R, Quansah E, Meyer-Zedler T, Schmitt M, Hoffmann F, Guntinas-Lichius O, Popp J, Bocklitz T. Comparison of denoising tools for the reconstruction of nonlinear multimodal images. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3259-3278. [PMID: 37497515 PMCID: PMC10368050 DOI: 10.1364/boe.477384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Biophotonic multimodal imaging techniques provide deep insights into biological samples such as cells or tissues. However, the measurement time increases dramatically when high-resolution multimodal images (MM) are required. To address this challenge, mathematical methods can be used to shorten the acquisition time for such high-quality images. In this research, we compared standard methods, e.g., the median filter method and the phase retrieval method via the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm with artificial intelligence (AI) based methods using MM images of head and neck tissues. The AI methods include two approaches: the first one is a transfer learning-based technique that uses the pre-trained network DnCNN. The second approach is the training of networks using augmented head and neck MM images. In this manner, we compared the Noise2Noise network, the MIRNet network, and our deep learning network namely incSRCNN, which is derived from the super-resolution convolutional neural network and inspired by the inception network. These methods reconstruct improved images using measured low-quality (LQ) images, which were measured in approximately 2 seconds. The evaluation was performed on artificial LQ images generated by degrading high-quality (HQ) images measured in 8 seconds using Poisson noise. The results showed the potential of using deep learning on these multimodal images to improve the data quality and reduce the acquisition time. Our proposed network has the advantage of having a simple architecture compared with similar-performing but highly parametrized networks DnCNN, MIRNet, and Noise2Noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Houhou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Member of Leibniz Health Technologies), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Elsie Quansah
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Member of Leibniz Health Technologies), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Meyer-Zedler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Member of Leibniz Health Technologies), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Phoniatry/Pedaudiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Phoniatry/Pedaudiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Member of Leibniz Health Technologies), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Member of Leibniz Health Technologies), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Fitzgerald S, Akhtar J, Schartner E, Ebendorff-Heidepriem H, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Li J. Multimodal Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography for biomedical analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200231. [PMID: 36308009 PMCID: PMC10082563 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical techniques hold great potential to detect and monitor disease states as they are a fast, non-invasive toolkit. Raman spectroscopy (RS) in particular is a powerful label-free method capable of quantifying the biomolecular content of tissues. Still, spontaneous Raman scattering lacks information about tissue morphology due to its inability to rapidly assess a large field of view. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an interferometric optical method capable of fast, depth-resolved imaging of tissue morphology, but lacks detailed molecular contrast. In many cases, pairing label-free techniques into multimodal systems allows for a more diverse field of applications. Integrating RS and OCT into a single instrument allows for both structural imaging and biochemical interrogation of tissues and therefore offers a more comprehensive means for clinical diagnosis. This review summarizes the efforts made to date toward combining spontaneous RS-OCT instrumentation for biomedical analysis, including insights into primary design considerations and data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Fitzgerald
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jobaida Akhtar
- School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Erik Schartner
- School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem
- School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiawen Li
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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3
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Delrue C, Speeckaert MM. The Potential Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Kidney Diseases. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101644. [PMID: 36294783 PMCID: PMC9604710 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a spectroscopic technique based on the inelastic interaction of incident electromagnetic radiation (from a laser beam) with a polarizable molecule, which, when scattered, carries information from molecular vibrational energy (the Raman effect). RS detects biochemical changes in biological samples at the molecular level, making it an effective analytical technique for disease diagnosis and prognosis. It outperforms conventional sample preservation techniques by requiring no chemical reagents, reducing analysis time even at low concentrations, and working in the presence of interfering agents or solvents. Because routinely utilized biomarkers for kidney disease have limitations, there is considerable interest in the potential use of RS. RS may identify and quantify urinary and blood biochemical components, with results comparable to reference methods in nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delrue
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M. Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-332-4509
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4
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Horgan CC, Jensen M, Chiappini C, Vercauteren T, Cook R, Bergholt MS. Hybrid confocal Raman endomicroscopy for morpho-chemical tissue characterization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:2278-2285. [PMID: 35519240 PMCID: PMC9045932 DOI: 10.1364/boe.449110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) offers imaging of tissue microarchitecture and has emerged as a promising tool for in vivo clinical diagnosis of cancer across many organs. CLE, however, can show high inter-observer dependency and does not provide information about tissue molecular composition. In contrast, Raman spectroscopy is a label-free optical technique that provides detailed biomolecular compositional information but offers limited or no morphological information. Here we present a novel hybrid fiber-optic confocal Raman endomicroscopy system for morpho-chemical tissue imaging and analysis. The developed confocal endomicroscopy system is based on a novel detection scheme for rejecting Raman silica fiber interference permitting simultaneous CLE imaging and Raman spectral acquisition of tissues through a coherent fiber bundle. We show that this technique enables real-time microscopic visualization of tissue architecture as well as simultaneous pointwise label-free biomolecular characterization and fingerprinting of tissue paving the way for multimodal diagnostics at endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C. Horgan
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Magnus Jensen
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Richard Cook
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mads S. Bergholt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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5
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Monroy GL, Fitzgerald ST, Locke A, Won J, Spillman DR, Ho A, Zaki FR, Choi H, Chaney EJ, Werkhaven JA, Mason KM, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Boppart SA. Multimodal Handheld Probe for Characterizing Otitis Media - Integrating Raman Spectroscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography. FRONTIERS IN PHOTONICS 2022; 3:929574. [PMID: 36479543 PMCID: PMC9720905 DOI: 10.3389/fphot.2022.929574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a common disease of the middle ear, affecting 80% of children before the age of three. The otoscope, a simple illuminated magnifier, is the standard clinical diagnostic tool to observe the middle ear. However, it has limited contrast to detect signs of infection, such as clearly identifying and characterizing middle ear fluid or biofilms that accumulate within the middle ear. Likewise, invasive sampling of every subject is not clinically indicated nor practical. Thus, collecting accurate noninvasive diagnostic factors is vital for clinicians to deliver a precise diagnosis and effective treatment regimen. To address this need, a combined benchtop Raman spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was developed. Together, RS-OCT can non-invasively interrogate the structural and biochemical signatures of the middle ear under normal and infected conditions.In this paper, in vivo RS scans from pediatric clinical human subjects presenting with OM were evaluated in parallel with RS-OCT data of physiologically relevant in vitro ear models. Component-level characterization of a healthy tympanic membrane and malleus bone, as well as OM-related middle ear fluid, identified the optimal position within the ear for RS-OCT data collection. To address the design challenges in developing a system specific to clinical use, a prototype non-contact multimodal handheld probe was built and successfully tested in vitro. Design criteria have been developed to successfully address imaging constraints imposed by physiological characteristics of the ear and optical safety limits. Here, we present the pathway for translation of RS-OCT for non-invasive detection of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sean T. Fitzgerald
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrea Locke
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Dept. Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Ho
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Dept. Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Farzana R. Zaki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Honggu Choi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jay A. Werkhaven
- Dept. Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kevin M. Mason
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Dept. Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Correspondence: Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, , Stephen A. Boppart,
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Dept. Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Correspondence: Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, , Stephen A. Boppart,
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6
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Ren X, Lin K, Hsieh CM, Liu L, Ge X, Liu Q. Optical coherence tomography-guided confocal Raman microspectroscopy for rapid measurements in tissues. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:344-357. [PMID: 35154875 PMCID: PMC8803007 DOI: 10.1364/boe.441058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a joint system with both confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) modules capable of quickly addressing the region of interest in a tissue for targeted Raman measurements from OCT. By using an electrically tunable lens in the Raman module, the focus of the module can be adjusted to address any specific depth indicated in an OCT image in a few milliseconds. We demonstrate the performance of the joint system in the depth dependent measurements of an ex vivo swine tissue and in vivo human skin. This system can be useful in measuring samples embedded with small targets, for example, to identify tumors in skin in vivo and assessment of tumor margins, in which OCT can be used to perform initial real-time screening with high throughput based on morphological features to identify suspicious targets then CRS is guided to address the targets in real time and fully characterize their biochemical fingerprints for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Ren
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
- Equal contributors to paper
| | - Kan Lin
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore
- Equal contributors to paper
| | - Chao-Mao Hsieh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
| | - Linbo Liu
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xin Ge
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
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7
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Schie IW, Stiebing C, Popp J. Looking for a perfect match: multimodal combinations of Raman spectroscopy for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210137VR. [PMID: 34387049 PMCID: PMC8358667 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.8.080601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has shown very promising results in medical diagnostics by providing label-free and highly specific molecular information of pathological tissue ex vivo and in vivo. Nevertheless, the high specificity of Raman spectroscopy comes at a price, i.e., low acquisition rate, no direct access to depth information, and limited sampling areas. However, a similar case regarding advantages and disadvantages can also be made for other highly regarded optical modalities, such as optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime microscopy, second-harmonic generation, and others. While in these modalities the acquisition speed is significantly higher, they have no or only limited molecular specificity and are only sensitive to a small group of molecules. It can be safely stated that a single modality provides only a limited view on a specific aspect of a biological specimen and cannot assess the entire complexity of a sample. To solve this issue, multimodal optical systems, which combine different optical modalities tailored to a particular need, become more and more common in translational research and will be indispensable diagnostic tools in clinical pathology in the near future. These systems can assess different and partially complementary aspects of a sample and provide a distinct set of independent biomarkers. Here, we want to give an overview on the development of multimodal systems that use RS in combination with other optical modalities to improve the diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan W. Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences—Jena, Department for Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Jena, Germany
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8
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Doherty T, McKeever S, Al-Attar N, Murphy T, Aura C, Rahman A, O'Neill A, Finn SP, Kay E, Gallagher WM, Watson RWG, Gowen A, Jackman P. Feature fusion of Raman chemical imaging and digital histopathology using machine learning for prostate cancer detection. Analyst 2021; 146:4195-4211. [PMID: 34060548 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00075f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of prostate cancer is challenging due to the heterogeneity of its presentations, leading to the over diagnosis and treatment of non-clinically important disease. Accurate diagnosis can directly benefit a patient's quality of life and prognosis. Towards addressing this issue, we present a learning model for the automatic identification of prostate cancer. While many prostate cancer studies have adopted Raman spectroscopy approaches, none have utilised the combination of Raman Chemical Imaging (RCI) and other imaging modalities. This study uses multimodal images formed from stained Digital Histopathology (DP) and unstained RCI. The approach was developed and tested on a set of 178 clinical samples from 32 patients, containing a range of non-cancerous, Gleason grade 3 (G3) and grade 4 (G4) tissue microarray samples. For each histological sample, there is a pathologist labelled DP-RCI image pair. The hypothesis tested was whether multimodal image models can outperform single modality baseline models in terms of diagnostic accuracy. Binary non-cancer/cancer models and the more challenging G3/G4 differentiation were investigated. Regarding G3/G4 classification, the multimodal approach achieved a sensitivity of 73.8% and specificity of 88.1% while the baseline DP model showed a sensitivity and specificity of 54.1% and 84.7% respectively. The multimodal approach demonstrated a statistically significant 12.7% AUC advantage over the baseline with a value of 85.8% compared to 73.1%, also outperforming models based solely on RCI and mean and median Raman spectra. Feature fusion of DP and RCI does not improve the more trivial task of tumour identification but does deliver an observed advantage in G3/G4 discrimination. Building on these promising findings, future work could include the acquisition of larger datasets for enhanced model generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Doherty
- Technological University Dublin, School of Computer Science, City Campus, Grangegorman Lower, Dublin 7, Ireland.
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9
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Schie IW, Placzek F, Knorr F, Cordero E, Wurster LM, Hermann GG, Mogensen K, Hasselager T, Drexler W, Popp J, Leitgeb RA. Morpho-molecular signal correlation between optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy for superior image interpretation and clinical diagnosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9951. [PMID: 33976274 PMCID: PMC8113482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of manifold optical imaging modalities resulting in multimodal optical systems allows to discover a larger number of biomarkers than using a single modality. The goal of multimodal imaging systems is to increase the diagnostic performance through the combination of complementary modalities, e.g. optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The physical signal origins of OCT and RS are distinctly different, i.e. in OCT it is elastic back scattering of photons, due to a change in refractive index, while in RS it is the inelastic scattering between photons and molecules. Despite those diverse characteristics both modalities are also linked via scattering properties and molecular composition of tissue. Here, we investigate for the first time the relation of co-registered OCT and RS signals of human bladder tissue, to demonstrate that the signals of these complementary modalities are inherently intertwined, enabling a direct but more importantly improved interpretation and better understanding of the other modality. This work demonstrates that the benefit for using two complementary imaging approaches is, not only the increased diagnostic value, but the increased information and better understanding of the signal origins of both modalities. This evaluation confirms the advantages for using multimodal imaging systems and also paves the way for significant further improved understanding and clinically interpretation of both modalities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany.
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences-Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 / 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Knorr
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Eliana Cordero
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Lara M Wurster
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 / 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregers G Hermann
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University, Herlev/Gentofte Hospital, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 23A, 2730, Herlev/Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Mogensen
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University, Herlev/Gentofte Hospital, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 23A, 2730, Herlev/Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hasselager
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University, Herlev/Gentofte Hospital, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 23A, 2730, Herlev/Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 / 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer A Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 / 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Placzek F, Cordero Bautista E, Kretschmer S, Wurster LM, Knorr F, González-Cerdas G, Erkkilä MT, Stein P, Ataman Ç, Hermann GG, Mogensen K, Hasselager T, Andersen PE, Zappe H, Popp J, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA, Schie IW. Morpho-molecular ex vivo detection and grading of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer using forward imaging probe based multimodal optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2020; 145:1445-1456. [PMID: 31867582 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer affects millions of people worldwide, resulting in significant discomfort to the patient and potential death. Today, cystoscopy is the gold standard for bladder cancer assessment, using white light endoscopy to detect tumor suspected lesion areas, followed by resection of these areas and subsequent histopathological evaluation. Not only does the pathological examination take days, but due to the invasive nature, the performed biopsy can result in significant harm to the patient. Nowadays, optical modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Raman spectroscopy (RS), have proven to detect cancer in real time and can provide more detailed clinical information of a lesion, e.g. its penetration depth (stage) and the differentiation of the cells (grade). In this paper, we present an ex vivo study performed with a combined piezoelectric tube-based OCT-probe and fiber optic RS-probe imaging system that allows large field-of-view imaging of bladder biopsies, using both modalities and co-registered visualization, detection and grading of cancerous bladder lesions. In the present study, 119 examined biopsies were characterized, showing that fiber-optic based OCT provides a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 69% for the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, while RS, on the other hand, provides a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 61% for the grading of low- and high-grade tissues. Moreover, the study shows that a piezoelectric tube-based OCT probe can have significant endurance, suitable for future long-lasting in vivo applications. These results also indicate that combined OCT and RS fiber probe-based characterization offers an exciting possibility for label-free and morpho-chemical optical biopsies for bladder cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Placzek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 4L, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Elumalai S, Managó S, De Luca AC. Raman Microscopy: Progress in Research on Cancer Cell Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5525. [PMID: 32992464 PMCID: PMC7582629 DOI: 10.3390/s20195525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, Raman Spectroscopy (RS) was demonstrated to be a label-free, non-invasive and non-destructive optical spectroscopy allowing the improvement in diagnostic accuracy in cancer and analytical assessment for cell sensing. This review discusses how Raman spectra can lead to a deeper molecular understanding of the biochemical changes in cancer cells in comparison to non-cancer cells, analyzing two key examples, leukemia and breast cancer. The reported Raman results provide information on cancer progression and allow the identification, classification, and follow-up after chemotherapy treatments of the cancer cells from the liquid biopsy. The key obstacles for RS applications in cancer cell diagnosis, including quality, objectivity, number of cells and velocity of the analysis, are considered. The use of multivariant analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA), for an automatic and objective assessment without any specialized knowledge of spectroscopy is presented. Raman imaging for cancer cell mapping is shown and its advantages for routine clinical pathology practice and live cell imaging, compared to single-point spectral analysis, are debated. Additionally, the combination of RS with microfluidic devices and high-throughput screening for improving the velocity and the number of cells analyzed are also discussed. Finally, the combination of the Raman microscopy (RM) with other imaging modalities, for complete visualization and characterization of the cells, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.E.); (S.M.)
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12
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Vardaki MZ, Kourkoumelis N. Tissue Phantoms for Biomedical Applications in Raman Spectroscopy: A Review. Biomed Eng Comput Biol 2020; 11:1179597220948100. [PMID: 32884391 PMCID: PMC7440735 DOI: 10.1177/1179597220948100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a group of analytical techniques, currently applied in several research fields, including clinical diagnostics. Tissue-mimicking optical phantoms have been established as an essential intermediate stage for medical applications with their employment from spectroscopic techniques to be constantly growing. This review outlines the types of tissue phantoms currently employed in different biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy, focusing on their composition and optical properties. It is therefore an attempt to present an informed range of options for potential use to the researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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13
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Attendu X, Bourget MH, de Sivry-Houle MP, Boudoux C. Coregistered optical coherence tomography and frequency-encoded multispectral imaging for spectrally sparse color imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 25:1-12. [PMID: 31755250 PMCID: PMC7011031 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.3.032008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a system combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multispectral imaging (MSI) for coregistered structural imaging and surface color imaging. We first describe and numerically validate an optimization model to guide the selection of the MSI wavelengths and their relative intensities. We then demonstrate the integration of this model into an all-fiber bench-top system. We implement frequency-domain multiplexing for the MSI to enable concurrent acquisition of both OCT and MSI at OCT acquisition rates. Such a system could be implemented in endoscopic practices to provide multimodal, high-resolution imaging of deep organ structures that are currently inaccessible to standard video endoscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Attendu
- Polytechnique Montréal, Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Bourget
- Polytechnique Montréal, Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Caroline Boudoux
- Polytechnique Montréal, Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Montréal, Canada
- Castor Optics Inc., St-Laurent, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Caroline Boudoux, E-mail:
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14
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Chang S, Bowden AK. Review of methods and applications of attenuation coefficient measurements with optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-17. [PMID: 31520468 PMCID: PMC6997582 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.9.090901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The optical attenuation coefficient (AC), an important tissue parameter that measures how quickly incident light is attenuated when passing through a medium, has been shown to enable quantitative analysis of tissue properties from optical coherence tomography (OCT) signals. Successful extraction of this parameter would facilitate tissue differentiation and enhance the diagnostic value of OCT. In this review, we discuss the physical and mathematical basis of AC extraction from OCT data, including current approaches used in modeling light scattering in tissue and in AC estimation. We also report on demonstrated clinical applications of the AC, such as for atherosclerotic tissue characterization, malignant lesion detection, and brain injury visualization. With current studies showing AC analysis as a promising technique, further efforts in the development of methods to accurately extract the AC and to explore its potential use for more extensive clinical applications are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chang
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Audrey K. Bowden
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Address all correspondence to Audrey K. Bowden, E-mail:
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15
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Liu C, Liao J, Chen L, Chen J, Ding R, Gong X, Cui C, Pang Z, Zheng W, Song L. The integrated high-resolution reflection-mode photoacoustic and fluorescence confocal microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2019; 14:12-18. [PMID: 30923675 PMCID: PMC6423349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A dual modality microscopy with the highest imaging resolution reported so far based on reflection-mode photoacoustic and confocal fluorescence is presented in this study. The unique design of the imaging head of the microscope makes it highly convenient for scalable high-resolution imaging by simply switching the optical objectives. The submicron resolution performance of the system is demonstrated via in vivo imaging of zebrafish, normal mouse ear, and a xenograft tumor model inoculated in the mouse ear. The imaging results confirm that the presented dual-modality microscopy imaging system could play a vital role in observing model organism, studying tumor angiogenesis and assessment of antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiuling Liao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Longchao Chen
- Guangzhou SENVIV Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Guangzhou SENVIV Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rubo Ding
- Guangzhou SENVIV Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojing Gong
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Caimei Cui
- Guangzhou SENVIV Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiqiang Pang
- Guangzhou SENVIV Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Masson LE, O'Brien CM, Pence IJ, Herington JL, Reese J, van Leeuwen TG, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Dual excitation wavelength system for combined fingerprint and high wavenumber Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 143:6049-6060. [PMID: 30420993 PMCID: PMC6295447 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01989d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A fiber optic probe-based Raman spectroscopy system using a single laser module with two excitation wavelengths, at 680 and 785 nm, has been developed for measuring the fingerprint and high wavenumber regions using a single detector. This system is simpler and less expensive than previously reported configurations of combined fingerprint and high wavenumber Raman systems, and its probe-based implementation facilitates numerous in vivo applications. The high wavenumber region of the Raman spectrum ranges from 2800-3800 cm-1 and contains valuable information corresponding to the molecular vibrations of proteins, lipids, and water, which is complimentary to the biochemical signatures found in the fingerprint region (800-1800 cm-1), which probes DNA, lipids, and proteins. The efficacy of the system is demonstrated by tracking changes in water content in tissue-mimicking phantoms, where Voigtian decomposition of the high wavenumber water peak revealed a correlation between the water content and type of water-tissue interactions in the samples. This dual wavelength system was then used for in vivo assessment of cervical remodeling during mouse pregnancy, a physiologic process with known changes in tissue hydration. The system shows that Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to changes in collagen content in the fingerprint region and hydration state in the high wavenumber region, which was verified using an ex vivo comparison of wet and dry weight. Simultaneous fingerprint and high wavenumber Raman spectroscopy will allow precise in vivo quantification of tissue water content in the high wavenumber region, paired with the high biochemical specificity of the fingerprint region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Masson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA.
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17
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Leitgeb RA, Baumann B. Multimodal Optical Medical Imaging Concepts Based on Optical Coherence Tomography. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2018; 6. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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18
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Cordero E, Latka I, Matthäus C, Schie I, Popp J. In-vivo Raman spectroscopy: from basics to applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-23. [PMID: 29956506 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.071210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For more than two decades, Raman spectroscopy has found widespread use in biological and medical applications. The instrumentation and the statistical evaluation procedures have matured, enabling the lengthy transition from ex-vivo demonstration to in-vivo examinations. This transition goes hand-in-hand with many technological developments and tightly bound requirements for a successful implementation in a clinical environment, which are often difficult to assess for novice scientists in the field. This review outlines the required instrumentation and instrumentation parameters, designs, and developments of fiber optic probes for the in-vivo applications in a clinical setting. It aims at providing an overview of contemporary technology and clinical trials and attempts to identify future developments necessary to bring the emerging technology to the clinical end users. A comprehensive overview of in-vivo applications of fiber optic Raman probes to characterize different tissue and disease types is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Cordero
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Ines Latka
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Germany
- Abbe Ctr. of Photonics, Germany
| | - Iwan Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
- Institute für Physikalische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Germany
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19
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Nobis M, Warren SC, Lucas MC, Murphy KJ, Herrmann D, Timpson P. Molecular mobility and activity in an intravital imaging setting - implications for cancer progression and targeting. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/5/jcs206995. [PMID: 29511095 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mobility, localisation and spatiotemporal activity are at the core of cell biological processes and deregulation of these dynamic events can underpin disease development and progression. Recent advances in intravital imaging techniques in mice are providing new avenues to study real-time molecular behaviour in intact tissues within a live organism and to gain exciting insights into the intricate regulation of live cell biology at the microscale level. The monitoring of fluorescently labelled proteins and agents can be combined with autofluorescent properties of the microenvironment to provide a comprehensive snapshot of in vivo cell biology. In this Review, we summarise recent intravital microscopy approaches in mice, in processes ranging from normal development and homeostasis to disease progression and treatment in cancer, where we emphasise the utility of intravital imaging to observe dynamic and transient events in vivo We also highlight the recent integration of advanced subcellular imaging techniques into the intravital imaging pipeline, which can provide in-depth biological information beyond the single-cell level. We conclude with an outlook of ongoing developments in intravital microscopy towards imaging in humans, as well as provide an overview of the challenges the intravital imaging community currently faces and outline potential ways for overcoming these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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20
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Wang J, Zheng W, Lin K, Huang Z. Characterizing biochemical and morphological variations of clinically relevant anatomical locations of oral tissue in vivo with hybrid Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography technique. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11. [PMID: 28985038 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to characterize biochemical and morphological variations of the clinically relevant anatomical locations of in vivo oral tissue (ie, alveolar process, lateral tongue and floor of the mouth) by using hybrid Raman spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique. A total of 1049 in vivo fingerprint (FP: 800-1800 cm-1 ) and high wavenumber (HW: 2800-3600 cm-1 ) Raman spectra were acquired from different oral tissue (alveolar process = 331, lateral tongue = 339 and floor of mouth = 379) of 26 normal subjects in the oral cavity under the OCT imaging guidance. The total Raman dataset were split into 2 parts: 80% for training and 20% for testing. Tissue optical attenuation coefficients of alveolar process, lateral tongue and the floor of the mouth were derived from OCT images, revealing the inter-anatomical morphological differences; while RS uncovers subtle FP/HW Raman spectral differences among different oral tissues that can be attributed to the differences in inter- and intra-cellular proteins, lipids, DNA and water structures and conformations, enlightening biochemical variability of different oral tissues at the molecular level. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis implemented on the training dataset show that the integrated tissue optical attenuation coefficients and FP/HW Raman spectra provide diagnostic sensitivities of 99.6%, 82.3%, 50.2%, and specificities of 97.0%, 75.1%, 92.1%, respectively, which are superior to using either RS (sensitivities of 90.2%, 77.5%, 48.8%, and specificities of 95.8%, 72.1%, 88.8%) or optical attenuation coefficients derived from OCT (sensitivities of 75.0%, 78.2%, 47.2%, and specificities of 96.2%, 67.7%, 85.0%) for the differentiation among alveolar process, lateral tongue and the floor of the mouth. Furthermore, the diagnostic algorithms applied to the independent testing dataset based on hybrid RS-OCT technique gives predictive diagnostic sensitivities of 100%, 76.5%, 51.3%, and specificities of 95.1%, 77.6%, 89.6%, respectively, for the classifications among alveolar process, lateral tongue and the floor of the mouth, which performs much better than either RS or optical attenuation coefficient derived from OCT imaging. This work suggests that inter-anatomical morphological and biochemical variability are significant which should be considered as an important parameter in the interpretation and rendering of hybrid RS-OCT technique for oral tissue diagnosis and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zheng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Kan Lin
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Chen M, Mas J, Forbes LH, Andrews MR, Dholakia K. Depth-resolved multimodal imaging: Wavelength modulated spatially offset Raman spectroscopy with optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700129. [PMID: 28703472 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in biophotonics is multimodal imaging to obtain both morphological and molecular information at depth. We demonstrate a hybrid approach integrating optical coherence tomography (OCT) with wavelength modulated spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (WM-SORS). With depth colocalization obtained from the OCT, we can penetrate 1.2-mm deep into strong scattering media (lard) to acquire up to a 14-fold enhancement of a Raman signal from a hidden target (polystyrene) with a spatial offset. Our approach is capable of detecting both Raman and OCT signals for pharmaceutical particles embedded in turbid media and revealing the white matter at depth within a 0.6-mm thick brain tissue layer. This depth resolved label-free multimodal approach is a powerful route to analyze complex biomedical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Chen
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Josep Mas
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | | | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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22
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Wang J, Xu Y, Boppart SA. Review of optical coherence tomography in oncology. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-23. [PMID: 29274145 PMCID: PMC5741100 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the field of oncology has been prospering over the past decade. OCT imaging has been used to image a broad spectrum of malignancies, including those arising in the breast, brain, bladder, the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, the skin, and oral cavity, among others. OCT imaging has initially been applied for guiding biopsies, for intraoperatively evaluating tumor margins and lymph nodes, and for the early detection of small lesions that would often not be visible on gross examination, tasks that align well with the clinical emphasis on early detection and intervention. Recently, OCT imaging has been explored for imaging tumor cells and their dynamics, and for the monitoring of tumor responses to treatments. This paper reviews the evolution of OCT technologies for the clinical application of OCT in surgical and noninvasive interventional oncology procedures and concludes with a discussion of the future directions for OCT technologies, with particular emphasis on their applications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Yang Xu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Carle–Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen A. Boppart, E-mail:
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Abstract
Being just a relatively small part of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball, the cornea is, nevertheless, unique in terms of the variety of its functions. Because the cornea differs significantly from other protective frames in its structure, it provides the possibility of light transmission and strong refraction that largely contributes to the total refraction of the eye. The development of ophthalmology is impossible without improving methods of adequate anatomical and functional assessment of the eye not only as a whole, but also as a collection of interacting structures.In this regard, examination methods of the cornea have undergone significant advances in recent years. So far, the level of corneal transparency has been judged by biomicroscopy findings or indirect characteristics (thickness, structure, etc.). Confocal microscopy of the cornea and wave-based examinations involving one of the available laser interferometers (OCT or HRT) are also used. However, the data obtained with these methods resembles that of layer-specific reflectometry, i.e. the magnitude of directed reflection of the light beam from corneal corpuscles, which does not completely agree with the classical idea of transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Avetisov
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 bld.2 Malaya Trubetskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - M N Narbut
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
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24
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Klemes J, Kotzianova A, Pokorny M, Mojzes P, Novak J, Sukova L, Demuth J, Vesely J, Sasek L, Velebny V. Non-invasive diagnostic system and its opto-mechanical probe for combining confocal Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1442-1449. [PMID: 28464557 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive optical diagnostic methods allow important information about studied systems to be obtained in a non-destructive way. Complete diagnosis requires information about the chemical composition as well as the morphological structure of a sample. We report on the development of an opto-mechanical probe that combines Raman spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), two methods that provide all the crucial information needed for a non-invasive diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to introduce the technical design, construction and optimization of a dual opto-mechanical probe combining two in-house developed devices for confocal RS and OCT. The unique benefit of the probe is a gradual acquisition of OCT and RS data, which allows to use the acquired OCT images to pinpoint locations of interest for RS measurements. The parameters and the correct functioning of the probe were verified by RS scanning of various samples (silicon wafer and ex vivo tissue) based on their OCT images - lateral as well as depth scanning was performed. Both the OCT and RS systems were developed, optimized and tested with the ultimate aim of verifying the functionality of the probe. Picture: Schematic illustration and visualization of the developed RS-OCT probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klemes
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Kotzianova
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pokorny
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mojzes
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, CZ-12116, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lada Sukova
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Vladimir Velebny
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
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25
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Raman Plus X: Biomedical Applications of Multimodal Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071592. [PMID: 28686212 PMCID: PMC5539739 DOI: 10.3390/s17071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a label-free method of obtaining detailed chemical information about samples. Its compatibility with living tissue makes it an attractive choice for biomedical analysis, yet its translation from a research tool to a clinical tool has been slow, hampered by fundamental Raman scattering issues such as long integration times and limited penetration depth. In this review we detail the how combining Raman spectroscopy with other techniques yields multimodal instruments that can help to surmount the translational barriers faced by Raman alone. We review Raman combined with several optical and non-optical methods, including fluorescence, elastic scattering, OCT, phase imaging, and mass spectrometry. In each section we highlight the power of each combination along with a brief history and presentation of representative results. Finally, we conclude with a perspective detailing both benefits and challenges for multimodal Raman measurements, and give thoughts on future directions in the field.
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26
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McReynolds N, Cooke FGM, Chen M, Powis SJ, Dholakia K. Multimodal discrimination of immune cells using a combination of Raman spectroscopy and digital holographic microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43631. [PMID: 28256551 PMCID: PMC5335250 DOI: 10.1038/srep43631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to identify and characterise individual cells of the immune system under label-free conditions would be a significant advantage in biomedical and clinical studies where untouched and unmodified cells are required. We present a multi-modal system capable of simultaneously acquiring both single point Raman spectra and digital holographic images of single cells. We use this combined approach to identify and discriminate between immune cell populations CD4+ T cells, B cells and monocytes. We investigate several approaches to interpret the phase images including signal intensity histograms and texture analysis. Both modalities are independently able to discriminate between cell subsets and dual-modality may therefore be used a means for validation. We demonstrate here sensitivities achieved in the range of 86.8% to 100%, and specificities in the range of 85.4% to 100%. Additionally each modality provides information not available from the other providing both a molecular and a morphological signature of each cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi McReynolds
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona G M Cooke
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Powis
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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27
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Wang J, Zheng W, Lin K, Huang Z. Development of a hybrid Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography technique for real-time in vivo tissue measurements. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3045-8. [PMID: 27367097 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a unique sideview handheld hybrid Raman spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique for real-time in vivo tissue measurements. A sideview handheld RS-OCT optical probe is designed to coalign the optical paths of RS and OCT sampling arms, whereby a compact long-pass dichroic mirror (LPDM) is utilized to transmit the OCT signal through a gradient index rod lens and a reflection mirror, whereas the LPDM deflects the tissue Raman signal by 90°, leading to coaligned RS/OCT optical samplings on the tissue. Further study shows that the hybrid RS and OCT technique developed is capable of simultaneously acquiring both morphological and biochemical information about the oral tissue in vivo, facilitating real-time, in vivo tissue diagnoses and characterizations in the oral cavity.
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28
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Mahdian M, Salehi HS, Lurie AG, Yadav S, Tadinada A. Tissue characterization using optical coherence tomography and cone beam computed tomography: a comparative pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Li J, Du Y, Qi J, Sneha R, Chang A, Mohan C, Shih WC. Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for monitoring acute nephritis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:260-269. [PMID: 25996441 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Both acute nephritis and chronic nephritis account for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, partly due to the lack of reliable tools for detecting disease early and monitoring its progression non-invasively. In this work, Raman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis are employed for the first time to study the accelerated progression of nephritis in anti-GBM mouse model. Preliminary results show up to 98% discriminant accuracy for the severe and midly diseased and the healthy among two strains of mice with different susceptibility to acute glomerulonephritis. This technique has the potential for non-invasive or minimally-invasive early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of renal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA
| | - Ji Qi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA
| | | | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, USA
| | | | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800, Calhoun, Rd. Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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30
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Khan KM, Majumder SK, Gupta PK. Cone-shell Raman spectroscopy (CSRS) for depth-sensitive measurements in layered tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:889-896. [PMID: 26248877 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a depth-sensitive Raman spectroscopy system using the configuration of cone-shell excitation and cone detection. The system uses a 785 nm diode laser and three identical axicons for Raman excitation of the target sample in the form of a hollow conic section. The Raman scattered light from the sample, passed through the same (but solid) conic section, is collected for detection. Apart from its ability of probing larger depths (~ few mm), an important attraction of the system is that the probing depths can be varied by simply varying the separation between axicons in the excitation arm. Furthermore, no adjustment is required in the sample arm, which is a significant advantage for noncontact, depth-sensitive measurement. Evaluation of the performance of the developed setup on nonbiological phantom and biological tissue sample demonstrated its ability to recover Raman spectra of layers located at depths of ~2-3 mm beneath the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Mohammad Khan
- Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostic Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications and Instrumentation Division, R & D Block-A1, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452 013, India
| | - Shovan Kumar Majumder
- Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostic Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications and Instrumentation Division, R & D Block-A1, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452 013, India. ,
| | - Pradeep Kumar Gupta
- Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostic Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications and Instrumentation Division, R & D Block-A1, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452 013, India
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31
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Falcone D, Uzunbajakava NE, Varghese B, de Aquino Santos GR, Richters RJH, van de Kerkhof PCM, van Erp PEJ. Microspectroscopic Confocal Raman and Macroscopic Biophysical Measurements in the in vivo Assessment of the Skin Barrier: Perspective for Dermatology and Cosmetic Sciences. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 28:307-17. [PMID: 26406586 DOI: 10.1159/000439031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin barrier function, confined to the stratum corneum, is traditionally evaluated using established, noninvasive biophysical methods like transepidermal water loss, capacitance and conductance. However, these methods neither measure skin molecular composition nor its structure, hindering the actual causes of skin barrier change or impairment. At the same time, confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRS) can directly measure skin molecular composition and structure and has proven itself to be a powerful technique for biomolecular analysis. The aims of this literature review were to evaluate noninvasive biophysical methods in view of CRS and to outline a direction towards more specific and informative skin measurement methods. We address this by investigating, for the first time, the relation between in vivo assessment of the skin barrier using indirect biophysical methods and the actual skin composition and structure as given by CRS, and emphasize the high potential of CRS for dermatology and cosmetic sciences. CRS acceptance in these fields will require close collaboration between dermatologists, skin scientists and spectroscopy experts towards simplifying the technology and creating robust, rapid, easy-to-use and less expensive CRS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Falcone
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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32
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Maher JR, Chuchuen O, Henderson MH, Kim S, Rinehart MT, Kashuba ADM, Wax A, Katz DF. Co-localized confocal Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (CRS-OCT) for depth-resolved analyte detection in tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2022-35. [PMID: 26114026 PMCID: PMC4473741 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a combined confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) instrument (CRS-OCT) capable of measuring analytes in targeted biological tissues with sub-100-micron spatial resolution. The OCT subsystem was used to measure depth-resolved tissue morphology and guide the acquisition of chemically-specific Raman spectra. To demonstrate its utility, the instrument was used to accurately measure depth-resolved, physiologically-relevant concentrations of Tenofovir, a microbicide drug used to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV, in ex vivo tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Maher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Oranat Chuchuen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Marcus H. Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sanghoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Matthew T. Rinehart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Angela D. M. Kashuba
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy and University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David F. Katz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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33
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Huang BK, Choma MA. Microscale imaging of cilia-driven fluid flow. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1095-113. [PMID: 25417211 PMCID: PMC4605231 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cilia-driven fluid flow is important for multiple processes in the body, including respiratory mucus clearance, gamete transport in the oviduct, right-left patterning in the embryonic node, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Multiple imaging techniques have been applied toward quantifying ciliary flow. Here, we review common velocimetry methods of quantifying fluid flow. We then discuss four important optical modalities, including light microscopy, epifluorescence, confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography, that have been used to investigate cilia-driven flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, USA,
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34
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Vogler N, Heuke S, Bocklitz TW, Schmitt M, Popp J. Multimodal Imaging Spectroscopy of Tissue. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:359-87. [PMID: 26070717 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced optical imaging technologies have experienced increased visibility in medical research, as they allow for a label-free and nondestructive investigation of tissue in either an excised state or living organisms. In addition to a multitude of ex vivo studies proving the applicability of these optical imaging approaches, a transfer of various modalities toward in vivo diagnosis is currently in progress as well. Furthermore, combining optical imaging techniques, referred to as multimodal imaging, allows for an improved diagnostic reliability due to the complementary nature of retrieved information. In this review, we provide a summary of ongoing multifold efforts in multimodal tissue imaging and focus in particular on in vivo applications for medical diagnosis. We also discuss the advantages and potential limitations of the imaging methods and outline opportunities for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Vogler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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35
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Kamali T, Považay B, Kumar S, Silberberg Y, Hermann B, Werkmeister R, Drexler W, Unterhuber A. Hybrid single-source online Fourier transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering/optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5709-12. [PMID: 25360965 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a multimodal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and online Fourier transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FTCARS) platform using a single sub-12 femtosecond (fs) Ti:sapphire laser enabling simultaneous extraction of structural and chemical ("morphomolecular") information of biological samples. Spectral domain OCT prescreens the specimen providing a fast ultrahigh (4×12 μm axial and transverse) resolution wide field morphologic overview. Additional complementary intrinsic molecular information is obtained by zooming into regions of interest for fast label-free chemical mapping with online FTCARS spectroscopy. Background-free CARS is based on a Michelson interferometer in combination with a highly linear piezo stage, which allows for quick point-to-point extraction of CARS spectra in the fingerprint region in less than 125 ms with a resolution better than 4 cm(-1) without the need for averaging. OCT morphology and CARS spectral maps indicating phosphate and carbonate bond vibrations from human bone samples are extracted to demonstrate the performance of this hybrid imaging platform.
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36
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Mattison SP, Kim W, Park J, Applegate BE. Molecular Imaging in Optical Coherence Tomography. CURRENT MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 3:88-105. [PMID: 25821718 PMCID: PMC4373611 DOI: 10.2174/2211555203666141117233442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical imaging technique that provides tomographic images at micron scales in three dimensions and high speeds. The addition of molecular contrast to the available morphological image holds great promise for extending OCT's impact in clinical practice and beyond. Fundamental limitations prevent OCT from directly taking advantage of powerful molecular processes such as fluorescence emission and incoherent Raman scattering. A wide range of approaches is being researched to provide molecular contrast to OCT. Here we review those approaches with particular attention to those that derive their molecular contrast directly from modulation of the OCT signal. We also provide a brief overview of the multimodal approaches to gaining molecular contrast coincident with OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Brian E. Applegate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
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37
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Patil CA, Pence IJ, Lieber CA, Mahadevan-Jansen A. 1064 nm dispersive Raman spectroscopy of tissues with strong near-infrared autofluorescence. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:303-6. [PMID: 24562132 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an established technique for molecularly specific characterization of tissues. However, even with near-infrared (NIR) excitation, some tissues possess background autofluorescence, which can overwhelm Raman scattering. Here, we report collection of spectra from tissues with strong autofluorescence using a 1064 nm system with a high-throughput dispersive spectrometer and deep-cooled InGaAs array. Spectra collected at 1064 nm were compared with those collected at 785 nm in specimens from human breast, liver, and kidney. The results demonstrate superior performance at 1064 nm in the liver and kidney, where NIR autofluorescence is intense. The results indicate the feasibility of new biomedical applications for Raman spectroscopy at 1064 nm in tissues with strong autofluorescence.
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38
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Khan KM, Krishna H, Majumder SK, Rao KD, Gupta PK. Depth-sensitive Raman spectroscopy combined with optical coherence tomography for layered tissue analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:77-85. [PMID: 23359612 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Complete characterization of a layered tissue requires probing both the biochemical and the morphological information from its different layers at various depths. We report the development of a combined Raman spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) system that is capable of measuring depth-sensitive Raman signal from the tissue layers imaged by the OCT. The sample arm of a real-time time-domain OCT system was modified to allow for co-alignment of the OCT with the Raman probe beam. The depth sensitivity of Raman was obtained by incorporating confocal Raman configuration that minimized out-of-focus Raman scattered light. The system was first validated using a layered phantom prepared by depositing a thin layer of paraffin over acetaminophen. A good correlation was observed between the OCT images and the Raman signal. The system was also used to record OCT and Raman images of a resected mucosal tissue sample. While OCT image showed the presence of epithelial and stromal layers, Raman spectra measured from these layers confirmed the biochemical difference between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan M Khan
- Laser Biomedical Applications and Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, R & D Block-D, Indore 452 013, India
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39
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Bannerman A, Paxton JZ, Grover LM. Imaging the hard/soft tissue interface. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 36:403-15. [PMID: 24129952 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces between different tissues play an essential role in the biomechanics of native tissues and their recapitulation is now recognized as critical to function. As a consequence, imaging the hard/soft tissue interface has become increasingly important in the area of tissue engineering. Particularly as several biotechnology based products have made it onto the market or are close to human trials and an understanding of their function and development is essential. A range of imaging modalities have been developed that allow a wealth of information on the morphological and physical properties of samples to be obtained non-destructively in vivo or via destructive means. This review summarizes the use of a selection of imaging modalities on interfaces to date considering the strengths and weaknesses of each. We will also consider techniques which have not yet been utilized to their full potential or are likely to play a role in future work in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Bannerman
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,
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40
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Ashok PC, Praveen BB, Bellini N, Riches A, Dholakia K, Herrington CS. Multi-modal approach using Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography for the discrimination of colonic adenocarcinoma from normal colon. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2179-86. [PMID: 24156073 PMCID: PMC3799675 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a multimodal optical approach using both Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in tandem to discriminate between colonic adenocarcinoma and normal colon. Although both of these non-invasive techniques are capable of discriminating between normal and tumour tissues, they are unable individually to provide both the high specificity and high sensitivity required for disease diagnosis. We combine the chemical information derived from Raman spectroscopy with the texture parameters extracted from OCT images. The sensitivity obtained using Raman spectroscopy and OCT individually was 89% and 78% respectively and the specificity was 77% and 74% respectively. Combining the information derived using the two techniques increased both sensitivity and specificity to 94% demonstrating that combining complementary optical information enhances diagnostic accuracy. These data demonstrate that multimodal optical analysis has the potential to achieve accurate non-invasive cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen C. Ashok
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9SS UK
| | - Bavishna B. Praveen
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9SS UK
| | - Nicola Bellini
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9SS UK
| | - Andrew Riches
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9TF UK
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9SS UK
| | - C. Simon Herrington
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9TF UK
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 9SY UK
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41
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Bus MTJ, Muller BG, de Bruin DM, Faber DJ, Kamphuis GM, van Leeuwen TG, de Reijke TM, de la Rosette JJMCH. Volumetric in vivo visualization of upper urinary tract tumors using optical coherence tomography: a pilot study. J Urol 2013; 190:2236-42. [PMID: 23954585 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Knowledge of tumor stage and grade is paramount for treatment decision making in cases of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma but this condition cannot be accurately assessed by current techniques. Optical coherence tomography can hypothetically provide the urologist with real-time intraoperative information on tumor grade and stage. In this pilot study we report what are to our knowledge the first results of optical coherence tomography for grading and staging upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight consecutive patients underwent ureterorenoscopy for suspicion or followup of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Optical coherence tomography data sets were intraoperatively obtained from the ureter and renal pelvis. All patients eventually underwent nephroureterectomy. Optical coherence tomography staging was done by visual inspection of lesions found on optical coherence tomography images. Optical coherence tomography grading was done by quantifying optical coherence tomography signal attenuation in mm(-1) on lesions and comparing results with the histopathological diagnosis. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS For 7 in vivo optical coherence tomography diagnoses staging was in accordance with histology. In patient 8 tumor thickness transcended optical coherence tomography imaging depth range and, therefore, invasiveness findings were inconclusive. For grading the median attenuation coefficient for grade 2 and 3 lesions was 1.97 (IQR 1.57-2.30) and 3.53 mm(-1) (IQR 2.74-3.94), respectively (p<0.001). Healthy urothelium was too thin to reliably determine the attenuation coefficient. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography is a promising, minimally invasive tool for real-time intraoperative optical diagnosis of tumors in the upper urinary tract. Our results warrant future research in a larger sample size to determine the accuracy of grading and staging by optical coherence tomography, and its possible implementation in the diagnostic algorithm for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke T J Bus
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Alex A, Weingast J, Hofer B, Eibl M, Binder M, Pehamberger H, Drexler W, Považay B. 3D optical coherence tomography for clinical diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.11.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Almond LM, Hutchings J, Shepherd N, Barr H, Stone N, Kendall C. Raman spectroscopy: a potential tool for early objective diagnosis of neoplasia in the oesophagus. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:685-95. [PMID: 21826797 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a profound clinical need for a diagnostic tool that will enable clinicians to identify early neoplastic change in the oesophagus. Raman Spectroscopy (RS) has demonstrated the potential to provide non-invasive, rapid, objective diagnosis of endoscopically invisible precancerous oesophageal dysplasia in vitro. RS analyses biological material to identify highly specific biochemical information that can be used to influence clinical care. Raman spectroscopic mapping could provide automated assessment of tissue biopsies to aid histopathological diagnosis in vitro. Furthermore, the recent development of fibre-optic Raman probes has enabled endoscopic assessment of oesophageal mucosa in vivo. Accurate identification of dysplasia will enable targeted endoscopic resection of early lesions preventing the development of oesophageal cancer. This review summarises the development of Raman systems for use as laboratory based analytical adjuncts and endoscopic diagnostic tools in the distal oesophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Max Almond
- Biophotonics Research Unit, Leaden House, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, Gloucestershire GL13NN, UK.
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44
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Patil CA, Kirshnamoorthi H, Ellis DL, van Leeuwen TG, Mahadevan-Jansen A. A clinical instrument for combined raman spectroscopy-optical coherence tomography of skin cancers. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:143-51. [PMID: 21384396 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The current standard for diagnosis of skin cancers is visual inspection followed by biopsy and histopathology. This process can be invasive, subjective, time consuming, and costly. Optical techniques, including Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Raman Spectroscopy (RS), have been developed to perform non-invasive characterization of skin lesions based on either morphological or biochemical features of disease. The objective of this work is to report a clinical instrument capable of both morphological and biochemical characterization of skin cancers with RS-OCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS The portable instrument utilizes independent 785 nm RS and 1,310 nm OCT system backbones. The two modalities are integrated in a 4″ (H) × 5″(W) × 8″(L) clinical probe. The probe enables sequential acquisition of co-registered OCT and RS data sets. The axial response of the RS collection in the skin was estimated using scattering phantoms. In addition, RS-OCT data from patients with cancerous and non-cancerous lesions are reported. RESULTS The RS-OCT instrument is capable of screening areas as large as 15 mm (transverse) by 2.4 mm (in depth) at up to 8 frames/second with OCT, and identifying locations to perform RS. RS signal is collected from a 44 µm transverse spot through a depth of approximately 530 µm. RS-OCT data sets from a superficial scar and a nodular BCC are reported to demonstrate the clinical potential of the instrument. CONCLUSION The RS-OCT instrument reported here is capable of morphological and biochemical characterization of cancerous skin lesions in a clinical setting. OCT can visualize microstructural irregularities and perform an initial morphological analysis of the lesion. The images can be used to guide acquisition of biochemically specific Raman spectra. The two data sets can then be evaluated with respect to one another to take advantage of the mutually complimentary nature of RS and OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan A Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 137235, USA.
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Marschall S, Sander B, Mogensen M, Jørgensen TM, Andersen PE. Optical coherence tomography-current technology and applications in clinical and biomedical research. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2699-720. [PMID: 21547430 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that provides real-time two- and three-dimensional images of scattering samples with micrometer resolution. By mapping the local reflectivity, OCT visualizes the morphology of the sample. In addition, functional properties such as birefringence, motion, or the distributions of certain substances can be detected with high spatial resolution. Its main field of application is biomedical imaging and diagnostics. In ophthalmology, OCT is accepted as a clinical standard for diagnosing and monitoring the treatment of a number of retinal diseases, and OCT is becoming an important instrument for clinical cardiology. New applications are emerging in various medical fields, such as early-stage cancer detection, surgical guidance, and the early diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases. OCT has also proven its value as a tool for developmental biology. The number of companies involved in manufacturing OCT systems has increased substantially during the last few years (especially due to its success in opthalmology), and this technology can be expected to continue to spread into various fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Marschall
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
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Patil CA, Kalkman J, Faber DJ, Nyman JS, van Leeuwen TG, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Integrated system for combined Raman spectroscopy-spectral domain optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:011007. [PMID: 21280894 PMCID: PMC3030611 DOI: 10.1117/1.3520132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are powerful tools for optical analysis of tissues with mutually complementary strengths and limitations. OCT excels at visualizing tissue microstructure but lacks molecular specificity, while RS can relay tissue biochemical composition but typically cannot relate microstructure. Previous implementations of combined RS-OCT have utilized a common sample arm while maintaining independent RS and OCT detection arms. We present the design and application of an integrated RS-OCT instrument with a common detection arm for both RS and OCT. The detector is a spectrograph capable of sequential detection of the 855-nm OCT signal and the Raman scatter generated by a 785-nm source. The capabilities of the instrument are demonstrated ex vivo in the calvaria and retina of rodents, as well as in vivo in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan A Patil
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Station B, Box 351631, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
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Lee BH, Eom JB, Park KS, Park SJ, Ju MJ. Specialty Fiber Coupler: Fabrications and Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3807/josk.2010.14.4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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van der Pol E, Hoekstra AG, Sturk A, Otto C, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R. Optical and non-optical methods for detection and characterization of microparticles and exosomes. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2596-607. [PMID: 20880256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles and exosomes are cell-derived microvesicles present in body fluids that play a role in coagulation, inflammation, cellular homeostasis and survival, intercellular communication, and transport. Despite increasing scientific and clinical interest, no standard procedures are available for the isolation, detection and characterization of microparticles and exosomes, because their size is below the reach of conventional detection methods. Our objective is to give an overview of currently available and potentially applicable methods for optical and non-optical determination of the size, concentration, morphology, biochemical composition and cellular origin of microparticles and exosomes. The working principle of all methods is briefly discussed, as well as their applications and limitations based on the underlying physical parameters of the technique. For most methods, the expected size distribution for a given microvesicle population is determined. The explanations of the physical background and the outcomes of our calculations provide insights into the capabilities of each method and make a comparison possible between the discussed methods. In conclusion, several (combinations of) methods can detect clinically relevant properties of microparticles and exosomes. These methods should be further explored and validated by comparing measurement results so that accurate, reliable and fast solutions come within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
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Park J, Jo JA, Shrestha S, Pande P, Wan Q, Applegate BE. A dual-modality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system for simultaneous morphological and biochemical tissue characterization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:186-200. [PMID: 21258457 PMCID: PMC3005181 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Most pathological conditions elicit changes in the tissue optical response that may be interrogated by one or more optical imaging modalities. Any single modality typically only furnishes an incomplete picture of the tissue optical response, hence an approach that integrates complementary optical imaging modalities is needed for a more comprehensive non-destructive and minimally-invasive tissue characterization. We have developed a dual-modality system, incorporating optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), that is capable of simultaneously characterizing the 3-D tissue morphology and its biochemical composition. The Fourier domain OCT subsystem, at an 830 nm center wavelength, provided high-resolution morphological volumetric tissue images with an axial and lateral resolution of 7.3 and 13.4 µm, respectively. The multispectral FLIM subsystem, based on a direct pulse-recording approach (upon 355 nm laser excitation), provided two-dimensional superficial maps of the tissue autofluorescence intensity and lifetime at three customizable emission bands with 100 µm lateral resolution. Both subsystems share the same excitation/illumination optical path and are simultaneously raster scanned on the sample to generate coregistered OCT volumes and FLIM images. The developed OCT/FLIM system was capable of a maximum A-line rate of 59 KHz for OCT and a pixel rate of up to 30 KHz for FLIM. The dual-modality system was validated with standard fluorophore solutions and subsequently applied to the characterization of two biological tissue types: postmortem human coronary atherosclerotic plaques, and in vivo normal and cancerous hamster cheek pouch epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachary Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Javier A. Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachary Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sebina Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachary Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachary Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Qiujie Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachary Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brian E. Applegate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachary Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Apoptosis- and necrosis-induced changes in light attenuation measured by optical coherence tomography. Lasers Med Sci 2010; 25:259-67. [PMID: 19756838 PMCID: PMC2807596 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-009-0723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to determine optical properties of pelleted human fibroblasts in which necrosis or apoptosis had been induced. We analysed the OCT data, including both the scattering properties of the medium and the axial point spread function of the OCT system. The optical attenuation coefficient in necrotic cells decreased from 2.2 ± 0.3 mm−1 to 1.3 ± 0.6 mm−1, whereas, in the apoptotic cells, an increase to 6.4 ± 1.7 mm−1 was observed. The results from cultured cells, as presented in this study, indicate the ability of OCT to detect and differentiate between viable, apoptotic, and necrotic cells, based on their attenuation coefficient. This functional supplement to high-resolution OCT imaging can be of great clinical benefit, enabling on-line monitoring of tissues, e.g. for feedback in cancer treatment.
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