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Edens FW, Siegel PB, Beckstead RB, Honaker CF, Hodgson D. Tissue cytokines in chickens from lines selected for high or low humoral antibody responses, given supplemental Limosilactobacillus reuteri and challenged with Histomonas meleagridis. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1294560. [PMID: 38239884 PMCID: PMC10794293 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1294560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Histomonas meleagridis, a protozoan parasite, induces blackhead disease (histomoniasis) in poultry. During hatching, chicks from lines divergently selected for high (HAS) and low (LAS) antibody responses to sheep red blood cells were divided into two groups, each of HAS and LAS, and placed in pens with wood shavings as litter. Feed and water were allowed ad libitum. Half of the chicks from each line had Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) inoculated to their drinking water. On day 18, all chicks were given a transcloacal inoculation of 100,000 H. meleagridis cells. Then, 10 days later, they were euthanized, followed by collection of tissues from the brain, cecal tonsil, ceca, liver, thymus, and spleen for qPCR analyses of cytokines involved in immunological development. Changes in cytokine expressions were most numerous in the cecal tonsil, ceca, and liver. In the absence of a functional medication for control of histomoniasis, L. reuteri and/or its secretory product, reuterin, might serve, in some genetic populations, as a means to reduce the impact of histomoniasis in chickens. The data demonstrate that L. reuteri treatment had tissue specificity between the two genetic lines, in which the effects were targeted primarily toward the cecal tonsil, ceca, and liver, which are the primary tissue targets of the parasite (H. meleagridis), as well as the thymus and spleen. However, interactions among main effects reflect that responses to inflammatory markers observed in tissues for one genetic line may not be observed in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Edens
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Paul B. Siegel
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robert B. Beckstead
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Christa F. Honaker
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Dellila Hodgson
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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2
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Tao Y, Gao C, Qian D, Cao D, Han L, Yang L. Regulatory mechanism of fibrosis-related genes in patients with heart failure. Front Genet 2022; 13:1032572. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1032572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the inability to match cardiac output with metabolic needs. Research on regulatory mechanism of fibrosis-related genes in patients with HF is very limited. In order to understand the mechanism of fibrosis in the development and progression of HF, fibrosis -related hub genes in HF are screened and verified.Methods: RNA sequencing data was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Thereafter, fibrosis-related genes were obtained from the GSEA database and that associated with HF were screened out. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis was carried out to analyze the biological function of fibrosis-related DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of hub genes was constructed via the STRING database. Moreover, the diagnostic value of hub genes for HF was confirmed using ROC curves and expression analysis. Finally, quantitative real time PCR was used to detect the expression levels of mRNAs.Results: A total of 3, 469 DEGs were identified closely related to HF, and 1, 187 fibrosis-related DEGs were obtained and analyzed for GO and KEGG enrichment. The enrichment results of fibrosis-related DEGs were consistent with that of DEGs. A total of 10 hub genes (PPARG, KRAS, JUN, IL10, TLR4, STAT3, CXCL8, CCL2, IL6, IL1β) were selected via the PPI network. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was estimated in the test cohort, and 6 genes (PPARG, KRAS, JUN, IL10, TLR4, STAT3) with AUC more than 0.7 were identified as diagnosis genes. Moreover, miRNA-mRNA and TF-mRNA regulatory networks were constructed. Finally, quantitative real time PCR revealed these 6 genes may be used as the potential diagnostic biomarkers of HF.Conclusion: In this study, 10 fibrosis-related hub genes in the HF were identified and 6 of them were demonstrated as potential diagnostic biomarkers for HF.
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Del Pilar C, Lebrón-Galán R, Pérez-Martín E, Pérez-Revuelta L, Ávila-Zarza CA, Alonso JR, Clemente D, Weruaga E, Díaz D. The Selective Loss of Purkinje Cells Induces Specific Peripheral Immune Alterations. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:773696. [PMID: 34916910 PMCID: PMC8671039 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.773696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of neurodegenerative diseases is reciprocally associated with impairments in peripheral immune responses. We investigated different contexts of selective neurodegeneration to identify specific alterations of peripheral immune cells and, at the same time, discover potential biomarkers associated to this pathological condition. Consequently, a model of human cerebellar degeneration and ataxia -the Purkinje Cell Degeneration (PCD) mouse- has been employed, as it allows the study of different processes of selective neuronal death in the same animal, i.e., Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Infiltrated leukocytes were studied in both brain areas and compared with those from other standardized neuroinflammatory models obtained by administering either gamma radiation or lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, both myeloid and lymphoid splenic populations were analyzed by flow cytometry, focusing on markers of functional maturity and antigen presentation. The severity and type of neural damage and inflammation affected immune cell infiltration. Leukocytes were more numerous in the cerebellum of PCD mice, being located predominantly within those cerebellar layers mostly affected by neurodegeneration, in a completely different manner than the typical models of induced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the milder degeneration of the olfactory bulb did not foster leukocyte attraction. Concerning the splenic analysis, in PCD mice we found: (1) a decreased percentage of several myeloid cell subsets, and (2) a reduced mean fluorescence intensity in those myeloid markers related to both antigen presentation and functional maturity. In conclusion, the selective degeneration of Purkinje cells triggers a specific effect on peripheral immune cells, fostering both attraction and functional changes. This fact endorses the employment of peripheral immune cell populations as concrete biomarkers for monitoring different neuronal death processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Del Pilar
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,SESCAM (Servicio de Salud de Castile-La-Mancha), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Ester Pérez-Martín
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Revuelta
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmelo Antonio Ávila-Zarza
- IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Applied Statistics Group, Department of Statistics, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Ramón Alonso
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,SESCAM (Servicio de Salud de Castile-La-Mancha), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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El-Hodiri HM, Campbell WA, Kelly LE, Hawthorn EC, Schwartz M, Jalligampala A, McCall MA, Meyer K, Fischer AJ. Nuclear Factor I in neurons, glia and during the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in avian, porcine and primate retinas. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1213-1230. [PMID: 34729776 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of Müller glia (MG) is extraordinary in fish, poor in chick and terrible in mammals. In the chick model, MG readily reprogram into proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), but neuronal differentiation is very limited. The factors that suppress the neurogenic potential of MGPCs in the chick are slowly being revealed. Isoforms of Nuclear Factor I (NFI) are cell-intrinsic factors that limit neurogenic potential; these factors are required for the formation of MG in the developing mouse retina (Clark et al., 2019) and deletion of these factors reprograms MG into neuron-like cells in mature mouse retina (Hoang et al., 2020). Accordingly, we sought to characterize the patterns of expression NFIs in the developing, mature and damaged chick retina. In addition, we characterized patterns of expression of NFIs in the retinas of large mammals, pigs and monkeys. Using a combination of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and immunolabeling we probed for patterns of expression. In embryonic chick, levels of NFIs are very low in early E5 (embryonic day 5) retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), up-regulated in E8 RPCs, further up-regulated in differentiating MG at E12 and E15. NFIs are maintained in mature resting MG, microglia and neurons. Levels of NFIs are reduced in activated MG in retinas treated with NMDA and/or insulin+FGF2, and further down-regulated in proliferating MGPCs. However, levels of NFIs in MGPCs were significantly higher than those seen in RPCs. Immunolabeling for NFIA and NFIB closely matched patterns of expression revealed in different types of retinal neurons and glia, consistent with findings from scRNA-seq. In addition, we find expression of NFIA and NFIB through progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone at the far periphery of the retina. We find similar patterns of expression for NFIs in scRNA-seq databases for pig and monkey retinas. Patterns of expression of NFIA and NFIB were validated with immunofluorescence in pig and monkey retinas wherein these factors were predominantly detected in MG and a few types of inner retinal neurons. In summary, NFIA and NFIB are prominently expressed in developing chick retina and by mature neurons and glia in the retinas of chicks, pigs and monkeys. Although levels of NFIs are decreased in chick, in MGPCs these levels remain higher than those seen in neurogenic RPCs. We propose that the neurogenic potential of MGPCs in the chick retina is suppressed by NFIs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heithem M El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Warren A Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lisa E Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Evan C Hawthorn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Maura Schwartz
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Archana Jalligampala
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Maureen A McCall
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Kathrin Meyer
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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5
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Zhang L, Zhou Z, Zhai W, Pang J, Mo Y, Yang G, Qu Z, Hu Y. Safflower yellow attenuates learning and memory deficits in amyloid β-induced Alzheimer's disease rats by inhibiting neuroglia cell activation and inflammatory signaling pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:927-939. [PMID: 30830599 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Safflower yellow (SY) is an aqueous extract of natural safflower. Our laboratory has reported protective effects of alleviating memory impairment with SY in a transgentic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The possible beneficial effects of SY on amyloid-β-induced neuroinflammation in dementia remain unclarified. This study we hypothesize that astrocytes and microglia may cause amyloid-β deposition and produce a neuroinflammatory response, aims to explain the role and mechanism of SY in regulating glial activation and reducing Aβ deposition in Aβ1-42 induced rat model. Wistar rats were treated with SY for one month after bilateral hippocampal injection of aggregated Aβ1-42; behavioral tests were performed to demonstrate the amelioration of cognitive function. After that, the contents of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in AD brain was detected. Western blot and real-time PCR were used to detect the M1 and M2-associated markers to demonstrate the activation of microglia. The conducted experiments have revealed that SY could strengthen spatial learning and memory ability of dementia rats, decrease the contents of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and depress the activation of glial cells. Moreover, the SY treatment inhibited the M1 release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (iNOS and CD86), increased the expression of arginase-1, CD206, and YM-1 thereby reduced inflammation in model rats. Thus our results indicated that SY has very important theoretical and clinical value for the research and development of Chinese medicine for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangjiuzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Pang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Mo
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuwei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Dora D, Arciero E, Hotta R, Barad C, Bhave S, Kovacs T, Balic A, Goldstein AM, Nagy N. Intraganglionic macrophages: a new population of cells in the enteric ganglia. J Anat 2018; 233:401-410. [PMID: 30022489 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system shares embryological, morphological, neurochemical, and functional features with the central nervous system. In addition to neurons and glia, the CNS includes a third component, microglia, which are functionally and immunophenotypically similar to macrophages, but a similar cell type has not previously been identified in enteric ganglia. In this study we identify a population of macrophages in the enteric ganglia, intermingling with the neurons and glia. These intraganglionic macrophages (IMs) are highly ramified and express the hematopoietic marker CD45, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen, and chB6, a marker specific for B cells and microglia in avians. These IMs do not express antigens typically associated with T cells or dendritic cells. The CD45+ /ChB6+ /MHCII+ signature supports a hematopoietic origin and this was confirmed using intestinal chimeras in GFP-transgenic chick embryos. The presence of green fluorescent protein positive (GFP+) /CD45+ cells in the intestinal graft ENS confirms that IMs residing within enteric ganglia have a hematopoietic origin. IMs are also found in the ganglia of CSF1RGFP chicken and CX3CR1GFP mice. Based on the expression pattern and location of IMs in avians and rodents, we conclude that they represent a novel non-neural crest-derived microglia-like cell population within the enteric ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dora
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emily Arciero
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Csilla Barad
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sukhada Bhave
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamas Kovacs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Dóra D, Fejszák N, Goldstein AM, Minkó K, Nagy N. Ontogeny of ramified CD45 cells in chicken embryo and their contribution to bursal secretory dendritic cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:353-370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Diniz CG, Magalhães NGM, Sousa AA, Santos Filho C, Diniz DG, Lima CM, Oliveira MA, Paulo DC, Pereira PDC, Sherry DF, Picanço-Diniz CW. Microglia and neurons in the hippocampus of migratory sandpipers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5005. [PMID: 26577847 PMCID: PMC4678657 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20155005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla and the spotted
sandpiper Actitis macularia are long- and short-distance migrants,
respectively. C. pusilla breeds in the sub-arctic and mid-arctic
tundra of Canada and Alaska and winters on the north and east coasts of South
America. A. macularia breeds in a broad distribution across most of
North America from the treeline to the southern United States. It winters in the
southern United States, and Central and South America. The autumn migration route of
C. pusilla includes a non-stop flight over the Atlantic Ocean,
whereas autumn route of A. macularia is largely over land. Because
of this difference in their migratory paths and the visuo-spatial recognition tasks
involved, we hypothesized that hippocampal volume and neuronal and glial numbers
would differ between these two species. A. macularia did not differ
from C. pusilla in the total number of hippocampal neurons, but the
species had a larger hippocampal formation and more hippocampal microglia. It remains
to be investigated whether these differences indicate interspecies differences or
neural specializations associated with different strategies of orientation and
navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Diniz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brasil
| | - N G M Magalhães
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - A A Sousa
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - C Santos Filho
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - D G Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - C M Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - M A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - D C Paulo
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - P D C Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brasil
| | - D F Sherry
- Department of Psychology Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - C W Picanço-Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
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9
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Ushio N, Watanabe KI, Chambers JK, Shibato T, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Sarcocystis calchasi encephalitis in a rock pigeon. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1523-6. [PMID: 26062567 PMCID: PMC4667676 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A rock pigeon (Columba livia) caught in Akihabara, Tokyo, showed
neurological symptoms, such as head tilt and circling. Pathological examinations revealed
abundant Sarcocystic cysts in the skeletal muscle and myocardium with mild myositis, and
numerous schizonts and sarcocysts with severe multifocal granulomatous T-lymphocytic
infiltration in the central nervous system. A Sarcocystis
calchasi-specific gene was detected in the muscle and brain. This case indicates
S. calchasi was distributed in Japan and caused severe encephalitis to
rock pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Ushio
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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10
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Fischer AJ, Zelinka C, Milani-Nejad N. Reactive retinal microglia, neuronal survival, and the formation of retinal folds and detachments. Glia 2014; 63:313-27. [PMID: 25231952 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive microglia and macrophages are prevalent in damaged retinas. Accordingly, we investigate how the activation or ablation of microglia/macrophages influences the survival of neurons in the chick retina in vivo. We applied intraocular injections of interleukin 6 (IL6) to stimulate the reactivity of microglia/macrophages and clodronate-liposomes to ablate microglia/macrophages. Activation of the microglia/macrophages with IL6 delays the death of retinal neurons from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) -induced excitotoxicity. In addition, activation of microglia/macrophages combined with colchicine-mediated retinal damage diminished the survival of ganglion cells. Application of IL6 after an excitotoxic insult greatly exacerbates the damage, and causes widespread retinal detachments and folds, accompanied by accumulation of microglia/macrophages in the subretinal space. Damage-induced retinal folds and detachments were significantly reduced by the ablation of microglia/macrophages. We conclude that microglial reactivity is detrimental to the survival of ganglion cells in colchicine-damaged retinas and detrimental to the survival of photoreceptors in retinal folds. In addition, we conclude that IL6-treatment transiently protects amacrine and bipolar cells against an excitotoxic insult. We propose that suppressing reactivity of microglia/macrophages may be an effective means to lessen the damage and vision loss resulting from damage, in particular during retinal detachment injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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11
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Balic A, Garcia-Morales C, Vervelde L, Gilhooley H, Sherman A, Garceau V, Gutowska MW, Burt DW, Kaiser P, Hume DA, Sang HM. Visualisation of chicken macrophages using transgenic reporter genes: insights into the development of the avian macrophage lineage. Development 2014; 141:3255-65. [PMID: 25063453 PMCID: PMC4197536 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have generated the first transgenic chickens in which reporter genes are expressed in a specific immune cell lineage, based upon control elements of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) locus. The Fms intronic regulatory element (FIRE) within CSF1R is shown to be highly conserved in amniotes and absolutely required for myeloid-restricted expression of fluorescent reporter genes. As in mammals, CSF1R-reporter genes were specifically expressed at high levels in cells of the macrophage lineage and at a much lower level in granulocytes. The cell lineage specificity of reporter gene expression was confirmed by demonstration of coincident expression with the endogenous CSF1R protein. In transgenic birds, expression of the reporter gene provided a defined marker for macrophage-lineage cells, identifying the earliest stages in the yolk sac, throughout embryonic development and in all adult tissues. The reporter genes permit detailed and dynamic visualisation of embryonic chicken macrophages. Chicken embryonic macrophages are not recruited to incisional wounds, but are able to recognise and phagocytose microbial antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Carla Garcia-Morales
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hazel Gilhooley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Valerie Garceau
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Maria W Gutowska
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David W Burt
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Helen M Sang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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12
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Garcia-Morales C, Rothwell L, Moffat L, Garceau V, Balic A, Sang HM, Kaiser P, Hume DA. Production and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody that recognises the chicken CSF1 receptor and confirms that expression is restricted to macrophage-lineage cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:278-285. [PMID: 24084378 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to innate and acquired immunity as well as many aspects of homeostasis and development. Studies of macrophage biology and function in birds have been hampered by a lack of definitive cell surface markers. As in mammals, avian macrophages proliferate and differentiate in response to CSF1 and IL34, acting through the shared receptor, CSF1R. CSF1R mRNA expression in the chicken is restricted to macrophages and their progenitors. To expedite studies of avian macrophage biology, we produced an avian CSF1R-Fc chimeric protein and generated a monoclonal antibody (designated ROS-AV170) against the chicken CSF1R using the chimeric protein as immunogen. Specific binding of ROS-AV170 to CSF1R was confirmed by FACS, ELISA and immunohistochemistry on tissue sections. CSF1 down-regulated cell surface expression of the CSF1R detected with ROS-AV170, but the antibody did not block CSF1 signalling. Expression of CSF1R was detected on the surface of bone marrow progenitors only after culture in the absence of CSF1, and was induced during macrophage differentiation. Constitutive surface expression of CSF1R distinguished monocytes from other myeloid cells, including heterophils and thrombocytes. This antibody will therefore be of considerable utility for the study of chicken macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garcia-Morales
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of retinal detachment models in small animals can be difficult and expensive. Here we create and characterize a novel, cone-rich retinal detachment (RD) model in the chick. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Retinal detachments were created in chicks between postnatal days 7 and 21 by subretinal injections of either saline (SA) or hyaluronic acid (HA). Injections were performed through a dilated pupil with observation via surgical microscope, using the fellow eye as a control. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed at days 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 after retinal detachment to evaluate the cellular responses of photoreceptors, Müller glia, microglia and nonastrocytic inner retinal glia (NIRG). Cell proliferation was detected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-incorporation and by the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Cell death was detected with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). As in mammalian models of RD, there is shortening of photoreceptor outer segments and mis-trafficking of photoreceptor opsins in areas of RD. Photoreceptor cell death was maximal 1 day after RD, but continued until 14 days after RD. Müller glia up-regulated glial fibriliary acidic protein (GFAP), proliferated, showed interkinetic nuclear migration, and migrated to the subretinal space in areas of detachment. Microglia became reactive; they up-regulated CD45, acquired amoeboid morphology, and migrated toward outer retina in areas of RD. Reactive NIRG cells accumulated in detached areas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Subretinal injections of SA or HA in the chick eye successfully produced retinal detachments and cellular responses similar to those seen in standard mammalian models. Given the relatively large eye size, and considering the low cost, the chick model of RD offers advantages for high-throughput studies.
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14
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Fischer AJ, Scott MA, Zelinka C, Sherwood P. A novel type of glial cell in the retina is stimulated by insulin-like growth factor 1 and may exacerbate damage to neurons and Müller glia. Glia 2010; 58:633-49. [PMID: 19941335 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that insulin can have profound affects on the survival of neurons within the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine how insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) influences retinal cells; in particular, the glial cells. We identify a novel type of glial cell in the avian retina and provide evidence that these cells can respond to acute damage and IGF1. In normal retinas, we found a distinct cell-type, scattered across the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers that express Sox2, Sox9, Nkx2.2, vimentin, and transitin, the avian homologue of mammalian nestin. These glial cells have a unique immunohistochemical profile, morphology, and distribution that are distinct among other known types of retinal glia, including microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and Muller glia. We termed these cells nonastrocytic inner retinal glia-like (NIRG) cells. We found that the NIRG cells may express the IGF1 receptor and respond to IGF1 by proliferating, migrating distally into the retina, and upregulating transitin. In addition, IGF1 stimulated microglia to become reactive and upregulate lysosomal membrane glycoprotein and CD45. With microglia and NIRG cells stimulated by IGF1 there were elevated levels of cell death and numerous focal detachments across the retina in response to excitotoxic damage. Cell death was prominent within the areas of detachment coinciding with a stark loss of Müller glia and accumulation of NIRG cells. We conclude that NIRG cells are a novel type of retinal glia that is sensitive to IGF1 and whose activity may impact the survival of neurons and Müller glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA.
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15
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Santos AM, Martín-Oliva D, Ferrer-Martín RM, Tassi M, Calvente R, Sierra A, Carrasco MC, Marín-Teva JL, Navascués J, Cuadros MA. Microglial response to light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:477-92. [PMID: 20020538 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The microglial response elicited by degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells was characterized in BALB/c mice exposed to bright light for 7 hours and then kept in complete darkness for survival times ranging from 0 hours to 10 days. Photodegeneration resulted in extensive cell death in the retina, mainly in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), where the photoreceptor nuclei are located. Specific immunolabeling of microglial cells with anti-CD11b, anti-CD45, anti-F4/80, anti-SRA, and anti-CD68 antibodies revealed that microglial cells were activated in light-exposed retinas. They migrated to the ONL, changed their morphology, becoming rounded cells with short and thick processes, and, finally, showed immunophenotypic changes. Specifically, retinal microglia began to strongly express antigens recognized by anti-CD11b, anti-CD45, and anti-F4/80, coincident with cell degeneration. In contrast, upregulation of the antigen recognized by anti-SRA was not detected by immunocytochemistry until 6 hours after light exposure. Differences were also observed at 10 days after light exposure: CD11b, CD45, and F4/80 continued to be strongly expressed in retinal microglia, whereas the expression of CD68 and SRA had decreased to near-normal values. Therefore, microglia did not return to their original state after photodegeneration and continued to show a degree of activation. The accumulation of activated microglial cells in affected regions simultaneously with photoreceptor degeneration suggests that they play some role in photodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Santos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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16
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Expression of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 on cochlear macrophages influences survival of hair cells following ototoxic injury. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2009; 11:223-34. [PMID: 19936834 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-009-0198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of innate immunity and macrophage recruitment to the inner ear after hair cell injury is a subject where little is known. In this paper, we demonstrate recruitment of monocytes and macrophages to the inner ear after kanamycin. We also examined the effect of fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) deletion in kanamycin ototoxicity. We observed more functional and structural damage in CX3CR1 null mice compared to wild-type and heterozygous littermates. In order to determine if increased susceptibility to kanamycin resulted from CX3CR1 deletion from cochlear leukocytes, we created bone marrow chimeras by transplanting CX3CR1-null bone marrow into wild-type mice whose native bone marrow was ablated by lethal irradiation. These mice were then treated with kanamycin sulfate. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR), hair cell counts, and numbers of macrophages recruited to the cochlea were recorded in irradiated mice that received either wild-type, CX3CR1 heterozygous, or CX3CR1 knockout bone marrow. A strong correlation was present between numbers of macrophages and hair cell death in recipients transplanted with CX3CR1 null marrow. No correlation between macrophage number and hair cell loss was present in mice transplanted with wild-type or CX3CR1 heterozygous marrow. We suggest that CX3CR1 plays a role in modulating the detrimental effects of cochlear macrophages after kanamycin ototoxicity. Our data point to the possibility that CX3CR1-deficient cochlear macrophages exacerbate kanamycin ototoxicity while CX3CR1-expressing monocytes do not.
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Calderó J, Brunet N, Ciutat D, Hereu M, Esquerda JE. Development of microglia in the chick embryo spinal cord: Implications in the regulation of motoneuronal survival and death. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2447-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Llombart C, Nacher V, Ramos D, Luppo M, Carretero A, Navarro M, Melgarejo V, Armengol C, Rodríguez-Baeza A, Mendes-Jorge L, Ruberte J. Morphological characterization of pecteneal hyalocytes in the developing quail retina. J Anat 2009; 215:280-91. [PMID: 19566699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The periphery of the vitreous body contains a population of cells termed hyalocytes. Despite the existence for more than one century of publications devoted to the pecten oculi, a convoluted coil of blood vessels that seems to be the primary source of nutrients for the avian avascular retina, little information can be found concerning the pecteneal hyalocytes. These cells are situated on the inner limiting membrane in close relationship with the convolute blood vessels. To characterize the origin and macrophagic activity of pecteneal hyalocytes, we have analysed two different stages of quail eye development using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Pecteneal hyalocytes express the QH1 epitope and cKit, confirming that these cells belong to the haematopoietic system. They also express vimentin, an intermediate filament protein present in cells of mesenchymal origin and very important for differentiation of fully active macrophages. However, similarly as described in porcine hyalocytes, pecteneal hyalocytes express the glial fibrillary acidic protein, a recognized neuroglial marker. Pecteneal hyalocytes did not express other neuroglial markers, such as glutamine synthetase or S100. Acidic phosphatase was activated and Lep100 was found in secondary lysosomes, confirming phagocytic activity of pecteneal hyalocytes during ocular development. Pecteneal hyalocytes strongly react with RCA-I, WFA, WGA, PNA, SNA, LEA and SBA lectins, whereas other avian macrophages from thymus and the bursa of Fabricius did not bind PNA, SNA and LEA lectins. Interestingly, WGA lectin reacts with all kinds of avian macrophages, including pecteneal hyalocytes, probably reflecting the specific binding of WGA to components of the phagocytic and endocytic pathways. In conclusion, pecteneal hyalocytes are a special subtype of blood-borne macrophages that express markers not specifically associated with the haematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Llombart
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Sato E, Shick HE, Ransohoff RM, Hirose K. Repopulation of cochlear macrophages in murine hematopoietic progenitor cell chimeras: the role of CX3CR1. J Comp Neurol 2008; 506:930-42. [PMID: 18085589 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cochlear macrophages have been shown to accumulate in the murine cochlea following acoustic trauma. This investigation was performed to determine whether cochlear macrophages could be replaced by donor transplantation of bone marrow precursors. Lethally irradiated C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with hematopoietic precursors from CX3CR1(GFP/GFP) fetal mice. CX3CR1(GFP/GFP) mice express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in monocytes and macrophages and possess no functional CX3CR1. Donor monocytes and macrophages can be easily traced in the wild-type recipient with fluorescent microscopy. We studied mice at 2-16 weeks after transplantation to assess repopulation of cochlear macrophages. A separate group of chimeras was exposed to octave band noise (8-16 kHz for 2 hours) 2 weeks after transplantation to evaluate the migration properties of donor hematopoietic precursors. We found that macrophages derived from donor hematopoietic precursors appeared in cochlea 3-4 weeks after transplantation and increased week by week. Noise exposure induced a massive accumulation of leukocytes, particularly in the spiral ligament of the basal turn. There was no difference between CX3CR1(GFP/GFP) donor/wild-type recipient chimeras and the wild-type donor/wild-type recipient chimeras in hearing thresholds, accumulation of cochlear macrophages, or tissue injury after noise exposure. These data indicate that cochlear macrophages are derived from bone marrow precursors and that they are an exchanging and migratory population. Furthermore, CX3CR1 in hematopoietic precursors is not necessary for macrophage migration into cochlea and when deleted in this cell population, the absence of CX3CR1 does not substantially effect the outcomes after noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Sato
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Brunet N, Tarabal O, Portero-Otín M, Oppenheim RW, Esquerda JE, Calderó J. Survival and death of mature avian motoneurons in organotypic slice culture: trophic requirements for survival and different types of degeneration. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:669-90. [PMID: 17299760 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an organotypic culture technique that uses slices of chick embryo spinal cord, in which trophic requirements for long-term survival of mature motoneurons (MNs) were studied. Slices were obtained from E16 chick embryos and maintained for up to 28 days in vitro (DIV) in a basal medium. Under these conditions, most MNs died. To promote MN survival, 14 different trophic factors were assayed. Among these 14, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor were the most effective. GDNF was able to promote MN survival for at least 28 DIV. K(+) depolarization or caspase inhibition prevented MN death but also induced degenerative-like changes in rescued MNs. Agents that elevate cAMP levels promoted the survival of a proportion of MNs for at least 7 DIV. Examination of dying MNs revealed that, in addition to cells exhibiting a caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pattern, some MNs died by a caspase-3-independent mechanism and displayed autophagic vacuoles, an extremely convoluted nucleus, and a close association with microglia. This organotypic spinal cord slice culture may provide a convenient model for testing conditions that promote survival of mature-like MNs that are affected in late-onset MN disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Brunet
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel.lular, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and IRB Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Santos AM, Calvente R, Tassi M, Carrasco MC, Martín-Oliva D, Marín-Teva JL, Navascués J, Cuadros MA. Embryonic and postnatal development of microglial cells in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2007; 506:224-39. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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