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Jácome D, Cotrufo T, Andrés-Benito P, Lidón L, Martí E, Ferrer I, Del Río JA, Gavín R. miR-519a-3p, found to regulate cellular prion protein during Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, as a biomarker of asymptomatic stages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167187. [PMID: 38653354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Clinical relevance of miRNAs as biomarkers is growing due to their stability and detection in biofluids. In this, diagnosis at asymptomatic stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a challenge since it can only be made at autopsy according to Braak NFT staging. Achieving the objective of detecting AD at early stages would allow possible therapies to be addressed before the onset of cognitive impairment. Many studies have determined that the expression pattern of some miRNAs is dysregulated in AD patients, but to date, none has been correlated with downregulated expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) during disease progression. That is why, by means of cross studies of miRNAs up-regulated in AD with in silico identification of potential miRNAs-binding to 3'UTR of human PRNP gene, we selected miR-519a-3p for our study. Then, in vitro experiments were carried out in two ways. First, we validated miR-519a-3p target on 3'UTR-PRNP, and second, we analyzed the levels of PrPC expression after using of mimic technology on cell culture. In addition, RT-qPCR was performed to analyzed miR-519a-3p expression in human cerebral samples of AD at different stages of disease evolution. Additionally, samples of other neurodegenerative diseases such as other non-AD tauopathies and several synucleinopathies were included in the study. Our results showed that miR-519a-3p overlaps with PRNP 3'UTR in vitro and promotes downregulation of PrPC. Moreover, miR-519a-3p was found to be up-regulated exclusively in AD samples from stage I to VI, suggesting its potential use as a novel label of preclinical stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayaneth Jácome
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tiziana Cotrufo
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain; Neurologic Diseases and Neurogenetics Group, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Lidón
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eulàlia Martí
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Functional Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERESP (Centro en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública), Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Senior Consultant Neuropathology, Service of Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, Sterling K, Song W. Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease: challenges, successes and future. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:248. [PMID: 37386015 PMCID: PMC10310781 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is the main component of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its accumulation has been considered as the molecular driver of Alzheimer's pathogenesis and progression. Aβ has been the prime target for the development of AD therapy. However, the repeated failures of Aβ-targeted clinical trials have cast considerable doubt on the amyloid cascade hypothesis and whether the development of Alzheimer's drug has followed the correct course. However, the recent successes of Aβ targeted trials have assuaged those doubts. In this review, we discussed the evolution of the amyloid cascade hypothesis over the last 30 years and summarized its application in Alzheimer's diagnosis and modification. In particular, we extensively discussed the pitfalls, promises and important unanswered questions regarding the current anti-Aβ therapy, as well as strategies for further study and development of more feasible Aβ-targeted approaches in the optimization of AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huaqiu Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Broce IJ, Caverzasi E, Sacco S, Nillo RM, Paoletti M, Desikan RS, Geschwind M, Sugrue LP. PRNP expression predicts imaging findings in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:536-552. [PMID: 36744645 PMCID: PMC10109249 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored the relationship between regional PRNP expression from healthy brain tissue and patterns of increased and decreased diffusion and regional brain atrophy in patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). METHODS We used PRNP microarray data from 6 healthy adult brains from Allen Brain Institute and T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRIs from 34 patients diagnosed with sCJD and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls to construct partial correlation matrices across brain regions for specific measures of interest: PRNP expression, mean diffusivity, volume, cortical thickness, and local gyrification index, a measure of cortical folding. RESULTS Regional patterns of PRNP expression in the healthy brain correlated with regional patterns of diffusion signal abnormalities and atrophy in sCJD. Among different measures of cortical morphology, regional patterns of local gyrification index in sCJD most strongly correlated with regional patterns of PRNP expression. At the vertex-wise level, different molecular subtypes of sCJD showed distinct regional correlations in local gyrification index across the cortex. Local gyrification index correlation patterns most closely matched patterns of PRNP expression in sCJD subtypes known to have greatest pathologic involvement of the cerebral cortex. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that the specific genetic and molecular environment in which the prion protein is expressed confer variable vulnerability to misfolding across different brain regions that is reflected in patterns of imaging findings in sCJD. Further work in larger samples will be needed to determine whether these regional imaging patterns can serve as reliable markers of distinct disease subtypes to improve diagnosis and treatment targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J. Broce
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, UCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eduardo Caverzasi
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, UCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Simone Sacco
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, UCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Neuroimaging, Department of Medical ImagingUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Ryan Michael Nillo
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matteo Paoletti
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, UCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center, Neuroradiology DepartmentIRCCS Mondino FoundationPaviaItaly
| | - Rahul S. Desikan
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Geschwind
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, UCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leo P. Sugrue
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Monoranu CM, Hartmann T, Strobel S, Heinsen H, Riederer P, Distel L, Bohnert S. Is There Any Evidence of Monocytes Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease? A Pilot Study on Human Postmortem Brain. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 5:887-897. [PMID: 35088038 PMCID: PMC8764630 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of neuroinflammation has become more evident in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Increased expression of microglial markers is widely reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but much less is known about the role of monocytes in AD pathogenesis. In AD animal models, bone marrow-derived monocytes appear to infiltrate the parenchyma and contribute to the phagocytosis of amyloid-β depositions, but this infiltration has not been established in systematic studies of the human brain postmortem. Objective In addition to assessing the distribution of different subtypes of microglia by immunostaining for CD68, HLA-DR, CD163, and CD206, we focused on the involvement of C-chemokine receptor type2 (CCR2) positive monocytes during the AD course. Methods We used formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue from four vulnerable brain regions (hippocampus, occipital lobe, brainstem, and cerebellum) from neuropathologically characterized AD cases at different Braak stages and age-matched controls. Results Only singular migrated CCR2-positive cells were found in all brain regions and stages. The brainstem showed the highest number of positive cells overall, followed by the hippocampus. This mechanism of recruitment seems to work less efficiently in the human brain at an advanced age, and the ingress of monocytes obviously takes place in much reduced numbers or not at all. Conclusion In contrast to studies on animal models, we observed only a quite low level of myeloid monocytes associated with AD pathology. Furthermore, we provide evidence associating early microglial reactions carried out in particular by pro-inflammatory cells with early effects on tangle- and plaque-positive vulnerable brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Bohnert
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Zhang H, Wei W, Zhao M, Ma L, Jiang X, Pei H, Cao Y, Li H. Interaction between Aβ and Tau in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2181-2192. [PMID: 34239348 PMCID: PMC8241728 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular neuritic plaques composed of amyloid‑β (Aβ) protein and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing phosphorylated tau protein are the two hallmark proteins of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the separate neurotoxicity of these proteins in AD has been extensively studied. However, interventions that target Aβ or tau individually have not yielded substantial breakthroughs. The interest in the interactions between Aβ and tau in AD is increasing, but related drug investigations are in their infancy. This review discusses how Aβ accelerates tau phosphorylation and the possible mechanisms and pathways by which tau mediates Aβ toxicity. This review also describes the possible synergistic effects between Aβ and tau on microglial cells and astrocytes. Studies suggest that the coexistence of Aβ plaques and phosphorylated tau is related to the mechanism by which Aβ facilitates the propagation of tau aggregation in neuritic plaques. The interactions between Aβ and tau mediate cognitive dysfunction in patients with AD. In summary, this review summarizes recent data on the interplay between Aβ and tau to promote a better understanding of the roles of these proteins in the pathological process of AD and provide new insights into interventions against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xuefan Jiang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
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6
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Gavín R, Lidón L, Ferrer I, del Río JA. The Quest for Cellular Prion Protein Functions in the Aged and Neurodegenerating Brain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030591. [PMID: 32131451 PMCID: PMC7140396 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular (also termed ‘natural’) prion protein has been extensively studied for many years for its pathogenic role in prionopathies after misfolding. However, neuroprotective properties of the protein have been demonstrated under various scenarios. In this line, the involvement of the cellular prion protein in neurodegenerative diseases other than prionopathies continues to be widely debated by the scientific community. In fact, studies on knock-out mice show a vast range of physiological functions for the protein that can be supported by its ability as a cell surface scaffold protein. In this review, we first summarize the most commonly described roles of cellular prion protein in neuroprotection, including antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities and modulation of glutamate receptors. Second, in light of recently described interaction between cellular prion protein and some amyloid misfolded proteins, we will also discuss the molecular mechanisms potentially involved in protection against neurodegeneration in pathologies such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4031185
| | - Laia Lidón
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Senior Consultant, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Gomes LA, Hipp SA, Rijal Upadhaya A, Balakrishnan K, Ospitalieri S, Koper MJ, Largo-Barrientos P, Uytterhoeven V, Reichwald J, Rabe S, Vandenberghe R, von Arnim CAF, Tousseyn T, Feederle R, Giudici C, Willem M, Staufenbiel M, Thal DR. Aβ-induced acceleration of Alzheimer-related τ-pathology spreading and its association with prion protein. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:913-941. [PMID: 31414210 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in amyloid plaques and intracellular accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated τ-protein (p-τ) in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) represent pathological hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both lesions develop in parallel in the human brain throughout the preclinical and clinical course of AD. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear whether there is a direct link between Aβ and τ pathology or whether other proteins are involved in this process. To address this question, we crossed amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice overexpressing human APP with the Swedish mutation (670/671 KM → NL) (APP23), human wild-type APP (APP51/16), or a proenkephalin signal peptide linked to human Aβ42 (APP48) with τ-transgenic mice overexpressing human mutant 4-repeat τ-protein with the P301S mutation (TAU58). In 6-month-old APP23xTAU58 and APP51/16xTAU58 mice, soluble Aβ was associated with the aggravation of p-τ pathology propagation into the CA1/subiculum region, whereas 6-month-old TAU58 and APP48xTAU58 mice neither exhibited significant amounts of p-τ pathology in the CA1/subiculum region nor displayed significant levels of soluble Aβ in the forebrain. In APP23xTAU58 and APP51/16xTAU58 mice showing an acceleration of p-τ propagation, Aβ and p-τ were co-immunoprecipitated with cellular prion protein (PrPC). A similar interaction between PrPC, p-τ and Aβ was observed in human AD brains. This association was particularly noticed in 60% of the symptomatic AD cases in our sample, suggesting that PrPC may play a role in the progression of AD pathology. An in vitro pull-down assay confirmed that PrPC is capable of interacting with Aβ and p-τ. Using a proximity ligation assay, we could demonstrate proximity (less than ~ 30-40 nm distance) between PrPC and Aβ and between PrPC and p-τ in APP23xTAU58 mouse brain as well as in human AD brain. Proximity between PrPC and p-τ was also seen in APP51/16xTAU58, APP48xTAU58, and TAU58 mice. Based on these findings, it is tempting to speculate that PrPC is a critical player in the interplay between Aβ and p-τ propagation at least in a large group of AD cases. Preexisting p-τ pathology interacting with PrPC, thereby, appears to be a prerequisite for Aβ to function as a p-τ pathology accelerator via PrPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Aragão Gomes
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Andrea Hipp
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Anasthesiology and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ajeet Rijal Upadhaya
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karthikeyan Balakrishnan
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simona Ospitalieri
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta J Koper
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pablo Largo-Barrientos
- VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Uytterhoeven
- VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julia Reichwald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Rabe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, UZ-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine A F von Arnim
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Clinic for Neurogeriatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, University- und Rehabilitation Hospital Ulm (RKU), Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Regina Feederle
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Research Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Camilla Giudici
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Willem
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Rudolf Thal
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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8
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Hopperton KE, Mohammad D, Trépanier MO, Giuliano V, Bazinet RP. Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:177-198. [PMID: 29230021 PMCID: PMC5794890 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is proposed as one of the mechanisms by which Alzheimer's disease pathology, including amyloid-β plaques, leads to neuronal death and dysfunction. Increases in the expression of markers of microglia, the main neuroinmmune cell, are widely reported in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease, but the literature has not yet been systematically reviewed to determine whether this is a consistent pathological feature. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase and PsychINFO for articles published up to 23 February 2017. Papers were included if they quantitatively compared microglia markers in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease and aged controls without neurological disease. A total of 113 relevant articles were identified. Consistent increases in markers related to activation, such as major histocompatibility complex II (36/43 studies) and cluster of differentiation 68 (17/21 studies), were identified relative to nonneurological aged controls, whereas other common markers that stain both resting and activated microglia, such as ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (10/20 studies) and cluster of differentiation 11b (2/5 studies), were not consistently elevated. Studies of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 that used cell counts almost uniformly identified no difference relative to control, indicating that increases in activation occurred without an expansion of the total number of microglia. White matter and cerebellum appeared to be more resistant to these increases than other brain regions. Nine studies were identified that included high pathology controls, patients who remained free of dementia despite Alzheimer's disease pathology. The majority (5/9) of these studies reported higher levels of microglial markers in Alzheimer's disease relative to controls, suggesting that these increases are not solely a consequence of Alzheimer's disease pathology. These results show that increased markers of microglia are a consistent feature of Alzheimer's disease, though this seems to be driven primarily by increases in activation-associated markers, as opposed to markers of all microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Mohammad
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M O Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V Giuliano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 306, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada. E-mail:
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Megra BW, Eugenin EA, Berman JW. The Role of Shed PrP c in the Neuropathogenesis of HIV Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:224-232. [PMID: 28533442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 enters the CNS soon after peripheral infection and causes chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal damage that leads to cognitive impairment in 40-70% of HIV-infected people. The nonpathogenic cellular isoform of the human prion protein (PrPc) is an adhesion molecule constitutively expressed in the CNS. Previously, our laboratory showed that shed PrPc (sPrPc) is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected people with cognitive deficits as compared with infected people with no impairment. In this article, we demonstrate that CCL2 and TNF-α, inflammatory mediators that are elevated in the CNS of HIV-infected people, increase shedding of PrPc from human astrocytes by increasing the active form of the metalloprotease ADAM10. We show that the consequence of this shedding can be the production of inflammatory mediators, because treatment of astrocytes with rPrPc increased secretion of CCL2, CXCL-12, and IL-8. Supernatants from rPrPc-treated astrocytes containing factors produced in response to this treatment, but not rPrPc by itself, cause increased chemotaxis of both uninfected and HIV-infected human monocytes, suggesting a role for sPrPc in monocyte recruitment into the brain. Furthermore, we examined whether PrPc participates in glutamate uptake and found that rPrPc decreased uptake of this metabolite in astrocytes, which could lead to neurotoxicity and neuronal loss. Collectively, our data characterize mediators involved in PrPc shedding and the effect of this sPrPc on monocyte chemotaxis and glutamate uptake from astrocytes. We propose that shedding of PrPc could be a potential target for therapeutics to limit the cognitive impairment characteristic of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezawit W Megra
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ 07103.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Joan W Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; .,Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and.,Department of Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Vergara C, Ordóñez-Gutiérrez L, Wandosell F, Ferrer I, del Río JA, Gavín R. Role of PrP(C) Expression in Tau Protein Levels and Phosphorylation in Alzheimer's Disease Evolution. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1206-20. [PMID: 24965601 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques mainly consisting of hydrophobic β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed principally of hyperphosphorylated tau. Aβ oligomers have been described as the earliest effectors to negatively affect synaptic structure and plasticity in the affected brains, and cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) has been proposed as receptor for these oligomers. The most widely accepted theory holds that the toxic effects of Aβ are upstream of change in tau, a neuronal microtubule-associated protein that promotes the polymerization and stabilization of microtubules. However, tau is considered decisive for the progression of neurodegeneration, and, indeed, tau pathology correlates well with clinical symptoms such as dementia. Different pathways can lead to abnormal phosphorylation, and, as a consequence, tau aggregates into paired helical filaments (PHF) and later on into NFTs. Reported data suggest a regulatory tendency of PrP(C) expression in the development of AD, and a putative relationship between PrP(C) and tau processing is emerging. However, the role of tau/PrP(C) interaction in AD is poorly understood. In this study, we show increased susceptibility to Aβ-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs) in neuronal primary cultures from PrP(C) knockout mice, compared to wild-type, which correlates with increased tau expression. Moreover, we found increased PrP(C) expression that paralleled with tau at early ages in an AD murine model and in early Braak stages of AD in affected individuals. Taken together, these results suggest a protective role for PrP(C) in AD by downregulating tau expression, and they point to this protein as being crucial in the molecular events that lead to neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vergara
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Megra B, Eugenin E, Roberts T, Morgello S, Berman JW. Protease resistant protein cellular isoform (PrP(c)) as a biomarker: clues into the pathogenesis of HAND. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1159-66. [PMID: 23616272 PMCID: PMC3797864 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection and HIV neurocognitive impairment are major global health problems. The prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is increasing as people with HIV are living longer due to the success of antiretroviral therapies. Our laboratory identified the soluble form of (sPrP(c)), the cellular non-pathogenic isoform of the prion protein, as a biomarker of HAND. In this review we discuss the published data addressing PrP(c) biology in normal conditions and pathologies, as well as the mechanisms of sPrP(c) shedding and secretion. Lastly, we discuss our studies that demonstrated that sPrP(c) is a biomarker of neurocognitive impairment in the HIV infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezawit Megra
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), UMDNJ, Newark, NJ
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ
| | - Toni Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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12
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Cross JV, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Kavanaugh M, Torres-Jardón R, Chao CK, Thompson C, Chang J, Zhu H, D'Angiulli A. Brain immune interactions and air pollution: macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), prion cellular protein (PrP(C)), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cerebrospinal fluid and MIF in serum differentiate urban children exposed to severe vs. low air pollution. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:183. [PMID: 24133408 PMCID: PMC3794301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children chronically exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants exhibit an early brain imbalance in genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses along with accumulation of misfolded proteins observed in the early stages of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. A complex modulation of serum cytokines and chemokines influences children's brain structural and gray/white matter volumetric responses to air pollution. The search for biomarkers associating systemic and CNS inflammation to brain growth and cognitive deficits in the short term and neurodegeneration in the long-term is our principal aim. We explored and compared a profile of cytokines, chemokines (Multiplexing LASER Bead Technology) and Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in normal cerebro-spinal-fluid (CSF) of urban children with high vs. low air pollution exposures. PrP(C) and macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) were also measured in serum. Samples from 139 children ages 11.91 ± 4.2 years were measured. Highly exposed children exhibited significant increases in CSF MIF (p = 0.002), IL6 (p = 0.006), IL1ra (p = 0.014), IL-2 (p = 0.04), and PrP(C) (p = 0.039) vs. controls. MIF serum concentrations were higher in exposed children (p = 0.009). Our results suggest CSF as a MIF, IL6, IL1Ra, IL-2, and PrP(C) compartment that can possibly differentiate air pollution exposures in children. MIF, a key neuro-immune mediator, is a potential biomarker bridge to identify children with CNS inflammation. Fine tuning of immune-to-brain communication is crucial to neural networks appropriate functioning, thus the short and long term effects of systemic inflammation and dysregulated neural immune responses are of deep concern for millions of exposed children. Defining the linkage and the health consequences of the brain / immune system interactions in the developing brain chronically exposed to air pollutants ought to be of pressing importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Age-related changes in the hippocampus (loss of synaptophysin and glial-synaptic interaction) are modified by systemic treatment with an NCAM-derived peptide, FGL. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:778-88. [PMID: 21986303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered synaptic morphology, progressive loss of synapses and glial (astrocyte and microglial) cell activation are considered as characteristic hallmarks of aging. Recent evidence suggests that there is a concomitant age-related decrease in expression of the presynaptic protein, synaptophysin, and the neuronal glycoprotein CD200, which, by interacting with its receptor, plays a role in maintaining microglia in a quiescent state. These age-related changes may be indicative of reduced neuroglial support of synapses. FG Loop (FGL) peptide synthesized from the second fibronectin type III module of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), has previously been shown to attenuate age-related glial cell activation, and to 'restore' cognitive function in aged rats. The mechanisms by which FGL exerts these neuroprotective effects remain unclear, but could involve regulation of CD200, modifying glial-synaptic interactions (affecting neuroglial 'support' at synapses), or impacting directly on synaptic function. Light and electron microscopic (EM) analyses were undertaken to investigate whether systemic treatment with FGL (i) alters CD200, synaptophysin (presynaptic) and PSD-95 (postsynaptic) immunohistochemical expression levels, (ii) affects synaptic number, or (iii) exerts any effects on glial-synaptic interactions within young (4 month-old) and aged (22 month-old) rat hippocampus. Treatment with FGL attenuated the age-related loss of synaptophysin immunoreactivity (-ir) within CA3 and hilus (with no major effect on PSD-95-ir), and of CD200-ir specifically in the CA3 region. Ultrastructural morphometric analyses showed that FGL treatment (i) prevented age-related loss in astrocyte-synaptic contacts, (ii) reduced microglia-synaptic contacts in the CA3 stratum radiatum, but (iii) had no effect on the mean number of synapses in this region. These data suggest that FGL mediates its neuroprotective effects by regulating glial-synaptic interaction.
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Griffiths HH, Whitehouse IJ, Hooper NM. Regulation of amyloid-β production by the prion protein. Prion 2012; 6:217-22. [PMID: 22449984 DOI: 10.4161/pri.18988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), culminating in the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides in the brain. The enzymatic action of the β-secretase, BACE1 is the rate-limiting step in this amyloidogenic processing of APP. BACE1 cleavage of wild-type APP (APPWT) is inhibited by the cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ). Our recent study has revealed the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind this observation by showing that PrP (C) directly interacts with the pro-domain of BACE1 in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), decreasing the amount of BACE1 at the cell surface and in endosomes where it cleaves APPWT, while increasing BACE1 in the TGN where it preferentially cleaves APP with the Swedish mutation (APPSwe). PrP (C) deletion in transgenic mice expressing the Swedish and Indiana familial mutations (APPSwe,Ind) failed to affect amyloid-β accumulation, which is explained by the differential subcellular sites of action of BACE1 toward APPWT and APPSwe. This, together with our observation that PrP (C) is reduced in sporadic but not familial AD brain, suggests that PrP (C) plays a key protective role against sporadic AD. It also highlights the need for an APPWT transgenic mouse model to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heledd H Griffiths
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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15
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Jeffrey M, Scholes SFE, Martin S, McGovern G, Sisó S, González L. Increased immunohistochemical labelling for prion protein occurs in diverse neurological disorders of sheep: relevance for normal cellular PrP function. J Comp Pathol 2011; 147:46-54. [PMID: 22000036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The classical prion diseases (e.g. scrapie of sheep and goats and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle) are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal forms of the prion protein (PrP), usually recognized by their relative resistance to proteolysis compared with the physiological cellular forms of PrP. However, novel prion diseases have been detected in sheep, cattle and man, in which the abnormal PrP has less resistance to proteolysis than identified previously. These more subtle differences between abnormal and normal forms of PrP can be problematic in routine diagnostic tests and raise questions in respect of the range of PrP disorders. Abnormal accumulations of PrP in atypical and classical prion diseases can be recognized by immunohistochemistry. To determine whether altered PrP expression or trafficking might occur in nosological entities not previously connected with prion disease, the brains of sheep affected with diverse neurological conditions were examined for evidence of altered PrP labelling. Such altered immunolabelling was detected in association with either basic lesions or specific diseases. Some reactive glial cells and degenerate neurons found in several different recognized disorders and non-specific inflammatory processes were associated with abnormal PrP labelling, which was absent from brains of healthy, age-matched sheep. The results agree with previous indications that normal PrP function may be linked with the oxidative stress response, but the data also suggest that PrP functions are more extensive than simple protective responses against stress insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeffrey
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Lasswade Veterinary Laboratory, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 OPZ, Scotland, UK.
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16
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Roberts TK, Eugenin EA, Morgello S, Clements JE, Zink MC, Berman JW. PrPC, the cellular isoform of the human prion protein, is a novel biomarker of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and mediates neuroinflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1848-60. [PMID: 20724601 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Of the 33 million people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide, 40-60% of individuals will eventually develop neurocognitive sequelae that can be attributed to the presence of HIV-1 in the central nervous system (CNS) and its associated neuroinflammation despite antiretroviral therapy. PrP(C) (protease resistant protein, cellular isoform) is the nonpathological cellular isoform of the human prion protein that participates in many physiological processes that are disrupted during HIV-1 infection. However, its role in HIV-1 CNS disease is unknown. We demonstrate that PrP(C) is significantly increased in both the CNS of HIV-1-infected individuals with neurocognitive impairment and in SIV-infected macaques with encephalitis. PrP(C) is released into the cerebrospinal fluid, and its levels correlate with CNS compromise, suggesting it is a biomarker of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. We show that the chemokine (c-c Motif) Ligand-2 (CCL2) increases PrP(C) release from CNS cells, while HIV-1 infection alters PrP(C) release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Soluble PrP(C) mediates neuroinflammation by inducing astrocyte production of both CCL2 and interleukin 6. This report presents the first evidence that PrP(C) dysregulation occurs in cognitively impaired HIV-1-infected individuals and that PrP(C) participates in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Velayos J, Irujo A, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Paternain B, Moleres F, Ferrer V. Cellular prion protein in the central nervous system of mammals. Anatomoclinical associations. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s2173-5808(10)70046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Alzheimer and prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders characterised by the abnormal processing of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide and prion protein (PrP(C)), respectively. Recent evidence indicates that PrP(C) may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. PrP(C) interacts with and inhibits the beta-secretase BACE1, the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Abeta. More recently PrP(C) was identified as a receptor for Abeta oligomers and the expression of PrP(C) appears to be controlled by the amyloid intracellular domain (AICD). Here we review these observations and propose a feedback loop in the normal brain where PrP(C) exerts an inhibitory effect on BACE1 to decrease both Abeta and AICD production. In turn, the AICD upregulates PrP(C) expression, thus maintaining the inhibitory effect of PrP(C) on BACE1. In Alzheimer disease, this feedback loop is disrupted, and the increased level of Abeta oligomers bind to PrP(C) and prevent it from regulating BACE1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A B Kellett
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Velayos JL, Irujo A, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Paternain B, Moleres FJ, Ferrer V. The cellular prion protein and its role in Alzheimer disease. Prion 2009; 3:110-7. [PMID: 19556894 DOI: 10.4161/pri.3.2.9135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein especially abundant in the central nervous system (CNS). The scrapie prion protein (PrP(Sc,) also termed prions) is responsible of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), a group of neurodegenerative diseases which affect humans and other mammal species, although the presence of PrP(C) is needed for the establishment and further evolution of prions. The present work compares the expression and localization of PrP(C) between healthy human brains and those suffering from Alzheimer disease (AD). In both situations we have observed a rostrocaudal decrease in the amount of PrP(C) within the CNS, both by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry techniques. PrP(C) is higher expressed in our control brains than in AD cases. There was a neuronal loss and astogliosis in our AD cases. There was a tendency of a lesser expression of PrP(C) in AD cases than in healthy ones. And in AD cases, the intensity of the expression of the unglycosylated band is higher than the di- and monoglycosylated bands. With regards to amyloid plaques, those present in AD cases were positively labeled for PrP(C), a result which is further supported by the presence of PrP(C) in the amyloid plaques of a transgenic line of mice mimicking AD. The work was done according to Helsinki Declaration of 1975, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Navarre.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Velayos
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.
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Griffiths HH, Morten IJ, Hooper NM. Emerging and potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:693-704. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.6.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Hooper NM, Turner AJ. A new take on prions: preventing Alzheimer's disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:151-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rezaie P, Al-Sarraj S. Vacuolar degeneration affecting brain macrophages/microglia in variant CJD: a report on two cases. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:651-8. [PMID: 17943296 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We present the neuropathology of two cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) showing significant vacuolar degenerative alterations specifically affecting brain macrophages/microglia within the thalamus and, to a lesser extent, within the neocortical grey matter. Vacuolar degeneration in these cells was extensive, and likely to be associated with the development of a uniform sub-type of 'spongiform' vacuole seen in vCJD. The extensive morphological alterations described here closely resemble those very recently reported by Zucconi and colleagues, in response to experimental copper deficiency induced through dietary restriction, but could not be detected in cases of sporadic CJD examined. The significance of these novel findings are discussed in relation to copper homeostasis, loss of function of cellular prion protein and aberrant lysosomal catabolism within brain macrophages/microglia. This type of vacuolation may constitute a component of the overall profile of spongiform changes associated with vCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Rezaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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Milnerwood AJ, Cummings DM, Dallérac GM, Brown JY, Vatsavayai SC, Hirst MC, Rezaie P, Murphy KPSJ. Early development of aberrant synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1690-703. [PMID: 16600988 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor, psychiatric and cognitive decline. Marked neuronal loss occurs in the cortex and striatum. HD is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion (CAG) in the gene encoding the protein huntingtin. Predictive genetic testing has revealed early cognitive deficits in asymptomatic gene carriers at a time when there is little evidence for cell death, suggesting that impaired cognition results from a cellular or synaptic deficit, such as aberrant synaptic plasticity. Altered hippocampal long-term potentiation has been reported in mouse models of HD; however, the relationship between synaptic dysfunction and phenotype progression has not previously been characterized. We examined the age-dependency of aberrant hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the R6/1 mouse model of HD. Long-term depression (LTD) is a developmentally regulated form of plasticity, which normally declines by early adulthood. Young R6/1 mice follow the same pattern of LTD expression as controls, in that they express LTD in the first weeks of life, and then lose the ability with age. Unlike controls, R6/1 synapses later regain the ability to support LTD. This is associated with nuclear localization of mutant huntingtin, but occurs months prior to the formation of nuclear aggregates. We present the first detailed description of a progressive derailment of a functional neural correlate of cognitive processing in HD.
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