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Konoplev G, Agafonova D, Bakhchova L, Mukhin N, Kurachkina M, Schmidt MP, Verlov N, Sidorov A, Oseev A, Stepanova O, Kozyrev A, Dmitriev A, Hirsch S. Label-Free Physical Techniques and Methodologies for Proteins Detection in Microfluidic Biosensor Structures. Biomedicines 2022; 10:207. [PMID: 35203416 PMCID: PMC8868674 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in biological fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) are important biomarkers of various pathological conditions. Protein biomarkers detection and quantification have been proven to be an indispensable diagnostic tool in clinical practice. There is a growing tendency towards using portable diagnostic biosensor devices for point-of-care (POC) analysis based on microfluidic technology as an alternative to conventional laboratory protein assays. In contrast to universally accepted analytical methods involving protein labeling, label-free approaches often allow the development of biosensors with minimal requirements for sample preparation by omitting expensive labelling reagents. The aim of the present work is to review the variety of physical label-free techniques of protein detection and characterization which are suitable for application in micro-fluidic structures and analyze the technological and material aspects of label-free biosensors that implement these methods. The most widely used optical and impedance spectroscopy techniques: absorption, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, Raman scattering, and interferometry, as well as new trends in photonics are reviewed. The challenges of materials selection, surfaces tailoring in microfluidic structures, and enhancement of the sensitivity and miniaturization of biosensor systems are discussed. The review provides an overview for current advances and future trends in microfluidics integrated technologies for label-free protein biomarkers detection and discusses existing challenges and a way towards novel solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Konoplev
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Darina Agafonova
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Liubov Bakhchova
- Institute for Automation Technology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Nikolay Mukhin
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Marharyta Kurachkina
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Marc-Peter Schmidt
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Nikolay Verlov
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 188300 Gatchina, Russia;
| | - Alexander Sidorov
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
- Fuculty of Photonics, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Oseev
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR-6174, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Oksana Stepanova
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrey Kozyrev
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Dmitriev
- Department of Ecological Physiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine” (FSBSI “IEM”), 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Soeren Hirsch
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
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Zhang Y, Kenarangi F, Zhang H, Vaziri S, Li D, Pu X, Sun Y. Versatile Optofluidic Solid-Core/Liquid-Cladding Waveguide Based on Evanescent Wave Excitation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14983-14989. [PMID: 33108157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the design and operation of a solid-core/liquid-cladding (SL) waveguide excited by an evanescent wave. To do this, an optical fiber is integrated into a microfluidic channel and pumped along the fiber axis, ensuring the cladding solution is excited by the evanescent field of the guided mode at the core/cladding interface. The pump beam is guided by the total internal reflection in the fiber, providing a uniform excitation along the microfluidic channel. The evanescent wave provides precise excitation to the dye molecules in close proximity to the core/cladding interface, which significantly reduces the background fluorescence and increases the signal-to-noise ratio. Fluorescence intensity measurements of different dye concentrations and refractive indices of the cladding solution are conducted to evaluate their influences on the propagation loss, which shows that the peak intensity propagation loss can be as low as about 0.1 dB/cm. We further exemplify that the intensity of the fluorescence emission and the dye concentration show good linearity when the dye is in the low concentration region (<250 μM). A broad-band and simultaneous light source with a single pump light is also demonstrated by employing cascade SL waveguide segments through fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The proposed SL waveguide demonstrates excellent robustness and is easy to fabricate and use, providing a versatile platform for a variety of applications, such as high-sensitivity detection of low-concentration samples, multiband on-chip light sources, and simultaneous measurement of multiplexed parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxian Zhang
- Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Fariba Kenarangi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Seyedmohsen Vaziri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaoyun Pu
- Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuze Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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Persichetti G, Grimaldi IA, Testa G, Bernini R. Multifunctional optofluidic lab-on-chip platform for Raman and fluorescence spectroscopic microfluidic analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2631-2639. [PMID: 28664956 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional lab-on-a-chip platform for spectroscopic analysis of liquid samples based on an optofluidic jet waveguide is reported. The optofluidic detection scheme is achieved through the total internal reflection arising in a liquid jet of only 150 μm diameter, leading to highly efficient signal excitation and collection. This results in an optofluidic chip with an alignment-free spectroscopic detection scheme, which avoids any background from the sample container. This platform has been designed for multiwavelength fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. The chip integrates a recirculation system that reduces the required sample volume. The evaluation of the device performance has been accomplished by means of fluorescence measurements performed on eosin Y in water solutions, achieving a limit of detection of 33 pM. The sensor has been applied in Raman spectroscopy of water-ethanol solutions, leading to a limit of detection of 0.18%. As additional application, analysis of riboflavin using fluorescence detection demonstrates the possibility of detecting this vitamin at the 560 pM level (0.21 ng l-1). Although measurements have been performed by means of a compact and low-cost spectrometer, in both cases the micro-jet optofluidic chip achieved similar performances if not better than high-end benchtop based laboratory equipment. This approach paves the way towards portable lab-on-a-chip devices for high sensitivity environmental and biochemical sensing, using optical spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Persichetti
- Institute for Electromagnetic Monitoring of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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Persichetti G, Bernini R. Water monitoring by optofluidic Raman spectroscopy for in situ applications. Talanta 2016; 155:145-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Real-time spectroscopic monitoring of photocatalytic activity promoted by graphene in a microfluidic reactor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28803. [PMID: 27346555 PMCID: PMC4921810 DOI: 10.1038/srep28803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic microreactors have been utilized as rapid, versatile platforms for the characterization of photocatalysts. In this work, a photocatalytic microreactor integrated with absorption spectroscopy was proposed for the real-time monitoring of photocatalytic activity using different catalysts. The validity of this method was investigated by the rapid screening on the photocatalytic performance of a titanium oxide (TiO2)-decorated graphene oxide (GO) sheet for the degradation of methylene blue under monochromatic visible irradiation. The sampling interval time could be minimized to 10 s for achieving real-time detection. The best photocatalytic activity was observed for an optimized TiO2/GO weight mixing ratio of 7:11, with a reaction rate constant up to 0.067 min−1. The addition of GO into TiO2 enhances photocatalytic activity and adsorption of MB molecules. The synthetic reaction rate constant was up to approximately 0.11 min−1, which was also the highest among the catalysts. The microreactor exhibited good sensitivity and reproducibility without weakening the performance of the photocatalysts. Consequently, the photocatalytic microreactor is promising as a simple, portable, and rapid screening tool for new photocatalysts.
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Optofluidic approaches for enhanced microsensor performances. SENSORS 2014; 15:465-84. [PMID: 25558989 PMCID: PMC4327030 DOI: 10.3390/s150100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Optofluidics is a relatively young research field able to create a tight synergy between optics and micro/nano-fluidics. The high level of integration between fluidic and optical elements achievable by means of optofluidic approaches makes it possible to realize an innovative class of sensors, which have been demonstrated to have an improved sensitivity, adaptability and compactness. Many developments in this field have been made in the last years thanks to the availability of a new class of low cost materials and new technologies. This review describes the Italian state of art on optofluidic devices for sensing applications and offers a perspective for further future advances. We introduce the optofluidic concept and describe the advantages of merging photonic and fluidic elements, focusing on sensor developments for both environmental and biomedical monitoring.
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Testa G, Persichetti G, Sarro PM, Bernini R. A hybrid silicon-PDMS optofluidic platform for sensing applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:417-26. [PMID: 24575337 PMCID: PMC3920873 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid silicon-poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS) optofluidic platform for lab-on-a-chip applications is proposed. A liquid-core waveguide with a self-aligned solid-core waveguide and a microfluidic device are integrated with a multilayer approach, resulting in a three-dimensional device assembly. The optofluidic layer was fabricated with a hybrid silicon-polymer technology, whereas the microfluidic layer was fabricated with a soft lithography technique. The combination of different materials and fabrication processes allows a modular approach, enabling both the benefits from the high optical quality achievable with silicon technology and the low cost of polymer processing. The proposed chip has been tested for fluorescence measurements on Cy5 water solutions, demonstrating the possibility to obtain a limit of detection of 2.5 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genni Testa
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Persichetti
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasqualina M. Sarro
- DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Romeo Bernini
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
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Gupta R, Goddard NJ. A polymeric waveguide resonant mirror (RM) device for detection in microfluidic flow cells. Analyst 2013; 138:3209-15. [PMID: 23595031 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00263b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel resonant mirror (RM) device, which consisted of silica sol-gel spacer and polystyrene waveguide layers on a standard microscope slide glass substrate, was developed in this work. The device was successfully used to measure the absorption spectrum of methylene blue with a limit of detection (LOD) of at most 20.8 μM at 635 nm and a minimum detectable absorption coefficient of 0.94 cm(-1). A RM device consisting of dye-doped polystyrene waveguide layer was then demonstrated to be suitable to monitor antibody-antigen (in this case, anti-IgG and IgG) binding and was shown to be capable of detecting at least 100 nM IgG. The sensitivity of the device was estimated to be 17.27° per refractive index unit (RIU), which corresponds to a resolution of 1.45 × 10(-4) RIU for the set-up used. The RM device developed in this work can be easily integrated with microfluidic devices to identify and quantify (bio) chemical species by either absorption spectroscopy or measurement of effective optical thickness or both. In addition, the device was fabricated using a simple and low cost fabrication technique, spin coating. Hence, it can be easily mass produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Persichetti G, Testa G, Bernini R. High sensitivity UV fluorescence spectroscopy based on an optofluidic jet waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:24219-24230. [PMID: 24104332 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.024219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel spectroscopic sensor based on an optofluidic liquid jet waveguide is presented. In this device, a liquid jet waveguide is generated with the solution under analysis. This stream, exploiting total internal reflection, acts as an optical waveguide confining the autofluorescence light produced by chemical or biological samples when opportunely excited. Using a self-aligned configuration, the liquid jet is directly coupled with a multimode optical fiber collecting the fluorescence towards the detection system. Experimental measurements have been performed using an UV excitation source on water solutions containing representative water pollutants as aromatic hydrocarbons or bacteria showing very low limit of detection.
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