1
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Bugda H, Guven Ezer B, Rencuzogullari E. In vitro screening of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of pyriproxyfen in human lymphocytes and Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:955-961. [PMID: 35982527 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2113096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen (PPX) is a pesticide/larvicide used to increase productivity in agriculture against insects by inhibiting development of insects' larvae. In this study, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects of PPX were investigated in human peripheral lymphocytes and Salmonella typhimurium strains by performing chromosomal aberration, micronucleus (MN) tests, and Ames test, respectively. For the chromosome aberration (CA) and MN methods, blood from four healthy donors (two men and two women, nonsmokers) were used. Two hundred microliters of blood was inoculated into PbMax medium and prepared according to International Guidelines. For the Ames test, S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains were used to detect frameshift and base pair substitution mutagens, respectively. PPX induced both the CA percentage and MN frequency in human peripheral lymphocytes and exhibited cytotoxic effects. In addition, it showed a mutagenic effect at all doses in TA98 and TA100 strains in the presence of S9mix; however, no such effect was observed in the absence of S9mix. According to the obtained results, it can be said that PPX has genotoxic and mutagenic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Bugda
- Department of Biology, Adiyaman University, Institute of Graduate Education, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Banu Guven Ezer
- Department of Biology, Adiyaman University, Institute of Graduate Education, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Eyyup Rencuzogullari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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2
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Stein RA, Grayon A, Katz A, Chervenak FA. The Zika virus: an opportunity to revisit reproductive health needs and disparities. Germs 2022; 12:519-537. [PMID: 38021183 PMCID: PMC10660223 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2022.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
First isolated in 1947, the Zika virus was initially connected only to limited or sporadic human infections. In late 2015, the temporal clustering of a Zika outbreak and microcephaly in newborn babies from northeastern Brazil, and the identification of a causal link between the two, led to the characterization of the congenital Zika syndrome. In the wake of the epidemic, several countries from Latin America advised women to postpone pregnancies for periods ranging from six months to two years. These recommendations initiated critical conversations about the challenges of implementing them in societies with limited access to contraception, widespread socioeconomic inequalities, and high rates of unplanned and adolescent pregnancies. The messaging targeted exclusively women, despite a high prevalence of imbalances in the relationship power, and addressed all women as a group, failing to recognize that the decision to postpone pregnancies will impact different women in different ways, depending on their age at the time. Finally, in several countries affected by the Zika epidemic, due to restrictive reproductive policies, legally terminating a pregnancy is no longer an option even at the earliest time when brain malformations as part of the congenital Zika syndrome can be detected by ultrasonography. The virus continued to circulate after 2016 in several countries. Climate change models predict an expansion of the geographical area where local Zika transmission may occur, indicating that the interface between the virus, teratogenesis, and reproductive rights is a topic of considerable interest for medicine, social sciences, and public health for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Stein
- MD, PhD, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn 11201, NY, USA
| | - Alexis Grayon
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn 11201, NY, USA
| | - Adi Katz
- MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, 110 E 77th Street, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Frank A. Chervenak
- MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, 110 E 77th Street, New York, NY, 10075, USA
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3
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Damianidou E, Mouratidou L, Kyrousi C. Research models of neurodevelopmental disorders: The right model in the right place. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1031075. [PMID: 36340790 PMCID: PMC9630472 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1031075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous group of impairments that affect the development of the central nervous system leading to abnormal brain function. NDDs affect a great percentage of the population worldwide, imposing a high societal and economic burden and thus, interest in this field has widely grown in recent years. Nevertheless, the complexity of human brain development and function as well as the limitations regarding human tissue usage make their modeling challenging. Animal models play a central role in the investigation of the implicated molecular and cellular mechanisms, however many of them display key differences regarding human phenotype and in many cases, they partially or completely fail to recapitulate them. Although in vitro two-dimensional (2D) human-specific models have been highly used to address some of these limitations, they lack crucial features such as complexity and heterogeneity. In this review, we will discuss the advantages, limitations and future applications of in vivo and in vitro models that are used today to model NDDs. Additionally, we will describe the recent development of 3-dimensional brain (3D) organoids which offer a promising approach as human-specific in vitro models to decipher these complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Damianidou
- University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, Athens, Greece
| | - Lidia Mouratidou
- University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Christina Kyrousi,
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Vani JM, de Carvalho Schweich-Adami L, Auharek SA, Antoniolli-Silva ACMB, Oliveira RJ. Pyriproxyfen does not cause microcephaly or malformations in a preclinical mammalian model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4585-4593. [PMID: 32948939 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen is used in Brazil to combat epidemics of Dengue Fever, Chikungunya Fever, and Zika virus. This study assessed the effects of pyriproxyfen on reproductive performance, embryo-fetal development, head measurements, and DNA integrity in a preclinical model. Thirty pregnant mice were divided into three groups (n = 10): control (drinking water-0.1 ml/10 g (body weight-b.w., gavage) and treated with pyriproxyfen 0.0002 mg/kg and 0.0021 mg/kg (b.w., gavage) during the gestational period. Analysis of biometric, reproductive performance and embryo-fetal development parameters related to control presented no significant differences, suggesting no maternal or embryo-fetal toxicity. Head measurements showed no differences except an increase in anterior/posterior measurement and glabella/external occipital protuberance. Analysis of DNA integrity showed an increase in micronucleus only at 72 h for the lowest dose group. Thus, we infer that pyriproxyfen is not related to the occurrence of microcephaly, nor does it alter reproductive performance, embryo-fetal development or DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Miron Vani
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica - CeTroGen, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - HUMAP, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina Dr. Hélio Mandetta - FAMED, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Laynna de Carvalho Schweich-Adami
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica - CeTroGen, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - HUMAP, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina Dr. Hélio Mandetta - FAMED, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Sarah Alves Auharek
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e do Mucuri - UFVJM, Teofilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréia Conceição Millan Brochado Antoniolli-Silva
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica - CeTroGen, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - HUMAP, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina Dr. Hélio Mandetta - FAMED, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica - CeTroGen, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - HUMAP, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina Dr. Hélio Mandetta - FAMED, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimento e Nutrição - FACFAN, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas - CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Achenbach JC, Leggiadro C, Sperker SA, Woodland C, Ellis LD. Comparison of the Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Assay and the General and Behavioral Embryo Toxicity Assay as New Approach Methods for Chemical Screening. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040126. [PMID: 33371320 PMCID: PMC7767334 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The movement away from mammalian testing of potential toxicants and new chemical entities has primarily led to cell line testing and protein-based assays. However, these assays may not yet be sufficient to properly characterize the toxic potential of a chemical. The zebrafish embryo model is widely recognized as a potential new approach method for chemical testing that may provide a bridge between cell and protein-based assays and mammalian testing. The Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZET) model is increasingly recognized as a valuable toxicity testing platform. The ZET assay focuses on the early stages of embryo development and is considered a more humane model compared to adult zebrafish testing. A complementary model has been developed that exposes larvae to toxicants at a later time point during development where body patterning has already been established. Here we compare the toxicity profiles of 20 compounds for this General and Behavioral Toxicity (GBT) assay to the ZET assay. The results show partially overlapping toxicity profiles along with unique information provided by each assay. It appears from this work that these two assays applied together can strengthen the use of zebrafish embryos/larvae as standard toxicity testing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Achenbach
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (J.C.A.); (C.L.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Cindy Leggiadro
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (J.C.A.); (C.L.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sandra A. Sperker
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (J.C.A.); (C.L.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Cindy Woodland
- New Substances Assessment Control Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
| | - Lee D. Ellis
- New Substances Assessment Control Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Shahid A, Saher M. Repeated exposure of pyriproxyfen to pregnant female mice causes developmental abnormalities in prenatal pups. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26998-27009. [PMID: 32382916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The continuous exposure to conventional pesticides leads to severe health and environmental issues especially at prenatal stage during developmental period. Herein, we aimed to investigate the anomalies due to repeated exposure of pyriproxyfen in pregnant female mice and their neonates. Twenty-four pregnant female mice were repeatedly administered with pyriproxyfen at 30, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg by oral gauge from gestation day (GD) 7 to gestation day 17 and six females were given distilled water in the control group. All the live pups were euthanized at postnatal day (PND) 7 and their organs (heart, liver, kidney, and brain) were dissected out, weighed, and assessed for further histopathological examinations. The results exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the body weight gain of all treated pregnant mice in comparison to the controls and a significant increase in the gestational length was observed in group IV (P < 0.01) and group V (P < 0.001). In addition, no live pups were born in groups IV and V and one pregnant female mouse was also found dead in both treatments. The body weights of the pups were significantly decreased in group II (P < 0.05) and group III (P < 0.001) and the relative organ (liver, heart, and kidney) weight of the pups was increased significantly (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05) due to prenatal exposure in group II as compared to group I. The relative brain weights of the pups were decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in groups II and III as compared to group I. The liver, kidney, heart, and brain sections exhibited various histological alterations in groups II and III by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of the coronal sections of pup's brain showed significant (P < 0.001) reduction in cortical radial thickness and total neural count in group II and III as compared to group I. Therefore, the prenatal exposure to pyriproxyfen provoked the damage to various organs in mice offspring and an increase in fetal death at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Shahid
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Marryam Saher
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Gusso D, Reolon GK, Gonzalez JB, Altenhofen S, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Bonan CD. Pyriproxyfen Exposure Impairs Cognitive Parameters and Alters Cortisol Levels in Zebrafish. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:103. [PMID: 32625070 PMCID: PMC7313640 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen is one of the most used larvicides and insecticides; it acts as an analog of juvenile insect hormone (a growth regulator). It is highly toxic during all stages of mosquito development, suppresses metamorphosis, and interferes in insect reproduction and proliferation. Pyriproxyfen and its main metabolite have been shown to affect brain development in rodents. This compound is employed mainly to eliminate outbreaks of the genus Aedes, even in potable water. Despite the increasing number of toxicological studies about larvicides and insecticides-with an indication of continuous use-there have been few studies about the effects of pyriproxyfen in non-target species such as fish. This study evaluated the effects of pyriproxyfen on behavioral, cognitive, and endocrine parameters in zebrafish. We exposed adult zebrafish to different pyriproxyfen (Pestanal®) concentrations (0.125, 0.675, and 1.75 mg/l) for 96 h. We analyzed behavioral parameters, memory, cortisol levels, and gene expression of glucocorticoid receptor (gr) and corticotrophin-releasing factor (crf) after pyriproxyfen exposure. This exposure did not alter locomotion (distance or mean speed), anxiety-like behavior (latency to enter to the top zone of the tank or time in the top zone of the tank), and social or aggressive behavior. However, there was impaired inhibitory avoidance memory at all tested pyriproxyfen concentrations. Cortisol levels were reduced in exposed groups when compared to control or vehicle. However, gr and crf gene expression in pyriproxyfen-treated animals were unaltered when compared to control or vehicle groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that pyriproxyfen may induce cognitive impairment and altered cortisol levels in zebrafish, a non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlan Gusso
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciencias da Saude e da Vida, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Kellermann Reolon
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciencias da Saude e da Vida, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jonas Brum Gonzalez
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciencias da Saude e da Vida, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Medicina e Ciencias da Saude, Escola de Medicina, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciencias da Saude e da Vida, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Reis Bogo
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciencias da Saude e da Vida, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Medicina e Ciencias da Saude, Escola de Medicina, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciencias da Saude e da Vida, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Medicina e Ciencias da Saude, Escola de Medicina, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Mosquitocidal Chips Containing the Insect Growth Regulator Pyriproxyfen for Control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122152. [PMID: 31216627 PMCID: PMC6617530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti were exposed to water treated with mosquitocidal chips containing the insecticide pyriproxyfen in a polymer formulation. Chips were tested under different conditions; different water volumes, in containers made of different material, and in water with different levels of organic matter. Treated chips caused 100% mortality of Ae. aegypti during their pupal stage independent of size or type of container, and the mount of organic matter contained in the water to which the mosquito larvae were exposed. When mosquitocidal chips were used in >25% of the oviposition containers within their cages, there was a significant control of the mosquito populations. Mosquitocidal chips worked in different environments, caused significant mosquito population decreases, and were effective in controlling Ae. aegypti.
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Lajmanovich RC, Peltzer PM, Martinuzzi CS, Attademo AM, Bassó A, Colussi CL. Insecticide pyriproxyfen (Dragón ®) damage biotransformation, thyroid hormones, heart rate, and swimming performance of Odontophrynus americanus tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:714-722. [PMID: 30611069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Odontoprynus americanus tadpoles were used to determine the safety concentration of pyriproxyfen (PPF) insecticide by acute and sublethal toxicity tests (nominal range tested 0.01 to 10 [± 15%] PPF mg/L). Median lethal concentration (LC50) and no, and lowest-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC and LOEC, respectively) were calculated. We also assessed the effect on the activities of glutathione S-transferse (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE) and compared to control (CO) tadpoles. Based on the 48-h NOEC value, two sublethal concentrations of PPF (0.01 and 0.1 mg/L) were assayed to detect effects on enzymes activities (GST and CbE), thyroid hormone's levels (triiodothyronine; T3 and thyroxine; T4), heart function, and tadpoles swimming behaviour. The results showed that the LC50 values of O. americanus tadpoles were 3.73 PPF mg/L and 2.51 PPF mg/L at 24-h and 48-h, respectively (NOEC = 0.1 mg/L; LOEC = 1 mg/L, for both times). PPF concentrations at 48 h, induced enzymatic activities such as GST (212.98%-242.94%), AChE (142.15%-165.08%), and CbE (141.86%-87.14%) significantly respect to COs. During the 22 days of chronic PPF exposure, GST (0.01 mg/L 88%-153% NOEC), AChE (177.82% NOEC), and T4 (70% NOEC) also significantly increased respect to COs. Similarly, heart rate (fH) and ventricular cycle length (VV interval) in CO tadpoles were significantly higher than PPF treated. Finally, at NOEC tadpoles exhibited significant effects on the behavioral endpoint (swimming distance, mean speed, and global activity; P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Lajmanovich
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paola M Peltzer
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Candela S Martinuzzi
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrés M Attademo
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustín Bassó
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Carlina L Colussi
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Audouze K, Taboureau O, Grandjean P. A systems biology approach to predictive developmental neurotoxicity of a larvicide used in the prevention of Zika virus transmission. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:56-63. [PMID: 29476864 PMCID: PMC6087490 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The need to prevent developmental brain disorders has led to an increased interest in efficient neurotoxicity testing. When an epidemic of microcephaly occurred in Brazil, Zika virus infection was soon identified as the likely culprit. However, the pathogenesis appeared to be complex, and a larvicide used to control mosquitoes responsible for transmission of the virus was soon suggested as an important causative factor. Yet, it is challenging to identify relevant and efficient tests that are also in line with ethical research defined by the 3Rs rule (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement). Especially in an acute situation like the microcephaly epidemic, where little toxicity documentation is available, new and innovative alternative methods, whether in vitro or in silico, must be considered. We have developed a network-based model using an integrative systems biology approach to explore the potential developmental neurotoxicity, and we applied this method to examine the larvicide pyriproxyfen widely used in the prevention of Zika virus transmission. Our computational model covered a wide range of possible pathways providing mechanistic hypotheses between pyriproxyfen and neurological disorders via protein complexes, thus adding to the plausibility of pyriproxyfen neurotoxicity. Although providing only tentative evidence and comparisons with retinoic acid, our computational systems biology approach is rapid and inexpensive. The case study of pyriproxyfen illustrates its usefulness as an initial or screening step in the assessment of toxicity potentials of chemicals with incompletely known toxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Audouze
- INSERM UMR-S 973, 75013 Paris, France; University of Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- INSERM UMR-S 973, 75013 Paris, France; University of Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Further pieces of evidence in the Zika virus and microcephaly puzzle. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2018; 2:162-164. [PMID: 30169250 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Parens R, Nijhout HF, Morales A, Xavier Costa F, Bar-Yam Y. A Possible Link Between Pyriproxyfen and Microcephaly. PLOS CURRENTS 2017; 9:ecurrents.outbreaks.5afb0bfb8cf31d9a4baba7b19b4edbac. [PMID: 29362686 PMCID: PMC5760164 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.5afb0bfb8cf31d9a4baba7b19b4edbac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Zika virus has been the primary suspect in the large increase in incidence of microcephaly in 2015-6 in Brazil. While evidence for Zika being the cause of some of the cases is strong, its role as the primary cause of the large number of cases in Brazil has not been confirmed. Recently, the disparity between the incidences in different geographic locations has led to questions about the virus's role. Here we consider the alternative possibility that the use of the insecticide pyriproxyfen for control of mosquito populations in Brazilian drinking water is the primary cause. Pyriproxifen is a juvenile hormone analog which has been shown to correspond in mammals to a number of fat soluble regulatory molecules including retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, with which it has cross-reactivity and whose application during development has been shown to cause microcephaly. Methoprene, another juvenile hormone analog that was approved as an insecticide based upon tests performed in the 1970s, has metabolites that bind to the mammalian retinoid X receptor, and has been shown to cause developmental disorders in mammals. Isotretinoin is another example of a retinoid causing microcephaly in human babies via maternal exposure and activation of the retinoid X receptor in developing fetuses. Moreover, tests of pyriproxyfen by the manufacturer, Sumitomo, widely quoted as giving no evidence for developmental toxicity, actually found some evidence for such an effect, including low brain mass and arhinencephaly-incomplete formation of the anterior cerebral hemispheres-in exposed rat pups. Finally, the pyriproxyfen use in Brazil is unprecedented-it has never before been applied to a water supply on such a scale. Claims that it is not being used in Recife, the epicenter of microcephaly cases, do not distinguish the metropolitan area of Recife, where it is widely used, and the municipality, and have not been adequately confirmed. Given this combination of information about molecular mechanisms and toxicological evidence, we strongly recommend that the use of pyriproxyfen in Brazil be suspended until the potential causal link to microcephaly is investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Parens
- Department of Complex Systems, New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yaneer Bar-Yam
- Department of Complex Systems, New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Albuquerque MDFPMD, Souza WVD, Mendes ADCG, Lyra TM, Ximenes RA, Araújo TV, Braga C, Miranda-Filho DB, Martelli CM, Rodrigues LC. Pyriproxyfen and the microcephaly epidemic in Brazil - an ecological approach to explore the hypothesis of their association. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:774-776. [PMID: 27812601 PMCID: PMC5146741 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microcephaly epidemic in Brazil generated intense debate regarding its causality,
and one hypothesised cause of this epidemic, now recognised as congenital Zika virus
syndrome, was the treatment of drinking water tanks with pyriproxyfen to control
Aedes aegypti larvae. We present the results of a geographical
analysis of the association between the prevalence of microcephaly confirmed by
Fenton growth charts and the type of larvicide used in the municipalities that were
home to the mothers of the affected newborns in the metropolitan region of Recife in
Pernambuco, the state in Brazil where the epidemic was first detected. The overall
prevalence of microcephaly was 82 per 10,000 live births in the three municipalities
that used the larvicide Bti (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis)
instead of pyriproxyfen, and 69 per 10,000 live births in the eleven municipalities
that used pyriproxyfen. The difference was not statistically significant. Our results
show that the prevalence of microcephaly was not higher in the areas in which
pyriproxyfen was used. In this ecological approach, there was no evidence of a
correlation between the use of pyriproxyfen in the municipalities and the
microcephaly epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayner V de Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Antônio da Cruz G Mendes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Tereza M Lyra
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Aa Ximenes
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Cynthia Braga
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Celina Mt Martelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Recife, PE, Brasil
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