1
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Yamakawa T, Miyake T, Yokoyama Y, Kazama T, Hayashi Y, Hirayama D, Yoshii S, Yamano HO, Takahashi S, Nakase H. Clinical performance of fecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, and hemoglobin for evaluating the disease activity of IBD and detecting colorectal tumors. JGH Open 2024; 8:e13077. [PMID: 38835337 PMCID: PMC11148478 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aim Recently, noninvasive fecal markers have been used as indicators of intestinal inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We conducted a clinical validation study to measure fecal calprotectin (Cp), lactoferrin (Lf), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels using an all-in-one kit in patients with IBD and colorectal tumors and aimed to clarify the utility of these fecal markers. Methods In this study, 104 patients were analyzed, including 25 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 20 with Crohn's disease (CD), 48 with colorectal tumors, and 13 healthy controls (HC). Of the 48 patients with colorectal tumors, 14 had invasive cancer. We validated the utility of fecal Cp, Lf, and Hb levels by simultaneously measuring fecal markers in patients with IBD and colorectal tumors. Results Fecal Cp and Lf had almost equivalent abilities in detecting clinical remission in patients with UC; however, fecal Cp was slightly superior to Lf. Regarding colorectal tumors, fecal Cp and Lf levels tended to be higher in patients with adenomas and colorectal cancer than in HCs. Although fecal Hb alone had the best sensitivity and specificity for detecting colorectal cancer, it had relatively low sensitivity for detecting advanced neoplasms and colorectal cancer. Conclusion Fecal Cp and Lf can be used as almost equivalent biomarkers to assess the clinical activity in patients with UC. Fecal Hb is the most useful marker for screening colorectal cancer; however, adding fecal Cp and Lf may compensate for the low sensitivity of detecting for advanced colorectal tumors based on Hb alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Yamakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Takakazu Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Tomoe Kazama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiro-O Yamano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
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2
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den Hartigh LJ, May KS, Zhang XS, Chait A, Blaser MJ. Serum amyloid A and metabolic disease: evidence for a critical role in chronic inflammatory conditions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1197432. [PMID: 37396595 PMCID: PMC10311072 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1197432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) subtypes 1-3 are well-described acute phase reactants that are elevated in acute inflammatory conditions such as infection, tissue injury, and trauma, while SAA4 is constitutively expressed. SAA subtypes also have been implicated as playing roles in chronic metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and possibly in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Distinctions between the expression kinetics of SAA in acute inflammatory responses and chronic disease states suggest the potential for differentiating SAA functions. Although circulating SAA levels can rise up to 1,000-fold during an acute inflammatory event, elevations are more modest (∼5-fold) in chronic metabolic conditions. The majority of acute-phase SAA derives from the liver, while in chronic inflammatory conditions SAA also derives from adipose tissue, the intestine, and elsewhere. In this review, roles for SAA subtypes in chronic metabolic disease states are contrasted to current knowledge about acute phase SAA. Investigations show distinct differences between SAA expression and function in human and animal models of metabolic disease, as well as sexual dimorphism of SAA subtype responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. den Hartigh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Karolline S. May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xue-Song Zhang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Alan Chait
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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3
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Dhanurdhar Y, Jagaty SK, Subhankar S, Behera D. Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Serum Biomarkers - Serum Amyloid A and CYFRA 21-1 in Lung Cancer. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2023; 13:89-94. [PMID: 37614836 PMCID: PMC10443456 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_639_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bronchogenic carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men and women. Early diagnosis and treatment in these cases are essential for a better prognosis. Serum biomarkers such as serum amyloid A (SAA) and CYFRA 21-1 have generated encouraging results regarding their use in the diagnosis of these cases but data on their role in the Indian scenario are still lacking. Aim The study aims to measure the levels of SAA and CYFRA 21-1 in various types of lung cancer and compare them with patients without lung cancer. It also aims to compare the values of these biomarkers before and after chemotherapy and correlate them with response to treatment. Materials and Methods It was a prospective, case-control study conducted in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh. All histologically and/or cytologically proven lung cancer cases were included in the study group while patients with diseases other than lung cancer formed the control group. All patients were evaluated through a complete history and thorough clinical examination. Measurement of SAA and CYFRA 21-1 in blood was done by sandwich ELISA method. The patients in the study group were followed up regularly and the biomarkers were measured again after four cycles of chemotherapy. The response of tumors to chemotherapy was evaluated as per modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 19.0. Results The study group and control group included 20 patients each. Hoarseness of voice and hemoptysis were significantly associated with lung cancer patients (P = 0.001 and P = 0.025, respectively). Serum levels above 8745 ng/ml for SAA and 2.55 ng/ml for serum CYFRA 21-1 were used as diagnostic biomarker in lung cancer. The serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 were found to be significantly raised in nonsmall cell carcinoma (NSCLC) in comparison to SCLC of lung. There was a statistically significant decrease in the serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 in lung cancer patients on C4 cycle of chemotherapy in comparison to C1 cycle (P = 0.014). Conclusion SAA and CYFRA 21-1 could be valuable diagnostic biomarkers in lung cancer. CYFRA 21-1, in addition, could also be used as prognostic biomarker in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy as it showed significant decrease after C4-cycle of chemotherapy. It can also be a potential biomarker to differentiate small cell and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yera Dhanurdhar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Saswat Subhankar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debasis Behera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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4
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Yoshido A, Sudo G, Takasawa A, Aoki H, Kitajima H, Yamamoto E, Niinuma T, Harada T, Kubo T, Sasaki H, Ishiguro K, Yorozu A, Kai M, Katanuma A, Yamano HO, Osanai M, Nakase H, Suzuki H. Serum amyloid A1 recruits neutrophils to the invasive front of T1 colorectal cancers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:301-310. [PMID: 36345658 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). We recently reported that crosstalk between CRC cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) via serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) promotes invasion by T1 CRCs. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the role of neutrophils in early CRCs. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of CD66b, chemokine CXC motif ligand 8 (CXCL8 or interleukin-8, IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was performed using primary T1 CRCs (n = 49). The HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line and THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cell line were used to obtain neutrophil-like and macrophage-like cells, respectively. Boyden chamber assays were used to analyze cell migration and invasion, and quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze gene expression. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed accumulation of neutrophils at the SAA1-positive invasive front of T1 CRCs. Experiments using HL-60 cells suggested that treatment with SAA1 induced neutrophil migration and expression of CXCL8 and MMP-9 in neutrophils and that neutrophils promote CRC cell migration and invasion. Immunohistochemistry confirmed accumulation of CXCL8- or MMP-9-positive neutrophils at the SAA1-positive invasive front of T1 CRCs. Moreover, co-culture experiments using CRC, THP-1 and HL-60 cells suggested that CRC cells activated by macrophages upregulate CXCL8 and MMP-9 in neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that interplay between macrophages and CRC cells leads to recruitment of neutrophils to the invasive front of T1 CRCs and that SAA1 secreted by CRC cells activate neutrophils to promote invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Yoshido
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gota Sudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironori Aoki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Niinuma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taku Harada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishiguro
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Yorozu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akio Katanuma
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiro-O Yamano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Proteomic Research on the Antitumor Properties of Medicinal Mushrooms. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216708. [PMID: 34771120 PMCID: PMC8588050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms are increasingly being recognized as an important therapeutic modality in complementary oncology. Until now, more than 800 mushroom species have been known to possess significant pharmacological properties, of which antitumor and immunomodulatory properties have been the most researched. Besides a number of medicinal mushroom preparations being used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, several isolates from mushrooms have been used as official antitumor drugs in clinical settings for several decades. Various proteomic approaches allow for the identification of a large number of differentially regulated proteins serendipitously, thereby providing an important platform for a discovery of new potential therapeutic targets and approaches as well as biomarkers of malignant disease. This review is focused on the current state of proteomic research into antitumor mechanisms of some of the most researched medicinal mushroom species, including Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, Auricularia auricula, Agrocybe aegerita, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinus edodes, as whole body extracts or various isolates, as well as of complex extract mixtures.
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6
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Haberecht-Müller S, Krüger E, Fielitz J. Out of Control: The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Skeletal Muscle during Inflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091327. [PMID: 34572540 PMCID: PMC8468834 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe sepsis develop ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) characterized by loss of muscle mass, reduction in myofiber size and decreased muscle strength leading to persisting physical impairment. This phenotype results from a dysregulated protein homeostasis with increased protein degradation and decreased protein synthesis, eventually causing a decrease in muscle structural proteins. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the predominant protein-degrading system in muscle that is activated during diverse muscle atrophy conditions, e.g., inflammation. The specificity of UPS-mediated protein degradation is assured by E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as atrogin-1 and MuRF1, which target structural and contractile proteins, proteins involved in energy metabolism and transcription factors for UPS-dependent degradation. Although the regulation of activity and function of E3 ubiquitin ligases in inflammation-induced muscle atrophy is well perceived, the contribution of the proteasome to muscle atrophy during inflammation is still elusive. During inflammation, a shift from standard- to immunoproteasome was described; however, to which extent this contributes to muscle wasting and whether this changes targeting of specific muscular proteins is not well described. This review summarizes the function of the main proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase response proteins and their signaling pathways in inflammation-induced muscle atrophy with a focus on UPS-mediated protein degradation in muscle during sepsis. The regulation and target-specificity of the main E3 ubiquitin ligases in muscle atrophy and their mode of action on myofibrillar proteins will be reported. The function of the standard- and immunoproteasome in inflammation-induced muscle atrophy will be described and the effects of proteasome-inhibitors as treatment strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Haberecht-Müller
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (J.F.)
| | - Jens Fielitz
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (J.F.)
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7
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Sudo G, Aoki H, Yamamoto E, Takasawa A, Niinuma T, Yoshido A, Kitajima H, Yorozu A, Kubo T, Harada T, Ishiguro K, Kai M, Katanuma A, Yamano HO, Osanai M, Nakase H, Suzuki H. Activated macrophages promote invasion by early colorectal cancer via an interleukin 1β-serum amyloid A1 axis. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4151-4165. [PMID: 34293235 PMCID: PMC8486202 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Submucosal invasion and lymph node metastasis are important issues affecting treatment options for early colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we aimed to unravel the molecular mechanism underlying the invasiveness of early CRCs. We performed RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) with poorly differentiated components (PORs) and their normal counterparts isolated from T1 CRC tissues and detected significant upregulation of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) in PORs. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SAA1 was specifically expressed in PORs at the invasive front of T1b CRCs. Upregulation of SAA1 in CRC cells promoted cell migration and invasion. Coculture experiments using CRC cell lines and THP‐1 cells suggested that interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) produced by macrophages induces SAA1 expression in CRC cells. Induction of SAA1 and promotion of CRC cell migration and invasion by macrophages were inhibited by blocking IL‐1β. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical analysis of primary T1 CRCs showing accumulation of M1‐like/M2‐like macrophages at SAA1‐positive invasive front regions. Moreover, SAA1 produced by CRC cells stimulated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in macrophages. Our data suggest that tumor‐associated macrophages at the invasive front of early CRCs promote cancer cell migration and invasion through induction of SAA1 and that SAA1 may be a predictive biomarker and a useful therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gota Sudo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironori Aoki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Niinuma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayano Yoshido
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Yorozu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taku Harada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishiguro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akio Katanuma
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiro-O Yamano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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8
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Davis TA, Conradie D, Shridas P, de Beer FC, Engelbrecht AM, de Villiers WJS. Serum Amyloid A Promotes Inflammation-Associated Damage and Tumorigenesis in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1329-1341. [PMID: 34217896 PMCID: PMC8463861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Identifying new approaches to lessen inflammation, as well as the associated malignant consequences, remains crucial to improving the lives and prognosis of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases. Although it previously has been suggested as a suitable biomarker for monitoring disease activity in patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease, the role of the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) in inflammatory bowel disease remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to assess the role of SAA in colitis-associated cancer. METHODS We established a model of colitis-associated cancer in wild-type and SAA double-knockout (Saa1/2-/-) mice by following the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium protocol. Disease activity was monitored throughout the study while colon and tumor tissues were harvested for subsequent use in cytokine analyses, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry +experiments. RESULTS We observed attenuated disease activity in mice deficient for Saa1/2 as evidenced by decreased weight loss, increased stool consistency, decreased rectal bleeding, and decreased colitis-associated tissue damage. Macrophage infiltration, including CD206+ M2-like macrophages, also was attenuated in SAA knockout mice, while levels of interleukin 4, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ were decreased in the distal colon. Mice deficient for SAA also showed a decreased tumor burden, and tumors were found to have increased apoptotic activity coupled with decreased expression for markers of proliferation. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we conclude that SAA has an active role in inflammatory bowel disease and that it could serve as a therapeutic target aimed at decreasing chronic inflammation and the associated risk of developing colitis-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Preetha Shridas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Frederick C de Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences; African Cancer Institute, Department of Global Health
| | - Willem J S de Villiers
- African Cancer Institute, Department of Global Health; Department of Internal Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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9
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Wen L, Han Z, Du Y. Identification of gene biomarkers and immune cell infiltration characteristics in rectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:964-980. [PMID: 34295549 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compared with colon cancer, the increase of morbidity is more significant for rectal cancer. The current study set out to identify novel and critical biomarkers or features that may be used as promising targets for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of rectal cancer. Methods Microarray datasets of rectal cancer with a minimum sample size of 30 and RNA-sequencing datasets of rectal adenocarcinoma (READ) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The method of robust rank aggregation was utilized to integrate differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was structured using the STRING platform, and hub genes were identified using the Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba and an UpSet diagram. R software was employed to perform functional enrichment analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on the GEO data and Kaplan-Meier curves based on the TCGA data were drawn to assess the diagnostic and prognostic values of the hub genes. Immune cell infiltration analysis was conducted with CIBERSORT, and the diagnostic value and correlations between prognostic genes and infiltrated immune cells were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), ROC curves, and correlation scatter plots. Results A total of 137 robust DEGs were obtained by integrating datasets in GEO. Twenty-four hub genes, including CHGA, TTR, SAA1, SPP1, MMP1, TGFBI, COL1A1, and PCK1, were identified as a diagnostic gene biomarker group for rectal cancer, and SAA1, SPP1, and SI were identified as potential novel prognostic biomarkers. Functionally, the hub genes were mainly involved in the rectal cancer related interleukin (IL)-17 and proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation pathways. Twelve sensitive infiltrated immune cells were identified, and were correlated with prognostic genes. Conclusions The integrated gene biomarker group combined with immune cell infiltration can effectively indicate rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongqiang Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Du
- Department of Oncology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Yamamoto H, Yokota A, Suzuki N, Tachibana M, Tsutsumi Y. Gastric perforation caused by secondary systemic amyloidosis. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04254. [PMID: 34084518 PMCID: PMC8142406 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid A amyloidosis secondary to chronic inflammation involves systemic organs and tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. In the present case, massive amyloid deposit caused gastric perforation. IgM co-deposition in the glomeruli was another finding of note.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Yamamoto
- Department of General MedicineShimada Municipal HospitalShimadaJapan
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyShimada Municipal HospitalShimadaJapan
| | - Akihiko Yokota
- Department of GastroenterologyShimada Municipal HospitalShimadaJapan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Department of NephrologyShimada Municipal HospitalShimadaJapan
| | | | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyShimada Municipal HospitalShimadaJapan
- Diagnostic Pathology ClinicPathos TsutsumiInazawaJapan
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11
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Janciauskiene S, Wrenger S, Günzel S, Gründing AR, Golpon H, Welte T. Potential Roles of Acute Phase Proteins in Cancer: Why Do Cancer Cells Produce or Take Up Exogenous Acute Phase Protein Alpha1-Antitrypsin? Front Oncol 2021; 11:622076. [PMID: 33680966 PMCID: PMC7933442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.622076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between acute-phase proteins (APPs) and cancer has long been established and there are numerous reports correlating altered levels and/or molecular forms of APPs with different types of cancers. Many authors have shown a positive correlation between high levels of APPs, like alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), and unfavorable clinical outcome in cancers. Conversely, others proposed that high levels of APPs are probably just a part of nonspecific inflammatory response to cancer development. However, this might not be always true, because many cancerous cells produce or take up exogenous APPs. What is the biological significance of this and what benefit do cancer cells have from these proteins remains largely unknown. Recent data revealed that some APPs, including AAT, are able to enhance cancer cell resistance against anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and autophagy. In this review, we specifically discuss our own findings and controversies in the literature regarding the role of AAT in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Janciauskiene
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Wrenger
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffen Günzel
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Ricarda Gründing
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Golpon
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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12
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de Waal GM, de Villiers WJS, Forgan T, Roberts T, Pretorius E. Colorectal cancer is associated with increased circulating lipopolysaccharide, inflammation and hypercoagulability. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8777. [PMID: 32472080 PMCID: PMC7260372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis contributes to the development of a dysfunctional gut barrier, facilitating the translocation of bacteria and inflammagens, and is implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. Such 'leaky gut' conditions result in systemic inflammation, of which a hallmark is increased hypercoagulability. Fluorescence antibody confocal microscopy was used to determine circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in control and CRC populations. Here we showed that circulating levels of LPS are significantly elevated in the CRC population. We also showed that markers of inflammation and hypercoagulability are increased in this population. Furthermore, anomalous blood clotting and structural changes in blood components are presented. Importantly, the association between LPS levels, inflammation, and hematological dysfunction was analysed. Statistical regression models were applied to identify markers with strong association with CRC, and to investigate the correlation between markers. A core aim is enhanced biomarker discovery for CRC. We conclude that circulating LPS can promote systemic inflammation and contribute to the development of a pathological coagulation system, with resulting chronic inflammation and an activated coagulation system implicated in tumorigenesis. Blood-based screening tools are an emerging research area of interest for CRC screening. We propose the use of additional (novel) biomarkers to effectively screen for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta M de Waal
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Willem J S de Villiers
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy Forgan
- Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Division of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Timothy Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
- University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PB, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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13
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Hahn A, Kny M, Pablo-Tortola C, Todiras M, Willenbrock M, Schmidt S, Schmoeckel K, Jorde I, Nowak M, Jarosch E, Sommer T, Bröker BM, Felix SB, Scheidereit C, Weber-Carstens S, Butter C, Luft FC, Fielitz J. Serum amyloid A1 mediates myotube atrophy via Toll-like receptors. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:103-119. [PMID: 31441598 PMCID: PMC7015249 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critically ill patients frequently develop muscle atrophy and weakness in the intensive-care-unit setting [intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW)]. Sepsis, systemic inflammation, and acute-phase response are major risk factors. We reported earlier that the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is increased and accumulates in muscle of ICUAW patients, but its relevance was unknown. Our objectives were to identify SAA1 receptors and their downstream signalling pathways in myocytes and skeletal muscle and to investigate the role of SAA1 in inflammation-induced muscle atrophy. METHODS We performed cell-based in vitro and animal in vivo experiments. The atrophic effect of SAA1 on differentiated C2C12 myotubes was investigated by analysing gene expression, protein content, and the atrophy phenotype. We used the cecal ligation and puncture model to induce polymicrobial sepsis in wild type mice, which were treated with the IкB kinase inhibitor Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS)-345541 or vehicle. Morphological and molecular analyses were used to investigate the phenotype of inflammation-induced muscle atrophy and the effects of BMS-345541 treatment. RESULTS The SAA1 receptors Tlr2, Tlr4, Cd36, P2rx7, Vimp, and Scarb1 were all expressed in myocytes and skeletal muscle. Treatment of differentiated C2C12 myotubes with recombinant SAA1 caused myotube atrophy and increased interleukin 6 (Il6) gene expression. These effects were mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4. SAA1 increased the phosphorylation and activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-κB) p65 via TLR2 and TLR4 leading to an increased binding of NF-κB to NF-κB response elements in the promoter region of its target genes resulting in an increased expression of NF-κB target genes. In polymicrobial sepsis, skeletal muscle mass, tissue morphology, gene expression, and protein content were associated with the atrophy response. Inhibition of NF-κB signalling by BMS-345541 increased survival (28.6% vs. 91.7%, P < 0.01). BMS-345541 diminished inflammation-induced atrophy as shown by a reduced weight loss of the gastrocnemius/plantaris (vehicle: -21.2% and BMS-345541: -10.4%; P < 0.05), tibialis anterior (vehicle: -22.7% and BMS-345541: -17.1%; P < 0.05) and soleus (vehicle: -21.1% and BMS-345541: -11.3%; P < 0.05) in septic mice. Analysis of the fiber type specific myocyte cross-sectional area showed that BMS-345541 reduced inflammation-induced atrophy of slow/type I and fast/type II myofibers compared with vehicle-treated septic mice. BMS-345541 reversed the inflammation-induced atrophy program as indicated by a reduced expression of the atrogenes Trim63/MuRF1, Fbxo32/Atrogin1, and Fbxo30/MuSA1. CONCLUSIONS SAA1 activates the TLR2/TLR4//NF-κB p65 signalling pathway to cause myocyte atrophy. Systemic inhibition of the NF-κB pathway reduced muscle atrophy and increased survival of septic mice. The SAA1/TLR2/TLR4//NF-κB p65 atrophy pathway could have utility in combatting ICUAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hahn
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Kny
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Pablo-Tortola
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Cardiovascular hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Nicolae Testemiţanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chișinău, Moldova
| | - Michael Willenbrock
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Schmidt
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Schmoeckel
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilka Jorde
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcel Nowak
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Intracellular Proteolysis, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst Jarosch
- Intracellular Proteolysis, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Sommer
- Intracellular Proteolysis, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Weber-Carstens
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Butter
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Brandenburg and Medical University Brandenburg (MHB), Bernau, Germany
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Fielitz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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14
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Ghweil AA, Osman HA, Hassan MH, Sabry AM, Mahdy RE, Ahmed AR, Okasha A, Khodeary A, Ameen HH. Validity of serum amyloid A and HMGB1 as biomarkers for early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:117-126. [PMID: 32021428 PMCID: PMC6958557 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s207934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Gastric carcinomais a frequent neoplasm with poor outcome, and its early detection would improve prognosis. This study was designed to evaluate the possible use of new biomarkers, namely SAA and HMGB1, for early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Methods A total of 100 patients presenting with gastric symptoms were included. All patients underwent upper endoscopic evaluation, histopathological diagnosis and serum CEA, SAA, and HMGB1 measurements. Results Patients were classed endoscopically with neoplastic, inflammatory, and normal-appearing gastric mucosa: 50, 25, and 25 patients, respectively. Histologically, half the patients had chronic gastritis and the remaining cases gastric carcinoma of diffuse (n=28) or intestinal (n=22) type. SAA at cutoff of 18.5 mg/L had the best validity to differentiate gastritis from gastric carcinoma, with AUC, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.99, 98%, 100%, 100%, and 98%, respectively, followed by HMGB1 at cutoff of 14.5 pg/μL, with AUC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 0.91, 70%, 96%, 94.6%, and 76.2%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of serum CEA at cutoff of 2.9 ng/mL to differentiate gastritis from gastric carcinoma were 42%, 72%, 60%, and 55.4%, respectively, with AUC of 0.53. Nonetheless, higher serum levels of both SAA and HMGB1 reflected higher tumor grade (P=0.027 and P=0.016, respectively) and advanced tumor stage (P-OBrk-0.001 for both). Conclusion Serum levels of both SAA and HMGB1 could be of great value for early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma, comparable to the diagnostic role of serum CEA, which is not valid for early diagnosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Ghweil
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Heba A Osman
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Abeer Mm Sabry
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Reem E Mahdy
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Rh Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Okasha
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Khodeary
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hesham H Ameen
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, Egypt
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15
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Murdoch CC, Espenschied ST, Matty MA, Mueller O, Tobin DM, Rawls JF. Intestinal Serum amyloid A suppresses systemic neutrophil activation and bactericidal activity in response to microbiota colonization. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007381. [PMID: 30845179 PMCID: PMC6405052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota influences the development and function of myeloid lineages such as neutrophils, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unresolved. Using gnotobiotic zebrafish, we identified the immune effector Serum amyloid A (Saa) as one of the most highly induced transcripts in digestive tissues following microbiota colonization. Saa is a conserved secreted protein produced in the intestine and liver with described effects on neutrophils in vitro, however its in vivo functions remain poorly defined. We engineered saa mutant zebrafish to test requirements for Saa on innate immunity in vivo. Zebrafish mutant for saa displayed impaired neutrophil responses to wounding but augmented clearance of pathogenic bacteria. At baseline, saa mutants exhibited moderate neutrophilia and altered neutrophil tissue distribution. Molecular and functional analyses of isolated neutrophils revealed that Saa suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory markers and bactericidal activity. Saa's effects on neutrophils depended on microbiota colonization, suggesting this protein mediates the microbiota's effects on host innate immunity. To test tissue-specific roles of Saa on neutrophil function, we over-expressed saa in the intestine or liver and found that sufficient to partially complement neutrophil phenotypes observed in saa mutants. These results indicate Saa produced by the intestine in response to microbiota serves as a systemic signal to neutrophils to restrict aberrant activation, decreasing inflammatory tone and bacterial killing potential while simultaneously enhancing their ability to migrate to wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Murdoch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Espenschied
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Molly A. Matty
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olaf Mueller
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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16
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Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins were isolated and named over 50 years ago. They are small (104 amino acids) and have a striking relationship to the acute phase response with serum levels rising as much as 1000-fold in 24 hours. SAA proteins are encoded in a family of closely-related genes and have been remarkably conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Amino-terminal fragments of SAA can form highly organized, insoluble fibrils that accumulate in “secondary” amyloid disease. Despite their evolutionary preservation and dynamic synthesis pattern SAA proteins have lacked well-defined physiologic roles. However, considering an array of many, often unrelated, reports now permits a more coordinated perspective. Protein studies have elucidated basic SAA structure and fibril formation. Appreciating SAA’s lipophilicity helps relate it to lipid transport and metabolism as well as atherosclerosis. SAA’s function as a cytokine-like protein has become recognized in cell-cell communication as well as feedback in inflammatory, immunologic, neoplastic and protective pathways. SAA likely has a critical role in control and possibly propagation of the primordial acute phase response. Appreciating the many cellular and molecular interactions for SAA suggests possibilities for improved understanding of pathophysiology as well as treatment and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Sack
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Physiology 615, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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17
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Pirro M, Ricciuti B, Rader DJ, Catapano AL, Sahebkar A, Banach M. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and cancer: Marker or causative? Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:54-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Wu DC, Wang KY, Wang SSW, Huang CM, Lee YW, Chen MI, Chuang SA, Chen SH, Lu YW, Lin CC, Lee KW, Hsu WH, Wu KP, Chen YJ. Exploring the expression bar code of SAA variants for gastric cancer detection. Proteomics 2018; 17. [PMID: 28493537 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We reported an integrated platform to explore serum protein variant pattern in cancer and its utility as a new class of biomarker panel for diagnosis. On the model study of serum amyloid A (SAA), we employed nanoprobe-based affinity mass spectrometry for enrichment, identification and quantitation of SAA variants from serum of 105 gastric cancer patients in comparison with 54 gastritis patients, 54 controls, and 120 patients from other cancer. The result revealed surprisingly heterogeneous and most comprehensive SAA bar code to date, which comprises 24 SAA variants including SAA1- and SAA2-encoded products, polymorphic isoforms, N-terminal-truncated forms, and three novel SAA oxidized isotypes, in which the variant-specific peptide sequence were also confirmed by LC-MS/MS. A diagnostic model was developed for dimension reduction and computational classification of the 24 SAA-variant bar code, providing good discrimination (AUC = 0.85 ± 3.2E-3) for differentiating gastric cancer group from gastritis and normal groups (sensitivity, 0.76; specificity, 0.81) and was validated with external validation cohort (sensitivity, 0.71; specificity, 0.74). Our platform not only shed light on the occurrence and modification extent of under-represented serum protein variants in cancer, but also suggested a new concept of diagnostic platform by serum protein variant profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sophie S W Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Min Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Szu-An Chuang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Wo Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Serum amyloid A1 is upregulated in human glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:383-391. [PMID: 28283801 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is a sensitive acute phase reactant primarily produced by the liver in response to acute inflammation. We have recently shown that SAA affects proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cell lines, which suggest its participation in the malignant process. Consistently, levels of SAA have been used as a non-invasive biomarker for the prognosis of many cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate SAA serum levels and expression of SAA genes in human astrocytomas tissues. Serum and tissue samples were obtained from patients with astrocytoma grades I to III and glioblastoma (GBM or grade IV). Levels of circulating SAA were significantly higher in the serum of patients with AGII-IV when compared to non-neoplastic samples derived from non-neoplastic patients (NN) (p > 0.0001). Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) of 148 astrocytomas samples (grades I-IV) showed that SAA1 mRNA was significantly higher in GBM when compared to AGI-III and NN samples (p < 0.0001). Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed cytoplasmic positivity for SAA in GBM. There was no correlation of SAA1 with clinical end-point of overall survival among GBM patients. However, it was found a positive correlation between SAA1 and genes involved in tumor progression, such as: HIF1A (r = 0.50; p < 0.00001), CD163 (r = 0.52; p < 0.00001), CXCR4 (r = 0.42; p < 0.00001) and CXCR7 (r = 0.33; p = 0.002). In conclusions, we show that astrocytoma patients have increased levels of serum SAA and SAA1 is expressed and secreted in GBM, and its co-expression with tumor-related genes supports its involvement in GBM angiogenesis and progression.
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20
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De Buck M, Gouwy M, Wang JM, Van Snick J, Opdenakker G, Struyf S, Van Damme J. Structure and Expression of Different Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Variants and their Concentration-Dependent Functions During Host Insults. Curr Med Chem 2017; 23:1725-55. [PMID: 27087246 PMCID: PMC5405626 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160418114600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is, like C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein and can be used as a diagnostic, prognostic or therapy follow-up marker for many diseases. Increases in serum levels of SAA are triggered by physical insults to the host, including infection, trauma, inflammatory reactions and cancer. The order of magnitude of increase in SAA levels varies considerably, from a 10- to 100-fold during limited inflammatory events to a 1000-fold increase during severe bacterial infections and acute exacerbations of chronic inflammatory diseases. This broad response range is reflected by SAA gene duplications resulting in a cluster encoding several SAA variants and by multiple biological functions of SAA. SAA variants are single-domain proteins with simple structures and few post-translational modifications. SAA1 and SAA2 are inducible by inflammatory cytokines, whereas SAA4 is constitutively produced. We review here the regulated expression of SAA in normal and transformed cells and compare its serum levels in various disease states. At low concentrations (10-100 ng/ml), early in an inflammatory response, SAA induces chemokines or matrix degrading enzymes via Toll-like receptors and functions as an activator and chemoattractant through a G protein-coupled receptor. When an infectious or inflammatory stimulus persists, the liver continues to produce more SAA (> 1000 ng/ml) to become an antimicrobial agent by functioning as a direct opsonin of bacteria or by interference with virus infection of host cells. Thus, SAA regulates innate and adaptive immunity and this information may help to design better drugs to treat specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jo Van Damme
- University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Identification of TWIST-interacting genes in prostate cancer. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:386-396. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Knight JM, Kim E, Ivanov I, Davidson LA, Goldsby JS, Hullar MAJ, Randolph TW, Kaz AM, Levy L, Lampe JW, Chapkin RS. Comprehensive site-specific whole genome profiling of stromal and epithelial colonic gene signatures in human sigmoid colon and rectal tissue. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:651-9. [PMID: 27401218 PMCID: PMC5111881 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The strength of associations between various exposures (e.g., diet, tobacco, chemopreventive agents) and colorectal cancer risk may partially depend on the complex interaction between epithelium and stroma across anatomic subsites. Currently, baseline data describing genome-wide coding and long noncoding gene expression profiles in the healthy colon specific to tissue type and location are lacking. Therefore, colonic mucosal biopsies from 10 healthy participants who were enrolled in a clinical study to evaluate effects of lignan supplementation on gut resiliency were used to characterize the site-specific global gene expression signatures associated with stromal vs. epithelial cells in the sigmoid colon and rectum. Using RNA-seq, we demonstrate that tissue type and location patterns of gene expression and upstream regulatory pathways are distinct. For example, consistent with a key role of stroma in the crypt niche, mRNAs associated with immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes (i.e., CXCL14, ANTXR1), smooth muscle contraction (CALD1), proliferation and apoptosis (GLP2R, IGFBP3), and modulation of extracellular matrix (MMP2, COL3A1, MFAP4) were all highly expressed in the stroma. In comparison, HOX genes (HOXA3, HOXD9, HOXD10, HOXD11, and HOXD-AS2, a HOXD cluster antisense RNA 2), and WNT5B expression were also significantly higher in sigmoid colon compared with the rectum. These findings provide strong impetus for considering colorectal tissue subtypes and location in future observational studies and clinical trials designed to evaluate the effects of exposures on colonic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Knight
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Laurie A Davidson
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jennifer S Goldsby
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Meredith A J Hullar
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Timothy W Randolph
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Andrew M Kaz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and Gastroenterology Section, VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisa Levy
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas;
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Molendijk I, Barnhoorn MC, de Jonge-Muller ESM, Mieremet-Ooms MAC, van der Reijden JJ, van der Helm D, Hommes DW, van der Meulen-de Jong AE, Verspaget HW. Intraluminal Injection of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Spheroids Attenuates Experimental Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:953-64. [PMID: 26896084 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In recent years, mesenchymal stromal cells [MSCs] emerged as a promising therapeutic option for various diseases, due to their immunomodulatory properties. We previously observed that intraperitoneally injected MSCs in experimental colitis form spherical shaped aggregates. Therefore, we aggregated MSCs in vitro into spheroids and injected them intraluminally in mice with established colitis, to investigate whether these MSC spheroids could alleviate the colitis. METHODS We injected 0.5 x 10(6) MSCs in spheroids, 2.0 x 10(6) MSCs in spheroids, or phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] as a treatment control, via an enema in mice with established dextran sulphate sodium [DSS]-induced colitis. Body weight was measured daily and disease activity score was determined at sacrifice. Endoscopy was performed to evaluate mucosal healing. After sacrifice, both systemic and local inflammatory responses were evaluated. RESULTS Intraluminally injected MSC spheroids alleviated DSS-induced colitis, resulting in significantly less body weight loss and lower disease activity score at sacrifice when a high dose of MSC spheroids was administered. However, the percentage of mucosal lesions in the distal colon and endoscopy scores were not significantly lower after treatment with 2.0 x 10(6) MSCs in spheroids compared with PBS-treated mice. Systemic inflammation marker serum amyloid A [SAA] was significantly reduced after treatment with 2.0 x 10(6) MSCs in spheroids. In addition, local cytokine levels of IFN-ɣ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17a, as well as numbers of macrophages and neutrophils, showed a clear decrease-though not always significant-after intraluminal injection of the MSC spheroids. CONCLUSION Intraluminally injected MSC spheroids at least partially attenuate experimental colitis, with fewer phagocytes and proinflammmatory cytokines, when a high dose of MSCs in spheroids was administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Molendijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke C Barnhoorn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marij A C Mieremet-Ooms
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan J van der Reijden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danny van der Helm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel W Hommes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Hein W Verspaget
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Rossmann C, Hammer A, Koyani CN, Kovacevic A, Siwetz M, Desoye G, Poehlmann TG, Markert UR, Huppertz B, Sattler W, Malle E. Expression of serum amyloid A4 in human trophoblast-like choriocarcinoma cell lines and human first trimester/term trophoblast cells. Placenta 2014; 35:661-4. [PMID: 24951172 PMCID: PMC4119475 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast invasion into uterine tissues represents a hallmark of first trimester placental development. As expression of serum amyloid A4 (SAA4) occurs in tumorigenic and invasive tissues we here investigated whether SAA4 is present in trophoblast-like human AC1-M59/Jeg-3 cells and trophoblast preparations of human first trimester and term placenta. SAA4 mRNA was expressed in non-stimulated and cytokine-treated AC1-M59/Jeg-3 cells. In purified trophoblast cells SAA4 mRNA expression was upregulated at weeks 10 and 12 of pregnancy. Western-blot and immunohistochemical staining of first trimester placental tissue revealed pronounced SAA4 expression in invasive trophoblast cells indicating a potential role of SAA4 during invasion. SAA4 mRNA is expressed in Jeg-3 and AC1-M59 cells. SAA4 mRNA is expressed in first trimester/term trophoblast cells. SAA4 mRNA is upregulated at pregnancy week 10 and 12. SAA4 protein is present in interstitial, intramural and intraluminal trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rossmann
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - A Hammer
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Graz, Austria
| | - C N Koyani
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - A Kovacevic
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - M Siwetz
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Graz, Austria
| | - G Desoye
- Medical University of Graz, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graz, Austria
| | - T G Poehlmann
- Placenta-Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - U R Markert
- Placenta-Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - B Huppertz
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Graz, Austria
| | - W Sattler
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - E Malle
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz A-8010, Austria.
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25
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Sandri S, Urban Borbely A, Fernandes I, Mendes de Oliveira E, Knebel FH, Ruano R, Zugaib M, Filippin-Monteiro F, Bevilacqua E, Campa A. Serum amyloid A in the placenta and its role in trophoblast invasion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90881. [PMID: 24614130 PMCID: PMC3948705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum amyloid A (SAA) protein is known to function in the acute phase response and immunoregulation. Recently, SAA has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and migratory behavior in different cell types. Here, we evaluated whether exogenous SAA could influence trophoblast invasion and differentiation using both the trophoblast-like BeWo cell line and fully differentiated human extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT) isolated from term placentae. SAA stimulated BeWo cell invasion, as measured in Matrigel invasion assays, and induced metalloprotease mRNA expression and activity. Given that BeWo cells express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a known receptor for SAA, we examined the role of TLR4 in SAA-induced invasion using a TLR4 neutralizing antibody. We also tested whether SAA could affect markers of trophoblast syncytialization in BeWo cells. We observed that SAA decreased βhCG secretion and did not influence trophoblast syncytialization. Using EVT cells isolated from human term basal plates, we confirmed that SAA at 1 and 10 µg/mL doubled EVT invasion in a TLR4-dependent manner, but at 20 µg/mL inhibited EVT cells invasiveness. In addition, we observed that SAA was expressed in both BeWo cells and human term placentae, specifically in the syncytiotrophoblast, decidual cells and EVT. In conclusion, SAA was identified as a molecule that functions in the placental microenvironment to regulate metalloprotease activity and trophoblast invasion, which are key processes in placentation and placental homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Sandri
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Urban Borbely
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Fernandes
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciele Hinterholz Knebel
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ruano
- Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zugaib
- Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Campa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Huang B, Belharazem D, Li L, Kneitz S, Schnabel PA, Rieker RJ, Körner D, Nix W, Schalke B, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Rosenwald A, Ströbel P, Marx A. Anti-Apoptotic Signature in Thymic Squamous Cell Carcinomas - Functional Relevance of Anti-Apoptotic BIRC3 Expression in the Thymic Carcinoma Cell Line 1889c. Front Oncol 2013; 3:316. [PMID: 24427739 PMCID: PMC3876280 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TCs) is poorly understood and results of adjuvant therapy are unsatisfactory in case of metastatic disease and tumor recurrence. For these clinical settings, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Recently, limited sequencing efforts revealed that a broad spectrum of genes that play key roles in various common cancers are rarely affected in thymomas and TCs, suggesting that other oncogenic principles might be important. This made us re-analyze historic expression data obtained in a spectrum of thymomas and thymic squamous cell carcinomas (TSCCs) with a custom-made cDNA microarray. By cluster analysis, different anti-apoptotic signatures were detected in type B3 thymoma and TSCC, including overexpression of BIRC3 in TSCCs. This was confirmed by qRT-PCR in the original and an independent validation set of tumors. In contrast to several other cancer cell lines, the BIRC3-positive TSCC cell line, 1889c showed spontaneous apoptosis after BIRC3 knock-down. Targeting apoptosis genes is worth testing as therapeutic principle in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- Pathologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Djeda Belharazem
- Pathologisches Institut und Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung (ZMF), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Li Li
- Pathologisches Institut und Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung (ZMF), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany ; Pathologisches Institut der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Pathologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | | | - Ralf J Rieker
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Daniel Körner
- Abteilung Thoraxchirurgie, Thoraxklinik Rohrbach, Universität Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Wilfred Nix
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Neurologische Universitätsklink Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | | | - German Ott
- Pathologisches Institut, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Pathologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Pathologisches Institut und Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung (ZMF), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany ; Pathologisches Institut der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Pathologisches Institut und Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung (ZMF), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
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Kristjansdottir B, Levan K, Partheen K, Carlsohn E, Sundfeldt K. Potential tumor biomarkers identified in ovarian cyst fluid by quantitative proteomic analysis, iTRAQ. Clin Proteomics 2013; 10:4. [PMID: 23557354 PMCID: PMC3637236 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-derived ovarian adenocarcinoma (EOC) is the most deadly gynecologic tumor, and the principle cause of the poor survival rate is diagnosis at a late stage. Screening and diagnostic biomarkers with acceptable specificity and sensitivity are lacking. Ovarian cyst fluid should harbor early ovarian cancer biomarkers because of its closeness to the tumor. We investigated ovarian cyst fluid as a source for discovering biomarkers for use in the diagnosis of EOC. RESULTS Using quantitative mass spectrometry, iTRAQ MS, we identified 837 proteins in cyst fluid from benign, EOC stage I, and EOC stage III. Only patients of serous histology were included in the study. Comparing the benign (n = 5) with the malignant (n = 10) group, 87 of the proteins were significantly (p < 0.05) differentially expressed. Two proteins, serum amyloid A-4 (SAA4) and astacin-like metalloendopeptidase (ASTL), were selected for verification of the iTRAQ method and external validation with immunoblot in a larger cohort with mixed histology, in plasma (n = 68), and cyst fluid (n = 68). The protein selections were based on either high significance and high fold change or abundant appearance and several peptide recognitions in the sample sets (p = 0.04, FC = 1.95) and (p < 0.001, FC = 8.48) for SAA4 and ASTL respectively. Both were found to be significantly expressed (p < 0.05), but the methods did not correlate concerning ASTL. CONCLUSIONS Fluid from ovarian cysts connected directly to the primary tumor harbor many possible new tumor-specific biomarkers. We have identified 87 differentially expressed proteins and validated two candidates to verify the iTRAQ method. However several of the proteins are of interest for validation in a larger setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björg Kristjansdottir
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden.
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Kristjansdottir B, Partheen K, Fung ET, Marcickiewicz J, Yip C, Brännström M, Sundfeldt K. Ovarian cyst fluid is a rich proteome resource for detection of new tumor biomarkers. Clin Proteomics 2012; 9:14. [PMID: 23268721 PMCID: PMC3552982 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the use of ovarian cyst fluid as a source for biomarker discovery and to find novel biomarkers for use in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian tumors. Results Ovarian cyst fluids from 218 women were collected and 192 (benign n = 129, malignant n = 63) were analyzed using mass spectrometry. 1180 peaks were detected, 221 of which were differently expressed between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Seventeen peaks had receiver operating curve and area under the curve values >0.70; the majority of these represented peaks for apolipoproteins C-III and C-I (ApoC-I), transthyretin (TTR), serum amyloid A4 (SAA4), and protein C inhibitor (PCI). ApoC-III, PCI, and serum CA125, with an ROC AUC 0.94 was the best combination for diagnosing epithelial ovarian cancer. ApoC-III and PCI was analyzed with ELISA in the original cohort (n = 40) and in 40 new cyst fluid samples for confirmation with an independent method and validation. Results from MS and ELISA for ApoC-III correlated well (p = 0.04). In the validation set, ApoC-III was significantly (p = 0.001) increased in the malignant epithelial ovarian cancers. Conclusions Fluid from ovarian cysts connected directly to the primary tumor harbor many possible new tumor-specific biomarkers. Biomarkers found in ovarian cyst fluid may be used as molecular imaging targets for early diagnostics and prediction of therapy. Plasma abundant proteins are also influencing the cystic fluid proteome. Methods for isolating less frequent cyst fluid proteins are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björg Kristjansdottir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Franco AG, Sandri S, Campa A. High-density lipoprotein prevents SAA-induced production of TNF-α in THP-1 monocytic cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106:986-92. [PMID: 22241121 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated whether human serum and lipoproteins, especially high-density lipoprotein (HDL), affected serum amyloid A (SAA)-induced cytokine release. We verified the effects of SAA on THP-1 cells in serum-free medium compared to medium containing human serum or lipoprotein-deficient serum. SAA-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production was higher in the medium containing lipoprotein-deficient serum than in the medium containing normal human serum. The addition of HDL inhibited the SAA-induced TNF-α release in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was specific for HDL and was not affected by low-density lipoprotein or very low-density lipoprotein. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the inhibitory effect of HDL on TNF-α production induced by SAA was less pronounced. However, this effect was significant when HDL was added to lipoprotein-deficient medium. In addition, a similar inhibitory effect was observed for interleukin-1 beta release. These findings confirm the important role of HDL and support our previous hypothesis that HDL inhibits the effects of SAA during SAA transport in the bloodstream. Moreover, the HDL-induced reduction in the proinflammatory activity of SAA emphasizes the involvement of SAA in diseases, such as atherosclerosis, that are characterized by low levels of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Grecco Franco
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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30
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On Typing Amyloidosis Using Immunohistochemistry. Detailled Illustrations, Review and a Note on Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 47:61-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Chase D, McLauchlan G, Eckersall PD, Parkin T, Pratschke K, Pratschke J. Acute phase protein levels in dogs with mast cell tumours and sarcomas. Vet Rec 2012; 170:648. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Chase
- Pride Veterinary Centre; Riverside Road Derby Derbyshire DE24 8HX UK
| | - G. McLauchlan
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - P. D. Eckersall
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - T. Parkin
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - K. Pratschke
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - J. Pratschke
- Department of Economics and Statistics; University of Salerno; Via ponte don Melillo Fisciano 84084 SA Italy
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32
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Moshkovskii SA. Why do cancer cells produce serum amyloid a acute-phase protein? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:339-41. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang G, Sun X, Lv H, Yang X, Kang X. Serum amyloid A: A new potential serum marker correlated with the stage of breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2012; 3:940-944. [PMID: 22741023 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported that serum amyloid A (SAA) is elevated in patients with tumors, including breast cancer, compared to healthy controls. In addition, the levels of SAA increase gradually with tumor progression. In this study, we investigated the blood SAA level of breast cancer patients, and evaluated its potential as a serum biomarker for the early diagnosis of breast cancer and as a staging estimate. SAA protein was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples from 30 healthy women, 21 women with benign diseases and 118 breast cancer patients who were subdivided into 4 groups based on their clinical characteristics. SAA levels were not statistically different in stage I breast cancer patients compared with the healthy controls and benign breast disease patients. SAA concentrations had medians of 0.63 µg/ml in normal healthy women, 0.76 µg/ml in patients with benign disease (p>0.05) and 0.82 µg/ml in stage I breast cancer patients (p>0.05). By contrast, SAA values in stage Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ patients had a significantly higher median compared to those of the healthy, benign breast diseases and stage I groups (p<0.05). Breast cancer patients with lymph node (LN) metastasis or distant metastasis were found to have significantly higher SAA concentrations than those without metastases. SAA is not a suitable marker for early breast cancer diagnosis, but its level is correlated with the stage of breast cancer. Thus, it may be a good candidate marker for the staging and prognosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Zhang
- Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Identification of potential serum biomarkers for Wilms tumor after excluding confounding effects of common systemic inflammatory factors. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:5095-104. [PMID: 22160518 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wilms tumor is the most common pediatric tumor of the kidney. Previous studies have identified several serum biomarkers for Wilms tumor; however, they lack sufficient specificity and may not adequately distinguish Wilms tumor from confounding conditions. To date, no specific protein biomarker has been confirmed for this pediatric tumor. To identify novel serum biomarkers for Wilms tumor, we used proteomic technologies to perform protein profiling of serum samples from pre-surgery and post-surgery patients with Wilms tumor and healthy controls. Some common systemic inflammatory factors were included to control for systemic inflammation. By comparing protein peaks among the three groups of sera, we identified two peaks (11,526 and 4,756 Da) showing significant differential expression not only between pre-surgery and control sera but also between pre-surgery and post-surgery sera. These two peaks were identified as serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) and apolipoprotein C-III (APO C-III). Western blot analysis confirmed that both proteins were expressed at higher levels in pre-surgery sera than in post-surgery and control sera. Using the method of leave-1-out for cross detection, we demonstrate that detection of these two candidate biomarkers had high sensitivity and specificity in discriminating pre-surgery sera from post-surgery and normal control sera. Taken together, these findings suggest that SAA1 and APO C-III are two potential biomarkers for Wilms tumor.
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Dowling P, Clarke C, Hennessy K, Torralbo-Lopez B, Ballot J, Crown J, Kiernan I, O'Byrne KJ, Kennedy MJ, Lynch V, Clynes M. Analysis of acute-phase proteins, AHSG, C3, CLI, HP and SAA, reveals distinctive expression patterns associated with breast, colorectal and lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:911-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Brand RE, Nolen BM, Zeh HJ, Allen PJ, Eloubeidi MA, Goldberg M, Elton E, Arnoletti JP, Christein JD, Vickers SM, Langmead CJ, Landsittel DP, Whitcomb DC, Grizzle WE, Lokshin AE. Serum biomarker panels for the detection of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:805-16. [PMID: 21325298 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serum-biomarker based screening for pancreatic cancer could greatly improve survival in appropriately targeted high-risk populations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eighty-three circulating proteins were analyzed in sera of patients diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, n = 333), benign pancreatic conditions (n = 144), and healthy control individuals (n = 227). Samples from each group were split randomly into training and blinded validation sets prior to analysis. A Metropolis algorithm with Monte Carlo simulation (MMC) was used to identify discriminatory biomarker panels in the training set. Identified panels were evaluated in the validation set and in patients diagnosed with colon (n = 33), lung (n = 62), and breast (n = 108) cancers. RESULTS Several robust profiles of protein alterations were present in sera of PDAC patients compared to the Healthy and Benign groups. In the training set (n = 160 PDAC, 74 Benign, 107 Healthy), the panel of CA 19-9, ICAM-1, and OPG discriminated PDAC patients from Healthy controls with a sensitivity/specificity (SN/SP) of 88/90%, while the panel of CA 19-9, CEA, and TIMP-1 discriminated PDAC patients from Benign subjects with an SN/SP of 76/90%. In an independent validation set (n = 173 PDAC, 70 Benign, 120 Healthy), the panel of CA 19-9, ICAM-1 and OPG demonstrated an SN/SP of 78/94% while the panel of CA19-9, CEA, and TIMP-1 demonstrated an SN/SP of 71/89%. The CA19-9, ICAM-1, OPG panel is selective for PDAC and does not recognize breast (SP = 100%), lung (SP = 97%), or colon (SP = 97%) cancer. CONCLUSIONS The PDAC-specific biomarker panels identified in this investigation warrant additional clinical validation to determine their role in screening targeted high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E Brand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hamza H, Cao J, Li X, Zhao S. In vivo study of hepatitis B vaccine effects on inflammation and metabolism gene expression. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3225-33. [PMID: 21691704 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies usually perform safety testing of vaccines, but all requirements of the World Health Organization and drug pharmacopoeias depend on general toxicity testing, and the gene expression study of hepatitis B vaccine is not done routinely to test vaccine quality. In this study, we applied a new technique of gene expression analysis to detect the inflammation and metabolism genes that might be affected by hepatitis B vaccine in mouse liver. Mice were used and divided into three groups: the first and second groups were treated with one or two human doses of vaccine, respectively, and the third group was used as a control. A microarray test showed that expression of 144 genes in the liver was significantly changed after 1 day of vaccination. Seven of these genes, which were related to inflammation and metabolism, were chosen and confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at 1, 4 and 7 days. The expression level of these genes can be considered as a biomarker for the effects of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyam Hamza
- Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Vafadar-Isfahani B, Laversin SAS, Ahmad M, Ball G, Coveney C, Lemetre C, Kathleen Miles A, van Schalkwyk G, Rees R, Matharoo-Ball B. Serum biomarkers which correlate with failure to respond to immunotherapy and tumor progression in a murine colorectal cancer model. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 4:682-96. [PMID: 21137086 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To advance our understanding of mechanisms involved in tumor progression/regression, a CT26 colorectal mouse model treated intra-tumorally with DISC-herpes simplex virus as immunotherapy was used in the discovery and validation phases to investigate and ultimately identify biomarkers correlating with the failure to respond to immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN For the discovery phase, serum protein/peptide profiles of a retrospective sample collection (total n=70) were analyzed using MALDI-TOF-MS combined with artificial neural networks. Following identification of the key predictive peptides using ESI-MS/MS, validation of the identified proteins was carried out on serum and tissues collected in an independent sample set (total n=60). RESULTS Artificial neural network analysis resulted in four discriminatory peaks with an accuracy of 86%, sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 81% between the progressor/regressor groups. Three of the identified discriminatory markers were upregulated and demonstrated a positive correlation with tumor progression following DISC-herpes simplex virus therapy. Immunovalidation studies corroborated the MALDI-TOF-MS findings. Immunohistochemistry revealed that serum amyloid A-1 and serum amyloid P produced in the liver localized intracellularly in CT26 tumor tissue. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-TOF-MS and BI analysis of the serum proteome of tumor-bearer mice undergoing immunotherapy, identified biomarkers associating with "failure to respond" and biological arrays confirmed these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Vafadar-Isfahani
- The John Van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, UK
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Wang YS, Cao R, Jin H, Huang YP, Zhang XY, Cong Q, He YF, Xu CJ. Altered protein expression in serum from endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma patients. J Hematol Oncol 2011; 4:15. [PMID: 21489304 PMCID: PMC3097158 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most common gynecological malignancies in women. The diagnosis of the disease at early or premalignant stages is crucial for the patient's prognosis. To date, diagnosis and follow-up of endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia require invasive procedures. Therefore, there is considerable demand for the identification of biomarkers to allow non-invasive detection of these conditions. METHODS In this study, we performed a quantitative proteomics analysis on serum samples from simple endometrial hyperplasia, complex endometrial hyperplasia, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma patients, as well as healthy women. Serum samples were first depleted of high-abundance proteins, labeled with isobaric tags (iTRAQ), and then analyzed via two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Protein identification and quantitation information were acquired by comparing the mass spectrometry data against the International Protein Index Database using ProteinPilot software. Bioinformatics annotation of identified proteins was performed by searching against the PANTHER database. RESULTS In total, 74 proteins were identified and quantified in serum samples from endometrial lesion patients and healthy women. Using a 1.6-fold change as the benchmark, 12 proteins showed significantly altered expression levels in at least one disease group compared with healthy women. Among them, 7 proteins were found, for the first time, to be differentially expressed in atypical endometrial hyperplasia. These proteins are orosomucoid 1, haptoglobin, SERPINC 1, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, apolipoprotein A-IV, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4, and histidine-rich glycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS The differentially expressed proteins we discovered in this study may serve as biomarkers in the diagnosis and follow-up of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-sheng Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, ShangHai, China
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Sipos F, Muzes G. Isolated lymphoid follicles in colon: switch points between inflammation and colorectal cancer? World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1666-73. [PMID: 21483625 PMCID: PMC3072629 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i13.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is supposed to play a central role in both the organization of colonic repair mechanisms and colorectal carcinogenesis. In inflammatory conditions, the number, diameter and density of isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) increases. They are not only involved in immune surveillance, but their presence is also indispensable in normal mucosal regeneration of the colon. In carcinogenesis, ILFs may play a dual role. On the one hand they may support tumor growth and the metastatic process by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling and producing a specific cytokine and cellular milieu, but on the other hand their presence is sometimes associated with a better prognosis. The relation of ILFs to bone marrow derived stem cells, follicular dendritic cells, subepithelial myofibroblasts or crypt formation, which are all involved in mucosal repair and carcinogenesis, has not been directly studied. Data about the putative organizer role of ILFs is scattered in scientific literature.
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Eckhardt ERM, Witta J, Zhong J, Arsenescu R, Arsenescu V, Wang Y, Ghoshal S, de Beer MC, de Beer FC, de Villiers WJS. Intestinal epithelial serum amyloid A modulates bacterial growth in vitro and pro-inflammatory responses in mouse experimental colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:133. [PMID: 21067563 PMCID: PMC2992040 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein of unknown function. SAA is mostly expressed in the liver, but also in other tissues including the intestinal epithelium. SAA reportedly has anti-bacterial effects, and because inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) result from a breakdown in homeostatic interactions between intestinal epithelia and bacteria, we hypothesized that SAA is protective during experimental colitis. METHODS Intestinal SAA expression was measured in mouse and human samples. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis was induced in SAA 1/2 double knockout (DKO) mice and in wildtype controls. Anti-bacterial effects of SAA1/2 were tested in intestinal epithelial cell lines transduced with adenoviral vectors encoding the CE/J SAA isoform or control vectors prior to exposure to live Escherichia coli. RESULTS Significant levels of SAA1/SAA2 RNA and SAA protein were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in mouse colonic epithelium. SAA3 expression was weaker, but similarly distributed. SAA1/2 RNA was present in the ileum and colon of conventional mice and in the colon of germfree mice. Expression of SAA3 was strongly regulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in cultured epithelial cell lines, whereas SAA1/2 expression was constitutive and not LPS inducible. Overexpression of SAA1/2 in cultured epithelial cell lines reduced the viability of co-cultured E. coli. This might partially explain the observed increase in susceptibility of DKO mice to DSS colitis. SAA1/2 expression was increased in colon samples obtained from Crohn's Disease patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal epithelial SAA displays bactericidal properties in vitro and could play a protective role in experimental mouse colitis. Altered expression of SAA in intestinal biopsies from Crohn's Disease patients suggests that SAA is involved in the disease process..
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R M Eckhardt
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Noble CL, Abbas AR, Lees CW, Cornelius J, Toy K, Modrusan Z, Clark HF, Arnott ID, Penman ID, Satsangi J, Diehl L. Characterization of intestinal gene expression profiles in Crohn's disease by genome-wide microarray analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1717-28. [PMID: 20848455 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide microarray expression analysis creates a comprehensive picture of gene expression at the cellular level. The aim of this study was to investigate differential intestinal gene expression in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and controls with subanalysis of confirmed CD susceptibility genes, associated pathways, and cell lineage. METHODS In all, 172 biopsies from 53 CD and 31 control subjects were studied. Paired endoscopic biopsies were taken at ileocolonoscopy from five specific anatomical locations including the terminal ileum (TI) for RNA extraction and histology. The 41,058 expression sequence tags were analyzed using the Agilent platform. RESULTS Analysis of all CD biopsies versus controls showed 259 sequences were upregulated and 87 sequences were downregulated. Upregulated genes in CD included SAA1 (fold change [FC] +7.5, P = 1.47 × 10(-41)) and REGL (FC +7.3, P = 2.3 × 10(-16)), whereas cellular detoxification genes including-SLC14A2 (FC-2.49, P = 0.00002) were downregulated. In the CD TI biopsies diubiquitin (FC+11.3, P < 1 × 10(-45)), MMP3 (FC+7.4, P = 1.3 × 10(-11)), and IRTA1 (FC-11.4, P = 4.7 × 10(-12)) were differentially expressed compared to controls. In the colon SAA1 (FC+6.3, P = 5.3 × 10(-8)) was upregulated and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) (FC-2.3, P = 2.7 × 10(-6)) was downregulated comparing noninflamed CD and control biopsies, and the colonic inflammatory CD signature was characterized by downregulation of the organic solute carriers-SLC38A4, SLC26A2, and OST alpha. Of CD susceptibility genes identified by genome-wide association scan IL-23A, JAK2, and STAT3 were upregulated in the CD group, confirming the dysregulation of Th17 signaling. CONCLUSIONS These data characterize the dysregulation of a series of specific inflammatory pathways highlighting potential pathogenic mechanisms as well as areas for translation to therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Noble
- Gastrointestinal Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Urieli-Shoval S, Finci-Yeheskel Z, Dishon S, Galinsky D, Linke RP, Ariel I, Levin M, Ben-Shachar I, Prus D. Expression of serum amyloid a in human ovarian epithelial tumors: implication for a role in ovarian tumorigenesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:1015-23. [PMID: 20713982 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.956821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein which is expressed primarily in the liver as a part of the systemic response to various injuries and inflammatory stimuli; its expression in ovarian tumors has not been described. Here, we investigated the expression of SAA in human benign and malignant ovarian epithelial tumors. Non-radioactive in situ hybridization applied on ovarian paraffin tissue sections revealed mostly negative SAA mRNA expression in normal surface epithelium. Expression was increased gradually as epithelial cells progressed through benign and borderline adenomas to primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Similar expression pattern of the SAA protein was observed by immunohistochemical staining. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the overexpression of the SAA1 and SAA4 genes in ovarian carcinomas compared with normal ovarian tissues. In addition, strong expression of SAA mRNA and protein was found in the ovarian carcinoma cell line OVCAR-3. Finally, patients with ovarian carcinoma had high SAA serum levels, which strongly correlated with high levels of CA-125 and C-reactive protein. Enhanced expression of SAA in ovarian carcinomas may play a role in ovarian tumorigenesis and may have therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simcha Urieli-Shoval
- Hematology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel.
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Cho WCS, Yip TT, Cheng WW, Au JSK. Serum amyloid A is elevated in the serum of lung cancer patients with poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1731-5. [PMID: 20502455 PMCID: PMC2883701 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is known as the top cancer killer in most developed countries. However, there is currently no promising diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for lung cancer. This study aims to discover non-invasive differential markers in the serum of lung cancer patients, to determine the protein identity of the candidate biomarker(s), and to investigate any clinical implication of the biomarker(s) concerned. Methods: Blood specimens were collected from 154 pre-operative patients with lung cancer and 35 healthy blood donors with no evidence of lung cancer. Fractionated serum samples were processed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS). Candidate biomarker was identified using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tryptic digestion followed by tandem MS fragmentation analysis, which was subsequently validated with immunoassay. Results: A differential protein with m/z 11.6 kDa was detected and identified as an isoform of human serum amyloid A (SAA). It was significantly increased by 1822% in lung cancer patients when compared with the healthy controls, which gave an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.88. In addition, the protein was also significantly elevated by 77% in lung cancer patients with survival <5 years when compared with patients with survival ⩾5 years. Conclusion: There are several functions of the SAA protein, described in the context of inflammation, that are compatible with the mechanism of tumour invasion and metastasis. Our study not only detected increased SAA level in the serum of lung cancer patients but also identified that elevated SAA level may be a non-invasive biomarker useful for the prediction of lung cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Cocco E, Bellone S, El-Sahwi K, Cargnelutti M, Buza N, Tavassoli FA, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. Serum amyloid A: a novel biomarker for endometrial cancer. Cancer 2010; 116:843-51. [PMID: 20041483 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors investigated the expression of serum amyloid A (SAA) in endometrial endometrioid carcinoma and evaluated its potential as a serum biomarker. METHODS SAA gene and protein expression levels were evaluated in endometrial endometrioid carcinoma and normal endometrial tissues, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry. SAA concentration in 194 serum samples from 50 healthy women, 42 women with benign diseases, and 102 patients including 49 grade 1, 38 grade 2, and 15 grade 3 endometrial endometrioid carcinoma was also studied by a sensitive bead-based immunoassay. RESULTS SAA gene expression levels were significantly higher in endometrial endometrioid carcinoma when compared with normal endometrial tissues (mean copy number by real-time PCR = 182 vs 1.9; P = .001). IHC revealed diffuse cytoplasmic SAA protein staining in poorly differentiated endometrial endometrioid carcinoma tissues. High intracellular levels of SAA were identified in primary endometrial endometrioid carcinoma cell lines evaluated by flow cytometry, and SAA was found to be actively secreted in vitro. SAA concentrations (microg/mL) had medians of 6.0 in normal healthy women and 6.0 in patients with benign disease (P = .92). In contrast, SAA values in the serum of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma patients had a median of 23.7, significantly higher than those of the healthy group (P = .001) and benign group (P = .001). Patients harboring G3 endometrial endometrioid carcinoma were found to have SAA concentrations significantly higher than those of G1/G2 patients. CONCLUSIONS SAA is not only a liver-secreted protein, but is also an endometrial endometrioid carcinoma cell product. SAA is expressed and actively secreted by G3 endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, and it is present in high concentration in the serum of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma patients. SAA may represent a novel biomarker for endometrial endometrioid carcinoma to monitor disease recurrence and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA
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Asztalos S, Gann PH, Hayes MK, Nonn L, Beam CA, Dai Y, Wiley EL, Tonetti DA. Gene expression patterns in the human breast after pregnancy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:301-11. [PMID: 20179293 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have established that pregnancy has a bidirectional, time-dependent effect on breast cancer risk; a period of elevated risk is followed by a long-term period of protection. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether pregnancy and involution are associated with gene expression changes in the normal breast, and whether such changes are transient or persistent. We examined the expression of a customized gene set in normal breast tissue from nulliparous, recently pregnant (0-2 years since pregnancy), and distantly pregnant (5-10 years since pregnancy) age-matched premenopausal women. This gene set included breast cancer biomarkers and genes related to immune/inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, and hormone signaling. Laser capture microdissection and RNA extraction were done from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded reduction mammoplasty and benign biopsy specimens and analyzed using real-time PCR arrays containing 59 pathway-specific and 5 housekeeping genes. We report 14 of 64 (22%) of the selected gene set to be differentially regulated (at P < 0.05 level) in nulliparous versus parous breast tissues. Based on gene set analysis, inflammation-associated genes were significantly upregulated as a group in both parous groups compared with nulliparous women (P = 0.03). Moreover, parous subjects had significantly reduced expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha, ESR1), progesterone receptor (PGR), and ERBB2 (Her2/neu) and 2-fold higher estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) expression compared with nulliparous subjects. These initial data, among the first on gene expression in samples of normal human breast, provide intriguing clues about the mechanisms behind the time-dependent effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilard Asztalos
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Cancer-specific MALDI-TOF profiles of blood serum and plasma: biological meaning and perspectives. J Proteomics 2009; 73:537-51. [PMID: 19782778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry has become a popular tool of cancer research during the last decade. High throughput and relative simplicity of this technology have made it attractive for biomarker discovery and validation across various platforms in blood serum/plasma. Many technical approaches have been developed for plasma/serum profiling including protein-chip based SELDI-TOF mass-spectrometry, purification of serum on magnetic beads, analysis of carrier-associated fraction and mass-spectrometric immunoassays. Extensive data about the identity of differential features detected on mass-spectra up to now makes it possible to draw conclusions about potency and perspectives of MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry in this field. A great majority of identified differentially expressed proteins are either house-keeping or inflammatory proteins as well as their modifications or fragments. Discriminating ability of mass-spectra is likely to be based on differential modification and fragmentation patterns of abundant serum proteins reflecting activity of enzymes including proteases and their inhibitors.
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Deng H, Ravikumar T, Yang WL. Overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 enhances the invasiveness of Smad4-deficient human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 281:220-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shao C, Chen S, Chen L, Cobos E, Wang JS, Haab BB, Gao W. Antibody microarray analysis of serum glycans in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases and controls. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:923-31. [PMID: 21136996 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech. University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Cocco E, Bellone S, El-Sahwi K, Cargnelutti M, Casagrande F, Buza N, Tavassoli FA, Siegel ER, Visintin I, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. Serum amyloid A (SAA): a novel biomarker for uterine serous papillary cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:335-41. [PMID: 19536090 PMCID: PMC2720219 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Uterine serous papillary carcinoma (USPC) is a biologically aggressive variant of endometrial cancer. We investigated the expression of Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and evaluated its potential as a serum biomarker in USPC patients. Methods: SAA gene and protein expression levels were evaluated in USPC and normal endometrial tissues (NEC) by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry and by a sensitive bead-based immunoassay. SAA concentration in 123 serum samples from 51 healthy women, 42 women with benign diseases, and 30 USPC patients were also studied. Results: SAA gene expression levels were significantly higher in USPC when compared with NEC (mean copy number by RT–PCR=162 vs 2.21; P=0.0002). IHC revealed diffuse cytoplasmic SAA protein staining in USPC tissues. High intracellular levels of SAA were identified in primary USPC cell lines evaluated by flow cytometry and SAA was found to be actively secreted in vitro. SAA concentrations (μg ml−1) had a median (95% CIs) of 6.0 (4.0–8.9) in normal healthy females and 6.0 (4.2–8.1) in patients with benign disease (P=0.92). In contrast, SAA values in the serum of USPC patients had a median (95% CI) of 15.6 (9.2–56.2), significantly higher than those in the healthy group (P=0.0005) and benign group (P=0.0006). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis of serum SAA to classify advanced- and early-stage USPC yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.837 (P=0.0024). Conclusion: SAA is not only a liver-secreted protein but is also a USPC cell product. SAA may represent a novel biomarker for USPC to assist in staging patients preoperatively, and to monitor early-disease recurrence and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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