1
|
Liu Y, Uttam S. Perspective on quantitative phase imaging to improve precision cancer medicine. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S22705. [PMID: 38584967 PMCID: PMC10996848 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s2.s22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Significance Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) offers a label-free approach to non-invasively characterize cellular processes by exploiting their refractive index based intrinsic contrast. QPI captures this contrast by translating refractive index associated phase shifts into intensity-based quantifiable data with nanoscale sensitivity. It holds significant potential for advancing precision cancer medicine by providing quantitative characterization of the biophysical properties of cells and tissue in their natural states. Aim This perspective aims to discuss the potential of QPI to increase our understanding of cancer development and its response to therapeutics. It also explores new developments in QPI methods towards advancing personalized cancer therapy and early detection. Approach We begin by detailing the technical advancements of QPI, examining its implementations across transmission and reflection geometries and phase retrieval methods, both interferometric and non-interferometric. The focus then shifts to QPI's applications in cancer research, including dynamic cell mass imaging for drug response assessment, cancer risk stratification, and in-vivo tissue imaging. Results QPI has emerged as a crucial tool in precision cancer medicine, offering insights into tumor biology and treatment efficacy. Its sensitivity to detecting nanoscale changes holds promise for enhancing cancer diagnostics, risk assessment, and prognostication. The future of QPI is envisioned in its integration with artificial intelligence, morpho-dynamics, and spatial biology, broadening its impact in cancer research. Conclusions QPI presents significant potential in advancing precision cancer medicine and redefining our approach to cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Future directions include harnessing high-throughput dynamic imaging, 3D QPI for realistic tumor models, and combining artificial intelligence with multi-omics data to extend QPI's capabilities. As a result, QPI stands at the forefront of cancer research and clinical application in cancer care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Cancer Center at Illinois, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Pittsburgh, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shikhar Uttam
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen T, Karedla N, Enderlein J. Measuring sub-nanometer undulations at microsecond temporal resolution with metal- and graphene-induced energy transfer spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1789. [PMID: 38413608 PMCID: PMC10899616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Out-of-plane fluctuations, also known as stochastic displacements, of biological membranes play a crucial role in regulating many essential life processes within cells and organelles. Despite the availability of various methods for quantifying membrane dynamics, accurately quantifying complex membrane systems with rapid and tiny fluctuations, such as mitochondria, remains a challenge. In this work, we present a methodology that combines metal/graphene-induced energy transfer (MIET/GIET) with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to quantify out-of-plane fluctuations of membranes with simultaneous spatiotemporal resolution of approximately one nanometer and one microsecond. To validate the technique and spatiotemporal resolution, we measure bending undulations of model membranes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the versatility and applicability of MIET/GIET-FCS for studying diverse membrane systems, including the widely studied fluctuating membrane system of human red blood cells, as well as two unexplored membrane systems with tiny fluctuations, a pore-spanning membrane, and mitochondrial inner/outer membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Georg August University, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Narain Karedla
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 OFA, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Georg August University, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang YG, Park K, Hyeon MG, Yang TD, Choi Y. Three-dimensional imaging in reflection phase microscopy with minimal axial scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:44741-44753. [PMID: 38178536 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Reflection phase microscopy is a valuable tool for acquiring three-dimensional (3D) images of objects due to its capability of optical sectioning. The conventional method of constructing a 3D map is capturing 2D images at each depth with a mechanical scanning finer than the optical sectioning. This not only compromises sample stability but also slows down the acquisition process, imposing limitations on its practical applications. In this study, we utilized a reflection phase microscope to acquire 2D images at depth locations significantly spaced apart, far beyond the range of optical sectioning. By employing a numerical propagation, we successfully filled the information gap between the acquisition layers, and then constructed complete 3D maps of objects with substantially reduced number of axial scans. Our experimental results also demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach in enhancing imaging speed while maintaining the accuracy of the reconstructed 3D structures. This technique has the potential to improve the applicability of reflection phase microscopy in diverse fields such as bioimaging and material science.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang S, Zhou R, Brelen M, Mak HK, Lin Y, So PTC, Yaqoob Z. Mapping nanoscale topographic features in thick tissues with speckle diffraction tomography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:200. [PMID: 37607903 PMCID: PMC10444882 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Resolving three-dimensional morphological features in thick specimens remains a significant challenge for label-free imaging. We report a new speckle diffraction tomography (SDT) approach that can image thick biological specimens with ~500 nm lateral resolution and ~1 μm axial resolution in a reflection geometry. In SDT, multiple-scattering background is rejected through spatiotemporal gating provided by dynamic speckle-field interferometry, while depth-resolved refractive index maps are reconstructed by developing a comprehensive inverse-scattering model that also considers specimen-induced aberrations. Benefiting from the high-resolution and full-field quantitative imaging capabilities of SDT, we successfully imaged red blood cells and quantified their membrane fluctuations behind a turbid medium with a thickness of 2.8 scattering mean-free paths. Most importantly, we performed volumetric imaging of cornea inside an ex vivo rat eye and quantified its optical properties, including the mapping of nanoscale topographic features of Dua's and Descemet's membranes that had not been previously visualized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungsam Kang
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Marten Brelen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heather K Mak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuechuan Lin
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter T C So
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zahid Yaqoob
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arcab P, Mirecki B, Stefaniuk M, Pawłowska M, Trusiak M. Experimental optimization of lensless digital holographic microscopy with rotating diffuser-based coherent noise reduction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42810-42828. [PMID: 36522993 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Laser-based lensless digital holographic microscopy (LDHM) is often spoiled by considerable coherent noise factor. We propose a novel LDHM method with significantly limited coherent artifacts, e.g., speckle noise and parasitic interference fringes. It is achieved by incorporating a rotating diffuser, which introduces partial spatial coherence and preserves high temporal coherence of laser light, crucial for credible in-line hologram reconstruction. We present the first implementation of the classical rotating diffuser concept in LDHM, significantly increasing the signal-to-noise ratio while preserving the straightforwardness and compactness of the LDHM imaging device. Prior to the introduction of the rotating diffusor, we performed LDHM experimental hardware optimization employing 4 light sources, 4 cameras, and 3 different optical magnifications (camera-sample distances). It was guided by the quantitative assessment of numerical amplitude/phase reconstruction of test targets, conducted upon standard deviation calculation (noise factor quantification), and resolution evaluation (information throughput quantification). Optimized rotating diffuser LDHM (RD-LDHM) method was successfully corroborated in technical test target imaging and examination of challenging biomedical sample (60 µm thick mouse brain tissue slice). Physical minimization of coherent noise (up to 50%) was positively verified, while preserving optimal spatial resolution of phase and amplitude imaging. Coherent noise removal, ensured by proposed RD-LDHM method, is especially important in biomedical inference, as speckles can falsely imitate valid biological features. Combining this favorable outcome with large field-of-view imaging can promote the use of reported RD-LDHM technique in high-throughput stain-free biomedical screening.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rogalski M, Cywińska M, Ahmad A, Patorski K, Micó V, Ahluwalia BS, Trusiak M. Hilbert phase microscopy based on pseudo thermal illumination in the Linnik configuration. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5793-5796. [PMID: 37219105 DOI: 10.1364/ol.471858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) is often based on recording an object-reference interference pattern and its further phase demodulation. We propose pseudo Hilbert phase microscopy (PHPM) where we combine pseudo thermal light source illumination and Hilbert spiral transform (HST) phase demodulation to achieve hybrid hardware-software-driven noise robustness and an increase in resolution of single-shot coherent QPM. Those advantageous features stem from physically altering the laser spatial coherence and numerically restoring spectrally overlapped object spatial frequencies. The capabilities of PHPM are demonstrated by analyzing calibrated phase targets and live HeLa cells in comparison with laser illumination and phase demodulation via temporal phase shifting (TPS) and Fourier transform (FT) techniques. The performed studies verified the unique ability of PHPM to combine single-shot imaging, noise minimization, and preservation of phase details.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmad A, Jayakumar N, Ahluwalia BS. Demystifying speckle field interference microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10869. [PMID: 35760816 PMCID: PMC9237063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic speckle illumination (DSI) has recently attracted strong attention in the field of biomedical imaging as it pushes the limits of interference microscopy (IM) in terms of phase sensitivity, and spatial and temporal resolution compared to conventional light source illumination. To date, despite conspicuous advantages, it has not been extensively implemented in the field of phase imaging due to inadequate understanding of interference fringe formation, which is challenging to obtain in dynamic speckle illumination interference microscopy (DSI-IM). The present article provides the basic understanding of DSI through both simulation and experiments that is essential to build interference microscopy systems such as quantitative phase microscopy, digital holographic microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Using the developed understanding of DSI, we demonstrated its capabilities which enables the use of non-identical objective lenses in both arms of the interferometer and opens the flexibility to use user-defined microscope objective lens for scalable field of view and resolution phase imaging. It is contrary to the present understanding which forces us to use identical objective lenses in conventional IM system and limits the applicability of the system for fixed objective lens. In addition, it is also demonstrated that the interference fringes are not washed out over a large range of optical path difference (OPD) between the object and the reference arm providing competitive edge over low temporal coherence light source based IM system. The theory and explanation developed here would enable wider penetration of DSI-IM for applications in biology and material sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Ahmad
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Nikhil Jayakumar
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institute, and Center for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mandal AC, Sarkar T, Zalevsky Z, Singh RK. Structured transmittance illumination coherence holography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4564. [PMID: 35296757 PMCID: PMC8927146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The coherence holography offers an unconventional way to reconstruct the hologram where an incoherent light illumination is used for reconstruction purposes, and object encoded into the hologram is reconstructed as the distribution of the complex coherence function. Measurement of the coherence function usually requires an interferometric setup and array detectors. This paper presents an entirely new idea of reconstruction of the complex coherence function in the coherence holography without an interferometric setup. This is realized by structured pattern projections on the incoherent source structure and implementing measurement of the cross-covariance of the intensities by a single-pixel detector. This technique, named structured transmittance illumination coherence holography (STICH), helps to reconstruct the complex coherence from the intensity measurement in a single-pixel detector without an interferometric setup and also keeps advantages of the intensity correlations. A simple experimental setup is presented as a first step to realize the technique, and results based on the computer modeling of the experimental setup are presented to show validation of the idea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Chandra Mandal
- Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Metrology, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.,Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Tushar Sarkar
- Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Metrology, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering and Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Metrology, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
In vivo visualization of butterfly scale cell morphogenesis in Vanessa cardui. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112009118. [PMID: 34845021 PMCID: PMC8670486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112009118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms exhibit functional micro- and nanoscale materials with structural definition and performance that challenge synthetic fabrication techniques, yet we know little about the processes that enable their formation. Using butterfly scales as a model system for functional biomaterials, we establish a timeline of scale formation and quantify relevant structural parameters for developing painted lady butterflies. We overcome challenges of previous efforts by imaging structure formation directly in living organisms, which allows us to continuously observe the evolving wing tissue and the fine details of individual scale cells. Visualization of scale structure formation in live butterflies forms the basis for modeling the underlying biomechanical processes and opens avenues for their translation into advanced fabrication strategies. During metamorphosis, the wings of a butterfly sprout hundreds of thousands of scales with intricate microstructures and nano-structures that determine the wings’ optical appearance, wetting characteristics, thermodynamic properties, and aerodynamic behavior. Although the functional characteristics of scales are well known and prove desirable in various applications, the dynamic processes and temporal coordination required to sculpt the scales’ many structural features remain poorly understood. Current knowledge of scale growth is primarily gained from ex vivo studies of fixed scale cells at discrete time points; to fully understand scale formation, it is critical to characterize the time-dependent morphological changes throughout their development. Here, we report the continuous, in vivo, label-free imaging of growing scale cells of Vanessa cardui using speckle-correlation reflection phase microscopy. By capturing time-resolved volumetric tissue data together with nanoscale surface height information, we establish a morphological timeline of wing scale formation and gain quantitative insights into the underlying processes involved in scale cell patterning and growth. We identify early differences in the patterning of cover and ground scales on the young wing and quantify geometrical parameters of growing scale features, which suggest that surface growth is critical to structure formation. Our quantitative, time-resolved in vivo imaging of butterfly scale development provides the foundation for decoding the processes and biomechanical principles involved in the formation of functional structures in biological materials.
Collapse
|
10
|
The effect of pupil transmittance on axial resolution of reflection phase microscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22774. [PMID: 34815473 PMCID: PMC8610988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A reflection phase microscope (RPM) can be equipped with the capability of depth selection by employing a gating mechanism. However, it is difficult to achieve an axial resolution close to the diffraction limit in real implementation. Here, we systematically investigated the uneven interference contrast produced by pupil transmittance of the objective lens and found that it was the main cause of the practical limit that prevents the axial resolution from reaching its diffraction limit. Then we modulated the power of illumination light to obtain a uniform interference contrast over the entire pupil. Consequently, we could achieve an axial resolution fairly close to the diffraction limit set by the experimental conditions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cho J, Kang S, Lee B, Moon J, Lim YS, Jang M, Choi W. Time-resolved detection of early-arriving ballistic waves in a quasi-diffusive regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:35640-35650. [PMID: 34808994 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ballistic waves directly carry image information in imaging through a scattering medium, but they are often obscured by much intense multiple-scattered waves. Detecting early arriving photons has been an effective method to extract ballistic waves in the transmission-mode imaging. However, it has been difficult to identify the temporal distribution of ballistic waves relative to the multiple scattering waves in the quasi-diffusive regime. Here, we present a method to separately quantify ballistic and multiple-scattered waves at their corresponding flight times even when multiple scattering is much stronger than the ballistic waves. This is realized by measuring the transmission matrix of an object embedded within scattering medium and comparing the coherent accumulation of ballistic waves with their incoherent addition. To further elucidate the temporal behavior of ballistic waves in quasi-diffusive regime, we analyze the flight time difference between ballistic and multiple-scattered waves and the effect of coherence gating on their relative intensities for the scattering medium of different thicknesses. The presented method to distinctively detect the temporal behavior of ballistic and multiple-scattered waves will lay a foundation to exploit multiple-scattered waves for deep-tissue imaging.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahmad A, Dubey V, Jayakumar N, Habib A, Butola A, Nystad M, Acharya G, Basnet P, Mehta DS, Ahluwalia BS. High-throughput spatial sensitive quantitative phase microscopy using low spatial and high temporal coherent illumination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15850. [PMID: 34349138 PMCID: PMC8338969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High space-bandwidth product with high spatial phase sensitivity is indispensable for a single-shot quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) system. It opens avenue for widespread applications of QPM in the field of biomedical imaging. Temporally low coherence light sources are implemented to achieve high spatial phase sensitivity in QPM at the cost of either reduced temporal resolution or smaller field of view (FOV). In addition, such light sources have low photon degeneracy. On the contrary, high temporal coherence light sources like lasers are capable of exploiting the full FOV of the QPM systems at the expense of less spatial phase sensitivity. In the present work, we demonstrated that use of narrowband partially spatially coherent light source also called pseudo-thermal light source (PTLS) in QPM overcomes the limitations of conventional light sources. The performance of PTLS is compared with conventional light sources in terms of space bandwidth product, phase sensitivity and optical imaging quality. The capabilities of PTLS are demonstrated on both amplitude (USAF resolution chart) and phase (thin optical waveguide, height ~ 8 nm) objects. The spatial phase sensitivity of QPM using PTLS is measured to be equivalent to that for white light source and supports the FOV (18 times more) equivalent to that of laser light source. The high-speed capabilities of PTLS based QPM is demonstrated by imaging live sperm cells that is limited by the camera speed and large FOV is demonstrated by imaging histopathology human placenta tissue samples. Minimal invasive, high-throughput, spatially sensitive and single-shot QPM based on PTLS will enable wider penetration of QPM in life sciences and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Ahmad
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Vishesh Dubey
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikhil Jayakumar
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anowarul Habib
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ankit Butola
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Nystad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institute, and Center for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Purusotam Basnet
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dalip Singh Mehta
- Applied Optics and Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institute, and Center for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dynamic Speckle Illumination Digital Holographic Microscopy by Doubly Scattered System. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8070276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The coherent noise always exists in digital holographic microscopy due to the laser source, degrading the image quality. A method of speckle suppression using the dynamic speckle illumination, produced by double-moving diffusers, is presented in digital holographic microscopy. The space–time correlation functions are theoretically analyzed from the statistics distribution in the doubly and singly scattered system, respectively. The configuration of double-moving diffusers is demonstrated to have better performance in speckle suppression compared with the single diffuser and moving-static double diffusers cases. The experiment results verify the feasibility of the approach. The presented approach only requires a single shot interferogram to realize the speckle reduction, accordingly it has the potential application in real-time measurement.
Collapse
|
14
|
An Improved Large-Field Microscopic Speckle Interferometry System for Dynamic Displacement Measurement of MEMS. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8070271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The traditional microscopic speckle interferometer has limited applications in engineering due to its small field of view. In this paper, we propose a large-field microscopic speckle interferometer which embeds two doublet lens groups in the improved Mach–Zehnder optical path structure to expand its field of view. At the same time, the new system can reduce the coherent noise of reflected light in the optical path. We use this new system to measure the dynamic displacement process of the entire surface of the microchips. The experimental results show that our improved measurement system can achieve large-field, real-time and high-precision dynamic measurement of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).
Collapse
|
15
|
Bhatt S, Butola A, Kanade SR, Kumar A, Mehta DS. High-resolution single-shot phase-shifting interference microscopy using deep neural network for quantitative phase imaging of biological samples. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000473. [PMID: 33913255 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
White light phase-shifting interference microscopy (WL-PSIM) is a prominent technique for high-resolution quantitative phase imaging (QPI) of industrial and biological specimens. However, multiple interferograms with accurate phase-shifts are essentially required in WL-PSIM for measuring the accurate phase of the object. Here, we present single-shot phase-shifting interferometric techniques for accurate phase measurement using filtered white light (520±36 nm) phase-shifting interference microscopy (F-WL-PSIM) and deep neural network (DNN). The methods are incorporated by training the DNN to generate (a) four phase-shifted frames and (b) direct phase from a single interferogram. The training of network is performed on two different samples i.e., optical waveguide and MG63 osteosarcoma cells. Further, performance of F-WL-PSIM+DNN framework is validated by comparing the phase map extracted from network generated and experimentally recorded interferograms. The current approach can further strengthen QPI techniques for high-resolution phase recovery using a single frame for different biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bhatt
- Bio-photonics and Green-photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Butola
- Bio-photonics and Green-photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Raosaheb Kanade
- Bio-photonics and Green-photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Kumar
- Bio-photonics and Green-photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Dalip Singh Mehta
- Bio-photonics and Green-photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Balasubramani V, Kuś A, Tu HY, Cheng CJ, Baczewska M, Krauze W, Kujawińska M. Holographic tomography: techniques and biomedical applications [Invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:B65-B80. [PMID: 33798138 DOI: 10.1364/ao.416902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Holographic tomography (HT) is an advanced label-free optical microscopic imaging method used for biological studies. HT uses digital holographic microscopy to record the complex amplitudes of a biological sample as digital holograms and then numerically reconstruct the sample's refractive index (RI) distribution in three dimensions. The RI values are a key parameter for label-free bio-examination, which correlate with metabolic activities and spatiotemporal distribution of biophysical parameters of cells and their internal organelles, tissues, and small-scale biological objects. This article provides insight on this rapidly growing HT field of research and its applications in biology. We present a review summary of the HT principle and highlight recent technical advancement in HT and its applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Butola A, Kanade SR, Bhatt S, Dubey VK, Kumar A, Ahmad A, Prasad DK, Senthilkumaran P, Ahluwalia BS, Mehta DS. High space-bandwidth in quantitative phase imaging using partially spatially coherent digital holographic microscopy and a deep neural network. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36229-36244. [PMID: 33379722 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) is a label-free technique that enables monitoring of morphological changes at the subcellular level. The performance of the QPM system in terms of spatial sensitivity and resolution depends on the coherence properties of the light source and the numerical aperture (NA) of objective lenses. Here, we propose high space-bandwidth quantitative phase imaging using partially spatially coherent digital holographic microscopy (PSC-DHM) assisted with a deep neural network. The PSC source synthesized to improve the spatial sensitivity of the reconstructed phase map from the interferometric images. Further, compatible generative adversarial network (GAN) is used and trained with paired low-resolution (LR) and high-resolution (HR) datasets acquired from the PSC-DHM system. The training of the network is performed on two different types of samples, i.e. mostly homogenous human red blood cells (RBC), and on highly heterogeneous macrophages. The performance is evaluated by predicting the HR images from the datasets captured with a low NA lens and compared with the actual HR phase images. An improvement of 9× in the space-bandwidth product is demonstrated for both RBC and macrophages datasets. We believe that the PSC-DHM + GAN approach would be applicable in single-shot label free tissue imaging, disease classification and other high-resolution tomography applications by utilizing the longitudinal spatial coherence properties of the light source.
Collapse
|
18
|
Borycki D, Auksorius E, Węgrzyn P, Wojtkowski M. Computational aberration correction in spatiotemporal optical coherence (STOC) imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1293-1296. [PMID: 32163948 DOI: 10.1364/ol.384796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal optical coherence (STOC) imaging is a new technique for suppressing coherent cross talk noise in Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (FD-FF-OCT). In STOC imaging, the time-varying inhomogeneous phase masks modulate the incident light to alter the interferometric signal. Resulting interference images are then processed as in standard FD-FF-OCT and averaged incoherently or coherently to produce cross-talk-free volumetric optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the sample. Here, we show that coherent averaging is suitable when phase modulation is performed for both interferometer arms simultaneously. We explain the advantages of coherent over incoherent averaging. Specifically, we show that modulated signal, after coherent averaging, preserves lateral phase stability, enabling computational phase correction to compensate for geometrical aberrations. Ultimately, we employ it to correct for aberrations present in the image of the photoreceptor layer of the human retina that reveals otherwise invisible photoreceptor mosaics.
Collapse
|
19
|
Matlock A, Sentenac A, Chaumet PC, Yi J, Tian L. Inverse scattering for reflection intensity phase microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:911-926. [PMID: 32206398 PMCID: PMC7041473 DOI: 10.1364/boe.380845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reflection phase imaging provides label-free, high-resolution characterization of biological samples, typically using interferometric-based techniques. Here, we investigate reflection phase microscopy from intensity-only measurements under diverse illumination. We evaluate the forward and inverse scattering model based on the first Born approximation for imaging scattering objects above a glass slide. Under this design, the measured field combines linear forward-scattering and height-dependent nonlinear back-scattering from the object that complicates object phase recovery. Using only the forward-scattering, we derive a linear inverse scattering model and evaluate this model's validity range in simulation and experiment using a standard reflection microscope modified with a programmable light source. Our method provides enhanced contrast of thin, weakly scattering samples that complement transmission techniques. This model provides a promising development for creating simplified intensity-based reflection quantitative phase imaging systems easily adoptable for biological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Matlock
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anne Sentenac
- Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick C. Chaumet
- Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Auksorius E, Borycki D, Wojtkowski M. Crosstalk-free volumetric in vivo imaging of a human retina with Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6390-6407. [PMID: 31853406 PMCID: PMC6913414 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (FD-FF-OCT) is currently the fastest volumetric imaging technique that is able to generate a single 3-D volume of retina in less than 9 ms, corresponding to a voxel rate of 7.8 GHz. FD-FF-OCT is based on a fast camera, a rapidly tunable laser source, and Fourier-domain signal detection. However, crosstalk appearing due to multiply scattered light corrupts images with the speckle pattern, and therefore, lowers image quality. Here, for the first time, we report on a system that can acquire essentially crosstalk-free volumes of the retina by using a fast deformable membrane. It enables the visualization of choroids and a clear delineation of the retinal layers that is not possible with conventional FD-FF-OCT.
Collapse
|
21
|
Studying nucleic envelope and plasma membrane mechanics of eukaryotic cells using confocal reflectance interferometric microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3652. [PMID: 31409824 PMCID: PMC6692322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress on eukaryotic nucleus has been implicated in a diverse range of diseases including muscular dystrophy and cancer metastasis. Today, there are very few non-perturbative methods to quantify nuclear mechanical properties. Interferometric microscopy, also known as quantitative phase microscopy (QPM), is a powerful tool for studying red blood cell biomechanics. The existing QPM tools, however, have not been utilized to study biomechanics of complex eukaryotic cells either due to lack of depth sectioning, limited phase measurement sensitivity, or both. Here, we present depth-resolved confocal reflectance interferometric microscopy as the next generation QPM to study nuclear and plasma membrane biomechanics. The proposed system features multiple confocal scanning foci, affording 1.5 micron depth-resolution and millisecond frame rate. Furthermore, a near common-path interferometer enables quantifying nanometer-scale membrane fluctuations with better than 200 picometers sensitivity. Our results present accurate quantification of nucleic envelope and plasma membrane fluctuations in embryonic stem cells. Biomechanical studies of eukaryotic cells have been limited due to low sensitivity and axial resolution in interferometric imaging. Here, the authors present depth-resolved confocal reflectance interferometric microscopy with high sensitivity and temporal resolution, which enables quantification of nucleic envelope and plasma membrane fluctuations.
Collapse
|
22
|
LEE KYEOREH, SHIN SEUNGWOO, YAQOOB ZAHID, SO PETERTC, PARK YONGKEUN. Low-coherent optical diffraction tomography by angle-scanning illumination. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800289. [PMID: 30597743 PMCID: PMC6470054 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Temporally low-coherent optical diffraction tomography (ODT) is proposed and demonstrated based on angle-scanning Mach-Zehnder interferometry. Using a digital micromirror device based on diffractive tilting, the full-field interference of incoherent light is successfully maintained during every angle-scanning sequences. Further, current ODT reconstruction principles for temporally incoherent illuminations are thoroughly reviewed and developed. Several limitations of incoherent illumination are also discussed, such as the nondispersive assumption, optical sectioning capacity and illumination angle limitation. Using the proposed setup and reconstruction algorithms, low-coherent ODT imaging of plastic microspheres, human red blood cells and rat pheochromocytoma cells is experimentally demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KYEOREH LEE
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - SEUNGWOO SHIN
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - ZAHID YAQOOB
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - PETER T. C. SO
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - YONGKEUN PARK
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Tomocube Inc., Daejeon 34051, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Borycki D, Hamkało M, Nowakowski M, Szkulmowski M, Wojtkowski M. Spatiotemporal optical coherence (STOC) manipulation suppresses coherent cross-talk in full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2032-2054. [PMID: 31086716 PMCID: PMC6485009 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (FF-SS-OCT) provides high-resolution depth-resolved images of the sample by parallel Fourier-domain interferometric detection. Although FF-SS-OCT implements high-speed volumetric imaging, it suffers from the cross-talk-generated noise from spatially coherent lasers. This noise reduces the transversal image resolution, which in turn, limits the wide adaptation of FF-SS-OCT for practical and clinical applications. Here, we introduce the novel spatiotemporal optical coherence (STOC) manipulation. In STOC the time-varying inhomogeneous phase masks are used to modulate the light incident on the sample. By properly adjusting these phase masks, the spatial coherence can be reduced. Consequently, the cross-talk-generated noise is suppressed, the transversal image resolution is improved by the factor of2 , and sample features become visible. STOC approach is validated by imaging 1951 USAF resolution test chart covered by the diffuser, scattering phantom and the rat skin ex vivo. In all these cases STOC suppresses the cross-talk-generated noise, and importantly, do not compromise the transversal resolution. Thus, our method provides an enhancement of FF-SS-OCT that can be beneficial for imaging biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Borycki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Hamkało
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Nowakowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Szkulmowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bouchal P, Štrbková L, Dostál Z, Chmelík R, Bouchal Z. Geometric-Phase Microscopy for Quantitative Phase Imaging of Isotropic, Birefringent and Space-Variant Polarization Samples. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3608. [PMID: 30837653 PMCID: PMC6401004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present geometric-phase microscopy allowing a multipurpose quantitative phase imaging in which the ground-truth phase is restored by quantifying the phase retardance. The method uses broadband spatially incoherent light that is polarization sensitively controlled through the geometric (Pancharatnam-Berry) phase. The assessed retardance possibly originates either in dynamic or geometric phase and measurements are customized for quantitative mapping of isotropic and birefringent samples or multi-functional geometric-phase elements. The phase restoration is based on the self-interference of polarization distinguished waves carrying sample information and providing pure reference phase, while passing through an inherently stable common-path setup. The experimental configuration allows an instantaneous (single-shot) phase restoration with guaranteed subnanometer precision and excellent ground-truth accuracy (well below 5 nm). The optical performance is demonstrated in advanced yet routinely feasible noninvasive biophotonic imaging executed in the automated manner and predestined for supervised machine learning. The experiments demonstrate measurement of cell dry mass density, cell classification based on the morphological parameters and visualization of dynamic dry mass changes. The multipurpose use of the method was demonstrated by restoring variations in the dynamic phase originating from the electrically induced birefringence of liquid crystals and by mapping the geometric phase of a space-variant polarization directed lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bouchal
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Štrbková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Dostál
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Chmelík
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Bouchal
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
CHOI YOUNGWOON, HOSSEINI POORYA, KANG JEONWOONG, KANG SUNGSAM, YANG TAESEOKDANIEL, HYEON MINGYU, KIM BEOPMIN, SO PETERTC, YAQOOB ZAHID. Reflection phase microscopy using spatio-temporal coherence of light. OPTICA 2018; 5:1468-1473. [PMID: 31008154 PMCID: PMC6472928 DOI: 10.1364/optica.5.001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Many disease states are associated with cellular biomechanical changes as markers. Label-free phase microscopes are used to quantify thermally driven interface fluctuations, which allow the deduction of important cellular rheological properties. Here, the spatio-temporal coherence of light was used to implement a high-speed reflection phase microscope with superior depth selectivity and higher phase sensitivity. Nanometric scale motion of cytoplasmic structures can be visualized with fine details and three-dimensional resolution. Specifically, the spontaneous fluctuation occurring on the nuclear membrane of a living cell was observed at video rate. By converting the reflection phase into displacement, the sensitivity in quantifying nuclear membrane fluctuation was found to be about one nanometer. A reflection phase microscope can potentially elucidate biomechanical mechanisms of pathological and physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YOUNGWOON CHOI
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Corresponding author:
| | - POORYA HOSSEINI
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - JEON WOONG KANG
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - SUNGSAM KANG
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - TAESEOK DANIEL YANG
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - MIN GYU HYEON
- Department of Biomicro System Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - BEOP-MIN KIM
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Department of Biomicro System Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - PETER T. C. SO
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Mechanical and Biological Engineering Departments, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - ZAHID YAQOOB
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jin D, Zhou R, Yaqoob Z, So PTC. Tomographic phase microscopy: principles and applications in bioimaging [Invited]. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. B, OPTICAL PHYSICS 2018; 34:B64-B77. [PMID: 29386746 PMCID: PMC5788179 DOI: 10.1364/josab.34.000b64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomographic phase microscopy (TPM) is an emerging optical microscopic technique for bioimaging. TPM uses digital holographic measurements of complex scattered fields to reconstruct three-dimensional refractive index (RI) maps of cells with diffraction-limited resolution by solving inverse scattering problems. In this paper, we review the developments of TPM from the fundamental physics to its applications in bioimaging. We first provide a comprehensive description of the tomographic reconstruction physical models used in TPM. The RI map reconstruction algorithms and various regularization methods are discussed. Selected TPM applications for cellular imaging, particularly in hematology, are reviewed. Finally, we examine the limitations of current TPM systems, propose future solutions, and envision promising directions in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zahid Yaqoob
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hu C, Popescu G. Physical significance of backscattering phase measurements. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4643-4646. [PMID: 29140332 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging of transparent objects in transmission allows for a direct interpretation of the results: the phase shift measured is linear in the refractive index contrast and object thickness. However, the same measurement in a backscattering geometry yields fundamentally different results, because the incident field component is absent from the detected field. As a result, the relationship between the measured phase and object properties is obscure. We derived analytical expressions for the propagating fields under the first-order Born approximation and studied the interpretation of the measured phase shifts in backscattering versus transmission geometries. Our analysis shows that the backscattering phase shift is the result of the plane wave superposition originating at various depths in the object, which makes it impossible to infer quantitative morphology or topography information of 3D transparent samples from a reflection phase image alone.
Collapse
|
28
|
Label-free characterization of ultra violet-radiation-induced changes in skin fibroblasts with Raman spectroscopy and quantitative phase microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10829. [PMID: 28883655 PMCID: PMC5589874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimizing morbidities and mortalities associated with skin cancers requires sustained research with the goal of obtaining fresh insights into disease onset and progression under specific stimuli, particularly the influence of ultraviolet rays. In the present study, label-free profiling of skin fibroblasts exposed to time-bound ultra-violet radiation has been performed using quantitative phase imaging and Raman spectroscopy. Statistically significant differences in quantifiable biophysical parameters, such as matter density and cell dry mass, were observed with phase imaging. Accurate estimation of changes in the biochemical constituents, notably nucleic acids and proteins, was demonstrated through a combination of Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis of spectral patterns. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate the promise of these non-perturbative optical modalities in accurately identifying cellular phenotypes and responses to external stimuli by combining molecular and biophysical information.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou R, Jin D, Hosseini P, Singh VR, Kim YH, Kuang C, Dasari RR, Yaqoob Z, So PTC. Modeling the depth-sectioning effect in reflection-mode dynamic speckle-field interferometric microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:130-143. [PMID: 28085800 PMCID: PMC5772461 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Unlike most optical coherence microscopy (OCM) systems, dynamic speckle-field interferometric microscopy (DSIM) achieves depth sectioning through the spatial-coherence gating effect. Under high numerical aperture (NA) speckle-field illumination, our previous experiments have demonstrated less than 1 μm depth resolution in reflection-mode DSIM, while doubling the diffraction limited resolution as under structured illumination. However, there has not been a physical model to rigorously describe the speckle imaging process, in particular explaining the sectioning effect under high illumination and imaging NA settings in DSIM. In this paper, we develop such a model based on the diffraction tomography theory and the speckle statistics. Using this model, we calculate the system response function, which is used to further obtain the depth resolution limit in reflection-mode DSIM. Theoretically calculated depth resolution limit is in an excellent agreement with experiment results. We envision that our physical model will not only help in understanding the imaging process in DSIM, but also enable better designing such systems for depth-resolved measurements in biological cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Zhou
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Di Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Poorya Hosseini
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vijay Raj Singh
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yang-hyo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ramachandra R. Dasari
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zahid Yaqoob
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sencan I, Huang BK, Bian Y, Mis E, Khokha MK, Cao H, Choma M. Ultrahigh-speed, phase-sensitive full-field interferometric confocal microscopy for quantitative microscale physiology. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4674-4684. [PMID: 27896006 PMCID: PMC5119606 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We developed ultra-high-speed, phase-sensitive, full-field reflection interferometric confocal microscopy (FFICM) for the quantitative characterization of in vivo microscale biological motions and flows. We demonstrated 2D frame rates in excess of 1 kHz and pixel throughput rates up to 125 MHz. These fast FFICM frame rates were enabled by the use of a low spatial coherence, high-power laser source. Specifically, we used a dense vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array that synthesized low spatial coherence light through a large number of narrowband, mutually-incoherent emitters. Off-axis interferometry enabled single-shot acquisition of the complex-valued interferometric signal. We characterized the system performance (~2 μm lateral resolution, ~8 μm axial gating depth) with a well-known target. We also demonstrated the use of this highly parallelized confocal microscopy platform for visualization and quantification of cilia-driven surface flows and cilia beat frequency in an important animal model (Xenopus embryos) with >1 kHz frame rate. Such frame rates are needed to see large changes in local flow velocity over small distance (high shear flow), in this case, local flow around a single ciliated cell. More generally, our results are an important demonstration of low-spatial coherence, high-power lasers in high-performance, quantitative biomedical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikbal Sencan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Current affiliation: MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Brendan K Huang
- Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yong Bian
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Current affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Emily Mis
- Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Hui Cao
- Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael Choma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu C, Knitter S, Cong Z, Sencan I, Cao H, Choma MA. High-speed line-field confocal holographic microscope for quantitative phase imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9251-65. [PMID: 27137541 PMCID: PMC5025226 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-speed and phase-sensitive reflectance line-scanning confocal holographic microscope (LCHM). We achieved rapid confocal imaging using a fast line-scan CCD camera and quantitative phase imaging using off-axis digital holography (DH) on a 1D, line-by-line basis in our prototype experiment. Using a 20 kHz line scan rate, we achieved a frame rate of 20 Hz for 512x512 pixels en-face confocal images. We realized coherent holographic detection two different ways. We first present a LCHM using off-axis configuration. By using a microscope objective of a NA 0.65, we achieved axial and lateral resolution of ~3.5 micrometers and ~0.8 micrometers, respectively. We demonstrated surface profile measurement of a phase target at nanometer precision and the digital refocusing of a defocused confocal en-face image. Ultrahigh temporal resolution M mode is demonstrated by measuring the vibration of a PZT-actuated mirror driven by a sine wave at 1 kHz. We then report our experimental work on a LCHM using an in-line configuration. In this in-line LCHM, the coherent detection is enabled by moving the reference arm at a constant speed, thereby introducing a Doppler frequency shift that leads to spatial interference fringes along the scanning direction. Lastly, we present a unified formulation that treats off-axis and in-line LCHM in a unified joint spatiotemporal modulation framework and provide a connection between LCHM and the traditional off-axis DH. The presented high-speed LCHM may find applications in optical metrology and biomedical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changgeng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
| | - Sebastian Knitter
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
| | - Zhilong Cong
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
| | - Ikbal Sencan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
| | - Michael A. Choma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gu RY, Mahalati RN, Kahn JM. Design of flexible multi-mode fiber endoscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:26905-18. [PMID: 26480352 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.026905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-mode fiber (MMF) endoscopes are extremely thin and have higher spatial resolution than conventional endoscopes; however, all current MMF endoscope designs require either that the MMF remain rigid during insertion and imaging or that the orientation of the MMF be known. This limits their possible medical applications. We describe an MMF endoscope design that allows the MMF to be arbitrarily bent as it is maneuvered to the target site prior to imaging. This is achieved by the addition of a partial reflector to the distal end of the MMF, which allows measurement of the mode coupling in the MMF using the reflected light arriving at the proximal end of the MMF. This measurement can be performed while the distal end of the endoscope is not directly accessible, as when the endoscope is being maneuvered. We simulate imaging through such a flexible MMF endoscope, where the MMF is step-index with 1588 spatial modes, and obtain an image even after the mode coupling matrix of the MMF is altered randomly, corresponding to an unknown bending of the MMF.
Collapse
|
33
|
Katayama K, Choi Y, Kang JW, Yaqoob Z, So PTC, Fujii T, Kuwahara S, Takado K, Ikeda T. Depth-selective microscopic observation of a photomobile liquid crystal polymer under UV illumination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:27074-7. [PMID: 25384880 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By using the depth selective imaging method, we studied the UV induced change in a photomobile liquid crystalline polymer film. With 1 μm depth resolution, each slice inside the film was selectively observed. A network-like structure mixed with the ordered and disordered regions of molecules in the middle of the film, and a rubbed polymer layer at the bottom of the film were observed. In each slice of the film, the phase change induced by UV light was observed strongly dependent on the director direction, which indicates the ordering change of the liquid crystalline molecules in the director direction. It took several tens of seconds for the ordering change caused by the collaborative interaction between the molecules. Furthermore, it was suggested that the UV induced change travelled from the bottom layer to the middle layer on the micron order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Katayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University, 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|