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Yang S, Kong X, Li X, Ge YJ. Serum C-reactive protein level and sleep characteristics in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome comorbid with panic disorder: a preliminary study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:859. [PMID: 37985980 PMCID: PMC10662421 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the sleep characteristics of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) comorbidity with panic disorder (PD), exploring its potential association with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-four patients (25 OSAS patients with PD and 29 without PD) and 25 healthy controls (HCs) were included. The Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were used to assess the mood and sleep quality of the subjects. All patients had circulating CRP levels and polysomnography was performed. RESULTS OSAS with PD had higher SAS, SDS, PSQI than the OSAS without PD. Compared to OSAS without PD, OSAS with PD had higher percentage of non- rapid eye movement sleep 1 and 2 (N1 and N2%), sleep latency, and a lower percentage of rapid eye movement sleep (REM%). Respiratory-related microarousal index, AHI, and time below 90% oxygen saturation (T90) were low, and the lowest oxygen saturation (LO2) was high. Serum CRP levels in OSAS patients with PD were lower than that in OSAS patients without PD, but higher than that in HCs. In OSAS patients with PD, serum CRP levels were negatively correlated with wake time after sleep onset and SAS scores but positively correlated with sleep efficiency and N2%. Serum CRP levels were positively correlated with T90 and negatively correlated with LO2. CONCLUSION OSAS patients with PD had worse sleep quality, less severe OSAS, and low serum CRP levels. Serum CRP levels in OSAS patients with PD were associated with poorer sleep quality and duration of hypoxia rather than AHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurocritical Care Unit, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei (Chaohu), P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Kong
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei (Chaohu), P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei (Chaohu), P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Ge
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei (Chaohu), P. R. China.
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2
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Intermittent Hypoxia Activates N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors to Induce Anxiety Behaviors in a Mouse Model of Sleep-Associated Apnea. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3238-3251. [PMID: 33660202 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep apnea disrupts physiologic homeostasis and causes neuronal dysfunction. In addition to signs of mental disorders and cognitive dysfunction, patients with sleep apnea have a higher anxiety rate. Here, we examined the mechanisms underlying this critical health issue. We used a mouse model with sleep-associated chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) to verify the effects of sleep apnea on neuronal dysfunction. To evaluate how IH alters neuronal function to yield anxiety-like behavior and cognitive dysfunction, we examined synaptic plasticity and neuronal inflammation in related brain areas, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), striatum, and hippocampus. Mice subjected to chronic IH for 10 days exhibited significant anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze test. IH mice spent less travel time in open arms and more travel time in enclosed arms compared to control mice. However, cognitive impairment was minimal in IH mice. Increased glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits 2B (GluN2B) and phosphorylated-ERK1/2 were seen in the mPFC, striatum, and hippocampus of IH mice, but no significant microglial and astrocyte activation was found in these brain areas. Chronic IH in mice induced compensatory increases in GluN2B to disturb neuronal synaptic plasticity, without neuronal inflammation. The altered synaptic plasticity subsequently led to anxiety-like behavior in mice. Treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist dextromethorphan attenuated chronic IH-induced anxiety-like behavior and GluN2B expression. Our findings provide mechanistic evidence of how IH may provoke anxiety and support for the importance of early intervention to alleviate anxiety-associated complications in patients with chronic sleep apnea.
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Increased risk of major depressive disorder in sleep apnea patients in Taiwan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:765. [PMID: 33436925 PMCID: PMC7803988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between sleep apnea (SA) and depression had been reported in a few previous studies. However, whether SA increases the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) has not been studied comprehensively in a large-scale study. We performed this population-based cohort study to assess the association between SA and MDD. We identified adult patients having SA from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and excluded those having MDD before SA diagnosis. Thirty control subjects were randomly selected to match to each SA patient by age and sex. Totally, 10,259 SA patients were matched to 102,590 control subjects. The incidence rate and cumulative incidence of MDD were significantly higher in SA patients than in the control subjects (both p < 0.0001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that SA remained an independent risk factor for incident MDD after adjusting for age, sex, residency, income level, and comorbidities (hazard ratio = 2.9 [95% CI 2.8–3.1], p < 0.0001). In summary, SA patients have an increased risk to develop MDD. Physicians caring for SA patients must pay attention to their psychosocial health status.
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Tenorio-Lopes L, Fournier S, Henry MS, Bretzner F, Kinkead R. Disruption of estradiol regulation of orexin neurons: a novel mechanism in excessive ventilatory response to CO 2 inhalation in a female rat model of panic disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:394. [PMID: 33173029 PMCID: PMC7656265 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is ~2 times more frequent in women. An excessive ventilatory response to CO2 inhalation is more likely during the premenstrual phase. While ovarian hormones appear important in the pathophysiology of PD, their role remains poorly understood as female animals are rarely used in pre-clinical studies. Using neonatal maternal separation (NMS) to induce a "PD-like" respiratory phenotype, we tested the hypothesis that NMS disrupts hormonal regulation of the ventilatory response to CO2 in female rats. We then determined whether NMS attenuates the inhibitory actions of 17-β estradiol (E2) on orexin neurons (ORX). Pups were exposed to NMS (3 h/day; postnatal day 3-12). The ventilatory response to CO2-inhalation was tested before puberty, across the estrus cycle, and following ovariectomy. Plasma E2 and hypothalamic ORXA were measured. The effect of an ORX1 antagonist (SB334867; 15 mg/kg) on the CO2 response was tested. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded from ORX neurons using whole-cell patch-clamp. NMS-related increase in the CO2 response was observed only when ovaries were functional; the largest ventilation was observed during proestrus. SB334867 blocked this effect. NMS augmented levels of ORXA in hypothalamus extracts. EPSC frequency varied according to basal plasma E2 levels across the estrus cycle in controls but not NMS. NMS reproduces developmental and cyclic changes of respiratory manifestations of PD. NMS disrupts the inhibitory actions of E2 on the respiratory network. Impaired E2-related inhibition of ORX neurons during proestrus is a novel mechanism in respiratory manifestations of PD in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tenorio-Lopes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Fournier
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec. Département de Pédiatrie. Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mathilde S Henry
- INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, Nutrineuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Bretzner
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences. Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec. Département de Pédiatrie. Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Wu KL, Kuo CY, Tsai YC, Hung JY, Sheu CC, Yang CJ, Hsu CY, Wu MN, Tsai MJ. CHADS₂, CHA₂DS₂ASc, and New ABCD Scores Predict the Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients with Sleep Apnea. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020188. [PMID: 30764516 PMCID: PMC6406526 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between sleep apnea (SA) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains debatable, and there is no clinical tool to predict incident PAD in SA patients. The CHADS2 score has been found useful in predicting PAD risk. This study was designed to investigate the association between these diseases and the usefulness of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2ASc scores in predicting subsequent PAD in SA patients. From a population-based database of one-million representative subjects, adult patients with SA diagnosis were enrolled as the suspected SA group, and those having SA diagnosis after polysomnography were further extracted as the probable SA group. Twenty sex- and age-matched control subjects were randomly selected for each SA patients. The occurrence of PAD after SA was taken as the primary endpoint. Totally, 10,702 and 4242 patients were enrolled in the suspected and probable SA groups, respectively. The cumulative incidence of PAD was similar between SA patients and the corresponding control groups. Multivariable Cox regression analyses showed that SA was not an independent risk factor for subsequent PAD. Sensitivity analyses using propensity score-matched cohorts showed consistent results. Furthermore, in stratifying the SA patients by CHADS2, CHA2DS2ASc, or a newly-proposed ABCD (composed of Age, high Blood pressure, Cerebral vascular disease, and Diabetes mellitus) score, patients with higher scores predicted higher risks of subsequent PAD, while the ABCD score appeared to be the most robust. Aggressive risk modification is suggested to reduce the subsequent PAD risk in SA patients with a higher CHADS2, CHA2DS2ASc, or ABCD score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Li Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yu Kuo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Sleep Disorders Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chen Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Sleep Disorders Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Chyun Sheu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Yao Hsu
- Sleep Disorders Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Ni Wu
- Sleep Disorders Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ju Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Sleep Disorders Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Wang SH, Chen WS, Tang SE, Lin HC, Peng CK, Chu HT, Kao CH. Benzodiazepines Associated With Acute Respiratory Failure in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1513. [PMID: 30666205 PMCID: PMC6330300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia commonly coexist; hypnotics are broadly prescribed for insomnia therapy. However, the safety of hypnotics use in OSA patients is unclear. We conducted a retrospective case-control study to investigate the risk of adverse respiratory events in hypnotics-using OSA patients. Methods: We obtained data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database from 1996 to 2013. The case group included 216 OSA patients with newly diagnosed adverse respiratory events, including pneumonia and acute respiratory failure. The control group included OSA patients without adverse respiratory events, which was randomly frequency-matched to the case group at a 1:1 ratio according to age, gender, and index year. Hypnotics exposure included benzodiazepines (BZD) and non-benzodiazepines (non-BZD). A recent user was defined as a patient who had taken hypnotics for 1–30 days, while a long-term user was one who had taken hypnotics for 31–365 days. Results: Multivariable adjusted analysis showed recent BZD use is an independent risk for adverse respiratory events (OR = 2.70; 95% CI = 1.15–6.33; P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed both recent and long-term BZD use increased the risk of acute respiratory failure compared to never BZD use (OR = 28.6; 95% CI = 5.24–156; P < 0.001, OR = 10.1; 95% CI = 1.51–67.7; P < 0.05, respectively). Neither BZD nor non-BZD use increased the risk of pneumonia in OSA patients. Conclusion: BZD use might increase the risk of acute respiratory failure in OSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huei Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-En Tang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Che Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kan Peng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Te Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Timkova V, Nagyova I, Reijneveld SA, Tkacova R, van Dijk JP, Bültmann U. Psychological distress in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: The role of hostility and coping self-efficacy. J Health Psychol 2018; 25:2244-2259. [PMID: 30101603 DOI: 10.1177/1359105318792080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess whether hostility and coping self-efficacy are associated with psychological distress in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. Furthermore, we examined whether coping self-efficacy mediates the association between hostility and psychological distress. We included 150 obstructive sleep apnoea patients (Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index ⩾5; 68% male; mean age: 48.9 ± 9.5 years). Regression models showed that hostility and poor coping self-efficacy were strongly associated with psychological distress in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. All assessed coping self-efficacy dimensions mediated the association between hostility and psychological distress. Coping self-efficacy for stopping unpleasant emotions and thoughts showed the strongest association with a lower level of psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimira Timkova
- Department of Social and Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia.,Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Nagyova
- Department of Social and Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Sijmen A Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruzena Tkacova
- Department of Pneumology and Phtiseology, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jitse P van Dijk
- Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia.,Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Timkova V, Nagyova I, Reijneveld SA, Tkacova R, van Dijk JP, Bültmann U. Are disease severity, sleep-related problems, and anxiety associated with work functioning in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea? Disabil Rehabil 2018; 41:2164-2174. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1460626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimira Timkova
- Department of Social and Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
- Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Nagyova
- Department of Social and Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Sijmen A. Reijneveld
- University of Groningen Department, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruzena Tkacova
- Department of Pneumology and Phtiseology, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jitse P. van Dijk
- Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
- University of Groningen Department, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ute Bültmann
- University of Groningen Department, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Khurshid KA. Comorbid Insomnia and Psychiatric Disorders: An Update. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 15:28-32. [PMID: 29707424 PMCID: PMC5906087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia is a clinical problem of significant public health importance. Insomnia can be a symptom or harbinger of other psychiatric disorders. Insomnia can also be comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, thereby adding to the medical burden and increasing the risk of psychiatric relapse. Insomnia can also be associated with medical and neurological disorders. Some medications can also cause insomnia. Treatment of insomnia can lead to positive outcomes, not only by alleviating symptoms and moderating these comorbid disorders, but by preventing new episodes. Therefore, it is vital to be aware of the relationship between insomnia and psychiatric illness. This article reviews this relationship and provides recommendations for management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid A Khurshid
- Dr. Khurshid is Clinical Associate Profressor and Chief of the Neuromodulation and Sleep Disorders Program in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainsville, Florida
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent research investigating the interaction between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and anxiety, and contextualize their bidirectional relationship. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigations corroborate the bidirectional relationship between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and anxiety, evaluate the etiological and clinical manifestations through different mechanisms, and provide insight into clinical implications of this interaction. Much of the literature about anxiety as it relates to SDB is from small samples, using different tools of symptom measurement that are often subjectively quantified. The objective severity of OSA does not appear to be associated with subjectively reported sleepiness and fatigue, whereas physiological manifestations of anxiety are associated with the severity of subjective symptoms reported. Recent findings support that women are more likely to have comorbid SDB and anxiety than men. SDB may precipitate and perpetuate anxiety, whereas anxiety in OSA negatively impacts quality-of-life. Treating SDB may improve anxiety symptoms, whereas anxiety symptoms can be an obstacle and deterrent to appropriate treatment. SUMMARY The interaction between anxiety and SDB is still poorly elucidated. Being aware of the clinical associations, risk factors, and treatment implications for SDB as related to anxiety disorders in different populations can help clinicians with the diagnosis and management of both SDB and anxiety.
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Abstract
Currently, panic disorder (PD) is considered a mental disorder based on the assumptions that panic attacks (PAs) are “false alarms” that arise from abnormally sensitive defense systems in the central nervous system and that PD is treated with therapies specifically acting on anxiety or fear mechanisms. This article aims to propose an alternative perspective based on the results of some experimental studies. Our heuristic proposal suggests not only that PD may be a mental disorder but also that patients with PD have real abnormal body functioning, mainly involving cardiorespiratory and balance systems, leading to a decline in global physical fitness. PAs, as well as physical symptoms or discomfort in some environmental situations, may be “real alarms” signaling that the adaptability resources of an organism are insufficient to respond appropriately to some internal or external changes, thus representing the transient conscious awareness of an imbalance in body functioning. The antipanic properties of several modern treatments for PD may include their beneficial effects on body functions. Although anxiety or fear mechanisms are evidently involved in PD, we hypothesize that a reduction of physical fitness is the “primum movens” of PD, while anxiety or fear is induced and sustained by repeated signals of impaired body functioning. We propose considering panic in a broader perspective that offers a central role to the body and to contemplate the possible role of somatic treatments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Perna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami University, Miami, USA
| | - Daniela Caldirola
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy
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Park HJ, Kim MS, Park EC, Jang SY, Kim W, Han KT. Association between sleep disorder and panic disorder in South Korea: Nationwide nested case-control study of data from 2004 to 2013. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:286-291. [PMID: 29223044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
After 2010, panic disorders became relatively common in South Korea, with many celebrities confessing to the public that they have panic disorder. The annual number of patients with panic disorder and sleep disorder have been gradually increasing. In light of these increases, we analyzed the relationship between sleep disorder and panic disorder. We used national claim data to design a 1:3 nested case-control study. The study included medical claims filed for 29,312 patients during 2004-2013. We performed conditional logistic regression analysis to investigate the relationship between sleep disorder and panic disorder. There were 7436 patients who were diagnosed with panic disorder, and 21,876 patients who were gender- and age-matched as controls. Patients with sleep disorder had higher incidence of panic disorder. In particular, patients with insomnia had the strongest association with panic disorder (adjusted, OR, 1.386; 95% CI, 1.201-1.599; p < 0.05). These associations were stronger in healthy patients and those with worse socioeconomic status. In conclusion, sleep disorder, in particular, insomnia was positively associated with panic disorder. Thus, healthcare professionals and policy makers should effectively control insomnia and consider strategies for early intervention for vulnerable patients with risk of panic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin Park
- Medical Courses, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- Medical Courses, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Yong Jang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woorim Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Han
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research and Analysis Team, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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Chiang CL, Chen YT, Wang KL, Su VYF, Wu LA, Perng DW, Chang SC, Chen YM, Chen TJ, Chou KT. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with sleep apnea. Ann Med 2017; 49:377-383. [PMID: 28276869 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2017.1282167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of disorders, most notably cardiovascular diseases, was linked to sleep apnea (SA), but their impact on mortality of SA patients had not been systematically investigated. We aimed to develop a composite index based on the comorbidity burden to predict mortality risk. METHODS Using Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 9853 adult SA patients were enrolled and their comorbidity profile at baseline was recorded. The subjects were followed from 1995 till death or the end of 2011. A Cox regression model was used for multivariable adjustment to identify independent predictors for mortality. RESULTS During an average follow-up period of 5.3 ± 3.1 years, 311 (3.2%) subjects died. SA patients with any comorbidity had a higher risk for death compared to those without comorbidity (HR: 11.01, 95% CI 4.00-30.33, p < 0.001). Age and 10 comorbidities related to increased overall mortality were identified, from which the CoSA (Comorbidities of Sleep Apnea) index was devised. The corresponding hazard ratios for patients with CoSA index scores of 0, 1-3, 4-6, and >6 were 1 (reference), 3.29 (95% CI, 2.04-5.28, p < 0.001), 13.56 (95% CI, 8.63-21.33, p < 0.001), and 38.47 (95% CI, 24.92-59.38, p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on the comorbidity burden, we developed an easy-to-use tool to evaluate mortality risk in SA. Key messages: Sleep apnea (SA) is linked to a variety of disorders, particularly cardiovascular diseases. SA patients with any comorbidity may experience a higher risk of death in comparison to those without comorbidity. Comorbidities related to increased mortality are identified and converted into a simple risk indicator, the CoSA (Comorbidities of Sleep Apnea) index scores, which may help to stratify risk of death in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lu Chiang
- a Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Department of Chest Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Faculty of Medicine , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yung-Tai Chen
- c Faculty of Medicine , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,d Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine , Taipei City Hospital Heping Fuyou Branch , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ling Wang
- c Faculty of Medicine , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,e Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Vincent Yi-Fong Su
- a Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Department of Chest Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Faculty of Medicine , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,f Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Li-An Wu
- g Department of Radiology , Taipei City Hospital Heping Fuyou Branch , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Diahn-Warng Perng
- b Department of Chest Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Faculty of Medicine , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shi-Chuan Chang
- a Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Department of Chest Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,h Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- b Department of Chest Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Faculty of Medicine , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- i Department of Family Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,j Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ta Chou
- a Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Department of Chest Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Faculty of Medicine , School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,f Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
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