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Salamon RJ, Halbe P, Kasberg W, Bae J, Audhya A, Mahmoud AI. Parasympathetic and sympathetic axons are bundled in the cardiac ventricles and undergo physiological reinnervation during heart regeneration. iScience 2023; 26:107709. [PMID: 37674983 PMCID: PMC10477065 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic innervation influences homeostasis, repair, and pathology in the cardiac ventricles; in contrast, parasympathetic innervation is considered to have minimal contribution and influence in the ventricles. Here, we use genetic models, whole-mount imaging, and three-dimensional modeling to define cardiac nerve architecture during development, disease, and regeneration. Our approach reveals that parasympathetic nerves extensively innervate the cardiac ventricles. Furthermore, we identify that parasympathetic and sympathetic axons develop synchronously and are bundled throughout the ventricles. We further investigate cardiac nerve remodeling in the regenerative neonatal and the non-regenerative postnatal mouse heart. Our results show that the regenerating myocardium undergoes a unique process of physiological reinnervation, where proper nerve distribution and architecture is reestablished, in stark contrast to the non-regenerating heart. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that physiological reinnervation during regeneration is dependent on collateral artery formation. Our results reveal clinically significant insights into cardiac nerve plasticity which can identify new therapies for cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Salamon
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Poorva Halbe
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William Kasberg
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jiyoung Bae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Anjon Audhya
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ahmed I. Mahmoud
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Inokaitis H, Pauziene N, Pauza DH. The distribution of sinoatrial nodal cells and their innervation in the pig. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2333-2344. [PMID: 35643929 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) has been the object of interest of various studies. In experimental neurocardiology, the real challenge is the choice of the most appropriate animal model. Pig is routinely used animal due to its size and physiological features. Despite this, the anatomy and innervation of the pig SAN are not completely examined. This study analyses the distribution of SAN cells and their innervation in whole-mount preparations and the cross-sections of the pig right atrium. Our findings revealed the differences in the distribution of the SAN cells and their innervation pattern between pigs and other animals. The pig SAN myocytes were distributed around the root of the anterior vena cava. A meshwork of nerve fibers (NFs) in this area was four-fold denser compared to other right atrial areas and contained the adrenergic (positive for TH), cholinergic (positive for ChAT), nitrergic (positive for nNOS), and potentially sensory (positive for SP) NFs. The SAN area contained 98 ± 10 ganglia that involved 21 ± 2 neuronal somata per ganglion. The determined chemical phenotypes of ganglionic cells demonstrate their diversity in the pig SAN area as there were identified neuronal somata positive for ChAT, nNOS, TH, and simultaneously for ChAT/nNOS and ChAT/TH. Small intensively fluorescent cells were also abundant. The broad distribution of SAN cells, the chemical diversity, and the high density of neural components in the SAN area are comparable to the human one and, therefore, the pig may be considered as the appropriate animal model for experimental cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermanas Inokaitis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Pauziene
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainius H Pauza
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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3
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Salamon RJ, Halbe P, Kasberg W, Bae J, Audhya A, Mahmoud AI. Defining Cardiac Nerve Architecture During Development, Disease, and Regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.12.31.522405. [PMID: 36711742 PMCID: PMC9881855 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.31.522405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac nerves regulate neonatal mouse heart regeneration and are susceptible to pathological remodeling following adult injury. Understanding cardiac nerve remodeling can lead to new strategies to promote cardiac repair. Our current understanding of cardiac nerve architecture has been limited to two-dimensional analysis. Here, we use genetic models, whole-mount imaging, and three-dimensional modeling tools to define cardiac nerve architecture and neurovascular association during development, disease, and regeneration. Our results demonstrate that cardiac nerves sequentially associate with coronary veins and arteries during development. Remarkably, our results reveal that parasympathetic nerves densely innervate the ventricles. Furthermore, parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves develop synchronously and are intertwined throughout the ventricles. Importantly, the regenerating myocardium reestablishes physiological innervation, in stark contrast to the non-regenerating heart. Mechanistically, reinnervation during regeneration is dependent on collateral artery formation. Our results reveal how defining cardiac nerve remodeling during homeostasis, disease, and regeneration can identify new therapies for cardiac disease.
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Lu SF, Wang JM, Yuan J, Yang WX, Chen LY, Zhang T, Jing XY, Zhuang Y, Zhang CS, Fu SP, Yu ML. Electroacupuncture improves cardiac function and reduces infarct size by modulating cardiac autonomic remodeling in a mouse model of myocardial ischemia. Acupunct Med 2021; 39:681-690. [PMID: 34056953 DOI: 10.1177/09645284211009536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve remodeling play an important role in cardiac function after myocardial ischemia (MI) injury. Increasing evidence indicates that electroacupuncture (EA) can regulate cardiac function by modulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS), but little is known about its effectiveness on neural remodeling post-MI. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of EA in ANS remodeling post-MI. METHODS Adult male C57/BL6 mice were equally divided into the Control (Ctrl), MI and EA groups after generating the MI model by ligating the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Echocardiography and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining were employed to evaluate cardiac function and infarct size after EA treatment for five consecutive days. Serum norepinephrine (NE) levels were measured by ELISA to quantify sympathetic activation. Then, ANS remodeling was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. RESULTS Our preliminary findings showed that EA increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening and reduced infarct area after MI injury. Serum NE levels in the EA group were significantly decreased compared with those in the MI group. IHC staining results demonstrated that the density of growth associated protein (GAP)43 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive nerve fibers in the EA group were decreased with increased choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VACHT). Meanwhile, the results verified that mRNA and protein expression of GAP43 and TH were significantly inhibited by EA treatment in the MI mice, accompanied by elevated CHAT and VACHT. CONCLUSIONS EA treatment could improve cardiac function and reduce infarct size by modulating sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve remodeling post-MI, thus helping the cardiac ANS reach a new balance to try to protect the heart from further possible injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Meng Wang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Yue Jing
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Shun Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Bellier JP, Yuan PQ, Mukaisho K, Tooyama I, Taché Y, Kimura H. A Novel Antiserum Against a Predicted Human Peripheral Choline Acetyltransferase (hpChAT) for Labeling Neuronal Structures in Human Colon. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:37. [PMID: 31040770 PMCID: PMC6476985 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme synthesizing acetylcholine (ACh), has an exon-skipping splice variant which is expressed preferentially in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and thus termed peripheral ChAT (pChAT). A rabbit antiserum previously produced against rat pChAT (rpChAT) has been used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) to study peripheral cholinergic structures in various animals. The present study was undertaken to develop a specific antiserum against a predicted human pChAT (hpChAT) protein. A novel mouse antiserum has been successfully raised against a unique 14-amino acid sequence of hpChAT protein. Our Western blot using this antiserum (termed here anti-hpChAT serum) on human colon extracts revealed only a single band of 47 kDa, matching the deduced size of hpChAT protein. By IHC, the antiserum gave intense staining in many neuronal cells and fibers of human colon but not brain, and such a pattern of staining seemed identical with that reported in colon of various animals using anti-rpChAT serum. In the antibody-absorption test, hpChAT-immunoreactive staining in human colon was completely blocked by using the antiserum pre-absorbed with the antigen peptide. Double immunofluorescence in human colon moreover indicated that structures stained with anti-hpChAT were also stained with anti-rpChAT, and vice versa. hpChAT antiserum allowed the identification of cell types, as Dogiel type cells in intramural plexuses, and fiber innervation of colon muscles and mucosae. The present results demonstrate the specificity and reliability of the hpChAT antiserum as a novel tool for immunohistochemical studies in human colon, opening venues to map cholinergic innervation in other human PNS tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kenichi Mukaisho
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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6
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Kusindarta DL, Wihadmadyatami H, Haryanto A. Ocimum sanctum Linn. stimulate the expression of choline acetyltransferase on the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Vet World 2016; 9:1348-1354. [PMID: 28096604 PMCID: PMC5234046 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1348-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This research was conducted to identify the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) and to clarify the capability of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract to stimulate the presence of ChAT in the aging HCMECs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we perform an in vitro analysis some in the presence of an ethanolic extract of O. sanctum Linn. as a stimulator for the ChAT expression. HCMECs are divided become two groups, the first is in low passage cells as a model of young aged and the second is in a high passage as a model of aging. Furthermore to analysis the expression of ChAT without and with extract treatments, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis were performed. In addition, ChAT sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is developed to detect the increasing activity of the ChAT under normal, and aging HCMECs on the condition treated and untreated cells. RESULTS In our in vitro models using HCMECs, we found that ChAT is expressed throughout intracytoplasmic areas. On the status of aging, the ethanolic extract from O. sanctum Linn. is capable to stimulate and restore the expression of ChAT. The increasing of ChAT expression is in line with the increasing activity of this enzyme on the aging treated HCMECs. CONCLUSIONS Our observation indicates that HCMECs is one of the noncholinergic cells which is produced ChAT. The administrated of O. sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract may stimulate and restore the expression of ChAT on the deteriorating cells of HCMECs, thus its may give nerve protection and help the production of acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aris Haryanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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7
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Delfiner MS, Siano J, Li Y, Dedkov EI, Zhang Y. Reduced epicardial vagal nerve density and impaired vagal control in a rat myocardial infarction-heart failure model. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016; 26:21-29. [PMID: 27852001 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic remodeling, characterized by sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal, contributes to heart failure (HF) progression. However, the exact mechanism(s) responsible for vagal withdrawal in HF remain(s) unclear, and whether HF causes epicardial autonomic nerve remodeling is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Myocardial infarction (MI) was produced in 14 Sprague-Dawley rats, and 10 sham surgery rats served as the control. MI-HF was confirmed 2 months after the surgery by echocardiography and hemodynamic measurement. Cervical vagal nerve stimulation was delivered to examine the heart rate slowing effect. Whole heart acetylcholinesterase histochemistry was used to examine the epicardial autonomic nerve remodeling at dorsal ventricles (remote from the infarcted area). Compared with the control animals, the same vagal nerve stimulation had less heart rate slowing effect in MI-HF group. Both epicardial nerve bundle length-density (2.56±0.60 μm/mm2 versus 1.68±0.46 μm/mm2, P=.001) and branching point-density (1.24±0.25 points/mm2 versus 0.66±0.18 points/mm2, P<.001) were lower in MI-HF rats. The chemically stained epicardial nerve bundles contain both sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase positive) and vagal (choline acetyltransferase positive) fibers. However, within the stained nerve bundle, the chemical color corresponds mainly with the vagal fibers. CONCLUSIONS Whole heart acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed a decreased ventricular epicardial vagal nerve density in MI-HF rats, which may contribute to impaired cardiac vagal control in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Delfiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - John Siano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Eduard I Dedkov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Youhua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
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8
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Végh AMD, Duim SN, Smits AM, Poelmann RE, Ten Harkel ADJ, DeRuiter MC, Goumans MJ, Jongbloed MRM. Part and Parcel of the Cardiac Autonomic Nerve System: Unravelling Its Cellular Building Blocks during Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3030028. [PMID: 29367572 PMCID: PMC5715672 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (cANS) is essential for proper heart function, and complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death are associated with an altered cANS function. A changed innervation state may underlie (part of) the atrial and ventricular arrhythmias observed after myocardial infarction. In other cardiac diseases, such as congenital heart disease, autonomic dysfunction may be related to disease outcome. This is also the case after heart transplantation, when the heart is denervated. Interest in the origin of the autonomic nerve system has renewed since the role of autonomic function in disease progression was recognized, and some plasticity in autonomic regeneration is evident. As with many pathological processes, autonomic dysfunction based on pathological innervation may be a partial recapitulation of the early development of innervation. As such, insight into the development of cardiac innervation and an understanding of the cellular background contributing to cardiac innervation during different phases of development is required. This review describes the development of the cANS and focuses on the cellular contributions, either directly by delivering cells or indirectly by secretion of necessary factors or cell-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M D Végh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd N Duim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke M Smits
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 20, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Arend D J Ten Harkel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marie José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Wang T, Miller KE. Characterization of glutamatergic neurons in the rat atrial intrinsic cardiac ganglia that project to the cardiac ventricular wall. Neuroscience 2016; 329:134-50. [PMID: 27167082 PMCID: PMC5922425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic cardiac nervous system modulates cardiac function by acting as an integration site for regulating autonomic efferent cardiac output. This intrinsic system is proposed to be composed of a short cardio-cardiac feedback control loop within the cardiac innervation hierarchy. For example, electrophysiological studies have postulated the presence of sensory neurons in intrinsic cardiac ganglia (ICG) for regional cardiac control. There is still a knowledge gap, however, about the anatomical location and neurochemical phenotype of sensory neurons inside ICG. In the present study, rat ICG neurons were characterized neurochemically with immunohistochemistry using glutamatergic markers: vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1; VGLUT2), and glutaminase (GLS), the enzyme essential for glutamate production. Glutamatergic neurons (VGLUT1/VGLUT2/GLS) in the ICG that have axons to the ventricles were identified by retrograde tracing of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected in the ventricular wall. Co-labeling of VGLUT1, VGLUT2, and GLS with the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was used to evaluate the relationship between post-ganglionic autonomic neurons and glutamatergic neurons. Sequential labeling of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in adjacent tissue sections was used to evaluate the co-localization of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in ICG neurons. Our studies yielded the following results: (1) ICG contain glutamatergic neurons with GLS for glutamate production and VGLUT1 and 2 for transport of glutamate into synaptic vesicles; (2) atrial ICG contain neurons that project to ventricle walls and these neurons are glutamatergic; (3) many glutamatergic ICG neurons also were cholinergic, expressing VAChT; (4) VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 co-localization occurred in ICG neurons with variation of their protein expression level. Investigation of both glutamatergic and cholinergic ICG neurons could help in better understanding the function of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, United States
| | - Kenneth E Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, United States.
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10
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Innervation of sinoatrial nodal cells in the rabbit. Ann Anat 2016; 205:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Mastitskaya S, Basalay M, Hosford PS, Ramage AG, Gourine A, Gourine AV. Identifying the Source of a Humoral Factor of Remote (Pre)Conditioning Cardioprotection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150108. [PMID: 26918777 PMCID: PMC4769182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling pathways underlying the phenomenon of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RPc) cardioprotection are not completely understood. The existing evidence agrees that intact sensory innervation of the remote tissue/organ is required for the release into the systemic circulation of preconditioning factor(s) capable of protecting a transplanted or isolated heart. However, the source and molecular identities of these factors remain unknown. Since the efficacy of RPc cardioprotection is critically dependent upon vagal activity and muscarinic mechanisms, we hypothesized that the humoral RPc factor is produced by the internal organ(s), which receive rich parasympathetic innervation. In a rat model of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury we determined the efficacy of limb RPc in establishing cardioprotection after denervation of various visceral organs by sectioning celiac, hepatic, anterior and posterior gastric branches of the vagus nerve. Electrical stimulation was applied to individually sectioned branches to determine whether enhanced vagal input to a particular target area is sufficient to establish cardioprotection. It was found that RPc cardioprotection is abolished in conditions of either total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, gastric vagotomy or sectioning of the posterior gastric branch. The efficacy of RPc cardioprotection was preserved when hepatic, celiac or anterior gastric vagal branches were cut. In the absence of remote ischaemia/reperfusion, electrical stimulation of the posterior gastric branch reduced infarct size, mimicking the effect of RPc. These data suggest that the circulating factor (or factors) of RPc are produced and released into the systemic circulation by the visceral organ(s) innervated by the posterior gastric branch of the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Basalay
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick S. Hosford
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Ramage
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Gourine
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (AVG); (AG)
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AVG); (AG)
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12
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Kitanishi T, Aimi Y, Kitano H, Suzuki M, Kimura H, Saito A, Shimizu T, Tooyama I. Distinct localization of peripheral and central types of choline acetyltransferase in the rat cochlea. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2013; 46:145-52. [PMID: 24194628 PMCID: PMC3814435 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered a splice variant of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA, and designated the variant protein pChAT because of its preferential expression in peripheral neuronal structures. In this study, we examined the immunohistochemical localization of pChAT in rat cochlea and compared the distribution pattern to those of common ChAT (cChAT) and acetylcholinesterase. Some neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the spiral ganglia showed immunoreactivity for pChAT, predominantly the small spiral ganglion cells, indicating outer hair cell type II neurons. In contrast, cChAT- and acetylcholinesterase-positive structures were localized to fibers and not apparent in ganglion cells. After ablation of the cochlear nuclei, many pChAT-positive cochlear nerve fibers became clearly visible, whereas fibers immunopositive for cChAT and acetylcholine esterase disappeared. These results suggested that pChAT and cChAT are localized in different systems of the rat cochlea; pChAT in the afferent and cChAT in the efferent structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kitanishi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Yoshinari Aimi
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Hiroya Kitano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
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13
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Abstract
There is continuing belief that cardiac parasympathetic postganglionic fibres are sparse or absent from the ventricles. This review of the literature shows that the supposition is a myth. Early studies considered that fine silver-stained fibres coursing amongst ventricle myocardial cells were most likely cardiac parasympathetic postganglionic fibres. The conclusions were later supported by acetyl cholinesterase staining using a method that appeared not to be associated with noradrenaline nerve fibres. The conclusion is critically examined in the light of several recent histological studies using the acetyl cholinesterase method and also a more definitive technique (CHAT), that suggest a widespread location of parasympathetic ganglia and a relatively dense parasympathetic innervation of ventricular muscle in a range of mammals including man. The many studies demonstrating acetylcholine release in the ventricle on vagal nerve stimulation and a high density of acetylcholine M2 receptors is in accord with this as are tests of ventricular performance from many physiological studies. Selective control of cardiac functions by anatomically segregated parasympathetic ganglia is discussed. It is argued that the influence of vagal stimulation on ventricular myocardial action potential refractory period, duration, force and rhythm is evidence that vagal fibres have close apposition to myocardial fibres. This is supported by clear evidence of accentuated antagonism between sympathetic activity and vagal activity in the ventricle and also by direct effects of vagal activity independent of sympathetic activity. The idea of differential control of atrial and ventricular physiology by vagal C and vagal B preganglionic fibres is examined as well as differences in chemical phenotypes and their function. The latter is reflected in medullary and supramedullary control. Reference is made to the importance of this knowledge to understanding the normal physiology of cardiac autonomic control and significance to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Coote
- J. H. Coote: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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14
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Koga T, Bellier JP, Kimura H, Tooyama I. Immunoreactivity for Choline Acetyltransferase of Peripheral-Type (pChAT) in the Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons of the Non-Human Primate Macaca fascicularis. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2013; 46:59-64. [PMID: 23720604 PMCID: PMC3661780 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcripts of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene reveal a number of different splice variants including ChAT of a peripheral type (pChAT). Immunohistochemical staining of the brain using an antibody against pChAT clearly revealed peripheral cholinergic neurons, but failed to detect cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system. In rodents, pChAT-immunoreactivity has been detected in cholinergic parasympathetic postganglionic and enteric ganglion neurons. In addition, pChAT has been observed in non-cholinergic neurons such as peripheral sensory neurons in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. The common type of ChAT (cChAT) has been investigated in many parts of the brain and the spinal cord of non-human primates, but little information is available about the localization of pChAT in primate species. Here, we report the detection of pChAT immunoreactivity in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and its co-localization with Substance P (SP) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis. Neurons positive for pChAT were observed in a rather uniform pattern in approximately half of the trigeminal neurons throughout the TG. Most pChAT-positive neurons had small or medium-sized cell bodies. Double-immunofluorescence staining showed that 85.1% of SP-positive cells and 74.0% of CGRP-positive cells exhibited pChAT immunoreactivity. Most pChAT-positive cells were part of a larger population of neurons that co-expressed SP and/or CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyuki Koga
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University
| | | | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
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15
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Hanada K, Kishimoto S, Bellier JP, Kimura H. Peripheral choline acetyltransferase in rat skin demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:497-510. [PMID: 23250574 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry has been used widely for visualizing central cholinergic neurons and fibers but not often for labeling peripheral structures, probably because of their poor staining. The recent identification of the peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase (pChAT) has enabled the clear immunohistochemical detection of many known peripheral cholinergic elements. Here, we report the presence of pChAT-immunoreactive nerve fibers in rat skin. Intensely stained nerve fibers were distributed in association with eccrine sweat glands, blood vessels, hair follicles and portions just beneath the epidermis. These results suggest that pChAT-positive nerves participate in the sympathetic cholinergic innervation of eccrine sweat glands. Moreover, pChAT also appears to play a role in cutaneous sensory nerve endings. These findings are supported by the presence of many pChAT-positive neuronal cells in the sympathetic ganglion and dorsal root ganglion. Thus, pChAT immunohistochemistry should provide a novel and unique tool for studying cholinergic nerves in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hanada
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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16
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Bellier JP, Kimura H. Peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase: biological and evolutionary implications for novel mechanisms in cholinergic system. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:225-35. [PMID: 21382474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase (pChAT) is an isoform of the well-studied common type of choline acetyltransferase (cChAT), the synthesizing enzyme of acetylcholine. Since pChAT arises by exons skipping, its amino acid sequence is similar to that of cChAT, except the lack of a continuous peptide sequence encoded by all the four exons from 6 to 9. While cChAT expression has been observed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, pChAT is preferentially expressed in the peripheral nervous system. pChAT appears to be a reliable marker for the visualization of peripheral cholinergic neurons and their processes, whereas other conventional markers including cChAT have not been used successfully for it. In mammals like rodents, pChAT immunoreactivity has been observed in most, if not all, physiologically identified peripheral cholinergic structures such as all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and most neurons of the enteric nervous system. In addition, pChAT has been found in many peripheral neurons that are derived from the neural crest. These include sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion and the dorsal root ganglion, and sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Recent studies moreover indicate that pChAT, as well as cChAT, appears ubiquitously expressed among various species not only of vertebrate mammals but also of invertebrate mollusks. This finding implies that the alternative splicing mechanism to generate pChAT and cChAT has been preserved during evolution, probably for some functional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Bellier
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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17
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Rysevaite K, Saburkina I, Pauziene N, Vaitkevicius R, Noujaim SF, Jalife J, Pauza DH. Immunohistochemical characterization of the intrinsic cardiac neural plexus in whole-mount mouse heart preparations. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8:731-8. [PMID: 21232628 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrinsic neural plexus of the mouse heart has not been adequately investigated despite the extensive use of this species in experimental cardiology. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of cholinergic, adrenergic, and sensory neural components in whole-mount mouse heart preparations using double immunohistochemical labeling. METHODS/RESULTS Intrinsic neurons were concentrated within 19 ± 3 ganglia (n = 20 mice) of varying size, scattered on the medial side of the inferior caval (caudal) vein on the right atrium and close to the pulmonary veins on the left atrium. Of a total of 1,082 ± 160 neurons, most somata (83%) were choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive, whereas 4% were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive; 14% of ganglionic cells were biphenotypic for ChAT and TH. The most intense ChAT staining was observed in axonal varicosities. ChAT was evident in nerve fibers interconnecting intrinsic ganglia. Both ChAT and TH immunoreactivity were abundant within the nerves accessing the heart. However, epicardial TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were predominant on the dorsal and ventral left atrium, whereas most ChAT-positive axons proceeded on the heart base toward the large intrinsic ganglia and on the epicardium of the root of the right cranial vein. Substance P-positive and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers were abundant on the epicardium and within ganglia adjacent to the heart hilum. Small intensely fluorescent cells were grouped into clusters of 3 to 8 and were dispersed within large ganglia or separately on the atrial and ventricular walls. CONCLUSION Although some nerves and neuronal bundles of the mouse epicardial plexus are mixed, most express either adrenergic or cholinergic markers. Therefore, selective stimulation and/or ablation of the functionally distinct intrinsic neural pathways should allow the study of specific effects on cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rysevaite
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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18
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Palomar AR, Larios BN, De Sánchez VC, Pérez LM, López FDLC, Flores G, Gómez-Villalobos MDJ. Expression and distribution of dopamine transporter in cardiac tissues of the guinea pig. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:399-405. [PMID: 21170736 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine transporter (DAT) is a membrane protein that it is a marker for dopaminergic neurons. In the present work, throught Western blot and autoradiographic studies with a selective ligand for DAT ([(3)H] WIN-35428) and noradrenaline transporter (NET) ([(3)H] Nisoxetine), we search the expression and distribution of DAT in comparison with NET, in cardiac tissue of guinea pig in order to support the presence of dopaminergic nerve cells into the heart. Expression of DAT, and NET were evidenced by a bands of 75 and 54 kDa, respectively in the heart. Binding for DAT and NET were found in the four cardiac chambers. However, DAT show heterogeneous distribution with binding in right atria and in both ventricles, whereas NET show homogenous distribution in the four cardiac chambers. The results show the expression of DAT in cardiac tissues with a different distribution compared with NET, being an evidence for the presence of dopaminergic nerve cells into the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Reynoso Palomar
- Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, San Manuel, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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19
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Anglade P, Larabi-Godinot Y. Historical landmarks in the histochemistry of the cholinergic synapse: Perspectives for future researches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:1-12. [PMID: 20203414 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nearly one hundred years ago, acetylcholine (ACh) was proposed as a chemical agent responsible for nerve transmission at the synapse, the junction area between one neuron and its target cell. Since it has been proved that ACh played, indeed, a major role in the functioning of the nerve system in the vertebrates, cholinergic nerve transmission became a basic field of study in neuroscience. The birth of histochemistry and its ulterior developments allowed in situ localization of the molecular agents related to the functioning of the cholinergic synapse. This report presents historical landmarks in the histochemistry of major cholinergic agents (acetylcholinesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, choline acetyltransferase, and ACh), a domain which has greatly contributed to the knowledge of the nerve system. It is emphasized that despite extraordinary progresses made in this field, basic problems, such as in situ localization of ACh, still remain to be solved.
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20
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Absence of pain with hyperhidrosis: A new syndrome where vascular afferents may mediate cutaneous sensation. Pain 2009; 147:287-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Saito A, Sato T, Okano H, Toyoda KI, Bamba H, Kimura S, Bellier JP, Matsuo A, Kimura H, Hisa Y, Tooyama I. Axotomy alters alternative splicing of choline acetyltransferase in the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. J Comp Neurol 2009; 513:237-48. [PMID: 19137611 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase of the peripheral type (pChAT) is a splice variant that lacks exons 6-9 of the common-type ChAT (cChAT); the role of pChAT remains unknown. We investigated the expression of pChAT and cChAT after axotomy to try to elucidate its function. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNV), nucleus ambiguus (NA), and hypoglossal nucleus (HN) of control rats, we observed neural expression of cChAT but no pChAT-positive neurons. Following nerve transection, we clearly detected pChAT-labeled neurons in the DMNV and weakly labeled neurons in the NA, but pChAT was not seen in the HN. In the DMNV, the mean number of cChAT-positive neurons decreased rapidly to 40.5% of control at 3 days post transection, and to 5.0% of control after 7 days. The number of cChAT-positive neurons then gradually increased and reached a plateau of about 25% of control value at 28 days post transection. pChAT-positive neurons did not appear until 7 days after transection. On the same day, pChAT mRNA was detected in the DMNV neurons by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by using laser capture microdissection. The number of pChAT-positive neurons gradually decreased, and only 10% of the cholinergic neurons retained pChAT expression 56 days post transection. Double-immunofluorescence analysis showed that some of the DMNV neurons expressed both cChAT and pChAT upon recovery from axotomy. These results suggest that the expression of pChAT is associated with the regenerative or degenerative processes of motoneurons especially for general visceral efferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatukinowa-cho, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
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22
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The utility of the Golgi–Cox method in the morphological characterization of the autonomic innervation in the rat heart. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 179:40-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Yasuhara O, Aimi Y, Matsuo A, Kimura H. Distribution of a splice variant of choline acetyltransferase in the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem of the rat: comparison with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. J Comp Neurol 2008; 509:436-48. [PMID: 18521856 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rat trigeminal ganglion neurons have been shown to contain a splice variant of choline acetyltransferase (pChAT). Here we report the distribution pattern of pChAT-containing afferents from the trigeminal ganglion to the brainstem, compared with that of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP), by use of the immunohistochemical techniques in the rat. Most of CGRP(+) SP(+) ganglion cells contain pChAT, whereas half of the pChAT(+) ganglion cells possess neither CGRP nor SP. In the brainstem, pChAT(+) nerve fibers are found exclusively in the trigeminal and solitary systems, although the distribution pattern differs from that of CGRP(+) or SP(+) fibers. First, the ventral portion of the principal sensory nucleus contains many pChAT(+) fibers, with few CGRP(+) or SP(+) fibers. Because this portion receives projections of nociceptive corneal afferents, a subpopulation of pChAT(+) CGRP(-) SP(-) primary afferents is most probably nonpeptidergic nociceptors innervating the cornea. Second, the superficial laminae of the medullary dorsal horn, the main target of nociceptive afferents, contain dense CGRP(+) and SP(+) fibers but sparse pChAT(+) fibers. Because pChAT occurs in most CGRP(+) SP(+) ganglion cells, such sparseness of pChAT(+) fibers implies poor transportation of pChAT to axon branchlets. Another important finding is that pChAT(+) axons are smooth and nonvaricose, whereas CGRP(+) or SP(+) fibers possess numerous varicosities. Our confocal microscopy suggests colocalization of these three markers in the same single axons in some brainstem regions. The difference in morphological appearance, nonvaricose or varicose, appears to reflect the difference in intraaxonal distribution between pChAT and CGRP or SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yasuhara
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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24
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Hoard JL, Hoover DB, Mabe AM, Blakely RD, Feng N, Paolocci N. Cholinergic neurons of mouse intrinsic cardiac ganglia contain noradrenergic enzymes, norepinephrine transporters, and the neurotrophin receptors tropomyosin-related kinase A and p75. Neuroscience 2008; 156:129-42. [PMID: 18674600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Half of the cholinergic neurons of human and primate intrinsic cardiac ganglia (ICG) have a dual cholinergic/noradrenergic phenotype. Likewise, a large subpopulation of cholinergic neurons of the mouse heart expresses enzymes needed for synthesis of norepinephrine (NE), but they lack the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) required for catecholamine storage. In the present study, we determined the full scope of noradrenergic properties (i.e. synthetic enzymes and transporters) expressed by cholinergic neurons of mouse ICG, estimated the relative abundance of neurons expressing different elements of the noradrenergic phenotype, and evaluated the colocalization of cholinergic and noradrenergic markers in atrial nerve fibers. Stellate ganglia were used as a positive control for noradrenergic markers. Using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we found that about 30% of cholinergic cell bodies contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), including the activated form that is phosphorylated at Ser-40 (pSer40 TH). Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) were present in all cholinergic somata, indicating a wider capability for dopamine metabolism and catecholamine uptake. Yet, cholinergic somata lacked VMAT2, precluding the potential for NE storage and vesicular release. In contrast to cholinergic somata, cardiac nerve fibers rarely showed colocalization of cholinergic and noradrenergic markers. Instead, these labels were closely apposed but clearly distinct from each other. Since cholinergic somata expressed several noradrenergic proteins, we questioned whether these neurons might also contain trophic factor receptors typical of noradrenergic neurons. Indeed, we found that all cholinergic cell bodies of mouse ICG, like noradrenergic cell bodies of the stellate ganglia, contained both tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) and p75 neurotrophin receptors. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that mouse intrinsic cardiac neurons (ICNs), like those of humans, have a complex neurochemical phenotype that goes beyond the classical view of cardiac parasympathetic neurons. They also suggest that neurotrophins and local NE synthesis might have important effects on neurons of the mouse ICG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hoard
- Department of Pharmacology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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25
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Bairam A, Joseph V, Lajeunesse Y, Kinkead R. Developmental profile of cholinergic and purinergic traits and receptors in peripheral chemoreflex pathway in cats. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1841-53. [PMID: 17478045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the developmental profile of specific aspects of cholinergic and purinergic neurotransmission in key organs of the peripheral chemoreflex: the carotid body (CB), petrosal ganglion (PG) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Using real time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, we assessed both mRNA and protein expression levels for choline-acetyl-transferase (ChAT), nicotinic receptor (subunits alpha3, alpha4, alpha7, and beta2), ATP and purinergic receptors (P2X2 and P2X3). These analyses were performed on tissue from 1- and 15-day-old, 2-month-old, and adult cats. During development, ChAT protein expression level increased slightly in CB; however, this increase was more important in PG and SCG. In CB, mRNA level for alpha4 nicotinic receptor subunit decreased during development (90% higher in 1-day-old cats than in adults). In the PG, mRNA level for beta2 nicotinic receptor subunit increased during development (80% higher in adults than in 1-day-old cats). In SCG, mRNA for alpha7 nicotinic receptor levels increased (400% higher in adults vs. 1-day-old cats). Conversely, P2X2 receptor protein level was not altered during development in CB and decreased slightly in PG; a similar pattern was observed for the P2X3 receptor. Our findings suggest that in cats, age-related changes in cholinergic and purinergic systems (such as physiological expression of receptor function) are significant within the afferent chemoreceptor pathway and likely contribute to the temporal changes of O2-chemosensitivity during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bairam
- Unité de recherche en périnatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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26
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Yasuhara O, Aimi Y, Shibano A, Kimura H. Primary sensory neurons containing choline acetyltransferase of the peripheral type in the rat trigeminal ganglion and their relation to neuropeptides-, calbindin- and nitric oxide synthase-containing cells. Brain Res 2007; 1141:92-8. [PMID: 17291466 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a variant form of choline acetyltransferase (pChAT) is expressed in rat trigeminal neurons. To assess the significance of pChAT in sensory functions, we characterized immunohistochemically pChAT-positive trigeminal neurons in the rat. pChAT-immunoreactivity was observed in a rather uniform pattern in about half of all trigeminal neurons throughout the trigeminal ganglion. The majority of pChAT-positive neurons had small to medium-sized cell bodies. Double immunofluorescent study showed that more than 90% of substance P (SP)-positive trigeminal cells and about 80% of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive cells exhibited pChAT-immunoreactivity. pChAT-positive cells formed a larger population of neurons than SP-positive or CGRP-positive cells, but they were a different population from calbindin-D(28k)-positive neurons. In addition, pChAT-immunoreactivity was present in a subset of neurons positive for neuronal nitric oxide synthase. The present results suggest that pChAT plays roles not only in nociception, but also in other sensory functions such as mechanoreception mediating tactile sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yasuhara
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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