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Fu L, Zhang J, Pan Y, Lu P. Differential photoacoustic spectroscopy for flow gas detection based on single microphone. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100624. [PMID: 38872921 PMCID: PMC11169465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Differential photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for flow gas detection based on single microphone is innovatively proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Unlike the traditional systems, only one microphone is used to suppress flowing gas noise. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy and second harmonic detection technique are applied in this PAS system with Q-point demodulation for acetylene (C2H2) gas detection. The experiment is conducted at 1 atm and 300 K. Different concentrations and flow rates of C2H2 from 0 sccm to 225 sccm are detected by using nitrogen (N2) as the carrier gas, which indicates that the system can respond well to flowing gases while maintaining the noise at the same level. The system response time decreases to 3.58 s while the gas velocity is 225 sccm. The detection limit of 43.97 ppb with 1 s integration time and normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 4.0 × 10-9 cm-1 W Hz-1/2 is achieved at the flow rate of 225 sccm. The firstly proposed differential PAS based on single microphone greatly simplifies the system structure for flow gas detection, which provides a novel route for development of PAS with significant practical implementation prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Fu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiangshan Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
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Zhao X, Ma F, Wang H, Qi H, Li C, Guo M, Chen K. Fiber-Optic Photoacoustic CO Sensor for Gas Insulation Equipment Monitoring Based on Cantilever Differential Lock-In Amplification and Optical Excitation Enhancement. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5298-5306. [PMID: 38507227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A fiber-optic photoacoustic CO sensor for gas insulation equipment is proposed, which relies on F-P interferometric cantilever-based differential lock-in amplification and optical multipass excitation enhancement. The sensor has excellent characteristics of high sensitivity, antielectromagnetic interference, fast response, and long-distance detection. The photoacoustic pressure waves in the two resonators of the differential photoacoustic cell (DPAC) are simultaneously detected by two fiber-optic interferometric cantilevers and processed differentially; thereby, the gas flow noise is effectively suppressed. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the superposition of photoacoustic excitation and multipass absorption, the diameter of the resonator is determined to be 6 mm. The optical power emitted by the 1566.6 nm distributed feedback laser is increased to 500 mW by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. The near-infrared light is reflected 30 times in the multipass cell, which improves the order of magnitude of optical effective excitation. Due to the low sound velocity of SF6 gas, the resonant frequency of the DPAC with a resonator length of 80 mm is 760 Hz. The response time to CO/SF6 gas is 93 s with a flow rate of 500 sccm. The detection limit of the CO sensor is 53 ppb, which realizes the accurate and timely perception of the SF6 decomposition derivative CO and provides technical support for trouble-free operation of gas insulation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fengxiang Ma
- Electric Power Research Institute, Net Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Heng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Qi H, Zhao X, Xu Y, Yang L, Liu J, Chen K. Rapid Photoacoustic Exhaust Gas Analyzer for Simultaneous Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5258-5264. [PMID: 38501986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A rapid photoacoustic (PA) exhaust gas analyzer is presented for simultaneous measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). A laser diode (LD) emitting at 450 nm and a light-emitting diode (LED) with a peak wavelength of 275 nm operated simultaneously, producing PA signals of NO2 and SO2, respectively. The LD and LED were modulated at different frequencies of 2568 and 2570 Hz, and their emission light beams were transmitted through two resonant tubes in a differential PA cell (DPAC), respectively. A self-made dual-channel digital lock-in amplifier was used to realize the simultaneous detection of dual-frequency PA signals. Cross interference between the PA signals at the two different frequencies was reduced to 0.02% by using a lock-in amplifier. In order to achieve a rapid dynamic measurement, gas sampling was accelerated by an air pump. The use of mufflers and the differential PA detection technique significantly reduced the gas sampling noise. When the gas flow rate was 1000 sccm, the response time of the PA dual-gas analyzer was 8 and 17 s for NO2 and SO2, respectively. The minimum detection limits of NO2 and SO2 were 1.7 and 26.1 ppb when the averaging time of the system was 10 s, respectively. Due to the wide spectral bandwidth of the LED, NO2 produced an interference to the detection of SO2. The interference was reduced by the precise detection of NO2. Since the radiations of the LD and LED passed through two different PA tubes, the impact of NO2 photochemical dissociation caused by UV LED luminescence on NO2 gas detection was negligible. The sharing of the PA cell, the gas lines, and the signal processing modules significantly reduced the size and cost of the PA dual-gas analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yufu Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Purification Equipment Research Institute of CSIC, Handan, Hebei 056004, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Chengshan Group Co., Ltd., Rongcheng, Shandong 264300, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Qi H, Zhang G, Xu L, Yang L, Wang Z, Xu Y, Chen K. High-Precision Photoacoustic Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Analyzer for Fast Dynamic Measurement. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1354-1361. [PMID: 38194439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A high-precision photoacoustic (PA) gas analyzer for fast dynamic measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was developed. The PA analyzer used a differential PA cell combined with two mufflers to achieve rapid gas flow gas detection. A high-power laser diode (LD) with a center wavelength of 450 nm was used as the PA signal excitation source. To reduce the saturated absorption effect of NO2, ambient air was pumped into the analyzer at a flow rate of 900 sccm. Two mufflers were combined with the differential PA cell to reduce the noise caused by the airflow and pump. The parameters of the mufflers were optimized by using a finite element method. The experimental results showed that the gas flow noise was suppressed by 95%. The response time of the PAS analyzer was 34 s. The detection limits of the analyzer were 0.64 and 0.17 ppb when the integration times were 1 and 15 s, respectively. A 120 h continuous monitoring result was compared with the data from the National Environmental Monitoring Station to demonstrate the high reliability of the analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Guangyin Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Purification Equipment Research Institute of CSIC, Handan, Hebei 056004, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yufu Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Zhao X, Li C, Qi H, Huang J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Han X, Guo M, Chen K. Integrated near-infrared fiber-optic photoacoustic sensing demodulator for ultra-high sensitivity gas detection. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 33:100560. [PMID: 38021295 PMCID: PMC10658606 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
An integrated near-infrared fiber-optic photoacoustic sensing demodulator was established for ultra-high sensitivity gas detection. The demodulator has capacities of interference spectrum acquisition and calculation, laser modulation control as well as digital lock-in amplification. FPGA was utilized to realize all the control and signal processing functions, which immensely improved the integration and stability of the system. The photoacoustic signal detection based on fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (F-P) acoustic sensor was realized by applying ultra-high resolution spectral demodulation technique. The detectable frequency of photoacoustic signal achieved 10 kHz. The system integrated lock-in amplification technology, which made the noise sound pressure and dynamic response range of sound pressure detection reached 3.7 μPa/√Hz @1 kHz and 142 dB, respectively. The trace C2H2 gas was tested with a multi-pass resonant photoacoustic cell. Ultra-high sensitivity gas detection was accomplished, which was based on high acoustic detection sensitivity and the matching digital lock-in amplification. The system detection limit and normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient were reached 3.5 ppb and 6.7 × 10-10 cm-1WHz-1/2, respectively. The devised demodulator can be applied for long-distance gas measurement, which depends on the fact that both the near-infrared photoacoustic excitation light and the probe light employ optical fiber as transmission medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yufu Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Zhang Z, Fan X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Tang Y, Zhao R, Li C, Wang H, Chen K. Silicon-Cantilever-Enhanced Single-Fiber Photoacoustic Acetylene Gas Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7644. [PMID: 37688100 PMCID: PMC10490797 DOI: 10.3390/s23177644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
A single-fiber photoacoustic (PA) sensor with a silicon cantilever beam for trace acetylene (C2H2) gas analysis was proposed. The miniature gas sensor mainly consisted of a microcantilever and a non-resonant PA cell for the real-time detection of acetylene gas. The gas diffused into the photoacoustic cell through the silicon cantilever beam gap. The volume of the PA cell in the sensor was about 14 μL. By using a 1 × 2 fiber optical coupler, a 1532.8 nm distributed feedback (DFB) laser and a white light interference demodulation module were connected to the single-fiber photoacoustic sensor. A silicon cantilever was utilized to improve the performance when detecting the PA signal. To eliminate the interference of the laser-reflected light, a part of the Fabry-Perot (F-P) interference spectrum was used for phase demodulation to achieve the highly sensitive detection of acetylene gas. The minimum detection limit (MDL) achieved was 0.2 ppm with 100 s averaging time. In addition, the calculated normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient was 4.4 × 10-9 W·cm-1·Hz-1/2. The single-fiber photoacoustic sensor designed has great application prospects in the early warning of transformer faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Zhang
- State Grid Gansu Electric Power Research Institute, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.Z.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xinhong Fan
- State Grid Gansu Electric Power Research Institute, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.Z.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yufu Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Yongqi Wang
- State Grid Gansu Electric Power Research Institute, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.Z.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yiyao Tang
- State Grid Gansu Electric Power Research Institute, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.Z.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhao
- State Grid Gansu Electric Power Research Institute, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.Z.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Heng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.L.); (H.W.)
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