1
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Chrupcala ML, Moseley JB. PP2A-B56 regulates Mid1 protein levels for proper cytokinesis in fission yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.601230. [PMID: 38979265 PMCID: PMC11230426 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.601230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation regulates many steps in the cell division process including cytokinesis. In the fission yeast S. pombe, the anillin-like protein Mid1 sets the cell division plane and is regulated by phosphorylation. Multiple protein kinases act on Mid1, but no protein phosphatases have been shown to regulate Mid1. Here, we discovered that the conserved protein phosphatase PP2A-B56 is required for proper cytokinesis by promoting Mid1 protein levels. We find that par1Δ cells lacking the primary B56 subunit divide asymmetrically due to the assembly of misplaced cytokinetic rings that slide toward cell tips. These par1Δ mutants have reduced whole-cell levels of Mid1 protein, leading to reduced Mid1 at the cytokinetic ring. Restoring proper Mid1 expression suppresses par1Δ cytokinesis defects. This work identifies a new PP2A-B56 pathway regulating cytokinesis through Mid1, with implications for control of cytokinesis in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline L. Chrupcala
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH
| | - James B. Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH
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2
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Chhabra G, Singh CK, Ndiaye MA, Su S, Shirley CA, Ahmad N. Role of PLK1/NUMB/NOTCH in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human melanoma. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:6. [PMID: 38184733 PMCID: PMC10771520 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a serine/threonine kinase, is overexpressed in melanoma and its expression has been associated with poor disease prognosis. PLK1 has been shown to interact with NUMB, a NOTCH antagonist. However, the exact role of PLK1, NUMB, and NOTCH signaling in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in melanoma progression is unclear. In this study, Affymetrix microarray analysis was performed to determine differentially expressed genes following shRNA-mediated knockdown of PLK1 in human melanoma cells that showed significant modulations in EMT and metastasis-related genes. Using multiple PLK1-modulated melanoma cell lines, we found that PLK1 is involved in the regulation of cell migration, invasion, and EMT via its kinase activity and NOTCH activation. In vitro kinase assay and mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated a previously unknown PLK1 phosphorylation site (Ser413) on NUMB. Overexpression of non-phosphorylatable (S413A) and phosphomimetic (S413D) mutants of NUMB in melanoma cells implicated the involvement of NUMB-S413 phosphorylation in cell migration and invasion, which was independent of NOTCH activation. To determine the clinical relevance of these findings, immunohistochemistry was performed using melanoma tissue microarray, which indicated a strong positive correlation between PLK1 and N-cadherin, a protein required for successful EMT. These findings were supported by TCGA analysis, where expression of high PLK1 with low NUMB or high NOTCH or N-cadherin showed a significant decrease in survival of melanoma patients. Overall, these results suggest a potential role of PLK1 in EMT, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. Our findings support the therapeutic targeting of PLK1, NUMB, and NOTCH for melanoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Chandra K Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Mary A Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Shengqin Su
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Carl A Shirley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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3
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Hasegawa N, Hongo M, Okada M, Kuga T, Abe Y, Adachi J, Tomonaga T, Yamaguchi N, Nakayama Y. Phosphotyrosine proteomics in cells synchronized at monopolar cytokinesis reveals EphA2 as functioning in cytokinesis. Exp Cell Res 2023; 432:113783. [PMID: 37726045 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell division in which cellular components are separated into two daughter cells. This process is regulated through the phosphorylation of different classes of proteins by serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinases such as Aurora B and Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Conversely, the role of phosphorylation at tyrosine residues during cytokinesis has not been studied in detail yet. In this study, we performed a phosphotyrosine proteomic analysis of cells undergoing monopolar cytokinesis synchronized by using the Eg5 inhibitor (+)-S-trityl-l-cysteine (STLC) and the CDK1 inhibitor RO-3306. Phosphotyrosine proteomics gave 362 tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides. Western blot analysis of proteins revealed tyrosine phosphorylation in mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), vimentin, ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2), and myelin protein zero-like protein 1 (MPZL1) during monopolar cytokinesis. Additionally, we demonstrated that EphA2, a protein with unknown function during cytokinesis, is involved in cytokinesis. EphA2 knockdown accelerated epithelial cell transforming 2 (Ect2) knockdown-induced multinucleation, suggesting that EphA2 plays a role in cytokinesis in a particular situation. The list also included many proteins previously reported to play roles during cytokinesis. These results evidence that the identified phosphopeptides facilitate the identification of novel tyrosine phosphorylation signaling involved in regulating cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Mayue Hongo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Misaki Okada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan; Laboratory of Analytics for Biomolecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Proteobiologics Co., Ltd., Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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4
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Warecki B, Tao L. Centralspindlin-mediated transport of RhoGEF positions the cleavage plane for cytokinesis. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadh0601. [PMID: 37402224 PMCID: PMC10501416 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the cell membrane furrows inward along a cleavage plane. The positioning of the cleavage plane is critical to faithful cell division and is determined by the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF)-mediated activation of the small guanosine triphosphatase RhoA and the conserved motor protein complex centralspindlin. Here, we explored whether and how centralspindlin mediates the positioning of RhoGEF. In dividing neuroblasts from Drosophila melanogaster, we observed that immediately before cleavage, first centralspindlin and then RhoGEF localized to the sites where cleavage subsequently initiated. Using in vitro assays with purified Drosophila proteins and stabilized microtubules, we found that centralspindlin directly transported RhoGEF as cargo along single microtubules and sequestered it at microtubule plus-ends for prolonged periods of time. In addition, the binding of RhoGEF to centralspindlin appeared to stimulate centralspindlin motor activity. Thus, the motor activity and microtubule association of centralspindlin can translocate RhoGEF to areas where microtubule plus-ends are abundant, such as at overlapping astral microtubules, to locally activate RhoA and accurately position the cleavage plane during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Warecki
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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5
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A Review of the Regulatory Mechanisms of N-Myc on Cell Cycle. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031141. [PMID: 36770809 PMCID: PMC9920120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma has obvious heterogeneity. It is one of the few undifferentiated malignant tumors that can spontaneously degenerate into completely benign tumors. However, for its high-risk type, even with various intensive treatment options, the prognosis is still unsatisfactory. At the same time, a large number of research data show that the abnormal amplification and high-level expression of the MYCN gene are positively correlated with the malignant progression, poor prognosis, and mortality of neuroblastoma. In this context, this article explores the role of the N-Myc, MYCN gene expression product on its target genes related to the cell cycle and reveals its regulatory network in promoting tumor proliferation and malignant progression. We hope it can provide ideas and direction for the research and development of drugs targeting N-Myc and its downstream target genes.
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6
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Minor Kinases with Major Roles in Cytokinesis Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223639. [PMID: 36429067 PMCID: PMC9688779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the conclusive act of cell division, allows cytoplasmic organelles and chromosomes to be faithfully partitioned between two daughter cells. In animal organisms, its accurate regulation is a fundamental task for normal development and for preventing aneuploidy. Cytokinesis failures produce genetically unstable tetraploid cells and ultimately result in chromosome instability, a hallmark of cancer cells. In animal cells, the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin ring drive cleavage furrow ingression, resulting in the formation of a cytoplasmic intercellular bridge, which is severed during abscission, the final event of cytokinesis. Kinase-mediated phosphorylation is a crucial process to orchestrate the spatio-temporal regulation of the different stages of cytokinesis. Several kinases have been described in the literature, such as cyclin-dependent kinase, polo-like kinase 1, and Aurora B, regulating both furrow ingression and/or abscission. However, others exist, with well-established roles in cell-cycle progression but whose specific role in cytokinesis has been poorly investigated, leading to considering these kinases as "minor" actors in this process. Yet, they deserve additional attention, as they might disclose unexpected routes of cell division regulation. Here, we summarize the role of multifunctional kinases in cytokinesis with a special focus on those with a still scarcely defined function during cell cleavage. Moreover, we discuss their implication in cancer.
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7
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Husser MC, Ozugergin I, Resta T, Martin VJJ, Piekny AJ. Cytokinetic diversity in mammalian cells is revealed by the characterization of endogenous anillin, Ect2 and RhoA. Open Biol 2022; 12:220247. [PMID: 36416720 PMCID: PMC9683116 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to physically separate the daughter cells at the end of mitosis. This crucial process requires the assembly and ingression of an actomyosin ring, which must occur with high fidelity to avoid aneuploidy and cell fate changes. Most of our knowledge of mammalian cytokinesis was generated using over-expressed transgenes in HeLa cells. Over-expression can introduce artefacts, while HeLa are cancerous human cells that have lost their epithelial identity, and the mechanisms controlling cytokinesis in these cells could be vastly different from other cell types. Here, we tagged endogenous anillin, Ect2 and RhoA with mNeonGreen and characterized their localization during cytokinesis for the first time in live human cells. Comparing anillin localization in multiple cell types revealed cytokinetic diversity with differences in the duration and symmetry of ring closure, and the timing of cortical recruitment. Our findings show that the breadth of anillin correlates with the rate of ring closure, and support models where cell size or ploidy affects the cortical organization, and intrinsic mechanisms control the symmetry of ring closure. This work highlights the need to study cytokinesis in more diverse cell types, which will be facilitated by the reagents generated for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imge Ozugergin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tiziana Resta
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alisa J. Piekny
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Microscopy and Cellular Imaging, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Kim T. Recent Progress on the Localization of PLK1 to the Kinetochore and Its Role in Mitosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095252. [PMID: 35563642 PMCID: PMC9102930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate distribution of the replicated genome during cell division is essential for cell survival and healthy organismal development. Errors in this process have catastrophic consequences, such as birth defects and aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer cells. PLK1 is one of the master kinases in mitosis and has multiple functions, including mitotic entry, chromosome segregation, spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis. To dissect the role of PLK1 in mitosis, it is important to understand how PLK1 localizes in the specific region in cells. PLK1 localizes at the kinetochore and is essential in spindle assembly checkpoint and chromosome segregation. However, how PLK1 localizes at the kinetochore remains elusive. Here, we review the recent literature on the kinetochore recruitment mechanisms of PLK1 and its roles in spindle assembly checkpoint and attachment between kinetochores and spindle microtubules. Together, this review provides an overview of how the local distribution of PLK1 could regulate major pathways in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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9
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Chen J, Li Z, Jia X, Song W, Wu H, Zhu H, Xuan Z, Du Y, Zhu X, Song G, Dong H, Bian S, Wang S, Zhao Y, Xie H, Zheng S, Song P. Targeting anillin inhibits tumorigenesis and tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma via impairing cytokinesis fidelity. Oncogene 2022; 41:3118-3130. [PMID: 35477750 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Targeting cytokinesis can suppress tumor growth by blocking cell division and promoting apoptosis. We aimed to characterize key cytokinesis regulator in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, providing insights into identifying promising HCC therapeutic targets. The unbiased bioinformatic screening identified Anillin actin binding protein (ANLN) as a critical cytokinesis regulator involved in HCC development. Functional assay demonstrated that knockdown of ANLN inhibited HCC growth by inducing cytokinesis failure and DNA damage, leading to multinucleation and mitotic catastrophe. Mechanistically, ANLN acts as a scaffold to strengthen interaction between RACGAP1 and PLK1. ANLN promotes PLK1-mediated RACGAP1 phosphorylation and RhoA activation to ensure cytokinesis fidelity. To explore the function of ANLN in HCC tumorigenesis, we hydrodynamically transfected c-Myc and NRAS plasmids into Anln+/+, Anln+/-, and Anln-/- mice through tail vein injection. Hepatic Anln ablation significantly impaired c-Myc/NRAS-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. Moreover, enhanced hepatic polyploidization was observed in Anln ablation mice, manifesting as increasing proportion of cellular and nuclear polyploidy. Clinically, ANLN is upregulated in human HCC tissues and high level of ANLN is correlated with poor patients' prognosis. Additionally, the proportion of cellular polyploidy decreases during HCC progression and ANLN level is significantly correlated with cellular polyploidy proportion in human HCC samples. In conclusion, ANLN is identified as a key cytokinesis regulator contributing to HCC initiation and progression. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism of ANLN in the regulation of cytokinesis to promote HCC tumorigenesis and growth, suggesting targeting ANLN to inhibit cytokinesis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zequn Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing Jia
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zefeng Xuan
- Division of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yehui Du
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingxin Zhu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guangyuan Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haijiang Dong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Suchen Bian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Penghong Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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10
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Kim CH, Kim DE, Kim DH, Min GH, Park JW, Kim YB, Sung CK, Yim H. Mitotic protein kinase-driven crosstalk of machineries for mitosis and metastasis. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:414-425. [PMID: 35379935 PMCID: PMC9076678 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that mitotic protein kinases are involved in metastatic migration as well as tumorigenesis. Protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins play a role in the efficient release of metastatic cells from a tumor mass in the tumor microenvironment, in addition to playing roles in mitosis. Mitotic protein kinases, including Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and Aurora kinases, have been shown to be involved in metastasis in addition to cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, depending on the phosphorylation status and cellular context. Although the genetic programs underlying mitosis and metastasis are different, the same protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins can participate in both mitosis and cell migration/invasion, resulting in migratory tumors. Cytoskeletal remodeling supports several cellular events, including cell division, movement, and migration. Thus, understanding the contributions of cytoskeletal proteins to the processes of cell division and metastatic motility is crucial for developing efficient therapeutic tools to treat cancer metastases. Here, we identify mitotic kinases that function in cancer metastasis as well as tumorigenesis. Several mitotic kinases, namely, PLK1, Aurora kinases, Rho-associated protein kinase 1, and integrin-linked kinase, are considered in this review, as an understanding of the shared machineries between mitosis and metastasis could be helpful for developing new strategies to treat cancer. Improving understanding of the mechanisms linking cell division and cancer spread (metastasis) could provide novel strategies for treatment. A group of enzymes involved in cell division (mitosis) are also thought to play critical roles in the spread of cancers. Hyungshin Yim at Hanyang University in Ansan, South Korea, and co-workers in Korea and the USA reviewed the roles of several mitotic enzymes that are connected with metastasis as well as tumorigenesis. They discussed how these enzymes modify cytoskeletal proteins and other substrates during cancer progression. Some regulatory control of cell cytoskeletal structures is required for cancer cells to metastasize. Recent research has uncovered crosstalk between mitotic enzymes and metastatic cytoskeletal molecules in various cancers. Targeting mitotic enzymes and the ways they influence cytoskeletal mechanisms could provide valuable therapeutic strategies for suppressing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Dae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Ga-Hong Min
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Yeo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Chang K Sung
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea.
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11
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Microtubule and Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Male Meiotic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040695. [PMID: 35203341 PMCID: PMC8870657 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila dividing spermatocytes offer a highly suitable cell system in which to investigate the coordinated reorganization of microtubule and actin cytoskeleton systems during cell division of animal cells. Like male germ cells of mammals, Drosophila spermatogonia and spermatocytes undergo cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis, but abscission does not take place. Thus, clusters of primary and secondary spermatocytes undergo meiotic divisions in synchrony, resulting in cysts of 32 secondary spermatocytes and then 64 spermatids connected by specialized structures called ring canals. The meiotic spindles in Drosophila males are substantially larger than the spindles of mammalian somatic cells and exhibit prominent central spindles and contractile rings during cytokinesis. These characteristics make male meiotic cells particularly amenable to immunofluorescence and live imaging analysis of the spindle microtubules and the actomyosin apparatus during meiotic divisions. Moreover, because the spindle assembly checkpoint is not robust in spermatocytes, Drosophila male meiosis allows investigating of whether gene products required for chromosome segregation play additional roles during cytokinesis. Here, we will review how the research studies on Drosophila male meiotic cells have contributed to our knowledge of the conserved molecular pathways that regulate spindle microtubules and cytokinesis with important implications for the comprehension of cancer and other diseases.
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12
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Elowe S, Bolanos-Garcia VM. The spindle checkpoint proteins BUB1 and BUBR1: (SLiM)ming down to the basics. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:352-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Longhini KM, Glotzer M. Aurora A and cortical flows promote polarization and cytokinesis by inducing asymmetric ECT-2 accumulation. eLife 2022; 11:83992. [PMID: 36533896 PMCID: PMC9799973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, cell polarization and cytokinesis are interrelated yet distinct processes. Here, we sought to understand a poorly understood aspect of cleavage furrow positioning. Early C. elegans embryos deficient in the cytokinetic regulator centralspindlin form furrows, due to an inhibitory activity that depends on aster positioning relative to the polar cortices. Here, we show polar relaxation is associated with depletion of cortical ECT-2, a RhoGEF, specifically at the posterior cortex. Asymmetric ECT-2 accumulation requires intact centrosomes, Aurora A (AIR-1), and myosin-dependent cortical flows. Within a localization competent ECT-2 fragment, we identified three putative phospho-acceptor sites in the PH domain of ECT-2 that render ECT-2 responsive to inhibition by AIR-1. During both polarization and cytokinesis, our results suggest that centrosomal AIR-1 breaks symmetry via ECT-2 phosphorylation; this local inhibition of ECT-2 is amplified by myosin-driven flows that generate regional ECT-2 asymmetry. Together, these mechanisms cooperate to induce polarized assembly of cortical myosin, contributing to both embryo polarization and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Longhini
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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14
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Iliaki S, Beyaert R, Afonina IS. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) signaling in cancer and beyond. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114747. [PMID: 34454931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PLK1 is an evolutionary conserved Ser/Thr kinase that is best known for its role in cell cycle regulation and is expressed predominantly during the G2/S and M phase of the cell cycle. PLK1-mediated phosphorylation of specific substrates controls cell entry into mitosis, centrosome maturation, spindle assembly, sister chromatid cohesion and cytokinesis. In addition, a growing body of evidence describes additional roles of PLK1 beyond the cell cycle, more specifically in the DNA damage response, autophagy, apoptosis and cytokine signaling. PLK1 has an indisputable role in cancer as it controls several key transcription factors and promotes cell proliferation, transformation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, deregulation of PLK1 results in chromosome instability and aneuploidy. PLK1 is overexpressed in many cancers, which is associated with poor prognosis, making PLK1 an attractive target for cancer treatment. Additionally, PLK1 is involved in immune and neurological disorders including Graft versus Host Disease, Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, newly developed small compound PLK1 inhibitors have only had limited success so far, due to low therapeutic response rates and toxicity. In this review we will highlight the current knowledge about the established roles of PLK1 in mitosis regulation and beyond. In addition, we will discuss its tumor promoting but also tumor suppressing capacities, as well as the available PLK1 inhibitors, elaborating on their efficacy and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Iliaki
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Inna S Afonina
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Mechanistic insights into central spindle assembly mediated by the centralspindlin complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112039118. [PMID: 34588311 PMCID: PMC8501884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112039118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin bundles microtubules to assemble the central spindle, being essential for cytokinesis of the cell. It is a heterotetramer formed by ZEN-4 and CYK-4 in a 2:2 manner. We determined the crystal structures of centralspindlin, which revealed the detailed mechanism of complex formation. We found that centralspindlin clustered to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which depended on the complementary charged residues located at ZEN-4 and CYK-4, respectively, explaining the synergy of the two subunits for the function. The LLPS of centralspindlin is critical for the microtubule bundling activity in vitro and the assembly of the central spindle in vivo. Together, our study provides angstrom-to-micron mechanistic insights into central spindle assembly mediated by the centralspindlin complex. The central spindle spatially and temporally regulates the formation of division plane during cytokinesis in animal cells. The heterotetrameric centralspindlin complex bundles microtubules to assemble the central spindle, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the molecular backbone of ZEN-4/CYK-4 centralspindlin from Caenorhabditis elegans, which revealed the detailed mechanism of complex formation. The molecular backbone of centralspindlin has the intrinsic propensity to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation. The condensation of centralspindlin requires two patches of basic residues at ZEN-4 and multiple acidic residues at the intrinsically disordered region of CYK-4, explaining the synergy of the two subunits for the function. These complementary charged residues were critical for the microtubule bundling activity of centralspindlin in vitro and for the assembly of the central spindle in vivo. Together, our findings provide insights into the mechanism of central spindle assembly mediated by centralspindlin through charge-driven macromolecular condensation.
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16
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Chan KK, Abdul-Sater Z, Sheth A, Mitchell DK, Sharma R, Edwards DM, He Y, Nalepa G, Rhodes SD, Clapp DW, Sierra Potchanant EA. SIK2 kinase synthetic lethality is driven by spindle assembly defects in FANCA-deficient cells. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:860-884. [PMID: 34058059 PMCID: PMC8847993 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway safeguards genomic stability through cell cycle regulation and DNA damage repair. The canonical tumor suppressive role of FA proteins in the repair of DNA damage during interphase is well established, but their function in mitosis is incompletely understood. Here, we performed a kinome-wide synthetic lethality screen in FANCA-/- fibroblasts, which revealed multiple mitotic kinases as necessary for survival of FANCA-deficient cells. Among these kinases, we identified the depletion of the centrosome kinase SIK2 as synthetic lethal upon loss of FANCA. We found that FANCA colocalizes with SIK2 at multiple mitotic structures and regulates the activity of SIK2 at centrosomes. Furthermore, we found that loss of FANCA exacerbates cell cycle defects induced by pharmacological inhibition of SIK2, including impaired G2-M transition, delayed mitotic progression, and cytokinesis failure. In addition, we showed that inhibition of SIK2 abrogates nocodazole-induced prometaphase arrest, suggesting a novel role for SIK2 in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Together, these findings demonstrate that FANCA-deficient cells are dependent upon SIK2 for survival, supporting a preclinical rationale for targeting of SIK2 in FA-disrupted cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Kui Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zahi Abdul-Sater
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aditya Sheth
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dana K Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richa Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Donna M Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ying He
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Grzegorz Nalepa
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steven D Rhodes
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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17
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Abstract
During anaphase, a microtubule-containing structure called the midzone forms between the segregating chromosomes. The midzone is composed of an antiparallel array of microtubules and numerous microtubule-associated proteins that contribute to midzone formation and function. In many cells, the midzone is an important source of signals that specify the location of contractile ring assembly and constriction. The midzone also contributes to the events of anaphase by generating forces that impact chromosome segregation and spindle elongation; some midzone components contribute to both processes. The results of recent experiments have increased our understanding of the importance of the midzone, a microtubule array that has often been overlooked. This Journal of Cell Science at a Glance article will review, and illustrate on the accompanying poster, the organization, formation and dynamics of the midzone, and discuss open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst 01003, USA
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18
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Cell-cycle phospho-regulation of the kinetochore. Curr Genet 2021; 67:177-193. [PMID: 33221975 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a mega-dalton protein assembly that forms within centromeric regions of chromosomes and directs their segregation during cell division. Here we review cell cycle-mediated phosphorylation events at the kinetochore, with a focus on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the insight gained from forced associations of kinases and phosphatases. The point centromeres found in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae are one of the simplest such structures found in eukaryotes. The S. cerevisiae kinetochore comprises a single nucleosome, containing a centromere-specific H3 variant Cse4CENP-A, bound to a set of kinetochore proteins that connect to a single microtubule. Despite the simplicity of the budding yeast kinetochore, the proteins are mostly homologous with their mammalian counterparts. In some cases, human proteins can complement their yeast orthologs. Like its mammalian equivalent, the regulation of the budding yeast kinetochore is complex: integrating signals from the cell cycle, checkpoints, error correction, and stress pathways. The regulatory signals from these diverse pathways are integrated at the kinetochore by post-translational modifications, notably phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, to control chromosome segregation. Here we highlight the complex interplay between the activity of the different cell-cycle kinases and phosphatases at the kinetochore, emphasizing how much more we have to understand this essential structure.
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19
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Vagnarelli P. Back to the new beginning: Mitotic exit in space and time. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:140-148. [PMID: 33810980 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of cell division is to generate two identical daughter cells that resemble the mother cell from which they derived. Once all the proper attachments to the spindle have occurred, the chromosomes have aligned at the metaphase plate and the spindle assembly checkpoint (a surveillance mechanism that halts cells form progressing in the cell cycle in case of spindle - microtubule attachment errors) has been satisfied, mitotic exit will occur. Mitotic exit has the purpose of completing the separation of the genomic material but also to rebuild the cellular structures necessary for the new cell cycle. This stage of mitosis received little attention until a decade ago, therefore our knowledge is much patchier than the molecular details we now have for the early stages of mitosis. However, it is emerging that mitotic exit is not just the simple reverse of mitotic entry and it is highly regulated in space and time. In this review I will discuss the main advances in the field that provided us with a better understanding on the key role of protein phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation in this transition together with the concept of their spatial regulation. As this field is much younger, I will highlight general consensus, contrasting views together with the outstanding questions awaiting for answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vagnarelli
- College of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Centre for Genomic Engineering and Maintenance (CenGEM), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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20
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Schneid S, Wolff F, Buchner K, Bertram N, Baygün S, Barbosa P, Mangal S, Zanin E. The BRCT domains of ECT2 have distinct functions during cytokinesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108805. [PMID: 33657383 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ECT2 activates RhoA in a narrow zone at the cell equator in anaphase. ECT2 consists of three BRCT domains (BRCT0, 1, and 2), a catalytic GEF, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. How the conserved BRCT domains spatially and temporally control ECT2 activity remains unclear. We reveal that each BRCT domain makes distinct contributions to the ECT2 function. We find that BRCT0 contributes to, and BRCT1 is essential for, ECT2 activation in anaphase. BRCT2 integrates two functions: GEF inhibition and RACGAP1 binding, which together limit ECT2 activity to a narrow zone at the cell equator. BRCT2-dependent control of active RhoA zone dimension functions in addition to the inhibitory signal of the astral microtubules. Our analysis provides detailed mechanistic insights into how ECT2 activity is regulated and how that regulation ensures, together with other signaling pathways, successful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schneid
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Friederike Wolff
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Kristina Buchner
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Nils Bertram
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Seren Baygün
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Sriyash Mangal
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany.
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21
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Jones MJK, Gelot C, Munk S, Koren A, Kawasoe Y, George KA, Santos RE, Olsen JV, McCarroll SA, Frattini MG, Takahashi TS, Jallepalli PV. Human DDK rescues stalled forks and counteracts checkpoint inhibition at unfired origins to complete DNA replication. Mol Cell 2021; 81:426-441.e8. [PMID: 33545059 PMCID: PMC8211091 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes replicate via spatially and temporally regulated origin firing. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) promote origin firing, whereas the S phase checkpoint limits firing to prevent nucleotide and RPA exhaustion. We used chemical genetics to interrogate human DDK with maximum precision, dissect its relationship with the S phase checkpoint, and identify DDK substrates. We show that DDK inhibition (DDKi) leads to graded suppression of origin firing and fork arrest. S phase checkpoint inhibition rescued origin firing in DDKi cells and DDK-depleted Xenopus egg extracts. DDKi also impairs RPA loading, nascent-strand protection, and fork restart. Via quantitative phosphoproteomics, we identify the BRCA1-associated (BRCA1-A) complex subunit MERIT40 and the cohesin accessory subunit PDS5B as DDK effectors in fork protection and restart. Phosphorylation neutralizes autoinhibition mediated by intrinsically disordered regions in both substrates. Our results reveal mechanisms through which DDK controls the duplication of large vertebrate genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J K Jones
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Camille Gelot
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie Munk
- University of Copenhagen and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Amnon Koren
- Cornell University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yoshitaka Kawasoe
- Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kelly A George
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ruth E Santos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- University of Copenhagen and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | | | - Mark G Frattini
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tatsuro S Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Prasad V Jallepalli
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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22
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Ren K, Zhou D, Wang M, Li E, Hou C, Su Y, Zou Q, Zhou P, Liu X. RACGAP1 modulates ECT2-Dependent mitochondrial quality control to drive breast cancer metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2021; 400:112493. [PMID: 33485843 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to the colonization of tumor cells in distant organs. More evidence indicates that overexpression of RACGAP1 plays a critical role in cancer metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism still remains poorly understood. Here we found that RACGAP1 promoted breast cancer metastasis through regulating mitochondrial quality control. Overexpression of RACGAP1 in breast cancer cells led to the fragmentation of mitochondria, increased mitophagy intensity, mitochondrial turnover, and aerobic glycolysis ATP production. We showed that RACGAP1 promoted mitochondrial fission through recruiting ECT2 during anaphase and subsequently had activated ERK-DRP1 pathway. We further demonstrated the phosphorylation of RACGAP1 is essential for its ability of binding with ECT2 and its downstream effects. RACGAP1 overexpression also increased the expression of PGC-1a, a key mitochondrial biogenesis regulator, presumably by the increased mitophagy intensity induced by RACGAP1. PGC-1a increased the enrichment of DNMT1 in mitochondria, mitochondrial DNMT1 augmented mitochondrial DNA methylation and upregulated mitochondrial genome transcription. Our data indicated that RACGAP1 simultaneously facilitated mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis through regulating DRP1 phosphorylation and PGC-1a expression, eventually improved mitochondrial quality control in breast cancer cells. Our study provided a new angle in understanding the RACGAP1-overexpression related malignancy in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Ren
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Danmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meili Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Pathology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ermin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenjian Hou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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23
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Singh P, Pesenti ME, Maffini S, Carmignani S, Hedtfeld M, Petrovic A, Srinivasamani A, Bange T, Musacchio A. BUB1 and CENP-U, Primed by CDK1, Are the Main PLK1 Kinetochore Receptors in Mitosis. Mol Cell 2021; 81:67-87.e9. [PMID: 33248027 PMCID: PMC7837267 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reflecting its pleiotropic functions, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) localizes to various sub-cellular structures during mitosis. At kinetochores, PLK1 contributes to microtubule attachments and mitotic checkpoint signaling. Previous studies identified a wealth of potential PLK1 receptors at kinetochores, as well as requirements for various mitotic kinases, including BUB1, Aurora B, and PLK1 itself. Here, we combine ectopic localization, in vitro reconstitution, and kinetochore localization studies to demonstrate that most and likely all of the PLK1 is recruited through BUB1 in the outer kinetochore and centromeric protein U (CENP-U) in the inner kinetochore. BUB1 and CENP-U share a constellation of sequence motifs consisting of a putative PP2A-docking motif and two neighboring PLK1-docking sites, which, contingent on priming phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and PLK1 itself, bind PLK1 and promote its dimerization. Our results rationalize previous observations and describe a unifying mechanism for recruitment of PLK1 to human kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sara Carmignani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marius Hedtfeld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anupallavi Srinivasamani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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24
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Cunningham CE, MacAuley MJ, Vizeacoumar FS, Abuhussein O, Freywald A, Vizeacoumar FJ. The CINs of Polo-Like Kinase 1 in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102953. [PMID: 33066048 PMCID: PMC7599805 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many alterations specific to cancer cells have been investigated as targets for targeted therapies. Chromosomal instability is a characteristic of nearly all cancers that can limit response to targeted therapies by ensuring the tumor population is not genetically homogenous. Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1) is often up regulated in cancers and it regulates chromosomal instability extensively. PLK1 has been the subject of much pre-clinical and clinical studies, but thus far, PLK1 inhibitors have not shown significant improvement in cancer patients. We discuss the numerous roles and interactions of PLK1 in regulating chromosomal instability, and how these may provide an avenue for identifying targets for targeted therapies. As selective inhibitors of PLK1 showed limited clinical success, we also highlight how genetic interactions of PLK1 may be exploited to tackle these challenges. Abstract Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is overexpressed near ubiquitously across all cancer types and dysregulation of this enzyme is closely tied to increased chromosomal instability and tumor heterogeneity. PLK1 is a mitotic kinase with a critical role in maintaining chromosomal integrity through its function in processes ranging from the mitotic checkpoint, centrosome biogenesis, bipolar spindle formation, chromosome segregation, DNA replication licensing, DNA damage repair, and cytokinesis. The relation between dysregulated PLK1 and chromosomal instability (CIN) makes it an attractive target for cancer therapy. However, clinical trials with PLK1 inhibitors as cancer drugs have generally displayed poor responses or adverse side-effects. This is in part because targeting CIN regulators, including PLK1, can elevate CIN to lethal levels in normal cells, affecting normal physiology. Nevertheless, aiming at related genetic interactions, such as synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) interactions of PLK1 instead of PLK1 itself, can help to avoid the detrimental side effects associated with increased levels of CIN. Since PLK1 overexpression contributes to tumor heterogeneity, targeting SDL interactions may also provide an effective strategy to suppressing this malignant phenotype in a personalized fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E. Cunningham
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
- Correspondence: (C.E.C.); (A.F.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +1-(306)-327-7864 (C.E.C.); +1-(306)-966-5248 (A.F.); +1-(306)-966-7010 (F.J.V.)
| | - Mackenzie J. MacAuley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
| | - Frederick S. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
| | - Omar Abuhussein
- College of Pharmacy, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada;
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
- Correspondence: (C.E.C.); (A.F.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +1-(306)-327-7864 (C.E.C.); +1-(306)-966-5248 (A.F.); +1-(306)-966-7010 (F.J.V.)
| | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
- College of Pharmacy, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada;
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.E.C.); (A.F.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +1-(306)-327-7864 (C.E.C.); +1-(306)-966-5248 (A.F.); +1-(306)-966-7010 (F.J.V.)
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25
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Gómez-Cavazos JS, Lee KY, Lara-González P, Li Y, Desai A, Shiau AK, Oegema K. A Non-canonical BRCT-Phosphopeptide Recognition Mechanism Underlies RhoA Activation in Cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3101-3115.e11. [PMID: 32619481 PMCID: PMC7438317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis partitions the cell contents to complete mitosis. During cytokinesis, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) activates the small GTPase RhoA to assemble a contractile actomyosin ring. PLK1 is proposed to pattern RhoA activation by creating a docking site on the central spindle that concentrates the RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2. However, ECT2 targeting to the central spindle is dispensable for cytokinesis, indicating that how PLK1 controls RhoA activation remains unresolved. To address this question, we employed an unbiased approach targeting ∼100 predicted PLK1 sites in two RhoA regulators: ECT2 and the centralspindlin complex, composed of CYK4 and kinesin-6. This comprehensive approach suggested that the only functionally critical PLK1 target sites are in a single cluster in the CYK4 N terminus. Phosphorylation of this cluster promoted direct interaction of CYK4 with the BRCT repeat module of ECT2. However, mutational analysis in vitro and in vivo led to the surprising finding that the interaction was independent of the conserved "canonical" residues in ECT2's BRCT repeat module that, based on structurally characterized BRCT-phosphopeptide interactions, were presumed critical for binding. Instead, we show that the ECT2 BRCT module binds phosphorylated CYK4 via a distinct conserved basic surface. Basic surface mutations mimic the effects on cytokinesis of loss of CYK4 cluster phosphorylation or inhibition of PLK1 activity. Together with evidence for ECT2 autoinhibition limiting interaction with CYK4 in the cytoplasm, these results suggest that a spatial gradient of phosphorylated CYK4 around the central spindle patterns RhoA activation by interacting with ECT2 on the adjacent plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastián Gómez-Cavazos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Kian-Yong Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Yanchi Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Petronczki M, Tedeschi A. Cell Division: Switching On ECT2 in a Non-Canonical Fashion. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R947-R949. [PMID: 32810457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining the site of cell cleavage is crucial for cytokinesis and involves precise activation of the RhoGEF ECT2. A new study demonstrates how a non-canonical interaction of ECT2 with centralspindlin underlies cytokinesis in animal cells, solving a mechanistic conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Petronczki
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Tedeschi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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27
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Justilien V, Lewis KC, Meneses KM, Jamieson L, Murray NR, Fields AP. Protein kinase Cι promotes UBF1-ECT2 binding on ribosomal DNA to drive rRNA synthesis and transformed growth of non-small-cell lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8214-8226. [PMID: 32350115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell-transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases that is overexpressed in many cancers and involved in signal transduction pathways that promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis. Recently, we demonstrated that a significant pool of ECT2 localizes to the nucleolus of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, where it binds the transcription factor upstream binding factor 1 (UBF1) on the promoter regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and activates rDNA transcription, transformed cell growth, and tumor formation. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which ECT2 engages UBF1 on rDNA promoters. Results from ECT2 mutagenesis indicated that the tandem BRCT domain of ECT2 mediates binding to UBF1. Biochemical and MS-based analyses revealed that protein kinase Cι (PKCι) directly phosphorylates UBF1 at Ser-412, thereby generating a phosphopeptide-binding epitope that binds the ECT2 BRCT domain. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown and reconstitution experiments revealed that both a functional ECT2 BRCT domain and the UBF1 Ser-412 phosphorylation site are required for UBF1-mediated ECT2 recruitment to rDNA, elevated rRNA synthesis, and transformed growth. Our findings provide critical molecular insight into ECT2-mediated regulation of rDNA transcription in cancer cells and offer a rationale for therapeutic targeting of UBF1- and ECT2-stimulated rDNA transcription for the management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kayla C Lewis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kayleah M Meneses
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lee Jamieson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Beaudet D, Pham N, Skaik N, Piekny A. Importin binding mediates the intramolecular regulation of anillin during cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1124-1139. [PMID: 32238082 PMCID: PMC7353161 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis occurs by the ingression of an actomyosin ring that cleaves a cell into two daughters. This process is tightly controlled to avoid aneuploidy, and we previously showed that active Ran coordinates ring positioning with chromatin. Active Ran is high around chromatin, and forms an inverse gradient to cargo-bound importins. We found that the ring component anillin contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that binds to importin and is required for its function during cytokinesis. Here we reveal the mechanism whereby importin binding favors a conformation required for anillin's recruitment to the equatorial cortex. Active RhoA binds to the RhoA-binding domain causing an increase in accessibility of the nearby C2 domain containing the NLS. Importin binding subsequently stabilizes a conformation that favors interactions for cortical recruitment. In addition to revealing a novel mechanism for the importin-mediated regulation of a cortical protein, we also show how importin binding positively regulates protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudet
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0G4
| | - Nhat Pham
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4B 1R6
| | - Noha Skaik
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4B 1R6
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4B 1R6
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29
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Johnson JM, Hebert AS, Drane QH, Lera RF, Wan J, Weaver BA, Coon JJ, Burkard ME. A Genetic Toggle for Chemical Control of Individual Plk1 Substrates. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:350-362.e8. [PMID: 32017920 PMCID: PMC7239509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 has hundreds of substrates and multiple functions that operate within the ∼60 min of mitosis. Herein, we describe a chemical-genetic system that allows particular substrates to be "toggled" into or out of chemical control using engineered phosphoacceptor selectivity. Biochemical assays and phosphoproteomic analysis of mitotic cell extracts showed that Plk1S (L197F) and Plk1T (L197S/L211A) selectively phosphorylate Ser and Thr, respectively. Plk1S but not Plk1T sustains mitotic progression to anaphase, affording the opportunity to toggle substrate residues between Ser and Thr to place them under chemical control. Using this system, we evaluated Kif2b, a known substrate of Plk1 that regulates chromosome alignment. Toggling Ser to Thr on Kif2b places these phosphorylation sites under reversible chemical control, as indicated by a sharp increase in the frequency of misaligned chromosomes and prometaphase arrest. Thus, we demonstrate the ability to chemically control a single substrate by a genetic Ser/Thr toggle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 6059, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- Genome Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Quentin H Drane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 6059, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert F Lera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 6059, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Physiology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Beth A Weaver
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Oncology/McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Genome Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mark E Burkard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 6059, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Oncology/McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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30
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Structure and regulation of human epithelial cell transforming 2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:1027-1035. [PMID: 31888991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913054117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell transforming 2 (Ect2) protein activates Rho GTPases and controls cytokinesis and many other cellular processes. Dysregulation of Ect2 is associated with various cancers. Here, we report the crystal structure of human Ect2 and complementary mechanistic analyses. The data show the C-terminal PH domain of Ect2 folds back and blocks the canonical RhoA-binding site at the catalytic center of the DH domain, providing a mechanism of Ect2 autoinhibition. Ect2 is activated by binding of GTP-bound RhoA to the PH domain, which suggests an allosteric mechanism of Ect2 activation and a positive-feedback loop reinforcing RhoA signaling. This bimodal RhoA binding of Ect2 is unusual and was confirmed with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analyses. Several recurrent cancer-associated mutations map to the catalytic and regulatory interfaces, and dysregulate Ect2 in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings provide mechanistic insights into Ect2 regulation in normal cells and under disease conditions.
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31
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Papini D, Fant X, Ogawa H, Desban N, Samejima K, Feizbakhsh O, Askin B, Ly T, Earnshaw WC, Ruchaud S. Cell cycle-independent furrowing triggered by phosphomimetic mutations of the INCENP STD motif requires Plk1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs234401. [PMID: 31601613 PMCID: PMC7115952 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely and precise control of Aurora B kinase, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) catalytic subunit, is essential for accurate chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Post-translational modifications of CPC subunits are directly involved in controlling Aurora B activity. Here, we identified a highly conserved acidic STD-rich motif of INCENP that is phosphorylated during mitosis in vivo and by Plk1 in vitro and is involved in controlling Aurora B activity. By using an INCENP conditional-knockout cell line, we show that impairing the phosphorylation status of this region disrupts chromosome congression and induces cytokinesis failure. In contrast, mimicking constitutive phosphorylation not only rescues cytokinesis but also induces ectopic furrows and contractile ring formation in a Plk1- and ROCK1-dependent manner independent of cell cycle and microtubule status. Our experiments identify the phospho-regulation of the INCENP STD motif as a novel mechanism that is key for chromosome alignment and cytokinesis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Papini
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Xavier Fant
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS UMR8227, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 ROSCOFF cedex, France
| | - Hiromi Ogawa
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Nathalie Desban
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS UMR8227, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 ROSCOFF cedex, France
| | - Kumiko Samejima
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Omid Feizbakhsh
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS UMR8227, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 ROSCOFF cedex, France
| | - Bilge Askin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Tony Ly
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Sandrine Ruchaud
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS UMR8227, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 ROSCOFF cedex, France
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Sharma P, Mahen R, Rossmann M, Stokes JE, Hardwick B, Huggins DJ, Emery A, Kunciw DL, Hyvönen M, Spring DR, McKenzie GJ, Venkitaraman AR. A cryptic hydrophobic pocket in the polo-box domain of the polo-like kinase PLK1 regulates substrate recognition and mitotic chromosome segregation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15930. [PMID: 31685831 PMCID: PMC6828814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human polo-like kinase PLK1 coordinates mitotic chromosome segregation by phosphorylating multiple chromatin- and kinetochore-binding proteins. How PLK1 activity is directed to specific substrates via phosphopeptide recognition by its carboxyl-terminal polo-box domain (PBD) is poorly understood. Here, we combine molecular, structural and chemical biology to identify a determinant for PLK1 substrate recognition that is essential for proper chromosome segregation. We show that mutations ablating an evolutionarily conserved, Tyr-lined pocket in human PLK1 PBD trigger cellular anomalies in mitotic progression and timing. Tyr pocket mutations selectively impair PLK1 binding to the kinetochore phosphoprotein substrate PBIP1, but not to the centrosomal substrate NEDD1. Through a structure-guided approach, we develop a small-molecule inhibitor, Polotyrin, which occupies the Tyr pocket. Polotyrin recapitulates the mitotic defects caused by mutations in the Tyr pocket, further evidencing its essential function, and exemplifying a new approach for selective PLK1 inhibition. Thus, our findings support a model wherein substrate discrimination via the Tyr pocket in the human PLK1 PBD regulates mitotic chromosome segregation to preserve genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Mahen
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim Rossmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie E Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Bryn Hardwick
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Huggins
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Emery
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique L Kunciw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Grahame J McKenzie
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The active form of the small GTPase RhoA is necessary and sufficient for formation of a cytokinetic furrow in animal cells. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the process, the molecular mechanisms that control it are intricate and involve redundancy at multiple levels. Here, we discuss our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal regulation of RhoA during cytokinesis by upstream activators. The direct upstream activator, the RhoGEF Ect2, requires activation due to autoinhibition. Ect2 is primarily activated by the centralspindlin complex, which contains numerous domains that regulate its subcellular localization, oligomeric state, and Ect2 activation. We review the functions of these domains and how centralspindlin is regulated to ensure correctly timed, equatorial RhoA activation. Highlighting recent evidence, we propose that although centralspindlin does not always prominently accumulate on the plasma membrane, it is the site where it promotes RhoA activation during cytokinesis.
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Holder J, Poser E, Barr FA. Getting out of mitosis: spatial and temporal control of mitotic exit and cytokinesis by PP1 and PP2A. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2908-2924. [PMID: 31494926 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we will review the evidence showing that mitotic exit is initiated by regulated proteolysis and then driven by the PPP family of phosphoserine/threonine phosphatases. Rapid APC/CCDC20 and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B and securin initiates sister chromatid separation, the first step of mitotic exit. Because proteolysis of Aurora and Polo family kinases dependent on APC/CCDH1 is relatively slow, this creates a new regulatory state, anaphase, different to G2 and M-phase. We will discuss how the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, together with Aurora and Polo kinases, contribute to the temporal regulation and order of events in the different stages of mitotic exit from anaphase to cytokinesis. For PP2A-B55, these timing properties are created by the ENSA-dependent inhibitory pathway and differential recognition of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Finally, we will discuss how Aurora B and PP2A-B56 are needed for the spatial regulation of anaphase spindle formation and how APC/C-dependent destruction of PLK1 acts as a timer for abscission, the final event of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Poser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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Verma V, Mogilner A, Maresca TJ. Classical and Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030055. [PMID: 31357447 PMCID: PMC6784142 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of cytokinesis is to produce two daughter cells, each having a full set of chromosomes. To achieve this, cells assemble a dynamic structure between segregated sister chromatids called the contractile ring, which is made up of filamentous actin, myosin-II, and other regulatory proteins. Constriction of the actomyosin ring generates a cleavage furrow that divides the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells. Decades of research have identified key regulators and underlying molecular mechanisms; however, many fundamental questions remain unanswered and are still being actively investigated. This review summarizes the key findings, computational modeling, and recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the cleavage furrow and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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36
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van de Kooij B, Creixell P, van Vlimmeren A, Joughin BA, Miller CJ, Haider N, Simpson CD, Linding R, Stambolic V, Turk BE, Yaffe MB. Comprehensive substrate specificity profiling of the human Nek kinome reveals unexpected signaling outputs. eLife 2019; 8:44635. [PMID: 31124786 PMCID: PMC6570481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NimA-related kinases (Neks) have multiple mitotic and non-mitotic functions, but few substrates are known. We systematically determined the phosphorylation-site motifs for the entire Nek kinase family, except for Nek11. While all Nek kinases strongly select for hydrophobic residues in the −3 position, the family separates into four distinct groups based on specificity for a serine versus threonine phospho-acceptor, and preference for basic or acidic residues in other positions. Unlike Nek1-Nek9, Nek10 is a dual-specificity kinase that efficiently phosphorylates itself and peptide substrates on serine and tyrosine, and its activity is enhanced by tyrosine auto-phosphorylation. Nek10 dual-specificity depends on residues in the HRD+2 and APE-4 positions that are uncommon in either serine/threonine or tyrosine kinases. Finally, we show that the phosphorylation-site motifs for the mitotic kinases Nek6, Nek7 and Nek9 are essentially identical to that of their upstream activator Plk1, suggesting that Nek6/7/9 function as phospho-motif amplifiers of Plk1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert van de Kooij
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Pau Creixell
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anne van Vlimmeren
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Chad J Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Nasir Haider
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Craig D Simpson
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Linding
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vuk Stambolic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Divisions of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Critical Care and Surgical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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37
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Adriaans IE, Basant A, Ponsioen B, Glotzer M, Lens SM. PLK1 plays dual roles in centralspindlin regulation during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1250-1264. [PMID: 30728176 PMCID: PMC6446842 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis begins upon anaphase onset. An early step involves local activation of the small GTPase RhoA, which triggers assembly of an actomyosin-based contractile ring at the equatorial cortex. Here, we delineated the contributions of PLK1 and Aurora B to RhoA activation and cytokinesis initiation in human cells. Knock-down of PRC1, which disrupts the spindle midzone, revealed the existence of two pathways that can initiate cleavage furrow ingression. One pathway depends on a well-organized spindle midzone and PLK1, while the other depends on Aurora B activity and centralspindlin at the equatorial cortex and can operate independently of PLK1. We further show that PLK1 inhibition sequesters centralspindlin onto the spindle midzone, making it unavailable for Aurora B at the equatorial cortex. We propose that PLK1 activity promotes the release of centralspindlin from the spindle midzone through inhibition of PRC1, allowing centralspindlin to function as a regulator of spindle midzone formation and as an activator of RhoA at the equatorial cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E. Adriaans
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Angika Basant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Susanne M.A. Lens
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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38
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Verma V, Maresca TJ. Microtubule plus-ends act as physical signaling hubs to activate RhoA during cytokinesis. eLife 2019; 8:38968. [PMID: 30758285 PMCID: PMC6398982 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are essential for cleavage furrow positioning during cytokinesis, but the mechanisms by which MT-derived signals spatially define regions of cortical contractility are unresolved. In this study cytokinesis regulators visualized in Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) cells were found to localize to and track MT plus-ends during cytokinesis. The RhoA GEF Pebble (Dm ECT2) did not evidently tip-track, but rather localized rapidly to cortical sites contacted by MT plus-tips, resulting in RhoA activation and enrichment of myosin-regulatory light chain. The MT plus-end localization of centralspindlin was compromised following EB1 depletion, which resulted in a higher incidence of cytokinesis failure. Centralspindlin plus-tip localization depended on the C-terminus and a putative EB1-interaction motif (hxxPTxh) in RacGAP50C. We propose that MT plus-end-associated centralspindlin recruits a cortical pool of Dm ECT2 upon physical contact to activate RhoA and to trigger localized contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
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39
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Huff LP, Kikuchi DS, Faidley E, Forrester SJ, Tsai MZ, Lassègue B, Griendling KK. Polymerase-δ-interacting protein 2 activates the RhoGEF epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C621-C631. [PMID: 30726115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00208.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase-δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) controls a wide variety of cellular functions and vascular pathologies. To mediate these effects, Poldip2 interacts with numerous proteins and generates reactive oxygen species via the enzyme NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4). We have previously shown that Poldip2 can activate the Rho family GTPase RhoA, another signaling node within the cell. In this study, we aimed to better understand how Poldip2 activates Rho family GTPases and the functions of the involved proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). RhoA is activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Using nucleotide-free RhoA (isolated from bacteria) to pulldown active RhoGEFs, we found that the RhoGEF epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2) is activated by Poldip2. Ect2 is a critical RhoGEF for Poldip2-mediated RhoA activation, because siRNA against Ect2 prevented Poldip2-mediated RhoA activity (measured by rhotekin pulldowns). Surprisingly, we were unable to detect a direct interaction between Poldip2 and Ect2, as they did not coimmunoprecipitate. Nox4 is not required for Poldip2-driven Ect2 activation, as Poldip2 overexpression induced Ect2 activation in Nox4 knockout VSMCs similar to wild-type cells. However, antioxidant treatment blocked Poldip2-induced Ect2 activation. This indicates a novel reactive oxygen species-driven mechanism by which Poldip2 regulates Rho family GTPases. Finally, we examined the function of these proteins in VSMCs, using siRNA against Poldip2 or Ect2 and determined that Poldip2 and Ect2 are both essential for vascular smooth muscle cell cytokinesis and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Parker Huff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Seicho Kikuchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Faidley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Steven J Forrester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michelle Z Tsai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
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40
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Pintard L, Bowerman B. Mitotic Cell Division in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 211:35-73. [PMID: 30626640 PMCID: PMC6325691 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic cell divisions increase cell number while faithfully distributing the replicated genome at each division. The Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is a powerful model for eukaryotic cell division. Nearly all of the genes that regulate cell division in C. elegans are conserved across metazoan species, including humans. The C. elegans pathways tend to be streamlined, facilitating dissection of the more redundant human pathways. Here, we summarize the virtues of C. elegans as a model system and review our current understanding of centriole duplication, the acquisition of pericentriolar material by centrioles to form centrosomes, the assembly of kinetochores and the mitotic spindle, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Pintard
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut Jacques Monod, Team Cell Cycle and Development UMR7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
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41
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Sana S, Keshri R, Rajeevan A, Kapoor S, Kotak S. Plk1 regulates spindle orientation by phosphorylating NuMA in human cells. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800223. [PMID: 30456393 PMCID: PMC6240335 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle defines the correct division plane and is essential for accurate cell division and development. In metazoans, an evolutionarily conserved complex comprising of NuMA/LGN/Gαi regulates proper orientation of the mitotic spindle by orchestrating cortical dynein levels during metaphase. However, the molecular mechanisms that modulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of this complex during mitosis remain elusive. Here, we report that acute inactivation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) during metaphase enriches cortical levels of dynein/NuMA/LGN and thus influences spindle orientation. We establish that this impact of Plk1 on cortical levels of dynein/NuMA/LGN is through NuMA, but not via dynein/LGN. Moreover, we reveal that Plk1 inhibition alters the dynamic behavior of NuMA at the cell cortex. We further show that Plk1 directly interacts and phosphorylates NuMA. Notably, NuMA-phosphorylation by Plk1 impacts its cortical localization, and this is needed for precise spindle orientation during metaphase. Overall, our finding connects spindle-pole pool of Plk1 with cortical NuMA and answers a long-standing puzzle about how spindle-pole Plk1 gradient dictates proper spindle orientation for error-free mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrividya Sana
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Riya Keshri
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwathi Rajeevan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Sukriti Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
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42
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Nilsson J. Protein phosphatases in the regulation of mitosis. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:395-409. [PMID: 30446607 PMCID: PMC6363451 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201809138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate segregation of genetic material to daughter cells during mitosis depends on the precise coordination and regulation of hundreds of proteins by dynamic phosphorylation. Mitotic kinases are major regulators of protein function, but equally important are protein phosphatases that balance their actions, their coordinated activity being essential for accurate chromosome segregation. Phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs) that dephosphorylate phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues are increasingly understood as essential regulators of mitosis. In contrast to kinases, the lack of a pronounced peptide-binding cleft on the catalytic subunit of PPPs suggests that these enzymes are unlikely to be specific. However, recent exciting insights into how mitotic PPPs recognize specific substrates have revealed that they are as specific as kinases. Furthermore, the activities of PPPs are tightly controlled at many levels to ensure that they are active only at the proper time and place. Here, I will discuss substrate selection and regulation of mitotic PPPs focusing mainly on animal cells and explore how these actions control mitosis, as well as important unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Colicino EG, Hehnly H. Regulating a key mitotic regulator, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:481-494. [PMID: 30414309 PMCID: PMC7113694 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, duplicated genetic material is separated into two distinct daughter cells. This process is essential for initial tissue formation during development and to maintain tissue integrity throughout an organism's lifetime. To ensure the efficacy and efficiency of this process, the cell employs a variety of regulatory and signaling proteins that function as mitotic regulators and checkpoint proteins. One vital mitotic regulator is polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a highly conserved member of the polo-like kinase family. Unique from its paralogues, it functions specifically during mitosis as a regulator of cell division. PLK1 is spatially and temporally enriched at three distinct subcellular locales; the mitotic centrosomes, kinetochores, and the cytokinetic midbody. These localization patterns allow PLK1 to phosphorylate specific downstream targets to regulate mitosis. In this review, we will explore how polo-like kinases were originally discovered and diverged into the five paralogues (PLK1-5) in mammals. We will then focus specifically on the most conserved, PLK1, where we will discuss what is known about how its activity is modulated, its role during the cell cycle, and new, innovative tools that have been developed to examine its function and interactions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G. Colicino
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew York
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44
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de Cárcer G, Venkateswaran SV, Salgueiro L, El Bakkali A, Somogyi K, Rowald K, Montañés P, Sanclemente M, Escobar B, de Martino A, McGranahan N, Malumbres M, Sotillo R. Plk1 overexpression induces chromosomal instability and suppresses tumor development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3012. [PMID: 30069007 PMCID: PMC6070485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is overexpressed in a wide spectrum of human tumors, being frequently considered as an oncogene and an attractive cancer target. However, its contribution to tumor development is unclear. Using a new inducible knock-in mouse model we report here that Plk1 overexpression results in abnormal chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, generating polyploid cells with reduced proliferative potential. Mechanistically, these cytokinesis defects correlate with defective loading of Cep55 and ESCRT complexes to the abscission bridge, in a Plk1 kinase-dependent manner. In vivo, Plk1 overexpression prevents the development of Kras-induced and Her2-induced mammary gland tumors, in the presence of increased rates of chromosome instability. In patients, Plk1 overexpression correlates with improved survival in specific breast cancer subtypes. Therefore, despite the therapeutic benefits of inhibiting Plk1 due to its essential role in tumor cell cycles, Plk1 overexpression has tumor-suppressive properties by perturbing mitotic progression and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sharavan Vishaan Venkateswaran
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorena Salgueiro
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aicha El Bakkali
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kalman Somogyi
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantina Rowald
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Montañés
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sanclemente
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba de Martino
- Histopathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Center of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TRLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.
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45
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Lee KY, Green RA, Gutierrez E, Gomez-Cavazos JS, Kolotuev I, Wang S, Desai A, Groisman A, Oegema K. CYK-4 functions independently of its centralspindlin partner ZEN-4 to cellularize oocytes in germline syncytia. eLife 2018; 7:36919. [PMID: 29989548 PMCID: PMC6056237 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout metazoans, germ cells undergo incomplete cytokinesis to form syncytia connected by intercellular bridges. Gamete formation ultimately requires bridge closure, yet how bridges are reactivated to close is not known. The most conserved bridge component is centralspindlin, a complex of the Rho family GTPase-activating protein (GAP) CYK-4/MgcRacGAP and the microtubule motor ZEN-4/kinesin-6. Here, we show that oocyte production by the syncytial Caenorhabditis elegans germline requires CYK-4 but not ZEN-4, which contrasts with cytokinesis, where both are essential. Longitudinal imaging after conditional inactivation revealed that CYK-4 activity is important for oocyte cellularization, but not for the cytokinesis-like events that generate syncytial compartments. CYK-4’s lipid-binding C1 domain and the GTPase-binding interface of its GAP domain were both required to target CYK-4 to intercellular bridges and to cellularize oocytes. These results suggest that the conserved C1-GAP region of CYK-4 constitutes a targeting module required for closure of intercellular bridges in germline syncytia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian-Yong Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Rebecca A Green
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - J Sebastian Gomez-Cavazos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Microscopy Rennes Imaging Center and Biosit, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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46
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Dix CL, Matthews HK, Uroz M, McLaren S, Wolf L, Heatley N, Win Z, Almada P, Henriques R, Boutros M, Trepat X, Baum B. The Role of Mitotic Cell-Substrate Adhesion Re-modeling in Animal Cell Division. Dev Cell 2018; 45:132-145.e3. [PMID: 29634933 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal cells undergo a dramatic series of shape changes as they divide, which depend on re-modeling of cell-substrate adhesions. Here, we show that while focal adhesion complexes are disassembled during mitotic rounding, integrins remain in place. These integrin-rich contacts connect mitotic cells to the underlying substrate throughout mitosis, guide polarized cell migration following mitotic exit, and are functionally important, since adherent cells undergo division failure when removed from the substrate. Further, the ability of cells to re-spread along pre-existing adhesive contacts is essential for division in cells compromised in their ability to construct a RhoGEF-dependent (Ect2) actomyosin ring. As a result, following Ect2 depletion, cells fail to divide on small adhesive islands but successfully divide on larger patterns, as the connection between daughter cells narrows and severs as they migrate away from one another. In this way, regulated re-modeling of cell-substrate adhesions during mitotic rounding aids division in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Dix
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen K Matthews
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marina Uroz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Susannah McLaren
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucie Wolf
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nicholas Heatley
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zaw Win
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pedro Almada
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Unitat de Biofisica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Comparative evaluation of three proliferation markers, Ki-67, TOP2A, and RacGAP1, in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms: Issues and prospects. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41959-41973. [PMID: 27259241 PMCID: PMC5173108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classification of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (BP-NEN) into four tumor entities (typical carcinoids (TC), atypical carcinoids (AC), small cell lung cancers (SCLC), large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinomas (LCNEC)) is difficult to perform accurately, but important for prognostic statements and therapeutic management decisions. In this regard, we compared the expression of three proliferation markers, Ki-67, Topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A), and RacGAP1, in a series of tumor samples from 104 BP-NEN patients (24 TC, 21 AC, 52 SCLC, 7 LCNEC) using different evaluation methods (immunohistochemistry (IHC): Average evaluation, Hotspot evaluation, digital image analysis; RT-qPCR). The results indicated that all three markers had increased protein and mRNA expression with poorer differentiation and correlated well with each other, as well as with grading, staging, and poor survival. Compared with Ki-67 and TOP2A, RacGAP1 allowed for a clearer prognostic statement. The cut-off limits obtained for Ki-67-Average (IHC) were TC-AC 1.5, AC-SCLC 19, and AC-LCNEC 23.5. The Hotspot evaluation generated equal to higher, the digital image analysis generally lower between-entity cut-off limits. All three markers enabled a clear-cut differentiation between the BP-NEN entities, and all methods evaluated were suitable for marker assessment. However, to define optimal cut-off limits, the Ki-67 evaluation methods should be standardized. RacGAP1 appeared to be a new marker with great potential.
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Martino L, Morchoisne-Bolhy S, Cheerambathur DK, Van Hove L, Dumont J, Joly N, Desai A, Doye V, Pintard L. Channel Nucleoporins Recruit PLK-1 to Nuclear Pore Complexes to Direct Nuclear Envelope Breakdown in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2017; 43:157-171.e7. [PMID: 29065307 PMCID: PMC8184135 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In animal cells, nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) is required for proper chromosome segregation. Whereas mitotic kinases have been implicated in NEBD, how they coordinate their activity to trigger this event is unclear. Here, we show that both in human cells and Caenorhabditis elegans, the Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) is recruited to the nuclear pore complexes, just prior to NEBD, through its Polo-box domain (PBD). We provide evidence that PLK-1 localization to the nuclear envelope (NE) is required for efficient NEBD. We identify the central channel nucleoporins NPP-1/Nup58, NPP-4/Nup54, and NPP-11/Nup62 as the critical factors anchoring PLK-1 to the NE in C. elegans. In particular, NPP-1, NPP-4, and NPP-11 primed at multiple Polo-docking sites by Cdk1 and PLK-1 itself physically interact with the PLK-1 PBD. We conclude that nucleoporins play an unanticipated regulatory role in NEBD, by recruiting PLK-1 to the NE thereby facilitating phosphorylation of critical downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Martino
- Cell Cycle and Development, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Morchoisne-Bolhy
- Non-conventional Functions of Nuclear Pore, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lucie Van Hove
- Cell Cycle and Development, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dumont
- Cell Division and Reproduction, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Cell Cycle and Development, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Valérie Doye
- Non-conventional Functions of Nuclear Pore, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Pintard
- Cell Cycle and Development, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Abstract
SUMMARYCell division-cytokinesis-involves large-scale rearrangements of the entire cell. Primarily driven by cytoskeletal proteins, cytokinesis also depends on topological rearrangements of the plasma membrane, which are coordinated with nuclear division in both space and time. Despite the fundamental nature of the process, different types of eukaryotic cells show variations in both the structural mechanisms of cytokinesis and the regulatory controls. In animal cells and fungi, a contractile actomyosin-based structure plays a central, albeit flexible, role. Here, the underlying molecular mechanisms are summarized and integrated and common themes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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50
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Wu CG, Chen H, Guo F, Yadav VK, Mcilwain SJ, Rowse M, Choudhary A, Lin Z, Li Y, Gu T, Zheng A, Xu Q, Lee W, Resch E, Johnson B, Day J, Ge Y, Ong IM, Burkard ME, Ivarsson Y, Xing Y. PP2A-B' holoenzyme substrate recognition, regulation and role in cytokinesis. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17027. [PMID: 28884018 PMCID: PMC5586252 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major Ser/Thr phosphatase; it forms diverse heterotrimeric holoenzymes that counteract kinase actions. Using a peptidome that tiles the disordered regions of the human proteome, we identified proteins containing [LMFI]xx[ILV]xEx motifs that serve as interaction sites for B′-family PP2A regulatory subunits and holoenzymes. The B′-binding motifs have important roles in substrate recognition and in competitive inhibition of substrate binding. With more than 100 novel ligands identified, we confirmed that the recently identified LxxIxEx B′α-binding motifs serve as common binding sites for B′ subunits with minor variations, and that S/T phosphorylation or D/E residues at positions 2, 7, 8 and 9 of the motifs reinforce interactions. Hundreds of proteins in the human proteome harbor intrinsic or phosphorylation-responsive B′-interaction motifs, and localize at distinct cellular organelles, such as midbody, predicting kinase-facilitated recruitment of PP2A-B′ holoenzymes for tight spatiotemporal control of phosphorylation at mitosis and cytokinesis. Moroever, Polo-like kinase 1-mediated phosphorylation of Cyk4/RACGAP1, a centralspindlin component at the midbody, facilitates binding of both RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor (epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2)) and PP2A-B′ that in turn dephosphorylates Cyk4 and disrupts Ect2 binding. This feedback signaling loop precisely controls RhoA activation and specifies a restricted region for cleavage furrow ingression. Our results provide a framework for further investigation of diverse signaling circuits formed by PP2A-B′ holoenzymes in various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Guo Wu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vikash K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sean J Mcilwain
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Wisconsin Institutes of Medical Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Rowse
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alka Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Human Proteomic Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yitong Li
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tingjia Gu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aiping Zheng
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qingge Xu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Human Proteomic Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Woojong Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eduard Resch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benjamin Johnson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jenny Day
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Human Proteomic Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Wisconsin Institutes of Medical Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark E Burkard
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yongna Xing
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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