1
|
Tsui HCL, Healy N. Recent progress of semiconductor optoelectronic fibers. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:383-398. [PMID: 36637765 PMCID: PMC9743859 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor optoelectronic fiber technology has seen rapid development in recent years thanks to advancements in fabrication and post-processing techniques. Integrating the optical and electronic functionality of semiconductor materials into a fiber geometry has opened up many possibilities, such as in-fiber frequency generation, signal modulation, photodetection, and solar energy harvesting. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in semiconductor optoelectronic fibers, including fabrication and post-processing methods, materials and their optical properties. The applications in nonlinear optics, optical-electrical conversion, lasers and multimaterial functional fibers will also be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hei Chit Leo Tsui
- Emerging Technologies and Materials Group, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Noel Healy
- Emerging Technologies and Materials Group, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren H, Shen L, Runge AFJ, Hawkins TW, Ballato J, Gibson U, Peacock AC. Low-loss silicon core fibre platform for mid-infrared nonlinear photonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:105. [PMID: 31798844 PMCID: PMC6872570 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Broadband mid-infrared light sources are highly desired for wide-ranging applications that span free-space communications to spectroscopy. In recent years, silicon has attracted great interest as a platform for nonlinear optical wavelength conversion in this region, owing to its low losses (linear and nonlinear) and high stability. However, most research in this area has made use of small core waveguides fabricated from silicon-on-insulator platforms, which suffer from high absorption losses of the use of silica cladding, limiting their ability to generate light beyond 3 µm. Here, we design and demonstrate a compact silicon core, silica-clad waveguide platform that has low losses across the entire silicon transparency window. The waveguides are fabricated from a silicon core fibre that is tapered to engineer mode properties to ensure efficient nonlinear propagation in the core with minimal interaction of the mid-infrared light with the cladding. These waveguides exhibit many of the benefits of fibre platforms, such as a high coupling efficiency and power handling capability, allowing for the generation of mid-infrared supercontinuum spectra with high brightness and coherence spanning almost two octaves (1.6-5.3 µm).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ren
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Li Shen
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Antoine F. J. Runge
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Present Address: The Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Thomas W. Hawkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - John Ballato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Ursula Gibson
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna C. Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Z, Yuan J, Mei C, Li F, Zhou X, Yan B, Wu Q, Wang K, Sang X, Long K, Yu C. Multi-octave mid-infrared supercontinuum and frequency comb generation in a suspended As 2Se 3 ridge waveguide. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:8404-8410. [PMID: 31873322 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.008404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we numerically investigate the mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) generation in a suspended ${{\rm As}_2}{{\rm Se}_3}$As2Se3 ridge waveguide, which is designed with the two zero-dispersion wavelengths. Simulation results show that when the pump pulses at wavelength 3.3 µm with width of 100 fs and peak power of 900 W are launched into the anomalous dispersion region of the designed waveguide with a length of 0.87 mm, the SC can be generated in the wavelength range from 1.76 to 14.42 µm (more than three octaves), extending deep into the "fingerprint" region. The stability of the generated SC is confirmed by the first-order coherence. Moreover, we demonstrate the performance of the SC-based frequency comb by assuming a 50 pulse pump source at a repetition rate of 100 MHz.
Collapse
|
4
|
Schaarschmidt K, Xuan H, Kobelke J, Chemnitz M, Hartl I, Schmidt MA. Long-term stable supercontinuum generation and watt-level transmission in liquid-core optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2236-2239. [PMID: 31042192 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties such as transparency, tunability, nonlinearity, and dispersion flexibility, liquid-core fibers represent an important approach for future coherent mid-infrared light sources. However, the damage thresholds of these fibers are largely unexplored. Here we report on the generation of soliton-based supercontinua in carbon disulfide (CS2) liquid-core fibers at average power levels as high as 0.5 W operating stably for a long term (>70 h) without any kind of degradation or damage. Additionally, we also show stable high-power pulse transmission through liquid-core fibers exceeding 1 W of output average power for both CS2 and tetrachloroethylene as core materials.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wearable E-Textile Technologies: A Review on Sensors, Actuators and Control Elements. INVENTIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions3010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
6
|
Singh N, Xin M, Vermeulen D, Shtyrkova K, Li N, Callahan PT, Magden ES, Ruocco A, Fahrenkopf N, Baiocco C, Kuo BPP, Radic S, Ippen E, Kärtner FX, Watts MR. Octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum generation in silicon on insulator from 1.06 μm to beyond 2.4 μm. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17131. [PMID: 30839639 PMCID: PMC6107049 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-based nonlinear optical devices in the near-infrared are in strong demand. Due to two-photon absorption in silicon, however, much nonlinear research is shifting towards unconventional photonics platforms. In this work, we demonstrate the generation of an octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum in a silicon waveguide covering the spectral region from the near- to shortwave-infrared. With input pulses of 18 pJ in energy, the generated signal spans the wavelength range from the edge of the silicon transmission window, approximately 1.06 to beyond 2.4 μm, with a -20 dB bandwidth covering 1.124-2.4 μm. An octave-spanning supercontinuum was also observed at the energy levels as low as 4 pJ (-35 dB bandwidth). We also measured the coherence over an octave, obtaining , in good agreement with the simulations. In addition, we demonstrate optimization of the third-order dispersion of the waveguide to strengthen the dispersive wave and discuss the advantage of having a soliton at the long wavelength edge of an octave-spanning signal for nonlinear applications. This research paves the way for applications, such as chip-scale precision spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, optical frequency metrology, frequency synthesis and wide-band wavelength division multiplexing in the telecom window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neetesh Singh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Xin
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Diedrik Vermeulen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katia Shtyrkova
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nanxi Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Patrick T Callahan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emir Salih Magden
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alfonso Ruocco
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Fahrenkopf
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Christopher Baiocco
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Bill P-P Kuo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Stojan Radic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Erich Ippen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Franz X Kärtner
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Centre for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL)-DESY and University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Michael R Watts
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mei C, Li F, Yuan J, Kang Z, Zhang X, Yan B, Sang X, Wu Q, Zhou X, Zhong K, Wang L, Wang K, Yu C, Wai PKA. Comprehensive analysis of passive generation of parabolic similaritons in tapered hydrogenated amorphous silicon photonic wires. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630483 PMCID: PMC5476606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parabolic pulses have important applications in both basic and applied sciences, such as high power optical amplification, optical communications, all-optical signal processing, etc. The generation of parabolic similaritons in tapered hydrogenated amorphous silicon photonic wires at telecom (λ ~ 1550 nm) and mid-IR (λ ≥ 2100 nm) wavelengths is demonstrated and analyzed. The self-similar theory of parabolic pulse generation in passive waveguides with increasing nonlinearity is presented. A generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation is used to describe the coupled dynamics of optical field in the tapered hydrogenated amorphous silicon photonic wires with either decreasing dispersion or increasing nonlinearity. The impacts of length dependent higher-order effects, linear and nonlinear losses including two-photon absorption, and photon-generated free carriers, on the pulse evolutions are characterized. Numerical simulations show that initial Gaussian pulses will evolve into the parabolic pulses in the waveguide taper designed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box72 (BUPT), 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jinhui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box72 (BUPT), 100876, Beijing, China. .,Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Zhe Kang
- Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Xianting Zhang
- Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Binbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box72 (BUPT), 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhu Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box72 (BUPT), 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Xian Zhou
- Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kangping Zhong
- Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Kuiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box72 (BUPT), 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Chongxiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box72 (BUPT), 100876, Beijing, China
| | - P K A Wai
- Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Glass and Process Development for the Next Generation of Optical Fibers: A Review. FIBERS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fib5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Chemnitz M, Wei J, Jain C, Rodrigues BP, Wieduwilt T, Kobelke J, Wondraczek L, Schmidt MA. Octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in hybrid silver metaphosphate/silica step-index fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3519-3522. [PMID: 27472608 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We reveal the potential of step-index fibers consisting of a metaphosphate glass core and a silica cladding as an ultrafast octave-spanning supercontinuum source. The hybrid waveguide was fabricated by pressure-assisted melt filling and possesses a sophisticated dispersion behavior with two zero-dispersion points in the proximity of the Erbium laser bands. The fiber generates an octave-spanning supercontinuum from 0.7 to 2.4 μm if pumped at 1.56 μm with 30 fs pulses and energies as low as 300 pJ. Numerical simulations reveal soliton fission and double dispersive wave generation as the dominant broadening effect. This study highlights phosphate glasses as a promising new candidate for the next generation of broadband photonic devices, as they allow for high rare earth-doping levels and dispersion posttuning via plasmonic nanoparticle growth.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chemnitz M, Schmidt MA. Single mode criterion - a benchmark figure to optimize the performance of nonlinear fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16191-16205. [PMID: 27410885 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical fibers with sub-wavelength cores are promising systems for efficient nonlinear light generation. Here we reveal that the single-mode criterion represents a convenient design tool to optimize the performance of nonlinear fibers circumventing intense numerical calculations. We introduce a quasi-analytic expression for the nonlinear coefficient allowing us to investigate its behavior over a large parameter range. The study is independent of the actual value of the material nonlinearity and shows the fundamental dependencies of the nonlinear coefficient on wavelength, refractive index and core diameter, elucidated by detailed case studies of fused silica and chalcogenide tapers and hybrid fibers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Liu H, Sun Q, Huang N, Wang Z. Supercontinuum generation in strip/slot hybrid waveguide with flat and low dispersion. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:4850-4856. [PMID: 26192523 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.004850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A strip/slot hybrid waveguide with double horizontal silicon nanocrystals slots is proposed to achieve flat and low dispersion with four zero dispersion wavelengths. By tuning structural parameters of the waveguide, dispersion tailoring is fully characterized. The flat dispersion varying between -13 and 14 ps/(nm·km) is obtained over an 845 nm bandwidth. A broadband supercontinuum spectrum, spanning from 1.15 to 3.65 μm in the -15 dB level, was generated in this waveguide pumped by a femtosecond pulse at 1.86 μm. Results indicate that the waveguide has great potential in near- and mid-infrared nonlinear applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Leo F, Safioui J, Kuyken B, Roelkens G, Gorza SP. Generation of coherent supercontinuum in a-Si:H waveguides: experiment and modeling based on measured dispersion profile. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:28997-29007. [PMID: 25402138 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.028997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a:Si-H) has recently been recognized as a highly nonlinear CMOS compatible photonic platform. We experimentally demonstrate the generation of a supercontinuum (SC) spanning over 500 nm in a-Si:H photonic wire waveguide at telecommunication wavelengths using femtosecond input pulse with energy lower than 5 pJ. Numerical modeling of pulse propagation in the waveguide, based on the experimentally characterized dispersion profile, shows that the supercontinuum is the result of soliton fission and dispersive wave generation. It is demonstrated that the SC is highly coherent and that the waveguides do not suffer from material degradation under femtosecond pulse illumination. Finally, a direct comparison of SC generation in c-Si and a-Si:H waveguides confirms the higher performances of a-Si:H over c-Si for broadband low power SC generation at telecommunication wavelengths.
Collapse
|