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Luo X, Hadi ZA, Krishna Y, Magnotti G. 1D interferometric Rayleigh scattering velocimetry and thermometry using VIPA. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:20291-20302. [PMID: 38859143 DOI: 10.1364/oe.524049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The work introduces a VIPA-based interferometric Rayleigh scattering instrument for tracer-free, simultaneous temperature and velocity measurements along a 1D volume. A virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) replaces the Fabry-Perot etalon conventionally used in interferometric Rayleigh scattering, allowing the extension of the technique from 0D (point or multi-point) to 1D. The Rayleigh-Brillouin spectrum is a function of pressure and temperature and can be used for temperature diagnostics in isobaric flows. A reference leg based on a Fabry-Perot (FP) etalon provides real-time monitoring of the laser wavelength drift during the experiment. The accuracy and precision of the measurements are estimated from measurements in laminar flows, and the technique is then demonstrated in a heated turbulent jet of air.
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2
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Tomaszewska-Rolla D, Jaworski P, Wu D, Yu F, Foltynowicz A, Krzempek K, Soboń G. Mid-infrared optical frequency comb spectroscopy using an all-silica antiresonant hollow-core fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10679-10689. [PMID: 38571273 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We present the first mid-infrared optical frequency comb spectrometer employing an absorption cell based on self-fabricated, all-silica antiresonant hollow-core fiber (ARHCF). The spectrometer is capable of measuring sub-mL sample volumes with 26 m interaction length and noise equivalent absorption sensitivity of 8.3 × 10-8 cm-1 Hz-1/2 per spectral element in the range of 2900 cm-1 to 3100 cm-1. Compared to a commercially available multipass cell, the ARHCF offers a similar interaction length in a 1000 times lower gas sample volume and a 2.8 dB lower transmission loss, resulting in better absorption sensitivity. The broad transmission windows of ARHCFs, in combination with a tunable optical frequency comb, make them ideal for multispecies detection, while the prospect of measuring samples in small volumes makes them a competitive technique to photoacoustic spectroscopy along with the robustness and prospect of coiling the ARHCFs open doors for miniaturization and out-of-laboratory applications.
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3
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Bailey DM, Crump EM, Hodges JT, Fleisher AJ. Direct frequency comb spectroscopy of HCN to evaluate line lists. Faraday Discuss 2023; 245:368-379. [PMID: 37306220 PMCID: PMC10530617 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report direct frequency comb spectroscopy of the 2ν1 band of H13CN in the short-wave infrared (λ = 1.56 μm) towards experimental validation of molecular line lists that support observatories like JWST. The laboratory measurements aim to test spectral reference data generated from an experimentally accurate potential energy surface (PES) and an ab initio dipole moment surface (DMS) calculated from quantum chemistry theory. Benchmarking theory with experiment will improve confidence in new astrophysics and astrochemistry inferred from spectroscopic observations of HCN and HNC. Here we describe our instrumentation and initial results using a cross-dispersed spectrometer with a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michelle Bailey
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Eric M Crump
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph T Hodges
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Adam J Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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4
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Zhou H, Zhao W, Fang B, Lv B, Cui W, Zhang W, Chen W. A broadband picometer resolution visible CCD spectrometer based on virtually imaged phased array technology. Analyst 2023; 148:4421-4428. [PMID: 37552510 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Coincidental realization of broadband spectral coverage and high resolution in one spectrometer system has always been a challenge. Here, we report the development of a high-resolution visible CCD spectrometer based on the virtually imaged phase array (VIPA) technique. By using a thin glass plate and a reflective grating, a two-dimensional cross-dispersion was realized. A broadband coverage of ∼14.94 THz and a high resolution of ∼1 GHz at 632.996 nm were achieved with a simple structure. The effects of the surface quality of VIPA etalon, the pixel size of the CCD camera, the pinhole size of the input beam, and the focal length of the imaging lens on the resolution of the spectrometer and the transverse spot size on the detector plane were considered. A comparison between the experimental results by changing the imaging lens and the theoretical calculation results proved a better simulation of these two parameters, which is a helpful contribution to the design and construction of a VIPA spectrometer. The developed spectrometer will provide a useful tool for the study of high-resolution spectroscopy and for simultaneous multi-species trace detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
- Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weixiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Bo Fang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Bingxuan Lv
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
- Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weihua Cui
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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5
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Vicentini E, Gambetta A, Canella F, Coluccelli N, Laporta P, Galzerano G. High-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy based on ultrafast Cr:ZnSe laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:21482-21492. [PMID: 37381246 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution broadband direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the mid-infrared spectral region is an extremely powerful and versatile experimental technique that allows study of the molecular structure of gaseous compounds with multiple applicative and scientific implications. Here we present the first implementation of an ultrafast Cr:ZnSe mode-locked laser covering more than 7 THz at around the emission wavelength of 2.4 μm, for direct frequency comb molecular spectroscopy with a frequency sampling of 220 MHz and a frequency resolution of ∼100 kHz. This technique is based on a scanning micro-cavity resonator with a Finesse of ∼12,000 and a diffraction reflecting grating. We demonstrate its application in high-precision spectroscopy of the acetylene molecule by retrieving line center frequencies of more than 68 roto-vibrational lines. Our technique paves the way for real time spectroscopic studies as well as for hyperspectral imaging techniques.
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Hashimoto K, Nakamura T, Kageyama T, Badarla VR, Shimada H, Horisaki R, Ideguchi T. Upconversion time-stretch infrared spectroscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:48. [PMID: 36869075 PMCID: PMC9984475 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-speed measurement confronts the extreme speed limit when the signal becomes comparable to the noise level. In the context of broadband mid-infrared spectroscopy, state-of-the-art ultrafast Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers, in particular dual-comb spectrometers, have improved the measurement rate up to a few MSpectra s-1, which is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. Time-stretch infrared spectroscopy, an emerging ultrafast frequency-swept mid-infrared spectroscopy technique, has shown a record-high rate of 80 MSpectra s-1 with an intrinsically higher signal-to-noise ratio than Fourier-transform spectroscopy by more than the square-root of the number of spectral elements. However, it can measure no more than ~30 spectral elements with a low resolution of several cm-1. Here, we significantly increase the measurable number of spectral elements to more than 1000 by incorporating a nonlinear upconversion process. The one-to-one mapping of a broadband spectrum from the mid-infrared to the near-infrared telecommunication region enables low-loss time-stretching with a single-mode optical fiber and low-noise signal detection with a high-bandwidth photoreceiver. We demonstrate high-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy of gas-phase methane molecules with a high resolution of 0.017 cm-1. This unprecedentedly high-speed vibrational spectroscopy technique would satisfy various unmet needs in experimental molecular science, e.g., measuring ultrafast dynamics of irreversible phenomena, statistically analyzing a large amount of heterogeneous spectral data, or taking broadband hyperspectral images at a high frame rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hashimoto
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuma Nakamura
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kageyama
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Venkata Ramaiah Badarla
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryoich Horisaki
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuro Ideguchi
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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7
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Steinmetz SA, Chen TY, Goldberg BM, Limbach CM, Kliewer CJ. Resolved rotation-vibration non-equilibrium with rotational VIPA-CARS. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5429-5432. [PMID: 36240381 DOI: 10.1364/ol.474037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous rotational and vibrational temperatures are measured in an N2 plasma with rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) resolved with a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA)-based spectrometer. A VIPA spectrally separates rotational transitions for each vibrational state, allowing vibrational populations to be directly measured. VIPA-CARS is shown to provide more accurate measurements of non-equilibrium temperatures than grating-resolved rotational CARS. The general characteristics, limitations, and potential uses of VIPA-CARS are discussed.
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Tani S, Sugiyama K, Sukegawa T, Sato T, Ishizuka Y, Taya S, Feng D, Komeda O, Suto H, Saitoh H, Kobayashi Y. Real-time high-spectral-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy with a signal-to-noise ratio of ten thousand. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:36813-36825. [PMID: 36258603 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We developed a mid-infrared spectroscopy system with high spectral resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio using an extremely high-order germanium immersion grating. The spectroscopic system covers wavelengths from 3 to 5 µm and has a spectral resolution of 1 GHz with a single-shot bandwidth of 2 THz. We proposed a method of improving the signal-to-noise ratio and achieved a ratio of over 3000 with a data acquisition rate of 125 Hz in the presence of fluctuations in the light source and environment. A signal-to-noise ratio of 10,000 was achieved with 0.1-s integration for 100-µW mid-infrared light.
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Hoghooghi N, Xing S, Chang P, Lesko D, Lind A, Rieker G, Diddams S. Broadband 1-GHz mid-infrared frequency comb. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:264. [PMID: 36071054 PMCID: PMC9452668 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometers are invaluable tools for molecular fingerprinting and hyper-spectral imaging. Among the available spectroscopic approaches, GHz MIR dual-comb absorption spectrometers have the potential to simultaneously combine the high-speed, high spectral resolution, and broad optical bandwidth needed to accurately study complex, transient events in chemistry, combustion, and microscopy. However, such a spectrometer has not yet been demonstrated due to the lack of GHz MIR frequency combs with broad and full spectral coverage. Here, we introduce the first broadband MIR frequency comb laser platform at 1 GHz repetition rate that achieves spectral coverage from 3 to 13 µm. This frequency comb is based on a commercially available 1.56 µm mode-locked laser, robust all-fiber Er amplifiers and intra-pulse difference frequency generation (IP-DFG) of few-cycle pulses in χ(2) nonlinear crystals. When used in a dual comb spectroscopy (DCS) configuration, this source will simultaneously enable measurements with μs time resolution, 1 GHz (0.03 cm-1) spectral point spacing and a full bandwidth of >5 THz (>166 cm-1) anywhere within the MIR atmospheric windows. This represents a unique spectroscopic resource for characterizing fast and non-repetitive events that are currently inaccessible with other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Hoghooghi
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Sida Xing
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Peter Chang
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Daniel Lesko
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Alexander Lind
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Greg Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Scott Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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10
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The development and application of dual-comb spectroscopy in analytical chemistry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Huh JH, Chen Z, Vicentini E, Hänsch TW, Picqué N. Time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy with a single electro-optic modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3957-3960. [PMID: 34388784 DOI: 10.1364/ol.431451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved near-infrared absorption spectroscopy of single non-repeatable transient events is performed at high spectral resolution with a dual-comb interferometer using a continuous-wave laser followed by a single electro-optic amplitude modulator. By sharing high-speed electrical/optical components, our spectrometer greatly simplifies the implementation of dual-comb spectroscopy and offers a high mutual coherence time, measured up to 50 s, without any active stabilization system and/or data processing. The time resolution is as short as 100 µs in our experimental demonstration. For a span of 36 GHz, the mean signal-to-noise ratio of 80, at 100-MHz spectral resolution and 100-µs measurement time, enables precise determination of the parameters of rovibrational lines, including intensity or concentration.
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12
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Santamaria L, Di Sarno V, Aiello R, De Rosa M, Ricciardi I, De Natale P, Maddaloni P. Infrared Comb Spectroscopy of Buffer-Gas-Cooled Molecules: Toward Absolute Frequency Metrology of Cold Acetylene. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E250. [PMID: 33383699 PMCID: PMC7795711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the recent developments in precision ro-vibrational spectroscopy of buffer-gas-cooled neutral molecules, obtained using infrared frequency combs either as direct probe sources or as ultra-accurate optical rulers. In particular, we show how coherent broadband spectroscopy of complex molecules especially benefits from drastic simplification of the spectra brought about by cooling of internal temperatures. Moreover, cooling the translational motion allows longer light-molecule interaction times and hence reduced transit-time broadening effects, crucial for high-precision spectroscopy on simple molecules. In this respect, we report on the progress of absolute frequency metrology experiments with buffer-gas-cooled molecules, focusing on the advanced technologies that led to record measurements with acetylene. Finally, we briefly discuss the prospects for further improving the ultimate accuracy of the spectroscopic frequency measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santamaria
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Contrada Terlecchia, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Valentina Di Sarno
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Aiello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maurizio De Rosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Iolanda Ricciardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maddaloni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Bailey DM, Zhao G, Fleisher AJ. Precision Spectroscopy of Nitrous Oxide Isotopocules with a Cross-Dispersed Spectrometer and a Mid-Infrared Frequency Comb. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13759-13766. [PMID: 32942855 PMCID: PMC8171327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As a potent greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting agent, nitrous oxide (N2O) plays a critical role in the global climate. Effective mitigation relies on understanding global sources and sinks, which can be supported through isotopic analysis. We present a cross-dispersed spectrometer, coupled with a mid-infrared frequency comb, capable of simultaneously monitoring all singly substituted, stable isotopic variants of N2O. Rigorous evaluation of the instrument lineshape function and data treatment using a Doppler-broadened, low-pressure gas sample are discussed. Laboratory characterization of the spectrometer demonstrates sub-GHz spectral resolution and an average precision of 6.7 × 10-6 for fractional isotopic abundance retrievals in 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michelle Bailey
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Gang Zhao
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Adam J Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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14
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Rockmore R, Gibson R, Moloney JV, Jones RJ. VECSEL-based virtually imaged phased array spectrometer for rapid gas phase detection in the mid-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5796-5799. [PMID: 33057287 DOI: 10.1364/ol.405192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, system for high-resolution, time-resolved spectroscopy in the mid-wave infrared based on a modelocked vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) frequency comb coupled to a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) spectrometer. The GHz level repetition rate of VECSEL-based systems coupled to VIPA spectrometers enables comb tooth resolved spectra without the use of additional filter cavities often required to increase comb tooth spacing. We demonstrate absorption spectroscopy on a methane (CH4) gas mixture at 2900cm-1 (3.4 µm) with over 35cm-1 spectral bandwidth in a single image. Rapid time-resolved measurements were made using a 300 µs exposure time with an acquisition rate limited to 125 Hz by the available camera. High-resolution absolute frequency measurements were performed by scanning the repetition rate of the VECSEL frequency comb.
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15
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Roberts FC, Lewandowski HJ, Hobson BF, Lehman JH. A rapid, spatially dispersive frequency comb spectrograph aimed at gas phase chemical reaction kinetics. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1733116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - H. J. Lewandowski
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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16
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Krzempek K, Tomaszewska D, Głuszek A, Martynkien T, Mergo P, Sotor J, Foltynowicz A, Soboń G. Stabilized all-fiber source for generation of tunable broadband fCEO-free mid-IR frequency comb in the 7 - 9 µm range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:37435-37445. [PMID: 31878523 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.037435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A compact and robust all-fiber difference frequency generation-based source of broadband mid-infrared radiation is presented. The source emits tunable radiation in the range between 6.5 µm and 9 µm with an average output power up to 5 mW at 125 MHz repetition frequency. The all-in-fiber construction of the source along with active stabilization techniques results in long-term repetition rate stability of 3 Hz per 10 h and a standard deviation of the output power better than 0.8% per 1 h. The applicability of the presented source to laser spectroscopy is demonstrated by measuring the absorption spectrum of nitrous oxide (N2O) around 7.8 µm. The robustness and good long- and short-term stability of the source opens up for applications outside the laboratory.
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17
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Chandran S, Ruth AA, Martin EP, Alexander JK, Peters FH, Anandarajah PM. Off-Axis Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of 14NH 3 in Air Using a Gain-Switched Frequency Comb at 1.514 μm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5217. [PMID: 31795087 PMCID: PMC6928754 DOI: 10.3390/s19235217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A custom-designed gain-switched frequency comb (GSFC) source was passively coupled to a medium finesse (F ≈ 522) cavity in off-axis configuration for the detection of ammonia (14NH3) in static dry air. The absorption of ammonia was detected in the near infrared spectral region between 6604 and 6607 cm-1 using a Fourier transform detection scheme. More than 30 lines of the GSFC output (free spectral range 2.5 GHz) overlapped with the strongest ro-vibrational ammonia absorption features in that spectral region. With the cavity in off-axis configuration, an NH3 detection limit of ∼3.7 ppmv in 20 s was accomplished in a laboratory environment. The experimental performance of the prototype spectrometer was characterized; advantages, drawbacks and the potential for future applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Chandran
- Physics Department & Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
| | - Albert A. Ruth
- Physics Department & Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
| | - Eamonn P. Martin
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 D09 W6Y4, Ireland; (E.P.M.); (P.M.A.)
| | - Justin K. Alexander
- Physics Department & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; (J.K.A.); (F.H.P.)
| | - Frank H. Peters
- Physics Department & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; (J.K.A.); (F.H.P.)
| | - Prince M. Anandarajah
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 D09 W6Y4, Ireland; (E.P.M.); (P.M.A.)
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Abbas MA, Pan Q, Mandon J, Cristescu SM, Harren FJM, Khodabakhsh A. Time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17247. [PMID: 31754263 PMCID: PMC6872568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy can provide broad spectral bandwidth and high spectral resolution in a short acquisition time, enabling time-resolved measurements. Specifically, spectroscopy in the mid-infrared wavelength range is of particular interest, since most of the molecules have their strongest rotational-vibrational transitions in this "fingerprint" region. Here we report time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy, covering ~300 nm bandwidth around 3.3 μm with 6 GHz spectral resolution and 20 μs temporal resolution. As a demonstration, we study a CH4/He gas mixture in an electric discharge, while the discharge is modulated between dark and glow regimes. We simultaneously monitor the production of C2H6 and the vibrational excitation of CH4 molecules, observing the dynamics of both processes. This approach to broadband, high-resolution, and time-resolved mid-infrared spectroscopy provides a new tool for monitoring the kinetics of fast chemical reactions, with potential applications in various fields such as physical chemistry and plasma/combustion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Abbas
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qing Pan
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Mandon
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans J M Harren
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Khodabakhsh
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Jahromi KE, Pan Q, Høgstedt L, Friis SMM, Khodabakhsh A, Moselund PM, Harren FJM. Mid-infrared supercontinuum-based upconversion detection for trace gas sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:24469-24480. [PMID: 31510335 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.024469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements of mid-infrared (MIR) supercontinuum light sources have opened up new possibilities in laser-based trace gas sensing. While the supercontinuum sources inherently support wide spectral coverage, the detection of broadband absorption signals with high speed and low cost is traditionally limited by the MIR detector arrays. In this work, we demonstrate that this limitation can be circumvented by upconverting the MIR signal into the near-infrared (NIR) region, where cost-effective silicon-based detector arrays can be utilized to measure broadband absorption. We also show that, by combining a MIR supercontinuum source with a MIR-to-NIR upconverter and an astigmatic multipass cell, fast detection (~20 ms) of ethane with sub-ppmv sensitivity can be achieved at room temperature. For multi-species detection, a least-square global fitting method is presented, showing a promising potential for applications such as environmental monitoring and biomedical research.
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20
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Sterczewski LA, Westberg J, Bagheri M, Frez C, Vurgaftman I, Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Meyer JR, Wysocki G. Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with interband cascade lasers. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2113-2116. [PMID: 30985824 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two semiconductor optical frequency combs, consuming less than 1 W of electrical power, are used to demonstrate high-sensitivity mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy in the important 3-4 μm spectral region. The devices are 4 mm long by 4 μm wide, and each emits 8 mW of average optical power. The spectroscopic sensing performance is demonstrated by measurements of methane and hydrogen chloride with optical multi-pass cell sensitivity enhancement. The system provides a spectral coverage of 33 cm-1 (1 THz), 0.32 cm-1 (9.7 GHz) frequency sampling interval, and peak signal-to-noise ratio of ∼100 at 100 μs integration time. The monolithic design, low drive power, and direct generation of mid-infrared radiation are highly attractive for portable broadband spectroscopic instrumentation in future terrestrial and space applications.
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21
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Rockmore R, Laurain A, Moloney JV, Jason Jones R. Offset-free mid-infrared frequency comb based on a mode-locked semiconductor laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1797-1800. [PMID: 30933150 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a carrier-envelope offset-free frequency comb in the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) based on a passively mode-locked vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) operating at a 1.6 GHz repetition rate. The 290 mW output spanning 3.0-3.5 μm is generated through difference frequency generation (DFG) in periodically poled lithium niobate. The VECSEL pulse train is centered at 1030 nm and amplified up to 11 W in a Yb fiber amplifier system. The output is split to generate a second pulse train at 1560 nm through nonlinear broadening in a Si3N4 waveguide followed by amplification in an Er gain fiber. DFG between the 1030 and 1560 nm pulse trains results in a coherent and offset-free MWIR frequency comb, verified with optical heterodyne beat note measurements. Active stabilization of the VECSEL repetition rate provides a fully stabilized high repetition rate frequency comb in the MWIR, uniquely suited for applications in molecular spectroscopy.
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22
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Iwakuni K, Bui TQ, Niedermeyer JF, Sukegawa T, Ye J. Comb-resolved spectroscopy with immersion grating in long-wave infrared. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:1911-1921. [PMID: 30732237 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a dispersive spectrometer by using a compact immersion grating for direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the long-wave infrared region of 8-10 μm for the first time. A frequency resolution of 460 MHz is achieved, which is the highest reported in this wavelength region with a dispersive spectrometer. We also demonstrate individual comb mode-resolved imaging by cavity filtering and apply this to obtain spectra of both simple and complex molecular spectra. These results indicate that the immersion grating spectrometer offers the next advancement for sensitive, high-resolution spectroscopy of transient and large/complex molecules when combined with cavity enhancement and cooling techniques.
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23
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Mid-Infrared Tunable Laser-Based Broadband Fingerprint Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Sensing: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of gaseous chemical substances exhibit fundamental rovibrational absorption bands in the mid-infrared spectral region (2.5–25 μm), and the absorption of light by these fundamental bands provides a nearly universal means for their detection. A main feature of optical techniques is the non-intrusive in situ detection of trace gases. We reviewed primarily mid-infrared tunable laser-based broadband absorption spectroscopy for trace gas detection, focusing on 2008–2018. The scope of this paper is to discuss recent developments of system configuration, tunable lasers, detectors, broadband spectroscopic techniques, and their applications for sensitive, selective, and quantitative trace gas detection.
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24
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Johansson AC, Rutkowski L, Filipsson A, Hausmaninger T, Zhao G, Axner O, Foltynowicz A. Broadband calibration-free cavity-enhanced complex refractive index spectroscopy using a frequency comb. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:20633-20648. [PMID: 30119372 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present broadband cavity-enhanced complex refractive index spectroscopy (CE-CRIS), a technique for calibration-free determination of the complex refractive index of entire molecular bands via direct measurement of transmission modes of a Fabry-Perot cavity filled with the sample. The measurement of the cavity transmission spectrum is done using an optical frequency comb and a mechanical Fourier transform spectrometer with sub-nominal resolution. Molecular absorption and dispersion spectra (corresponding to the imaginary and real parts of the refractive index) are obtained from the cavity mode broadening and shift retrieved from fits of Lorentzian profiles to the individual cavity modes. This method is calibration-free because the mode broadening and shift are independent of the cavity parameters such as the length and mirror reflectivity. In this first demonstration of broadband CE-CRIS we measure simultaneously the absorption and dispersion spectra of three combination bands of CO2 in the range between 1525 nm and 1620 nm and achieve good agreement with theoretical models. This opens up for precision spectroscopy of the complex refractive index of several molecular bands simultaneously.
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25
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Henderson B, Khodabakhsh A, Metsälä M, Ventrillard I, Schmidt FM, Romanini D, Ritchie GAD, te Lintel Hekkert S, Briot R, Risby T, Marczin N, Harren FJM, Cristescu SM. Laser spectroscopy for breath analysis: towards clinical implementation. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2018; 124:161. [PMID: 30956412 PMCID: PMC6428385 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-018-7030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled breath represents an attractive tool for monitoring the metabolic status of a patient and disease diagnosis, since it is non-invasive and fast. Numerous studies have already demonstrated the benefit of breath analysis in clinical settings/applications and encouraged multidisciplinary research to reveal new insights regarding the origins, pathways, and pathophysiological roles of breath components. Many breath analysis methods are currently available to help explore these directions, ranging from mass spectrometry to laser-based spectroscopy and sensor arrays. This review presents an update of the current status of optical methods, using near and mid-infrared sources, for clinical breath gas analysis over the last decade and describes recent technological developments and their applications. The review includes: tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, integrated cavity output spectroscopy, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, and optical frequency comb spectroscopy. A SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) is presented that describes the laser-based techniques within the clinical framework of breath research and their appealing features for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Henderson
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Khodabakhsh
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Metsälä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Florian M. Schmidt
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniele Romanini
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Grant A. D. Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | | | - Raphaël Briot
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Terence Risby
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nandor Marczin
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Bui TQ, Changala PB, Bjork BJ, Yu Q, Wang Y, Stanton JF, Bowman J, Ye J. Spectral analyses of trans- and cis-DOCO transients via comb spectroscopy. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1484949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thinh Q. Bui
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P. Bryan Changala
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bryce J. Bjork
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Qi Yu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yimin Wang
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joel Bowman
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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27
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Iwakuni K, Porat G, Bui TQ, Bjork BJ, Schoun SB, Heckl OH, Fermann ME, Ye J. Phase-stabilized 100 mW frequency comb near 10 μm. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2018; 124:128. [PMID: 30996528 PMCID: PMC6435022 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-018-6996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Long-wavelength mid-infrared (MIR) frequency combs with high power and flexible tunability are highly desired for molecular spectroscopy, including investigation of large molecules such as C60. We present a high power, phase-stabilized frequency comb near 10 μm, generated by a synchronously pumped, singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on AgGaSe2. The OPO can be continuously tuned from 8.4 to 9.5 μm, with a maximum average idler power of 100 mW at the center wavelength of 8.5 μm. Both the repetition rate (f rep) and the carrier-envelope offset frequency (f ceo) of the idler wave are phase-locked to microwave signals referenced to a Cs clock. We describe the detailed design and construction of the frequency comb, and discuss potential applications for precise and sensitive direct frequency comb spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Iwakuni
- Department of Physics, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Gil Porat
- Department of Physics, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Thinh Q. Bui
- Department of Physics, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Bryce J. Bjork
- Department of Physics, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
- Present Address: Honeywell International, 303 Technology Court, Broomfield, CO 80021 USA
| | - Stephen B. Schoun
- Department of Physics, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Oliver H. Heckl
- Department of Physics, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
- Present Address: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jun Ye
- Department of Physics, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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28
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Bagheri M, Frez C, Sterczewski LA, Gruidin I, Fradet M, Vurgaftman I, Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Meyer JR. Passively mode-locked interband cascade optical frequency combs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3322. [PMID: 29463807 PMCID: PMC5820280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their inception, optical frequency combs have transformed a broad range of technical and scientific disciplines, spanning time keeping to navigation. Recently, dual comb spectroscopy has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional Fourier transform spectroscopy, since it offers higher measurement sensitivity in a fraction of the time. Midwave infrared (mid-IR) frequency combs are especially promising as an effective means for probing the strong fundamental absorption lines of numerous chemical and biological agents. Mid-IR combs have been realized via frequency down-conversion of a near-IR comb, by optical pumping of a micro-resonator, and beyond 7 μm by four-wave mixing in a quantum cascade laser. In this work, we demonstrate an electrically-driven frequency comb source that spans more than 1 THz of bandwidth centered near 3.6 μm. This is achieved by passively mode-locking an interband cascade laser (ICL) with gain and saturable absorber sections monolithically integrated on the same chip. The new source will significantly enhance the capabilities of mid-IR multi-heterodyne frequency comb spectroscopy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Bagheri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
| | - Clifford Frez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Lukasz A Sterczewski
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Ivan Gruidin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Mathieu Fradet
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Chul Soo Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Jerry R Meyer
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
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29
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Bui TQ, Bjork BJ, Changala PB, Heckl OH, Spaun B, Ye J. OD + CO → D + CO2 branching kinetics probed with time-resolved frequency comb spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Zhu F, Xia J, Bicer A, Bounds J, Kolomenskii A, Strohaber J, Johnson L, Amani M, Schuessler H. Probing methane in air with a midinfrared frequency comb source. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:6311-6316. [PMID: 29047829 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.006311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We employed a midinfrared frequency comb source for methane detection in ambient air. The transmitted spectra over a bandwidth of about 500 nm were recorded with an optical spectrum analyzer under various experimental conditions of different path lengths. The normalized absorption spectra were compared and fitted with simulations, yielding quantitative values of concentrations of methane and water vapor in the ambient air. The 3σ detection limit was ∼6.6×10-7 cm-1 in ambient air for a broad spectral range, achieved with a path length of ∼590 m. This approach provides a broad spectral range, a large dynamic range, high sensitivity, and accurate calibration. The performed analysis of the residuals shows that an excellent agreement between the measured and calculated spectral profiles was obtained.
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31
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Scanning micro-resonator direct-comb absolute spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35541. [PMID: 27752132 PMCID: PMC5067711 DOI: 10.1038/srep35541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct optical Frequency Comb Spectroscopy (DFCS) is proving to be a fundamental tool in many areas of science and technology thanks to its unique performance in terms of ultra-broadband, high-speed detection and frequency accuracy, allowing for high-fidelity mapping of atomic and molecular energy structure. Here we present a novel DFCS approach based on a scanning Fabry-Pérot micro-cavity resonator (SMART) providing a simple, compact and accurate method to resolve the mode structure of an optical frequency comb. The SMART approach, while drastically reducing system complexity, allows for a straightforward absolute calibration of the optical-frequency axis with an ultimate resolution limited by the micro-resonator resonance linewidth and can be used in any spectral region from UV to THz. We present an application to high-precision spectroscopy of acetylene at 1.54 μm, demonstrating performances comparable or even better than current state-of-the-art DFCS systems in terms of sensitivity, optical bandwidth and frequency-resolution.
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32
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Abstract
Optical frequency comb sources provide thousands of precise and accurate optical lines in a single device enabling the broadband and high-speed detection required in many applications. A main challenge is to parallelize the detection over the widest possible band while bringing the resolution to the single comb-line level. Here we propose a solution based on the combination of a frequency comb source and a fibre spectrometer, exploiting all-fibre technology. Our system allows for simultaneous measurement of 500 isolated comb lines over a span of 0.12 THz in a single acquisition; arbitrarily larger span are demonstrated (3,500 comb lines over 0.85 THz) by doing sequential acquisitions. The potential for precision measurements is proved by spectroscopy of acetylene at 1.53 μm. Being based on all-fibre technology, our system is inherently low-cost, lightweight and may lead to the development of a new class of broadband high-resolution spectrometers. An ideal optical frequency-comb system should combine both single-line spectral resolution and a bandwidth broad enough to cover as many lines as possible. Here, the authors incorporate a fibre spectrometer to detect approximately 500 comb-lines with an instrument resolution of 120 megahertz.
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33
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Šmíd R, Hänsel A, Pravdová L, Sobota J, Číp O, Bhattacharya N. Comb mode filtering silver mirror cavity for spectroscopic distance measurement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:093107. [PMID: 27782597 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present a design of an external optical cavity based on Fabry-Perot etalons applied to a 100 MHz Er-doped fiber optical frequency comb working at 1560 nm to increase its repetition frequency. A Fabry-Perot cavity is constructed based on a transportable cage system with two silver mirrors in plano-concave geometry including the mode-matching lenses, fiber coupled collimation package and detection unit. The system enables full 3D angle mirror tilting and x-y off axis movement as well as distance between the mirrors. We demonstrate the increase of repetition frequency by direct measurement of the beat frequency and spectrally by using the virtually imaged phased array images.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Šmíd
- Department of Coherence Optics, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, v.v.i., 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Hänsel
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - L Pravdová
- Department of Coherence Optics, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, v.v.i., 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Sobota
- Department of New Technologies, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, v.v.i., 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - O Číp
- Department of Coherence Optics, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, v.v.i., 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - N Bhattacharya
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
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34
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Khodabakhsh A, Ramaiah-Badarla V, Rutkowski L, Johansson AC, Lee KF, Jiang J, Mohr C, Fermann ME, Foltynowicz A. Fourier transform and Vernier spectroscopy using an optical frequency comb at 3-5.4 μm. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2541-2544. [PMID: 27244409 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a versatile mid-infrared frequency comb spectroscopy system based on a doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator tunable in the 3-5.4 μm range and two detection methods: a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) and a continuous-filtering Vernier spectrometer (CF-VS). Using the FTS with a multipass cell, we measure high precision broadband absorption spectra of CH4 at 3.3 μm and NO at 5.25 μm, the latter for the first time with comb spectroscopy, and we detect atmospheric species (CH4, CO, CO2, and H2O) in air in the signal and idler ranges. Multiline fitting yields minimum detectable concentrations of 10-20 ppb Hz-1/2 for CH4, NO, and CO. For the first time in the mid-infrared, we perform CF-VS using an enhancement cavity, a grating, and a single detector, and we measure the absorption spectrum of CH4 and H2O in ambient air at ∼3.3 μm, reaching a 40 ppb concentration detection limit for CH4 in 2 ms.
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35
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Smolski VO, Yang H, Gorelov SD, Schunemann PG, Vodopyanov KL. Coherence properties of a 2.6-7.5 μm frequency comb produced as a subharmonic of a Tm-fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1388-91. [PMID: 27192243 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the temporal coherence of an ultrabroadband frequency comb produced in a degenerate GaAs optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a stabilized Tm-fiber comb, by observing multiheterodyne beats in the RF domain. We infer that in such a regime the OPO automatically produces a stable frequency comb that is phase and frequency locked to the pump. By varying intracavity dispersion, we achieve a comb spanning 2.6-7.5 μm at a -20 dB level. Low pump threshold (down to 7 mW), high average power (up to 73 mW), broad spectral coverage, flat spectrum, and high coherence make this comb a source suitable for various applications, foremost dual-comb molecular spectroscopy.
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36
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Scholten SK, Anstie JD, Hébert NB, White RT, Genest J, Luiten AN. Complex direct comb spectroscopy with a virtually imaged phased array. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1277-1280. [PMID: 26977688 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple interferometric technique to directly measure the complex optical transmittance over a large spectral range using a frequency-comb spectrometer based on a virtually imaged phased array. A Michelson interferometer encodes the phase deviations induced by a sample contained in one of its arms into an interferogram image. When combined with an additional image taken from each arm separately, along with a frequency-calibration image, this allows full reconstruction of the sample's optical transfer function. We demonstrate the technique with a vapor cell containing H13C14N, producing transmittance and phase spectra spanning 2.9 THz (∼23 nm) with ∼1 GHz resolution.
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37
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Kowzan G, Lee KF, Paradowska M, Borkowski M, Ablewski P, Wójtewicz S, Stec K, Lisak D, Fermann ME, Trawiński RS, Masłowski P. Self-referenced, accurate and sensitive optical frequency comb spectroscopy with a virtually imaged phased array spectrometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:974-977. [PMID: 26974094 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a cavity-enhanced direct optical frequency comb spectroscopy system with a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) spectrometer and either a dither or a Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) locking scheme used for stable transmission of the comb through the cavity. A self-referenced scheme for frequency axis calibration is shown along with an analysis of its accuracy. A careful comparison between both locking schemes is performed based on near-IR measurements of the carbon monoxide ν=3←0 band P branch transitions in a gas sample with known composition. The noise-equivalent absorptions (NEA) for the PDH and dither schemes are 9.9×10(-10) cm(-1) and 5.3×10(-9) cm(-1), respectively.
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38
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Vainio M, Halonen L. Mid-infrared optical parametric oscillators and frequency combs for molecular spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4266-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07052j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Review of mid-infrared optical parametric oscillators and frequency combs for high-resolution spectroscopy, including applications in trace gas detection and fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Vainio
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
| | - L. Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
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Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy is an emerging new spectroscopic tool that exploits the frequency resolution, frequency accuracy, broad bandwidth, and brightness of frequency combs for ultrahigh-resolution, high-sensitivity broadband spectroscopy. By using two coherent frequency combs, dual-comb spectroscopy allows a sample's spectral response to be measured on a comb tooth-by-tooth basis rapidly and without the size constraints or instrument response limitations of conventional spectrometers. This review describes dual-comb spectroscopy and summarizes the current state of the art. As frequency comb technology progresses, dual-comb spectroscopy will continue to mature and could surpass conventional broadband spectroscopy for a wide range of laboratory and field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- IAN CODDINGTON
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - NATHAN NEWBURY
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - WILLIAM SWANN
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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40
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Cruz FC, Maser DL, Johnson T, Ycas G, Klose A, Giorgetta FR, Coddington I, Diddams SA. Mid-infrared optical frequency combs based on difference frequency generation for molecular spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:26814-26824. [PMID: 26480192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.026814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared femtosecond optical frequency combs were produced by difference frequency generation of the spectral components of a near-infrared comb in a 3-mm-long MgO:PPLN crystal. We observe strong pump depletion and 9.3 dB parametric gain in the 1.5 μm signal, which yields powers above 500 mW (3 μW/mode) in the idler with spectra covering 2.8 μm to 3.5 μm. Potential for broadband, high-resolution molecular spectroscopy is demonstrated by absorption spectra and interferograms obtained by heterodyning two combs.
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41
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Hébert NB, Scholten SK, White RT, Genest J, Luiten AN, Anstie JD. A quantitative mode-resolved frequency comb spectrometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:13991-14001. [PMID: 26072768 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.013991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a frequency-comb spectrometer that records 35-nm (4 THz) spectra with 2-pm (250 MHz) spectral sampling and an absolute frequency accuracy of 2 kHz. We achieve a signal-to-noise ratio of ~400 in a measurement time of 8.2 s. The spectrometer is based on a commercial frequency comb decimated by a variable-length, low-finesse Fabry Pérot filter cavity to fully resolve the comb modes as imaged by a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA), diffraction grating and near-IR camera. By tuning the cavity length, spectra derived from all unique decimated combs are acquired and then interleaved to achieve frequency sampling at the comb repetition rate of 250 MHz. We have validated the performance of the spectrometer by comparison with a previous high-precision absorption measurement of H13C14N near 1543 nm. We find excellent agreement, with deviations from the expected line centers and widths of, at most, 1 pm (125 MHz) and 3 pm (360 MHz), respectively.
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42
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Lambert-Girard S, Allard M, Piché M, Babin F. Broadband and tunable optical parametric generator for remote detection of gas molecules in the short and mid-infrared. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:2594-2605. [PMID: 25967164 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of a novel broadband and tunable optical parametric generator (OPG) is presented. The OPG properties are studied numerically and experimentally in order to optimize the generator's use in a broadband spectroscopic LIDAR operating in the short and mid-infrared. This paper discusses trade-offs to be made on the properties of the pump, crystal, and seeding signal in order to optimize the pulse spectral density and divergence while enabling energy scaling. A seed with a large spectral bandwidth is shown to enhance the pulse-to-pulse stability and optimize the pulse spectral density. A numerical model shows excellent agreement with output power measurements; the model predicts that a pump having a large number of longitudinal modes improves conversion efficiency and pulse stability.
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43
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Hébert NB, Boudreau S, Genest J, Deschênes JD. Coherent dual-comb interferometry with quasi-integer-ratio repetition rates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:29152-60. [PMID: 25402154 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.029152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a generalized method for dual-comb interferometry that involves the use of two frequency combs with quasi-integer-ratio repetition rates. We use a 16.67 MHz comb to probe an 80-cm-long ring cavity and a 100 MHz comb to asynchronously sample its impulse response. The resulting signal can be seen as six time-multiplexed independent interferograms. We perform a deconvolution of the photodetector's impulse response to prevent any crosstalk between these multiplexed data sets. The measurement is then demultiplexed and corrected with referencing signals. We obtain a measurement with a spectral point spacing of 16.67 MHz and a spectral SNR of 55 dB by averaging 15,000 interferograms, corresponding to a measurement time of 500 s. Compared to conventional dual-comb spectroscopy, this generalized technique allows to either reduce the spectral point spacing or the acquisition time by changing the repetition rate of only one of the combs.
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44
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Zhu F, Bounds J, Bicer A, Strohaber J, Kolomenskii AA, Gohle C, Amani M, Schuessler HA. Near infrared frequency comb vernier spectrometer for broadband trace gas detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:23026-23033. [PMID: 25321773 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.023026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a femtosecond frequency comb vernier spectrometer in the near infrared with a femtosecond Er doped fiber laser, a scanning high-finesse cavity and an InGaAs camera. By utilizing the properties of a frequency comb and a scanning high-finesse cavity such a spectrometer provides broad spectral bandwidth, high spectral resolution, and high detection sensitivity on a short time scale. We achieved an absorption sensitivity of ~8 × 10(-8) cm(-1)Hz(-1/2), corresponding to a detection limit of ~70 ppbv for acetylene, with a resolution of ~1.1 GHz in single images taken in 0.5 seconds and covering a frequency range of ~5 THz. Such measurements have broad applications for sensing greenhouse gases in this fingerprint near infrared region with a simple apparatus.
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45
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Fleisher AJ, Bjork BJ, Bui TQ, Cossel KC, Okumura M, Ye J. Mid-Infrared Time-Resolved Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Transient Free Radicals. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2241-6. [PMID: 26279541 DOI: 10.1021/jz5008559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate time-resolved frequency comb spectroscopy (TRFCS), a new broadband absorption spectroscopy technique for the study of trace free radicals on the microsecond timescale. We apply TRFCS to study the time-resolved, mid-infrared absorption of the deuterated hydroxyformyl radical trans-DOCO, an important short-lived intermediate along the OD + CO reaction path. Directly after photolysis of the chemical precursor acrylic acid-d1, we measure absolute trans-DOCO product concentrations with a sensitivity of 5 × 10(10) cm(-3) and observe its subsequent loss with a time resolution of 25 μs. The multiplexed nature of TRFCS allows us to detect simultaneously the time-dependent concentration of several other photoproducts and thus unravel primary and secondary chemical reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Fleisher
- †JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- ‡Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Bryce J Bjork
- †JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Thinh Q Bui
- §Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- †JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mitchio Okumura
- §Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jun Ye
- †JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Neely TW, Nugent-Glandorf L, Adler F, Diddams SA. Broadband mid-infrared frequency upconversion and spectroscopy with an aperiodically poled LiNbO3 waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:4332-4334. [PMID: 23073453 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.004332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We convert a mid-infrared frequency comb to near-infrared wavelengths through sum-frequency generation with a 1.064 μm CW laser in an aperiodically poled ZnO:LiNbO(3) waveguide. Upconversion of light in the range of 2.5-4.5 μm to 0.76-0.86 μm is demonstrated in a single device, and the efficiency of the conversion is measured across this bandwidth. We additionally characterize the spatial mode of the upconverted light. We then use this upconversion technique to detect and resolve individual lines from a methane gas sample with a common near-infrared optical spectrum analyzer. The stability of the spectrum of the upconverted light is analyzed with the goal of evaluating this technique for precise spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Neely
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division, Mail Stop 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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