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Pogue BW, Zhu TC, Ntziachristos V, Wilson BC, Paulsen KD, Gioux S, Nordstrom R, Pfefer TJ, Tromberg BJ, Wabnitz H, Yodh A, Chen Y, Litorja M. AAPM Task Group Report 311: Guidance for performance evaluation of fluorescence-guided surgery systems. Med Phys 2024; 51:740-771. [PMID: 38054538 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen a large growth in fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) imaging and interventions. With the increasing number of clinical specialties implementing FGS, the range of systems with radically different physical designs, image processing approaches, and performance requirements is expanding. This variety of systems makes it nearly impossible to specify uniform performance goals, yet at the same time, utilization of different devices in new clinical procedures and trials indicates some need for common knowledge bases and a quality assessment paradigm to ensure that effective translation and use occurs. It is feasible to identify key fundamental image quality characteristics and corresponding objective test methods that should be determined such that there are consistent conventions across a variety of FGS devices. This report outlines test methods, tissue simulating phantoms and suggested guidelines, as well as personnel needs and professional knowledge bases that can be established. This report frames the issues with guidance and feedback from related societies and agencies having vested interest in the outcome, coming from an independent scientific group formed from academics and international federal agencies for the establishment of these professional guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Pogue
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith D Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Robert Nordstrom
- Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - T Joshua Pfefer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Arjun Yodh
- Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maritoni Litorja
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Mohtasebi M, Singh D, Liu X, Fathi F, Haratbar SR, Saatman KE, Chen L, Yu G. Depth-sensitive diffuse speckle contrast topography for high-density mapping of cerebral blood flow in rodents. NEUROPHOTONICS 2023; 10:045007. [PMID: 38076725 PMCID: PMC10704187 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.4.045007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Significance Frequent assessment of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is crucial for the diagnosis and management of cerebral vascular diseases. In contrast to large and expensive imaging modalities, such as nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging techniques are portable and inexpensive tools for continuous measurements of cerebral hemodynamics. The recent development of an innovative noncontact speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) enables three-dimensional (3D) imaging of CBF distributions. However, scDCT requires complex and time-consuming 3D reconstruction, which limits its ability to achieve high spatial resolution without sacrificing temporal resolution and computational efficiency. Aim We investigate a new diffuse speckle contrast topography (DSCT) method with parallel computation for analyzing scDCT data to achieve fast and high-density two-dimensional (2D) mapping of CBF distributions at different depths without the need for 3D reconstruction. Approach A new moving window method was adapted to improve the sampling rate of DSCT. A fast computation method utilizing MATLAB functions in the Image Processing Toolbox™ and Parallel Computing Toolbox™ was developed to rapidly generate high-density CBF maps. The new DSCT method was tested for spatial resolution and depth sensitivity in head-simulating layered phantoms and in-vivo rodent models. Results DSCT enables 2D mapping of the particle flow in the phantom at different depths through the top layer with varied thicknesses. Both DSCT and scDCT enable the detection of global and regional CBF changes in deep brains of adult rats. However, DSCT achieves fast and high-density 2D mapping of CBF distributions at different depths without the need for complex and time-consuming 3D reconstruction. Conclusions The depth-sensitive DSCT method has the potential to be used as a noninvasive, noncontact, fast, high resolution, portable, and inexpensive brain imager for basic neuroscience research in small animal models and for translational studies in human neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrana Mohtasebi
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Dara Singh
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Xuhui Liu
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Faraneh Fathi
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | | | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Schädel-Ebner S, Hirsch O, Gladytz T, Gutkelch D, Licha K, Berger J, Grosenick D. 3D-printed tissue-simulating phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:074702. [PMID: 35711096 PMCID: PMC9201974 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.7.074702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases with indocyanine green (ICG) is an emerging technique with unique potential for diagnosis and therapy. Device characterization, monitoring of the performance, and further developments of the technique require tissue-equivalent fluorescent phantoms of high stability with appropriate anatomical shapes. AIM Our investigations aim at the development of a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to fabricate hand and finger models with appropriate optical properties in the near-infrared spectral range. These phantoms should have fluorescence properties similar to ICG, and excellent photostability and durability over years. APPROACH We modified a 3D printing methacrylate photopolymer by adding the fluorescent dye Lumogen IR 765 to the raw material. Reduced scattering and absorption coefficients were adjusted to values representative of the human hand by incorporating titanium dioxide powder and black ink. The properties of printed phantoms of various compositions were characterized using UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and time-resolved measurements. Photostability and bleaching were investigated with a hand imager. For comparison, several phantoms with ICG as fluorescent dye were printed and characterized as well. RESULTS The spectral properties of Lumogen IR 765 are very similar to those of ICG. By optimizing the concentrations of Lumogen, titanium dioxide, and ink, anatomically shaped hand and vessel models with properties equivalent to in vivo investigations with a fluorescence hand imager could be printed. Phantoms with Lumogen IR 765 had an excellent photostability over up to 4 years. In contrast, phantoms printed with ICG showed significant bleaching and degradation of fluorescence over time. CONCLUSIONS 3D printing of phantoms with Lumogen IR 765 is a promising method for fabricating anatomically shaped fluorescent tissue models of excellent stability with spectral properties similar to ICG. The phantoms are well-suited to monitor the performance of hand imagers. Concepts can easily be transferred to other fluorescence imaging applications of ICG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole Hirsch
- Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen (HAWK), Fakultät Ingenieurwissenschaften und Gesundheit, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gladytz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Gutkelch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- FEW Chemicals GmbH, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Grosenick
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
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Hacker L, Wabnitz H, Pifferi A, Pfefer TJ, Pogue BW, Bohndiek SE. Criteria for the design of tissue-mimicking phantoms for the standardization of biophotonic instrumentation. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:541-558. [PMID: 35624150 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A lack of accepted standards and standardized phantoms suitable for the technical validation of biophotonic instrumentation hinders the reliability and reproducibility of its experimental outputs. In this Perspective, we discuss general criteria for the design of tissue-mimicking biophotonic phantoms, and use these criteria and state-of-the-art developments to critically review the literature on phantom materials and on the fabrication of phantoms. By focusing on representative examples of standardization in diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy, fluorescence-guided surgery and photoacoustic imaging, we identify unmet needs in the development of phantoms and a set of criteria (leveraging characterization, collaboration, communication and commitment) for the standardization of biophotonic instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hacker
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Ruiz AJ, Garg S, Streeter SS, Giallorenzi MK, LaRochelle EPM, Samkoe KS, Pogue BW. 3D printing fluorescent material with tunable optical properties. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17135. [PMID: 34429467 PMCID: PMC8384872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3D printing of fluorescent materials could help develop, validate, and translate imaging technologies, including systems for fluorescence-guided surgery. Despite advances in 3D printing techniques for optical targets, no comprehensive method has been demonstrated for the simultaneous incorporation of fluorophores and fine-tuning of absorption and scattering properties. Here, we introduce a photopolymer-based 3D printing method for manufacturing fluorescent material with tunable optical properties. The results demonstrate the ability to 3D print various individual fluorophores at reasonably high fluorescence yields, including IR-125, quantum dots, methylene blue, and rhodamine 590. Furthermore, tuning of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients is demonstrated within the relevant mamalian soft tissue coefficient ranges of 0.005-0.05 mm-1 and 0.2-1.5 mm-1, respectively. Fabrication of fluorophore-doped biomimicking and complex geometric structures validated the ability to print feature sizes less than 200 μm. The presented methods and optical characterization techniques provide the foundation for the manufacturing of solid 3D printed fluorescent structures, with direct relevance to biomedical optics and the broad adoption of fast manufacturing methods in fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Ruiz
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- QUEL Imaging LLC, 85 N Main Streeet, White River Junction, VT, 05001, USA.
| | - Sadhya Garg
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Samuel S Streeter
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Mia K Giallorenzi
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | | | - Kimberley S Samkoe
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- QUEL Imaging LLC, 85 N Main Streeet, White River Junction, VT, 05001, USA
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Anatase Titanium Dioxide Imparts Photoluminescent Properties to PA2200 Commercial 3D Printing Material to Generate Complex Optical Imaging Phantoms. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071813. [PMID: 33917612 PMCID: PMC8038817 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a prominent 3D printing modality that typically uses a polyamide (PA) powder as the substrate. One commercially available SLS material is known as PA2200, which is comprised of nylon 12 and titanium dioxide (TiO2) and is widely used to generate 3D-printed parts. Here, we report a unique optical photoluminescence (PL) characteristic of native, white PA2200, in which it yields a persistent, phosphorescence-type emission. An analysis of luminescence imaging data with emission measurements demonstrated that the anatase phase of the titanium dioxide additive is the source of the persistent PL properties. This characteristic of PA2200 enables advanced optical imaging applications, as demonstrated by luminescence imaging of an anatomical rat skeleton and a novel Derenzo-type phantom on a commercial image station. In summary, the light emission properties of PA2200 induced by the presence of anatase titanium dioxide open the door to a vast new array of complex optical applications, including the generation of imaging phantoms for training, calibration, and quality control.
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Gorpas D, Ntziachristos V, Tian J. Principles and Practice of Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Bentz BZ, Mahalingam SM, Ysselstein D, Montenegro Larrea PC, Cannon JR, Rochet JC, Low PS, Webb K. Localization of Fluorescent Targets in Deep Tissue With Expanded Beam Illumination for Studies of Cancer and the Brain. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:2472-2481. [PMID: 32031935 PMCID: PMC7428064 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.2972200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging fluorescence through millimeters or centimeters of tissue has important in vivo applications, such as guiding surgery and studying the brain. Often, the important information is the location of one of more optical reporters, rather than the specifics of the local geometry, motivating the need for a localization method that provides this information. We present an optimization approach based on a diffusion model for the fast localization of fluorescent inhomogeneities in deep tissue with expanded beam illumination that simplifies the experiment and the reconstruction. We show that the position of a fluorescent inhomogeneity can be estimated while assuming homogeneous tissue parameters and without having to model the excitation profile, reducing the computational burden and improving the utility of the method. We perform two experiments as a demonstration. First, a tumor in a mouse is localized using a near infrared folate-targeted fluorescent agent (OTL38). This result shows that localization can quickly provide tumor depth information, which could reduce damage to healthy tissue during fluorescence-guided surgery. Second, another near infrared fluorescent agent (ATTO647N) is injected into the brain of a rat, and localized through the intact skull and surface tissue. This result will enable studies of protein aggregation and neuron signaling.
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Afshari A, Ghassemi P, Lin J, Halprin M, Wang J, Mendoza G, Weininger S, Pfefer TJ. Cerebral oximetry performance testing with a 3D-printed vascular array phantom. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3731-3746. [PMID: 31452971 PMCID: PMC6701524 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral oximetry based on near-infrared spectroscopy represents a unique noninvasive tool for real-time surgical monitoring, yet studies have shown a significant discrepancy in accuracy among commercial systems. Towards the establishment of a standardized method for performance testing, we have studied a solid phantom approach - based on a 3D-printed cerebrovascular module (CVM) incorporating an array of 148 cylindrical channels - that has several advantages over liquid phantoms. Development and characterization of a CVM prototype are described, including high-resolution imaging and spectrophotometry measurements. The CVM was filled with whole bovine blood tuned over an oxygen saturation range of 30-90% and molded-silicone layers simulating extracerebral tissues were used to evaluate penetration depth. Saturation measurement accuracy was assessed in two commercially-available clinical cerebral oximeters. For one oximeter, both neonatal and pediatric sensors showed a high degree of precision, whereas accuracy was strongly dependent on saturation level and extracerebral geometry. The second oximeter showed worse precision, yet greater robustness to variations in extracerebral layers. These results indicate that 3D-printed channel array phantoms represent a promising new approach for standardized testing of clinical oximeters.
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Abstract
The recent explosion of 3D printing applications in scientific literature has expanded the speed and effectiveness of analytical technological development. 3D printing allows for manufacture that is simply designed in software and printed in-house with nearly no constraints on geometry, and analytical methodologies can thus be prototyped and optimized with little difficulty. The versatility of methods and materials available allows the analytical chemist or biologist to fine-tune both the structural and functional portions of their apparatus. This flexibility has more recently been extended to optical-based bioanalysis, with higher resolution techniques and new printing materials opening the door for a wider variety of optical components, plasmonic surfaces, optical interfaces, and biomimetic systems that can be made in the laboratory. There have been discussions and reviews of various aspects of 3D printing technologies in analytical chemistry; this Review highlights recent literature and trends in their applications to optical sensing and bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Santino Valiulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
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Bentz BZ, Wu TC, Gaind V, Webb KJ. Diffuse optical localization of blood vessels and 3D printing for guiding oral surgery. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:6649-6654. [PMID: 29047957 PMCID: PMC5652004 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.006649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical imaging through centimeters of tissue has emerged as a powerful tool in biomedical research. However, applications in the operating theater have been limited in part due to data set requirements and computational burden. We present an approach that uses a small number of optical source-detector pairs that allows for the fast localization of arteries in the roof of the mouth and has the potential to reduce complications during oral surgery. The arteries are modeled as multiple-point absorbers, allowing localization of their complex shapes. The method is demonstrated using a printed tissue-simulating mouth phantom. Furthermore, we use the extracted position information to fabricate a custom surgical guide using 3D printing that could protect the arteries during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Z. Bentz
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wu
- Private Practice in Periodontology, Mountain View, California 94040, USA
| | | | - Kevin J. Webb
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Corresponding author:
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Bentz BZ, Bowen AG, Lin D, Ysselstein D, Huston DH, Rochet JC, Webb KJ. Printed optics: phantoms for quantitative deep tissue fluorescence imaging: publisher's note. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5575. [PMID: 27906242 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This note points out a number of corrections that were omitted from the published version of the article [Opt. Lett.41, 5230 (2016)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.41.005230].
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