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Shi Y, Shi Y, Niu H, Liu J, Sun P. Structure Optimization and Data Processing Method of Electronic Nose Bionic Chamber for Detecting Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Excrement Fermentation. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1628. [PMID: 38475164 DOI: 10.3390/s24051628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In areas where livestock are bred, there is a demand for accurate, real-time, and stable monitoring of ammonia concentration in the breeding environment. However, existing electronic nose systems have slow response times and limited detection accuracy. In this study, we introduce a novel solution: the bionic chamber construction of the electronic nose is optimized, and the sensor response data in the chamber are analyzed using an intelligent algorithm. We analyze the structure of the biomimetic chamber and the surface airflow of the sensor array to determine the sensing units of the system. The system employs an electronic nose to detect ammonia and ethanol gases in a circulating airflow within a closed box. The captured signals are processed, followed by the application of classification and regression models for data prediction. Our results suggest that the system, leveraging the biomimetic chamber, offers rapid gas detection response times. A high classification prediction accuracy, with a determination coefficient R2 value of 0.99 for single-output regression and over 0.98 for multi-output regression predictions, is achieved by incorporating a backpropagation (BP) neural network algorithm. These outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the electronic nose, based on an optimized bionic chamber combined with a BP neural network algorithm, in accurately detecting ammonia emitted during livestock excreta fermentation, satisfying the ammonia detection requirements of breeding farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Shi
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentation of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Electronics and Communication Engineering School, Jilin Technology College of Electronic Information, Jilin 132021, China
| | - Yunbo Shi
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentation of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Measurement and Control Technology and Instrumentation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Haodong Niu
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentation of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Measurement and Control Technology and Instrumentation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jinzhou Liu
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentation of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Measurement and Control Technology and Instrumentation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Pengjiao Sun
- Electronics and Communication Engineering School, Jilin Technology College of Electronic Information, Jilin 132021, China
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Tagliaro I, Musile G, Caricato P, Dorizzi RM, Tagliaro F, Antonini C. Chitosan Film Sensor for Ammonia Detection in Microdiffusion Analytical Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4238. [PMID: 37959918 PMCID: PMC10650627 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan films have attracted increased attention in the field of sensors because of chitosan's unique chemico-physical properties, including high adsorption capacity, filmability and transparency. A chitosan film sensor was developed through the dispersion of an ammonia specific reagent (Nessler's reagent) into a chitosan film matrix. The chitosan film sensor was characterized to assess the film's properties by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A gas diffusion device was prepared with the chitosan film sensor, enabling the collection and detection of ammonia vapor from biological samples. The chitosan film sensor color change was correlated with the ammonia concentration in samples of human serum and artificial urine. This method enabled facile ammonia detection and concentration measurement, making the sensor useful not only in clinical laboratories, but also for point-of-care devices and wherever there is limited access to modern laboratory facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tagliaro
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Musile
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Paolo Caricato
- Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety G5, Food Hygiene, Feed and Fraud 03/104, 1049 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Romolo M. Dorizzi
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Carlo Antonini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy;
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3
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Du L, Feng D, Xing X, Wang C, Gao Y, Sun S, Meng G, Yang D. Nanocomposite-Decorated Filter Paper as a Twistable and Water-Tolerant Sensor for Selective Detection of 5 ppb-60 v/v% Ammonia. ACS Sens 2022; 7:874-883. [PMID: 35245046 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) sensors proposed for the simultaneous exhalation diagnosis, environmental pollution monitoring, and industrial leakage alarm require high flexibility, selectivity, stability, humidity tolerance, and wide-concentration-range detection; however, technical challenges still remain. Herein, twistable and water-tolerant paper-based sensors integrated over surgical masks have been developed for NH3 detection at room temperature, via decorating specially designed ternary nanocomposites (ternary-NCs) on the commercial filter paper. The NCs consist of a multiwalled carbon nanotube framework with a polypyrrole nanolayer and are further loaded with Pt nanodots. Benefiting from the synergy effect of ternary components, the ternary-NCs exhibit an ultrasensitive response to 5 ppb-60 v/v% NH3 and present high selectivity confirmed by the theory calculations. Remarkably, the filter-paper-based sensors possess outstanding stability against twisting 0-1080°, along with excellent cuttability and foldability. Critically, such paper-based sensors can be integrated over surgical masks for simulated exhaled diagnosis and display superior water tolerance even being immersed in water for 24 h. Practically, the detecting accuracy of the filter-paper-based sensor toward the simulated exhaled NH3, environmental NH3 pollution, and industrial NH3 leakage is validated using ion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiaxia Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Guowen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Dachi Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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Serafini M, Mariani F, Gualandi I, Decataldo F, Possanzini L, Tessarolo M, Fraboni B, Tonelli D, Scavetta E. A Wearable Electrochemical Gas Sensor for Ammonia Detection. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:7905. [PMID: 34883908 DOI: 10.3390/s21237905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The next future strategies for improved occupational safety and health management could largely benefit from wearable and Internet of Things technologies, enabling the real-time monitoring of health-related and environmental information to the wearer, to emergency responders, and to inspectors. The aim of this study is the development of a wearable gas sensor for the detection of NH3 at room temperature based on the organic semiconductor poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), electrochemically deposited iridium oxide particles, and a hydrogel film. The hydrogel composition was finely optimised to obtain self-healing properties, as well as the desired porosity, adhesion to the substrate, and stability in humidity variations. Its chemical structure and morphology were characterised by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, and were found to play a key role in the transduction process and in the achievement of a reversible and selective response. The sensing properties rely on a potentiometric-like mechanism that significantly differs from most of the state-of-the-art NH3 gas sensors and provides superior robustness to the final device. Thanks to the reliability of the analytical response, the simple two-terminal configuration and the low power consumption, the PEDOT:PSS/IrOx Ps/hydrogel sensor was realised on a flexible plastic foil and successfully tested in a wearable configuration with wireless connectivity to a smartphone. The wearable sensor showed stability to mechanical deformations and good analytical performances, with a sensitivity of 60 ± 8 μA decade−1 in a wide concentration range (17–7899 ppm), which includes the safety limits set by law for NH3 exposure.
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5
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Bonciu AF, Filipescu M, Voicu SI, Lippert T, Palla-Papavlu A. Facile Fabrication of Hybrid Carbon Nanotube Sensors by Laser Direct Transfer. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11102604. [PMID: 34685045 PMCID: PMC8539917 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the most frequently produced chemicals in the world, and thus, reliable measurements of different NH3 concentrations are critical for a variety of industries, among which are the agricultural and healthcare sectors. The currently available technologies for the detection of NH3 provide accurate identification; however, they are limited by size, portability, and fabrication cost. Therefore, in this work, we report the laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) decorated with tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs), which act as sensitive materials in chemiresistive NH3 sensors. We demonstrate that the LIFT-fabricated sensors can detect NH3 at room temperature and have a response time of 13 s (for 25 ppm NH3). In addition, the laser-fabricated sensors are fully reversible when exposed to multiple cycles of NH3 and have an excellent theoretical limit of detection of 24 ppt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca F. Bonciu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomistilor 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.F.B.); (M.F.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihaela Filipescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomistilor 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.F.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefan I. Voicu
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University Politechnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Thomas Lippert
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory of Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Palla-Papavlu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomistilor 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.F.B.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang Y, Yan JJ, Hu S, James Young D, Li HX, Ren ZG. A Photoluminescent Ag 10 Cu 6 Cluster Stablized by a PNNP Ligand and Phenylacetylides Selectively and Reversibly Senses Ammonia in Air and Water. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2681-2686. [PMID: 34313023 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A photoluminescent bimetallic cluster [Ag10 Cu6 (bdppthi)2 (C≡CPh)12 (MeOH)2 (H2 O)](ClO4 )4 (1, bdppthi=N,N'-bis(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)-tetrahydroimidazole} was synthesized from the PNNP type ligand bdppthi generated in-situ. Upon excitation at 365 nm, 1 exhibited strong phosphorescent emission at 630 nm, which was selectively quenched by NH3 in air or water. The sensing of NH3 was rapid and recoverable, with detection limits of 53 ppm (v/v) in N2 and 21 μmol/L (0.36 ppm, w/w) for NH3 ⋅ H2 O in water. Cluster 1 could potentially serve as a bifunctional chemical sensor for the efficient detection of ammonia in waste-gas and waste-water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jia-Jun Yan
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shengnan Hu
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - David James Young
- College of Engineering Informationa Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | - Hong-Xi Li
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ren
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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7
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Ahmed S, Park Y, Okuda H, Ono S, Korposh S, Lee SW. Fabrication of Humidity-Resistant Optical Fiber Sensor for Ammonia Sensing Using Diazo Resin-Photocrosslinked Films with a Porphyrin-Polystyrene Binary Mixture. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:6176. [PMID: 34577383 DOI: 10.3390/s21186176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia gas sensors were fabricated via layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of diazo resin (DAR) and a binary mixture of tetrakis(4-sulfophenyl)porphine (TSPP) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) onto the core of a multimode U-bent optical fiber. The penetration of light transferred into the evanescent field was enhanced by stripping the polymer cladding and coating the fiber core. The electrostatic interaction between the diazonium ion in DAR and the sulfonate residues in TSPP and PSS was converted into covalent bonds using UV irradiation. The photoreaction between the layers was confirmed by UV-vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the optical fiber sensors to ammonia was linear when exposed to ammonia gases generated from aqueous ammonia solutions at a concentration of approximately 17 parts per million (ppm). This linearity extended up to 50 ppm when the exposure time (30 s) was shortened. The response and recovery times were reduced to 30 s with a 5-cycle DAR/TSPP+PSS (as a mixture of 1 mM TSPP and 0.025 wt% PSS in water) film sensor. The limit of detection (LOD) of the optimized sensor was estimated to be 0.31 ppm for ammonia in solution, corresponding to approximately 0.03 ppm of ammonia gas. It is hypothesized that the presence of the hydrophobic moiety of PSS in the matrix suppressed the effects of humidity on the sensor response. The sensor response was stable and reproducible over seven days. The PSS-containing U-bent fiber sensor also showed superior sensitivity to ammonia when examined alongside amine and non-amine analytes.
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Casanova-Chafer J, Umek P, Acosta S, Bittencourt C, Llobet E. Graphene Loading with Polypyrrole Nanoparticles for Trace-Level Detection of Ammonia at Room Temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:40909-40921. [PMID: 34410097 PMCID: PMC8576760 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding versatility of graphene for surface functionalization has been exploited by its decoration with synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles (NPs). A green, facile, and easily scalable for mass production nanocomposite development was proposed, and the resulting PPy@Graphene was implemented in chemoresistive gas sensors able to detect trace levels of ammonia (NH3) under room-temperature conditions. Gas exposure for 5 min revealed that the presence of nanoparticles decorating graphene entail greater sensitivity (13-fold) in comparison to the bare graphene performance. Noteworthy, excellent repeatability (0.7% of relative error) and a low limit of detection of 491 ppb were obtained, together with excellent long-term stability. Besides, an extensive material characterization was conducted, and vibration bands obtained via Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of PPy NPs, while X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the relative abundance of the different species, as polarons and bipolarons. Additionally, XPS analyses were conducted before and after NH3 exposure to assess the PPy aging and the changes induced in their physicochemical and electronic properties. Specifically, the gas sensor was tested during a 5-month period, demonstrating significant stability over time, since just a slight decrease (11%) in the responses was registered. In summary, the present work reports for the first time the use of PPy NPs decorating graphene for gas-sensing purposes, revealing promising properties for the development of unattended gas-sensing networks for monitoring air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casanova-Chafer
- Microsystems
Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Polona Umek
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, 10000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Selene Acosta
- Chimie
des Interactions Plasma−Surface (ChIPS), Research Institute
for Materials Science and Engineering, Université
de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chimie
des Interactions Plasma−Surface (ChIPS), Research Institute
for Materials Science and Engineering, Université
de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Eduard Llobet
- Microsystems
Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Tang X, Debliquy M, Lahem D, Yan Y, Raskin JP. A Review on Functionalized Graphene Sensors for Detection of Ammonia. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:1443. [PMID: 33669589 PMCID: PMC7922188 DOI: 10.3390/s21041443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the first graphene gas sensor has been reported, functionalized graphene gas sensors have already attracted a lot of research interest due to their potential for high sensitivity, great selectivity, and fast detection of various gases. In this paper, we summarize the recent development and progression of functionalized graphene sensors for ammonia (NH3) detection at room temperature. We review graphene gas sensors functionalized by different materials, including metallic nanoparticles, metal oxides, organic molecules, and conducting polymers. The various sensing mechanism of functionalized graphene gas sensors are explained and compared. Meanwhile, some existing challenges that may hinder the sensor mass production are discussed and several related solutions are proposed. Possible opportunities and perspective applications of the graphene NH3 sensors are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Tang
- ICTEAM Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place du Levant, 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Marc Debliquy
- Materials Science Department, University of Mons, 56, Rue de l’Epargne, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Driss Lahem
- Materia Nova ASBL, 3, Avenue N. Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Yiyi Yan
- ICTEAM Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place du Levant, 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Raskin
- ICTEAM Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place du Levant, 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-P.R.)
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10
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Liang T, Liu R, Lei C, Wang K, Li Z, Li Y. Preparation and Test of NH 3 Gas Sensor Based on Single-Layer Graphene Film. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E965. [PMID: 33126585 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ammonia sensing properties of single-layer graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were studied. The Au interdigitated electrode (IDE) was prepared by microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, and then, the single-layer graphene was transferred to the IDE by wet transfer technology. Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the quality of graphene films transferred to SiO2/Si substrates. Moreover, the theory of graphene’s adsorption of gases is explained. The results show that gas sensing characteristics such as response/recovery time and response are related to the target gas, gas concentration, test temperature, and so on. In the stability test, the difference between the maximum resistance and the minimum resistance of the device is 1 ohm without ammonia, the change is less than 1% of its initial resistance, and the repeatability is up to 98.58%. Therefore, the sensor prepared with high quality single-layer graphene has good repeatability and stability for ammonia detection.
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Garzón-Serrano AY, Sierra CA, Rodríguez-Bejarano O, Sinuco D. Volatile Organic Compounds, Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1085-1093. [PMID: 32176825 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium nitrate fuel oil is an explosive mixture found in most antipersonnel landmines (APL) buried throughout the Colombian territory. During more than 50 years of internal conflict, the Colombian government has found that trained dogs are the most effective method to detect APL. However, the olfactive signature in ANFO is unknown and also if there are differences in detection related to the explosive manufacturing origin. Therefore, this work begins with the analytical validation of the method used to determine ammonia, in its derivatized form as carbamate, released by home-made ANFO using HS-SPME-GC-FID. Once validated, the method was used to identify ammonia and other organic volatile compounds present in ANFO, under laboratory and simulated field conditions. The validation process includes the evaluation of the optimum conditions for the derivation and extraction of butylcarbamate, the determination of the working ranges with linear response in FID, the limits of detection and quantification, the sensitivity, and the precision. The results of the validation established linearity and sensitivity in a concentration between 20 and 120 mg/L, as well as low limits of detection and quantification of 6.4 and 21.4 mg/L, respectively. Also, an intermediate precision of 11% for butylcarbamate with a repeatability of 8%. The validated method showed in real samples of home-made ANFO besides ammonia, the presence of low molecular methylamines, and also exhibited differences in volatile compositions according to the origin. The objective of this work is to offer a reliable analytical methodology for the extraction and analysis of volatile compounds from ANFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Y Garzón-Serrano
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Investigación en Macromoléculas (Macromolecules Research Group), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Bioprospección de Compuestos Volátiles (Volatile Compounds Bioprospecting), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - César A Sierra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Investigación en Macromoléculas (Macromolecules Research Group), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Rodríguez-Bejarano
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Electroquímica y Termodinámica Computacional (Electrochemistry and Computational Thermodynamics Group), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Sinuco
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Bioprospección de Compuestos Volátiles (Volatile Compounds Bioprospecting), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Duan GY, Ren Y, Tang Y, Sun YZ, Chen YM, Wan PY, Yang XJ. Improving the Reliability and Accuracy of Ammonia Quantification in Electro- and Photochemical Synthesis. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:88-96. [PMID: 31638336 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reliable and accurate quantification of ammonia in electrochemical and photochemical experiments has been a technical challenge owing to the extremely low concentration of generated ammonia, interference from trace amounts of cations and organic compounds, and ammonia contamination from various sources. As a result, overestimation and significant errors may happen in many research works. Herein, accuracy and precision of ion chromatography (IC) are evaluated at different pH; excellent performance with a low detection limit (<2 μg L-1 ) under acidic and neutral conditions is found, whereas the linearity is unsatisfactory in the low NH4 + concentration range (0-100 μg L-1 ) under alkaline conditions. High concentrations of Li+ and Na+ are difficult to separate from NH4 + in conventional IC, but this can be solved by employing a high-exchange-capacity column or gradient elution. The interference effects of 14 common transition metal cations and 6 common organic compounds on the quantification of ammonium with low-level concentration (500 μg L-1 ) using IC are systematically investigated, and the results demonstrate good robustness. The overestimation caused by ammonia contamination from reagent water, surroundings, and even the analytical grade of inorganic and organic reagents are confirmed and the results indicate the necessity to prepare and test fresh electrolyte solutions before each experiment, owing to the high sensitivity of acidic and neutral solutions to ammonia contamination from the surroundings. The ammonization of a Nafion membrane during experiments and the underestimation in quantification are also discussed. Finally, a reliable level of synthesized ammonia is identified and some recommendations are presented to improve the reliability and accuracy of ammonia quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Yi Duan
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Ren
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yang Tang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhi Sun
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yong Mei Chen
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yu Wan
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Jin Yang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
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13
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Chandran S, Ruth AA, Martin EP, Alexander JK, Peters FH, Anandarajah PM. Off-Axis Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of 14NH 3 in Air Using a Gain-Switched Frequency Comb at 1.514 μm. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E5217. [PMID: 31795087 PMCID: PMC6928754 DOI: 10.3390/s19235217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A custom-designed gain-switched frequency comb (GSFC) source was passively coupled to a medium finesse (F ≈ 522) cavity in off-axis configuration for the detection of ammonia (14NH3) in static dry air. The absorption of ammonia was detected in the near infrared spectral region between 6604 and 6607 cm-1 using a Fourier transform detection scheme. More than 30 lines of the GSFC output (free spectral range 2.5 GHz) overlapped with the strongest ro-vibrational ammonia absorption features in that spectral region. With the cavity in off-axis configuration, an NH3 detection limit of ∼3.7 ppmv in 20 s was accomplished in a laboratory environment. The experimental performance of the prototype spectrometer was characterized; advantages, drawbacks and the potential for future applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Chandran
- Physics Department & Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
| | - Albert A. Ruth
- Physics Department & Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
| | - Eamonn P. Martin
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 D09 W6Y4, Ireland; (E.P.M.); (P.M.A.)
| | - Justin K. Alexander
- Physics Department & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; (J.K.A.); (F.H.P.)
| | - Frank H. Peters
- Physics Department & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; (J.K.A.); (F.H.P.)
| | - Prince M. Anandarajah
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 D09 W6Y4, Ireland; (E.P.M.); (P.M.A.)
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14
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Panes-Ruiz LA, Shaygan M, Fu Y, Liu Y, Khavrus V, Oswald S, Gemming T, Baraban L, Bezugly V, Cuniberti G. Toward Highly Sensitive and Energy Efficient Ammonia Gas Detection with Modified Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes at Room Temperature. ACS Sens 2018; 3:79-86. [PMID: 29186954 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication and comparative analysis of the gas sensing devices based on individualized single-walled carbon nanotubes of four different types (pristine, boron doped, nitrogen doped, and semiconducting ones) for detection of low concentrations of ammonia is presented. The comparison of the detection performance of different devices, in terms of resistance change under exposure to ammonia at low concentrations combined with the detailed analysis of chemical bonding of dopant atoms to nanotube walls sheds light on the interaction of NH3 with carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, chemoresistive measurements showed that the use of semiconducting nanotubes as conducting channels leads to the highest sensitivity of devices compared to the other materials. Electrical characterization and analysis of the structure of fabricated devices showed a close relation between amount and quality of the distribution of deposited nanotubes and their sensing properties. All measurements were performed at room temperature, and the power consumption of gas sensing devices was as low as 0.6 μW. Finally, the route toward an optimal fabrication of nanotube-based sensors for the reliable, energy-efficient sub-ppm ammonia detection is proposed, which matches the pave of advent of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrdad Shaygan
- Advanced
Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), AMO GmbH, Otto-Blumenthal-Str.
25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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