1
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Sun Y, Wang M, Liu H, Zhang W. Endogenous Tissue Engineering for Chondral and Osteochondral Regeneration: Strategies and Mechanisms. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39091217 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to the development of effective strategies for articular cartilage (AC) and osteochondral (OC) regeneration due to their limited self-reparative capacities and the shortage of timely and appropriate clinical treatments. Traditional cell-dependent tissue engineering faces various challenges such as restricted cell sources, phenotypic alterations, and immune rejection. In contrast, endogenous tissue engineering represents a promising alternative, leveraging acellular biomaterials to guide endogenous cells to the injury site and stimulate their intrinsic regenerative potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in endogenous tissue engineering strategies for AC and OC regeneration, with a focus on the tissue engineering triad comprising endogenous stem/progenitor cells (ESPCs), scaffolds, and biomolecules. Multiple types of ESPCs present within the AC and OC microenvironment, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs), synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SM-MSCs), and AC-derived stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs), exhibit the ability to migrate toward injury sites and demonstrate pro-regenerative properties. The fabrication and characteristics of scaffolds in various formats including hydrogels, porous sponges, electrospun fibers, particles, films, multilayer scaffolds, bioceramics, and bioglass, highlighting their suitability for AC and OC repair, are systemically summarized. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the pivotal role of biomolecules in facilitating ESPCs migration, adhesion, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, as well as regulating inflammation, aging, and hypertrophy-critical processes for endogenous AC and OC regeneration. Insights into the applications of endogenous tissue engineering strategies for in vivo AC and OC regeneration are provided along with a discussion on future perspectives to enhance regenerative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 210006 Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyang Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), 310058 Hangzhou, China
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2
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De Belly H, Weiner OD. Follow the flow: Actin and membrane act as an integrated system to globally coordinate cell shape and movement. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102392. [PMID: 38991476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Migratory cells are polarized with protrusive fronts and contractile rears. This spatial organization necessitates long-range coordination of the signals that organize protrusions and contractions. Cells leverage reciprocal interactions of short-range biochemical signals and long-range mechanical forces for this integration. The interface between the plasma membrane and actin cortex is where this communication occurs. Here, we review how the membrane and cortex form an integrated system for long-range coordination of cell polarity. We highlight the role of membrane-to-cortex-attachment proteins as regulators of tension transmission across the cell and discuss the interplay between actin-membrane and polarity signaling complexes. Rather than presenting an exhaustive list of recent findings, we focus on important gaps in our current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Shultz KD, Al Anbari YF, Wright NT. I told you to stop: obscurin's role in epithelial cell migration. Biochem Soc Trans 2024:BST20240564. [PMID: 39051125 DOI: 10.1042/bst20240564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The giant cytoskeletal protein obscurin contains multiple cell signaling domains that influence cell migration. Here, we follow each of these pathways, examine how these pathways modulate epithelial cell migration, and discuss the cross-talk between these pathways. Specifically, obscurin uses its PH domain to inhibit phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent migration and its RhoGEF domain to activate RhoA and slow cell migration. While obscurin's effect on the PI3K pathway agrees with the literature, obscurin's effect on the RhoA pathway runs counter to most other RhoA effectors, whose activation tends to lead to enhanced motility. Obscurin also phosphorylates cadherins, and this may also influence cell motility. When taken together, obscurin's ability to modulate three independent cell migration pathways is likely why obscurin knockout cells experience enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and why obscurin is a frequently mutated gene in several types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrin D Shultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, U.S.A
| | - Yasmin F Al Anbari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, U.S.A
| | - Nathan T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, U.S.A
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4
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Wu M, Marchando P, Meyer K, Tang Z, Woolfson DN, Weiner OD. The WAVE complex forms linear arrays at negative membrane curvature to instruct lamellipodia formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.600855. [PMID: 39026726 PMCID: PMC11257481 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cells generate a wide range of actin-based membrane protrusions for various cell behaviors. These protrusions are organized by different actin nucleation promoting factors. For example, N-WASP controls finger-like filopodia, whereas the WAVE complex controls sheet-like lamellipodia. These different membrane morphologies likely reflect different patterns of nucleator self-organization. N-WASP phase separation has been successfully studied through biochemical reconstitutions, but how the WAVE complex self-organizes to instruct lamellipodia is unknown. Because WAVE complex self-organization has proven refractory to cell-free studies, we leverage in vivo biochemical approaches to investigate WAVE complex organization within its native cellular context. With single molecule tracking and molecular counting, we show that the WAVE complex forms highly regular multilayered linear arrays at the plasma membrane that are reminiscent of a microtubule-like organization. Similar to the organization of microtubule protofilaments in a curved array, membrane curvature is both necessary and sufficient for formation of these WAVE complex linear arrays, though actin polymerization is not. This dependency on negative membrane curvature could explain both the templating of lamellipodia and their emergent behaviors, including barrier avoidance. Our data uncover the key biophysical properties of mesoscale WAVE complex patterning and highlight an integral relationship between NPF self-organization and cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muziyue Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Marchando
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ziqi Tang
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Derek N Woolfson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Yan Q, Gomis Perez C, Karatekin E. Cell Membrane Tension Gradients, Membrane Flows, and Cellular Processes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38501962 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane tension affects and is affected by many fundamental cellular processes, yet it is poorly understood. Recent experiments show that membrane tension can propagate at vastly different speeds in different cell types, reflecting physiological adaptations. Here we briefly review the current knowledge about membrane tension gradients, membrane flows, and their physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yan
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Carolina Gomis Perez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences (SPPIN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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6
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Nomura W, Inoue Y. Activation of the cell wall integrity pathway negatively regulates TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling through blocking eisosome disassembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Commun Biol 2024; 7:722. [PMID: 38862688 PMCID: PMC11166964 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) signaling is associated with plasma membrane (PM) integrity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling controls sphingolipid biosynthesis, and Ypk1/2 phosphorylation by TORC2 under PM stress conditions is increased in a Slm1/2-dependent manner, under which Slm1 is known to be released from an eisosome, a furrow-like invagination PM structure. However, it remains unsolved how the activation machinery of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling is regulated. Here we show that edelfosine, a synthetic lysophospholipid analog, inhibits the activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling, and the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway is involved in this inhibitory effect. The activation of CWI pathway blocked the eisosome disassembly promoted by PM stress and the release of Slm1 from eisosomes. Constitutive activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling exhibited increased sensitivity to cell wall stress. We propose that the CWI pathway negatively regulates the TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling, which is involved in the regulatory mechanism to ensure the proper stress response to cell wall damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, the Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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7
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Zhao T, Fan J, Abu-Zaid A, Burley SK, Zheng XS. Nuclear mTOR Signaling Orchestrates Transcriptional Programs Underlying Cellular Growth and Metabolism. Cells 2024; 13:781. [PMID: 38727317 PMCID: PMC11083943 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
mTOR is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism in response to mitogenic and nutrient signals. Notably, mTOR is not only found in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. This review highlights direct involvement of nuclear mTOR in regulating transcription factors, orchestrating epigenetic modifications, and facilitating chromatin remodeling. These effects intricately modulate gene expression programs associated with growth and metabolic processes. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of nuclear mTOR in mediating the interplay between metabolism and epigenetic modifications. By integrating its functions in nutrient signaling and gene expression related to growth and metabolism, nuclear mTOR emerges as a central hub governing cellular homeostasis, malignant transformation, and cancer progression. Better understanding of nuclear mTOR signaling has the potential to lead to novel therapies against cancer and other growth-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghan Zhao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jialin Fan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ahmed Abu-Zaid
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Stephen K. Burley
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- RCSB Protein Data Bank and Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - X.F. Steven Zheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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8
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Di Meo D, Kundu T, Ravindran P, Shah B, Püschel AW. Pip5k1γ regulates axon formation by limiting Rap1 activity. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302383. [PMID: 38438249 PMCID: PMC10912816 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
During their differentiation, neurons establish a highly polarized morphology by forming axons and dendrites. Cortical and hippocampal neurons initially extend several short neurites that all have the potential to become an axon. One of these neurites is then selected as the axon by a combination of positive and negative feedback signals that promote axon formation and prevent the remaining neurites from developing into axons. Here, we show that Pip5k1γ is required for the formation of a single axon as a negative feedback signal that regulates C3G and Rap1 through the generation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). Impairing the function of Pip5k1γ results in a hyper-activation of the Fyn/C3G/Rap1 pathway, which induces the formation of supernumerary axons. Application of a hyper-osmotic shock to modulate membrane tension has a similar effect, increasing Rap1 activity and inducing the formation of supernumerary axons. In both cases, the induction of supernumerary axons can be reverted by expressing constitutively active Pip5k. Our results show that PI(4,5)P2-dependent membrane properties limit the activity of C3G and Rap1 to ensure the extension of a single axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Di Meo
- https://ror.org/00pd74e08 Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- https://ror.org/00pd74e08 Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Trisha Kundu
- https://ror.org/00pd74e08 Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- https://ror.org/00pd74e08 Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Priyadarshini Ravindran
- https://ror.org/00pd74e08 Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bhavin Shah
- https://ror.org/00pd74e08 Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- https://ror.org/00pd74e08 Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- https://ror.org/00pd74e08 Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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9
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Skokan TD, Hobmayer B, McKinley KL, Vale RD. Mechanical stretch regulates macropinocytosis in Hydra vulgaris. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:br9. [PMID: 38265917 PMCID: PMC10916863 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-02-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells rely on a diverse array of engulfment processes to sense, exploit, and adapt to their environments. Among these, macropinocytosis enables indiscriminate and rapid uptake of large volumes of fluid and membrane, rendering it a highly versatile engulfment strategy. Much of the molecular machinery required for macropinocytosis has been well established, yet how this process is regulated in the context of organs and organisms remains poorly understood. Here, we report the discovery of extensive macropinocytosis in the outer epithelium of the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. Exploiting Hydra's relatively simple body plan, we developed approaches to visualize macropinocytosis over extended periods of time, revealing constitutive engulfment across the entire body axis. We show that the direct application of planar stretch leads to calcium influx and the inhibition of macropinocytosis. Finally, we establish a role for stretch-activated channels in inhibiting this process. Together, our approaches provide a platform for the mechanistic dissection of constitutive macropinocytosis in physiological contexts and highlight a potential role for macropinocytosis in responding to cell surface tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D. Skokan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Department of Zoology and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kara L. McKinley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Ronald D. Vale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 20147
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10
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Kuhn J, Banerjee P, Haye A, Robinson DN, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Complementary Cytoskeletal Feedback Loops Control Signal Transduction Excitability and Cell Polarity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580131. [PMID: 38405988 PMCID: PMC10888828 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
To move through complex environments, cells must constantly integrate chemical and mechanical cues. Signaling networks, such as those comprising Ras and PI3K, transmit chemical cues to the cytoskeleton, but the cytoskeleton must also relay mechanical information back to those signaling systems. Using novel synthetic tools to acutely control specific elements of the cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium and neutrophils, we delineate feedback mechanisms that alter the signaling network and promote front- or back-states of the cell membrane and cortex. First, increasing branched actin assembly increases Ras/PI3K activation while reducing polymeric actin levels overall decreases activation. Second, reducing myosin II assembly immediately increases Ras/PI3K activation and sensitivity to chemotactic stimuli. Third, inhibiting branched actin alone increases cortical actin assembly and strongly blocks Ras/PI3K activation. This effect is mitigated by reducing filamentous actin levels and in cells lacking myosin II. Finally, increasing actin crosslinking with a controllable activator of cytoskeletal regulator RacE leads to a large decrease in Ras activation both globally and locally. Curiously, RacE activation can trigger cell spreading and protrusion with no detectable activation of branched actin nucleators. Taken together with legacy data that Ras/PI3K promotes branched actin assembly and myosin II disassembly, our results define front- and back-promoting positive feedback loops. We propose that these loops play a crucial role in establishing cell polarity and mediating signal integration by controlling the excitable state of the signal transduction networks in respective regions of the membrane and cortex. This interplay enables cells to navigate intricate topologies like tissues containing other cells, the extracellular matrix, and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kuhn
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Parijat Banerjee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew Haye
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Pablo A. Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter N. Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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11
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Djakbarova U, Madraki Y, Chan ET, Wu T, Atreaga-Muniz V, Akatay AA, Kural C. Tension-induced adhesion mode switching: the interplay between focal adhesions and clathrin-containing adhesion complexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.07.579324. [PMID: 38370749 PMCID: PMC10871318 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.07.579324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Integrin-based adhesion complexes are crucial in various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and motility. While the dynamics of canonical focal adhesion complexes (FAs) have been extensively studied, the regulation and physiological implications of the recently identified clathrin-containing adhesion complexes (CCACs) are still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal mechanoregulations of FAs and CCACs in a breast cancer model. Employing single-molecule force spectroscopy coupled with live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we discovered that FAs and CCACs are mutually exclusive and inversely regulated complexes. This regulation is orchestrated through the modulation of plasma membrane tension, in combination with distinct modes of actomyosin contractility that can either synergize with or counteract this modulation. Our findings indicate that increased membrane tension promotes the association of CCACs at integrin αVβ5 adhesion sites, leading to decreased cancer cell proliferation, spreading, and migration. Conversely, lower membrane tension promotes the formation of FAs, which correlates with the softer membranes observed in cancer cells, thus potentially facilitating cancer progression. Our research provides novel insights into the biomechanical regulation of CCACs and FAs, revealing their critical and contrasting roles in modulating cancer cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umida Djakbarova
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yasaman Madraki
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emily T. Chan
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tianyao Wu
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - A. Ata Akatay
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Comert Kural
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Yoshikawa K, Saito S, Kadonosono T, Tanaka M, Okochi M. Osmotic stress induces the formation of migrasome-like vesicles. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:437-445. [PMID: 38339800 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Migrasomes are extracellular vesicles that form on the retraction fibers of migrating cells. In this study, we report the formation of migrasome-like vesicles enriched in tetraspanin 4 and containing cytoplasmic components in response to hypoosmotic stress. When migrating cells were subjected to hypoosmotic stress, vesicles with a size distribution of 0.5 to 2 μm formed on the retraction fibers, and vanished in a few minutes. The vesicles are rich in cholesterol, and their number was reduced when cells were pretreated with lipoprotein-deficient serum. The formation of migrasome-like vesicles upon hypoosmotic stress may provide biophysical cues regarding the cellular response to this external stimulus in cells and tissues.
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Grants
- 23K17843 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- 22K19913 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- 21H01726 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- 21H01725 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- JP21zf0127004 Moonshot Research and Development Program from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Shogo Saito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kadonosono
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama-shi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama-shi, Japan
| | - Mina Okochi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
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13
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Szalai F, Sztankovics D, Krencz I, Moldvai D, Pápay J, Sebestyén A, Khoor A. Rictor-A Mediator of Progression and Metastasis in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:543. [PMID: 38339294 PMCID: PMC10854599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoma is one of the most common cancer types for both men and women. Despite recent breakthroughs in targeted therapy and immunotherapy, it is characterized by a high metastatic rate, which can significantly affect quality of life and prognosis. Rictor (encoded by the RICTOR gene) is known as a scaffold protein for the multiprotein complex mTORC2. Among its diverse roles in regulating essential cellular functions, mTORC2 also facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis formation. Amplification of the RICTOR gene and subsequent overexpression of the Rictor protein can result in the activation of mTORC2, which promotes cell survival and migration. Based on recent studies, RICTOR amplification or Rictor overexpression can serve as a marker for mTORC2 activation, which in turn provides a promising druggable target. Although selective inhibitors of Rictor and the Rictor-mTOR association are only in a preclinical phase, they seem to be potent novel approaches to reduce tumor cell migration and metastasis formation. Here, we summarize recent advances that support an important role for Rictor and mTORC2 as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of lung cancer. This is a traditional (narrative) review based on Pubmed and Google Scholar searches for the following keywords: Rictor, RICTOR amplification, mTORC2, Rictor complexes, lung cancer, metastasis, progression, mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatime Szalai
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.S.); (I.K.); (D.M.); (J.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Dániel Sztankovics
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.S.); (I.K.); (D.M.); (J.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Ildikó Krencz
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.S.); (I.K.); (D.M.); (J.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Dorottya Moldvai
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.S.); (I.K.); (D.M.); (J.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Judit Pápay
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.S.); (I.K.); (D.M.); (J.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Sebestyén
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.S.); (I.K.); (D.M.); (J.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Andras Khoor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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14
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Ragupathi A, Kim C, Jacinto E. The mTORC2 signaling network: targets and cross-talks. Biochem J 2024; 481:45-91. [PMID: 38270460 PMCID: PMC10903481 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR, controls cell metabolism in response to growth signals and stress stimuli. The cellular functions of mTOR are mediated by two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. Rapamycin and its analogs are currently used in the clinic to treat a variety of diseases and have been instrumental in delineating the functions of its direct target, mTORC1. Despite the lack of a specific mTORC2 inhibitor, genetic studies that disrupt mTORC2 expression unravel the functions of this more elusive mTOR complex. Like mTORC1 which responds to growth signals, mTORC2 is also activated by anabolic signals but is additionally triggered by stress. mTORC2 mediates signals from growth factor receptors and G-protein coupled receptors. How stress conditions such as nutrient limitation modulate mTORC2 activation to allow metabolic reprogramming and ensure cell survival remains poorly understood. A variety of downstream effectors of mTORC2 have been identified but the most well-characterized mTORC2 substrates include Akt, PKC, and SGK, which are members of the AGC protein kinase family. Here, we review how mTORC2 is regulated by cellular stimuli including how compartmentalization and modulation of complex components affect mTORC2 signaling. We elaborate on how phosphorylation of its substrates, particularly the AGC kinases, mediates its diverse functions in growth, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. We discuss other signaling and metabolic components that cross-talk with mTORC2 and the cellular output of these signals. Lastly, we consider how to more effectively target the mTORC2 pathway to treat diseases that have deregulated mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ragupathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Christian Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
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15
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Tokamov SA, Buiter S, Ullyot A, Scepanovic G, Williams AM, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Horne-Badovinac S, Fehon RG. Cortical tension promotes Kibra degradation via Par-1. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar2. [PMID: 37903240 PMCID: PMC10881160 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of tissue growth. Multiple Hippo signaling components are regulated via proteolytic degradation. However, how these degradation mechanisms are themselves modulated remains unexplored. Kibra is a key upstream pathway activator that promotes its own ubiquitin-mediated degradation upon assembling a Hippo signaling complex. Here, we demonstrate that Hippo complex-dependent Kibra degradation is modulated by cortical tension. Using classical genetic, osmotic, and pharmacological manipulations of myosin activity and cortical tension, we show that increasing cortical tension leads to Kibra degradation, whereas decreasing cortical tension increases Kibra abundance. Our study also implicates Par-1 in regulating Kib abundance downstream of cortical tension. We demonstrate that Par-1 promotes ubiquitin-mediated Kib degradation in a Hippo complex-dependent manner and is required for tension-induced Kib degradation. Collectively, our results reveal a previously unknown molecular mechanism by which cortical tension affects Hippo signaling and provide novel insights into the role of mechanical forces in growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod A. Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Stephan Buiter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Anne Ullyot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Gordana Scepanovic
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Richard G. Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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16
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Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. Molecular Insight into Gastric Cancer Invasion-Current Status and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 38201481 PMCID: PMC10778111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. There has been no efficient therapy for stage IV GC patients due to this disease's heterogeneity and dissemination ability. Despite the rapid advancement of molecular targeted therapies, such as HER2 and immune checkpoint inhibitors, survival of GC patients is still unsatisfactory because the understanding of the mechanism of GC progression is still incomplete. Invasion is the most important feature of GC metastasis, which causes poor mortality in patients. Recently, genomic research has critically deepened our knowledge of which gene products are dysregulated in invasive GC. Furthermore, the study of the interaction of GC cells with the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a principal subject in driving invasion and metastasis. These results are expected to provide a profound knowledge of how biological molecules are implicated in GC development. This review summarizes the advances in our current understanding of the molecular mechanism of GC invasion. We also highlight the future directions of the invasion therapeutics of GC. Compared to conventional therapy using protease or molecular inhibitors alone, multi-therapy targeting invasion plasticity may seem to be an assuring direction for the progression of novel strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 5458585, Japan;
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17
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Bedi A, Choi K, Keane C, Bolger-Munro M, Ambrose AR, Gold MR. WAVE2 Regulates Actin-Dependent Processes Induced by the B Cell Antigen Receptor and Integrins. Cells 2023; 12:2704. [PMID: 38067132 PMCID: PMC10705906 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling by stimulating actin severing, actin polymerization, and the nucleation of branched actin networks via the Arp2/3 complex. This enables B cells to spread on antigen-bearing surfaces in order to increase antigen encounters and to form an immune synapse (IS) when interacting with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although the WASp, N-WASp, and WAVE nucleation-promoting factors activate the Arp2/3 complex, the role of WAVE2 in B cells has not been directly assessed. We now show that both WAVE2 and the Arp2/3 complex localize to the peripheral ring of branched F-actin when B cells spread on immobilized anti-Ig antibodies. The siRNA-mediated depletion of WAVE2 reduced and delayed B cell spreading on immobilized anti-Ig, and this was associated with a thinner peripheral F-actin ring and reduced actin retrograde flow compared to control cells. Depleting WAVE2 also impaired integrin-mediated B cell spreading on fibronectin and the LFA-1-induced formation of actomyosin arcs. Actin retrograde flow amplifies BCR signaling at the IS, and we found that depleting WAVE2 reduced microcluster-based BCR signaling and signal amplification at the IS, as well as B cell activation in response to antigen-bearing cells. Hence, WAVE2 contributes to multiple actin-dependent processes in B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Kate Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Connor Keane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Madison Bolger-Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Ashley R Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
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18
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Quiroga X, Walani N, Disanza A, Chavero A, Mittens A, Tebar F, Trepat X, Parton RG, Geli MI, Scita G, Arroyo M, Le Roux AL, Roca-Cusachs P. A mechanosensing mechanism controls plasma membrane shape homeostasis at the nanoscale. eLife 2023; 12:e72316. [PMID: 37747150 PMCID: PMC10569792 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As cells migrate and experience forces from their surroundings, they constantly undergo mechanical deformations which reshape their plasma membrane (PM). To maintain homeostasis, cells need to detect and restore such changes, not only in terms of overall PM area and tension as previously described, but also in terms of local, nanoscale topography. Here, we describe a novel phenomenon, by which cells sense and restore mechanically induced PM nanoscale deformations. We show that cell stretch and subsequent compression reshape the PM in a way that generates local membrane evaginations in the 100 nm scale. These evaginations are recognized by I-BAR proteins, which triggers a burst of actin polymerization mediated by Rac1 and Arp2/3. The actin polymerization burst subsequently re-flattens the evagination, completing the mechanochemical feedback loop. Our results demonstrate a new mechanosensing mechanism for PM shape homeostasis, with potential applicability in different physiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xarxa Quiroga
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nikhil Walani
- Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Albert Chavero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Alexandra Mittens
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Marino Arroyo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Nord, Carrer de Jordi GironaBarcelonaSpain
- Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anabel-Lise Le Roux
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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19
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Belliveau NM, Footer MJ, Akdoǧan E, van Loon AP, Collins SR, Theriot JA. Whole-genome screens reveal regulators of differentiation state and context-dependent migration in human neutrophils. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5770. [PMID: 37723145 PMCID: PMC10507112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and provide a critical early line of defense as part of our innate immune system. We perform a comprehensive, genome-wide assessment of the molecular factors critical to proliferation, differentiation, and cell migration in a neutrophil-like cell line. Through the development of multiple migration screen strategies, we specifically probe directed (chemotaxis), undirected (chemokinesis), and 3D amoeboid cell migration in these fast-moving cells. We identify a role for mTORC1 signaling in cell differentiation, which influences neutrophil abundance, survival, and migratory behavior. Across our individual migration screens, we identify genes involved in adhesion-dependent and adhesion-independent cell migration, protein trafficking, and regulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. This genome-wide screening strategy, therefore, provides an invaluable approach to the study of neutrophils and provides a resource that will inform future studies of cell migration in these and other rapidly migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Belliveau
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matthew J Footer
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Emel Akdoǧan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aaron P van Loon
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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20
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Sitarska E, Almeida SD, Beckwith MS, Stopp J, Czuchnowski J, Siggel M, Roessner R, Tschanz A, Ejsing C, Schwab Y, Kosinski J, Sixt M, Kreshuk A, Erzberger A, Diz-Muñoz A. Sensing their plasma membrane curvature allows migrating cells to circumvent obstacles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5644. [PMID: 37704612 PMCID: PMC10499897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To navigate through diverse tissues, migrating cells must balance persistent self-propelled motion with adaptive behaviors to circumvent obstacles. We identify a curvature-sensing mechanism underlying obstacle evasion in immune-like cells. Specifically, we propose that actin polymerization at the advancing edge of migrating cells is inhibited by the curvature-sensitive BAR domain protein Snx33 in regions with inward plasma membrane curvature. The genetic perturbation of this machinery reduces the cells' capacity to evade obstructions combined with faster and more persistent cell migration in obstacle-free environments. Our results show how cells can read out their surface topography and utilize actin and plasma membrane biophysics to interpret their environment, allowing them to adaptively decide if they should move ahead or turn away. On the basis of our findings, we propose that the natural diversity of BAR domain proteins may allow cells to tune their curvature sensing machinery to match the shape characteristics in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sitarska
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, EMBL and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Dias Almeida
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Julian Stopp
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jakub Czuchnowski
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Siggel
- EMBL Hamburg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rita Roessner
- EMBL Hamburg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aline Tschanz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, EMBL and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christer Ejsing
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kosinski
- EMBL Hamburg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Kreshuk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Erzberger
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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Yang X, Zeng X, Shu J, Bao H, Liu X. MiR-155 enhances phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages through the mTORC2/RhoA pathway. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34592. [PMID: 37657048 PMCID: PMC10476751 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage phagocytosis is significantly reduced in Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cigarette smoke extract is one of the chief reasons for this decrease. Nevertheless, the specific underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, the role and possible mechanism of miR-155-5p/mTORC2/RhoA in the phagocytosis of mouse alveolar macrophages (MH-S) were explored. Our results revealed that cigarette smoke extract intervention reduced MH-S cell phagocytosis and miR-155-5p expression. Meanwhile, the dual-luciferase reporter assay validated that Rictor is a target of miR-155-5p. On the one hand, transfecting miR-155-5p mimic, mimic NC, miR-155-5p inhibitor, or inhibitor NC in MH-S cells overexpressing miR-155-5p increased the Alveolar macrophage phagocytotic rate, up-regulated the expression level of RhoA and p-RhoA, and down-regulated that of mTOR and Rictor mRNA and protein. On the other hand, inhibiting the expression of miR-155-5p lowered the phagocytotic rate, up-regulated the expression of mTOR, Rictor mRNA, and protein, and down-regulated the expression of RhoA and p-RhoA, which taken together, authenticated that miR-155-5p participates in macrophage phagocytosis via the mTORC2/RhoA pathway. Finally, confocal microscopy demonstrated that cells overexpressing miR-155-5p underwent cytoskeletal rearrangement during phagocytosis, and the phagocytic function of cells was enhanced, signaling that miR-155-5p participated in macrophage skeletal rearrangement and enhanced alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by targeting the expression of Rictor in the mTORC2/RhoA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Shu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hairong Bao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoju Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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22
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Town JP, Weiner OD. Local negative feedback of Rac activity at the leading edge underlies a pilot pseudopod-like program for amoeboid cell guidance. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002307. [PMID: 37747905 PMCID: PMC10553818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To migrate efficiently, neutrophils must polarize their cytoskeletal regulators along a single axis of motion. This polarization process is thought to be mediated through local positive feedback that amplifies leading edge signals and global negative feedback that enables sites of positive feedback to compete for dominance. Though this two-component model efficiently establishes cell polarity, it has potential limitations, including a tendency to "lock" onto a particular direction, limiting the ability of cells to reorient. We use spatially defined optogenetic control of a leading edge organizer (PI3K) to probe how neutrophil-like HL-60 cells balance "decisiveness" needed to polarize in a single direction with the flexibility needed to respond to new cues. Underlying this balancing act is a local Rac inhibition process that destabilizes the leading edge to promote exploration. We show that this local inhibition enables cells to process input signal dynamics, linking front stability and orientation to local temporal increases in input signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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23
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Beta C, Edelstein-Keshet L, Gov N, Yochelis A. From actin waves to mechanism and back: How theory aids biological understanding. eLife 2023; 12:e87181. [PMID: 37428017 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin dynamics in cell motility, division, and phagocytosis is regulated by complex factors with multiple feedback loops, often leading to emergent dynamic patterns in the form of propagating waves of actin polymerization activity that are poorly understood. Many in the actin wave community have attempted to discern the underlying mechanisms using experiments and/or mathematical models and theory. Here, we survey methods and hypotheses for actin waves based on signaling networks, mechano-chemical effects, and transport characteristics, with examples drawn from Dictyostelium discoideum, human neutrophils, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Xenopus laevis oocytes. While experimentalists focus on the details of molecular components, theorists pose a central question of universality: Are there generic, model-independent, underlying principles, or just boundless cell-specific details? We argue that mathematical methods are equally important for understanding the emergence, evolution, and persistence of actin waves and conclude with a few challenges for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Beta
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Nir Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arik Yochelis
- Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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24
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Pal DS, Banerjee T, Lin Y, de Trogoff F, Borleis J, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Actuation of single downstream nodes in growth factor network steers immune cell migration. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1170-1188.e7. [PMID: 37220748 PMCID: PMC10524337 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ras signaling is typically associated with cell growth, but not direct regulation of motility or polarity. By optogenetically targeting different nodes in the Ras/PI3K/Akt network in differentiated human HL-60 neutrophils, we abruptly altered protrusive activity, bypassing the chemoattractant receptor/G-protein network. First, global recruitment of active KRas4B/HRas isoforms or a RasGEF, RasGRP4, immediately increased spreading and random motility. Second, activating Ras at the cell rear generated new protrusions, reversed pre-existing polarity, and steered sustained migration in neutrophils or murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Third, recruiting a RasGAP, RASAL3, to cell fronts extinguished protrusions and changed migration direction. Remarkably, persistent RASAL3 recruitment at stable fronts abrogated directed migration in three different chemoattractant gradients. Fourth, local recruitment of the Ras-mTORC2 effector, Akt, in neutrophils or Dictyostelium amoebae generated new protrusions and rearranged pre-existing polarity. Overall, these optogenetic effects were mTORC2-dependent but relatively independent of PI3K. Thus, receptor-independent, local activations of classical growth-control pathways directly control actin assembly, cell shape, and migration modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tatsat Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiyan Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Félix de Trogoff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, STI School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane Borleis
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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De Belly H, Yan S, Borja da Rocha H, Ichbiah S, Town JP, Zager PJ, Estrada DC, Meyer K, Turlier H, Bustamante C, Weiner OD. Cell protrusions and contractions generate long-range membrane tension propagation. Cell 2023; 186:3049-3061.e15. [PMID: 37311454 PMCID: PMC10330871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane tension is thought to be a long-range integrator of cell physiology. Membrane tension has been proposed to enable cell polarity during migration through front-back coordination and long-range protrusion competition. These roles necessitate effective tension transmission across the cell. However, conflicting observations have left the field divided as to whether cell membranes support or resist tension propagation. This discrepancy likely originates from the use of exogenous forces that may not accurately mimic endogenous forces. We overcome this complication by leveraging optogenetics to directly control localized actin-based protrusions or actomyosin contractions while simultaneously monitoring the propagation of membrane tension using dual-trap optical tweezers. Surprisingly, actin-driven protrusions and actomyosin contractions both elicit rapid global membrane tension propagation, whereas forces applied to cell membranes alone do not. We present a simple unifying mechanical model in which mechanical forces that engage the actin cortex drive rapid, robust membrane tension propagation through long-range membrane flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hudson Borja da Rocha
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Sacha Ichbiah
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Jason P Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J Zager
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dorothy C Estrada
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hervé Turlier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | - Carlos Bustamante
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Jason L. Choy Laboratory of Single-Molecule Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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26
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Itoh T, Tsujita K. Exploring membrane mechanics: The role of membrane-cortex attachment in cell dynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 81:102173. [PMID: 37224683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of plasma membrane (PM) tension in cell dynamics has gained increasing interest in recent years to understand the mechanism by which individual cells regulate their dynamic behavior. Membrane-to-cortex attachment (MCA) is a component of apparent PM tension, and its assembly and disassembly determine the direction of cell motility, controlling the driving forces of migration. There is also evidence that membrane tension plays a role in malignant cancer cell metastasis and stem cell differentiation. Here, we review recent important discoveries that explore the role of membrane tension in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, and discuss the mechanisms of cell dynamics regulated by this physical parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Itoh
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Tsujita
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.
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27
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Li JH, Trivedi V, Diz-Muñoz A. Understanding the interplay of membrane trafficking, cell surface mechanics, and stem cell differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:123-134. [PMID: 35641408 PMCID: PMC9703995 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells can generate a diversity of cell types during development, regeneration and adult tissue homeostasis. Differentiation changes not only the cell fate in terms of gene expression but also the physical properties and functions of cells, e.g. the secretory activity, cell shape, or mechanics. Conversely, these activities and properties can also regulate differentiation itself. Membrane trafficking is known to modulate signal transduction and thus has the potential to control stem cell differentiation. On the other hand, membrane trafficking, particularly from and to the plasma membrane, depends on the mechanical properties of the cell surface such as tension within the plasma membrane or the cortex. Indeed, recent findings demonstrate that cell surface mechanics can also control cell fate. Here, we review the bidirectional relationships between these three fundamental cellular functions, i.e. membrane trafficking, cell surface mechanics, and stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, we discuss commonly used methods in each field and how combining them with new tools will enhance our understanding of their interplay. Understanding how membrane trafficking and cell surface mechanics can guide stem cell fate holds great potential as these concepts could be exploited for directed differentiation of stem cells for the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hui Li
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- EMBL, PRBB, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain,Developmental Biology Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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28
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Pawluchin A, Galic M. Moving through a changing world: Single cell migration in 2D vs. 3D. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1080995. [PMID: 36605722 PMCID: PMC9810339 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1080995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of single adherent cells is frequently observed in the developing and adult organism and has been the subject of many studies. Yet, while elegant work has elucidated molecular and mechanical cues affecting motion dynamics on a flat surface, it remains less clear how cells migrate in a 3D setting. In this review, we explore the changing parameters encountered by cells navigating through a 3D microenvironment compared to cells crawling on top of a 2D surface, and how these differences alter subcellular structures required for propulsion. We further discuss how such changes at the micro-scale impact motion pattern at the macro-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pawluchin
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,CIM-IMRPS Graduate Program, Münster, Germany
| | - Milos Galic
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,*Correspondence: Milos Galic,
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29
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Barger SR, Vorselen D, Gauthier NC, Theriot JA, Krendel M. F-actin organization and target constriction during primary macrophage phagocytosis is balanced by competing activity of myosin-I and myosin-II. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:br24. [PMID: 36129777 PMCID: PMC9727803 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis requires rapid remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton for extension of membrane protrusions and force generation to ultimately drive the engulfment of targets. The detailed mechanisms of phagocytosis have almost exclusively been studied in immortalized cell lines. Here, we make use of high-resolution imaging and novel biophysical approaches to determine the structural and mechanical features of phagocytosis by primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. We find that the signature behavior of these primary cells is distinct from macrophage-like cell lines; specifically, it is gentle, with only weak target constriction and modest polarization of the F-actin distribution inside the phagocytic cup. We show that long-tailed myosins 1e/f are critical for this organization. Deficiency of myo1e/f causes dramatic shifts in F-actin localization, reducing F-actin at the phagocytic cup base and enhancing F-actin-mediated constriction at the cup rim. Surprisingly, these changes can be almost fully reverted upon inhibition of another myosin motor protein, myosin-II. Hence, we show that the biomechanics and large-scale organization of phagocytic cups is tightly regulated through competing contributions from myosin-Ie/f and myosin-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Barger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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30
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Stotsky JA, Othmer HG. The effects of internal forces and membrane heterogeneity on three-dimensional cell shapes. J Math Biol 2022; 86:1. [PMID: 36427179 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The shape of cells and the control thereof plays a central role in a variety of cellular processes, including endo- and exocytosis, cell division and cell movement. Intra- and extracellular forces control the shapes, and while the shape changes in some processes such as exocytosis are intracellularly-controlled and localized in the cell, movement requires force transmission to the environment, and the feedback from it can affect the cell shape and mode of movement used. The shape of a cell is determined by its cytoskeleton (CSK), and thus shape changes involved in various processes involve controlled remodeling of the CSK. While much is known about individual components involved in these processes, an integrated understanding of how intra- and extracellular signals are coupled to the control of the mechanical changes involved is not at hand for any of them. As a first step toward understanding the interaction between intracellular forces imposed on the membrane and cell shape, we investigate the role of distributed surrogates for cortical forces in producing the observed three-dimensional shapes. We show how different balances of applied forces lead to such shapes, that there are different routes to the same end state, and that state transitions between axisymmetric shapes need not all be axisymmetric. Examples of the force distributions that lead to protrusions are given, and the shape changes induced by adhesion of a cell to a surface are studied. The results provide a reference framework for developing detailed models of intracellular force distributions observed experimentally, and provide a basis for studying how movement of a cell in a tissue or fluid is influenced by its shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Stotsky
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 100190, USA.
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 100190, USA
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31
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Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, play essential roles in the innate immune system. As key innate immune cells, neutrophils detect intrusion of pathogens and initiate immune cascades with their functions; swarming (arresting), cytokine production, degranulation, phagocytosis, and projection of neutrophil extracellular trap. Because of their short lifespan and consumption during immune response, neutrophils need to be generated consistently, and generation of newborn neutrophils (granulopoiesis) should fulfill the environmental/systemic demands for training in cases of infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that neutrophils also play important roles in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-mediated immune responses end with apoptosis of the cells, and proper phagocytosis of the apoptotic body (efferocytosis) is crucial for initial and post resolution by producing tolerogenic innate/adaptive immune cells. However, inflammatory cues can impair these cascades, resulting in systemic immune activation; necrotic/pyroptotic neutrophil bodies can aggravate the excessive inflammation, increasing inflammatory macrophage and dendritic cell activation and subsequent TH1/TH17 responses contributing to the regulation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In this review, we briefly introduce recent studies of neutrophil function as players of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
| | - Suh Yeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Corresponding author. Tel: +82-31-290-5914; Fax: +82-31-290-7015; E-mail:
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32
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Yochelis A, Flemming S, Beta C. Versatile Patterns in the Actin Cortex of Motile Cells: Self-Organized Pulses Can Coexist with Macropinocytic Ring-Shaped Waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:088101. [PMID: 36053696 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.088101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-organized patterns in the actin cytoskeleton are essential for eukaryotic cellular life. They are the building blocks of many functional structures that often operate simultaneously to facilitate, for example, nutrient uptake and movement of cells. However, identifying how qualitatively distinct actin patterns can coexist remains a challenge. Using bifurcation theory of a mass conserved activator-inhibitor system, we uncover a generic mechanism of how different actin waves-traveling waves and excitable pulses-organize and simultaneously emerge. Live-cell imaging experiments indeed reveal that narrow, planar, and fast-moving excitable pulses may coexist with ring-shaped macropinocytic actin waves in the cortex of motile amoeboid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Yochelis
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sven Flemming
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Carsten Beta
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
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33
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Horsnell HL, Tetley RJ, De Belly H, Makris S, Millward LJ, Benjamin AC, Heeringa LA, de Winde CM, Paluch EK, Mao Y, Acton SE. Lymph node homeostasis and adaptation to immune challenge resolved by fibroblast network mechanics. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1169-1182. [PMID: 35882934 PMCID: PMC9355877 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Emergent physical properties of tissues are not readily understood by reductionist studies of their constituent cells. Here, we show molecular signals controlling cellular, physical, and structural properties and collectively determine tissue mechanics of lymph nodes, an immunologically relevant adult tissue. Lymph nodes paradoxically maintain robust tissue architecture in homeostasis yet are continually poised for extensive expansion upon immune challenge. We find that in murine models of immune challenge, cytoskeletal mechanics of a cellular meshwork of fibroblasts determine tissue tension independently of extracellular matrix scaffolds. We determine that C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2)-podoplanin signaling regulates the cell surface mechanics of fibroblasts, providing a mechanically sensitive pathway to regulate lymph node remodeling. Perturbation of fibroblast mechanics through genetic deletion of podoplanin attenuates T cell activation. We find that increased tissue tension through the fibroblastic stromal meshwork is required to trigger the initiation of fibroblast proliferation and restore homeostatic cellular ratios and tissue structure through lymph node expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry L Horsnell
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Tetley
- Tissue Mechanics Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henry De Belly
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Spyridon Makris
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lindsey J Millward
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Agnesska C Benjamin
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucas A Heeringa
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte M de Winde
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- Tissue Mechanics Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie E Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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34
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Georgantzoglou A, Poplimont H, Walker HA, Lämmermann T, Sarris M. A two-step search and run response to gradients shapes leukocyte navigation in vivo. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213303. [PMID: 35731205 PMCID: PMC9225946 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells must interpret chemical gradients to guide themselves within tissues. A long-held principle is that gradients guide cells via reorientation of leading-edge protrusions. However, recent evidence indicates that protrusions can be dispensable for locomotion in some contexts, raising questions about how cells interpret endogenous gradients in vivo and whether other mechanisms are involved. Using laser wound assays in zebrafish to elicit acute endogenous gradients and quantitative analyses, we demonstrate a two-stage process for leukocyte chemotaxis in vivo: first a “search” phase, with stimulation of actin networks at the leading edge, cell deceleration, and turning. This is followed by a “run” phase, with fast actin flows, cell acceleration, and persistence. When actin dynamics are perturbed, cells fail to resolve the gradient, suggesting that pure spatial sensing of the gradient is insufficient for navigation. Our data suggest that cell contractility and actin flows provide memory for temporal sensing, while expansion of the leading edge serves to enhance gradient sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Georgantzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugo Poplimont
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hazel A Walker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milka Sarris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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35
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Nomura W, Ng SP, Takahara T, Maeda T, Kawada T, Goto T, Inoue Y. Roles of phosphatidylserine and phospholipase C in the activation of TOR complex 2 signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276172. [PMID: 35912799 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) forms two distinct complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, to exert its functions essential for cellular growth and homeostasis. TORC1 signaling is regulated in response to nutrients such as amino acids and glucose; however, the mechanisms underlying the activation of TORC2 signaling are still poorly understood compared to TORC1 signaling. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC2 targets protein kinases Ypk1, Ypk2, and Pkc1 for phosphorylation. Plasma membrane stress is known to activate the TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling. We have previously reported that methylglyoxal (MG), a metabolite derived from glycolysis, activates TORC2-Pkc1 signaling. In this study, we found that MG activates the TORC2-Ypk1/2 and TORC2-Pkc1 signaling, and that phosphatidylserine is involved in the activation of both signaling pathways. We also demonstrated that the Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 contributes to the plasma membrane stress-induced activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling. Furthermore, we revealed that phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, Plc1, contributes to the activation of both TORC2-Ypk1/2 and TORC2-Pkc1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Su-Ping Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Terunao Takahara
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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36
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Cook S, Lenardo MJ, Freeman AF. HEM1 Actin Immunodysregulatory Disorder: Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Future Directions. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1583-1592. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCells of the innate and adaptive immune systems depend on proper actin dynamics to control cell behavior for effective immune responses. Dysregulated actin networks are known to play a pathogenic role in an increasing number of inborn errors of immunity. The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) mediates branched actin polymerization, a process required for key cellular functions including migration, phagocytosis, vesicular transport, and immune synapse formation. Recent reports of pathogenic variants in NCKAP1L, a hematopoietically restricted gene encoding the HEM1 protein component of the WRC, defined a novel disease involving recurrent bacterial and viral infections, autoimmunity, and excessive inflammation (OMIM 141180). This review summarizes the diverse clinical presentations and immunological phenotypes observed in HEM1-deficient patients. In addition, we integrate the pathophysiological mechanisms described in current literature and highlight the outstanding questions for diagnosis and management of the HEM1 actin immunodysregulatory disorder.
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37
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Wang ZJ, Thomson M. Localization of signaling receptors maximizes cellular information acquisition in spatially structured natural environments. Cell Syst 2022; 13:530-546.e12. [PMID: 35679857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells in natural environments, such as tissue or soil, sense and respond to extracellular ligands with intricately structured and non-monotonic spatial distributions, sculpted by processes such as fluid flow and substrate adhesion. In this work, we show that spatial sensing and navigation can be optimized by adapting the spatial organization of signaling pathways to the spatial structure of the environment. We develop an information-theoretic framework for computing the optimal spatial organization of a sensing system for a given signaling environment. We find that receptor localization previously observed in cells maximizes information acquisition in simulated natural contexts, including tissue and soil. Specifically, information acquisition is maximized when receptors form localized patches at regions of maximal ligand concentration. Receptor localization extends naturally to produce a dynamic protocol for continuously redistributing signaling receptors, which when implemented using simple feedback, boosts cell navigation efficiency by 30-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Jerry Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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38
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De Belly H, Paluch EK, Chalut KJ. Interplay between mechanics and signalling in regulating cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:465-480. [PMID: 35365816 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical signalling affects multiple biological processes during development and in adult organisms, including cell fate transitions, cell migration, morphogenesis and immune responses. Here, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and functions of two main routes of mechanical signalling: outside-in mechanical signalling, such as mechanosensing of substrate properties or shear stresses; and mechanical signalling regulated by the physical properties of the cell surface itself. We discuss examples of how these two classes of mechanical signalling regulate stem cell function, as well as developmental processes in vivo. We also discuss how cell surface mechanics affects intracellular signalling and, in turn, how intracellular signalling controls cell surface mechanics, generating feedback into the regulation of mechanosensing. The cooperation between mechanosensing, intracellular signalling and cell surface mechanics has a profound impact on biological processes. We discuss here our understanding of how these three elements interact to regulate stem cell fate and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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39
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Venkova L, Vishen AS, Lembo S, Srivastava N, Duchamp B, Ruppel A, Williart A, Vassilopoulos S, Deslys A, Garcia Arcos JM, Diz-Muñoz A, Balland M, Joanny JF, Cuvelier D, Sens P, Piel M. A mechano-osmotic feedback couples cell volume to the rate of cell deformation. eLife 2022; 11:72381. [PMID: 35416768 PMCID: PMC9090331 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanics has been a central focus of physical biology in the past decade. In comparison, how cells manage their size is less understood. Here we show that a parameter central to both the physics and the physiology of the cell, its volume, depends on a mechano-osmotic coupling. We found that cells change their volume depending on the rate at which they change shape, when they spontaneously spread are externally deformed. Cells undergo slow deformation at constant volume, while fast deformation leads to volume loss. We propose a mechano-sensitive pump and leak model to explain this phenomenon. Our model and experiments suggest that volume modulation depends on the state of the actin cortex and the coupling of ion fluxes to membrane tension. This mechano-osmotic coupling defines a membrane tension homeostasis module constantly at work in cells, causing volume fluctuations associated with fast cell shape changes, with potential consequences on cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Venkova
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Amit Singh Vishen
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Lembo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nishit Srivastava
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Duchamp
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Artur Ruppel
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Grenoble, France
| | - Alice Williart
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Deslys
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | | | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martial Balland
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Damien Cuvelier
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sens
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
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40
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Kaplan C, Kenny SJ, Chen X, Schöneberg J, Sitarska E, Diz-Muñoz A, Akamatsu M, Xu K, Drubin DG. Load adaptation by endocytic actin networks. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar50. [PMID: 35389747 PMCID: PMC9265150 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-11-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) robustness under elevated membrane tension is maintained by actin assembly-mediated force generation. However, whether more actin assembles at endocytic sites in response to increased load has not previously been investigated. Here actin network ultrastructure at CME sites was examined under low and high membrane tension. Actin and N-WASP spatial organization indicate that actin polymerization initiates at the base of clathrin-coated pits and that the network then grows away from the plasma membrane. Actin network height at individual CME sites was not coupled to coat shape, raising the possibility that local differences in mechanical load feed back on assembly. By manipulating membrane tension and Arp2/3 complex activity we tested the hypothesis that actin assembly at CME sites increases in response to elevated load. Indeed, in response to elevated membrane tension, actin grew higher, resulting in greater coverage of the clathrin coat, and CME slowed. When membrane tension was elevated and the Arp2/3 complex was inhibited, shallow clathrin-coated pits accumulated, indicating that this adaptive mechanism is especially crucial for coat curvature generation. We propose that actin assembly increases in response to increased load to ensure CME robustness over a range of plasma membrane tensions. [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
| | - Sam J Kenny
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
| | - Xuyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220.,Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Ewa Sitarska
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg
| | - Matthew Akamatsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
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41
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Ono Y, Matsuzawa K, Ikenouchi J. mTORC2 suppresses cell death induced by hypo-osmotic stress by promoting sphingomyelin transport. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213090. [PMID: 35319770 PMCID: PMC8952684 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are constantly exposed to osmotic stress. The influx of water molecules into the cell in a hypo-osmotic environment increases plasma membrane tension as it rapidly expands. Therefore, the plasma membrane must be supplied with membrane lipids since expansion beyond its elastic limit will cause the cell to rupture. However, the molecular mechanism to maintain a constant plasma membrane tension is not known. In this study, we found that the apical membrane selectively expands when epithelial cells are exposed to hypo-osmotic stress. This requires the activation of mTORC2, which enhances the transport of secretory vesicles containing sphingomyelin, the major lipid of the apical membrane. We further show that the mTORC2–Rab35 axis plays an essential role in the defense against hypotonic stress by promoting the degradation of the actin cortex through the up-regulation of PI(4,5)P2 metabolism, which facilitates the apical tethering of sphingomyelin-loaded vesicles to relieve plasma membrane tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuzawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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42
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Piccolo EB, Thorp EB, Sumagin R. Functional implications of neutrophil metabolism during ischemic tissue repair. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102191. [PMID: 35276496 PMCID: PMC8995387 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell mobilization and their accumulation in the extravascular space is a key consequence of tissue injury. Maladaptive trafficking and immune activation following reperfusion of ischemic tissue can exacerbate tissue repair. After ischemic injury such as myocardial infarction (MI), PMNs are the first cells to arrive at the sites of insult and their response is critical for the sequential progression of ischemia from inflammation to resolution and finally to tissue repair. However, PMN-induced inflammation can also be detrimental to cardiac function and ultimately lead to heart failure. In this review, we highlight the role of PMNs during key cellular and molecular events of ischemic heart failure. We address new research on PMN metabolism, and how this orchestrates diverse functions such as PMN chemotaxis, degranulation, and phagocytosis. Particular focus is given to PMN metabolism regulation by mitochondrial function and mTOR kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo B Piccolo
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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43
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Garner RM, Theriot JA. Leading edge maintenance in migrating cells is an emergent property of branched actin network growth. eLife 2022; 11:74389. [PMID: 35275060 PMCID: PMC9033267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cell migration is predominantly driven by the coordinated, yet stochastic, polymerization of thousands of nanometer-scale actin filaments across micron-scale cell leading edges. It remains unclear how such inherently noisy processes generate robust cellular behavior. We employed high-speed imaging of migrating neutrophil-like HL-60 cells to explore the fine-scale shape fluctuations that emerge and relax throughout the process of leading edge maintenance. We then developed a minimal stochastic model of the leading edge that reproduces this stable relaxation behavior. Remarkably, we find lamellipodial stability naturally emerges from the interplay between branched actin network growth and leading edge shape – with no additional feedback required – based on a synergy between membrane-proximal branching and lateral spreading of filaments. These results thus demonstrate a novel biological noise-suppression mechanism based entirely on system geometry. Furthermore, our model suggests that the Arp2/3-mediated ~70–80° branching angle optimally smooths lamellipodial shape, addressing its long-mysterious conservation from protists to mammals. In every human cell, there are tens of millions of proteins which work together to control everything from the cell’s shape to its behavior. One of the most abundant proteins is actin, which organizes itself into filaments that mechanically support the cell and help it to move. These filaments are very dynamic, with individual actin molecules constantly being added or removed. This allows the cell to build large structures with distinct shapes and properties. Many motile cells, for example, have a structure called a lamellipodium which protrudes at their ‘leading edge’ and pushes them forward. The lamellipodium has a very robust shape that does not vary much between different cell types, or change significantly as cells migrate. But how the tens of thousands of actin molecules inside the lamellipodium organize themselves into this large, stable structure is not fully understood. To investigate, Garner and Theriot used high-speed video microscopy to track the shape of human cells cultured in the laboratory. As the cells crawled along a glass surface, their leading edge undulated like strings being plucked on a guitar. A computer simulation showed that these ripples can be caused by filaments randomly adding and removing actin molecules. While these random movements could destabilize the structure of the leading edge, the simulation suggests that another aspect of actin filament growth smooths out any fluctuations in the lamellipodium’s shape. Actin networks in the lamellipodium have a branched configuration, with new strands emerging off each other at an angle like branches in a tree. Garner and Theriot found that the specific angle in which new filaments are added smooths out the lamellipodium’s shape, which may explain why this geometry has persisted throughout evolution. These findings suggest that the way in which actin filaments join together helps to maintain the shape of large cellular structures. In the future, scientists could use this design principle to build molecular machines that can self-organize into microstructures. These engineered constructs could be used to modulate the activity of living cells that have been damaged by disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki M Garner
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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44
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Guarnieri R, Reda R, Di Nardo D, Miccoli G, Zanza A, Testarelli L. In Vitro Direct and Indirect Cytotoxicity Comparative Analysis of One Pre-Hydrated versus One Dried Acellular Porcine Dermal Matrix. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051937. [PMID: 35269168 PMCID: PMC8911924 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the direct and indirect cytotoxicity of a porcine dried acellular dermal matrix (PDADM) versus a porcine hydrated acellular dermal matrix (PHADM) in vitro. Both are used for periodontal and peri-implant soft tissue regeneration. Materials and methods: Two standard direct cytotoxicity tests—namely, the Trypan exclusion method (TEM) and the reagent WST-1 test (4-3-[4-iodophenyl]-2-[4-nitrophenyl]-2H-[5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzol-desulphonated)—were performed using human primary mesenchymal stem cells (HPMSCs) seeded directly onto a PDADM and PHADM after seven days. Two standard indirect cytotoxicity tests—namely, lactate dehydrogenase (LTT) and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide)—were performed using HPMSCs cultivated in eluates from the matrices incubated for 0.16 h (10 min), 1 h, and 24 h in a serum-free cell culture medium. Results: The WST and the TEM tests revealed significantly lower direct cytotoxicity values of HPMSCs on the PHADM compared with the PDADM. The indirect cytotoxicity levels were low for both the PHADM and PDADM, peaking in short-term eluates and decreasing with longer incubation times. However, they were lower for the PHADM with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005). Conclusions: The results of the current study demonstrated a different biologic behavior between the PHADM and the PDADM, with the hydrated form showing a lower direct and indirect cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Guarnieri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (R.R.); (G.M.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
- Private Periodontal Implant Practice, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Reda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (R.R.); (G.M.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Dario Di Nardo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (R.R.); (G.M.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriele Miccoli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (R.R.); (G.M.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Alessio Zanza
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (R.R.); (G.M.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (R.R.); (G.M.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
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45
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García-García M, Sánchez-Perales S, Jarabo P, Calvo E, Huyton T, Fu L, Ng SC, Sotodosos-Alonso L, Vázquez J, Casas-Tintó S, Görlich D, Echarri A, Del Pozo MA. Mechanical control of nuclear import by Importin-7 is regulated by its dominant cargo YAP. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1174. [PMID: 35246520 PMCID: PMC8897400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces regulate multiple essential pathways in the cell. The nuclear translocation of mechanoresponsive transcriptional regulators is an essential step for mechanotransduction. However, how mechanical forces regulate the nuclear import process is not understood. Here, we identify a highly mechanoresponsive nuclear transport receptor (NTR), Importin-7 (Imp7), that drives the nuclear import of YAP, a key regulator of mechanotransduction pathways. Unexpectedly, YAP governs the mechanoresponse of Imp7 by forming a YAP/Imp7 complex that responds to mechanical cues through the Hippo kinases MST1/2. Furthermore, YAP behaves as a dominant cargo of Imp7, restricting the Imp7 binding and the nuclear translocation of other Imp7 cargoes such as Smad3 and Erk2. Thus, the nuclear import process is an additional regulatory layer indirectly regulated by mechanical cues, which activate a preferential Imp7 cargo, YAP, which competes out other cargoes, resulting in signaling crosstalk. The translation of mechanical cues into gene expression changes is dependent on the nuclear import of mechanoresponsive transcriptional regulators. Here the authors identify that Importin-7 drives the nuclear import of one such regulator YAP while YAP then controls Importin-7 response to mechanical cues and restricts Importin-7 binding to other cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-García
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory. Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sánchez-Perales
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory. Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Jarabo
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avda. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Proteomics Unit. Area of Vascular Physiopathology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Trevor Huyton
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liran Fu
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sheung Chun Ng
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Sotodosos-Alonso
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory. Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Proteomics Unit. Area of Vascular Physiopathology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dirk Görlich
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Asier Echarri
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory. Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory. Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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46
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Rawle DJ, Dumenil T, Tang B, Bishop CR, Yan K, Le TT, Suhrbier A. Microplastic consumption induces inflammatory signatures in the colon and prolongs a viral arthritis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152212. [PMID: 34890673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global microplastic (MP) contamination and the effects on the environment are well described. However, the potential for MP consumption to affect human health remains controversial. Mice consuming ≈80 μg/kg/day of 1 μm polystyrene MPs via their drinking water showed no weight loss, nor were MPs detected in internal organs. The microbiome was also not significantly changed. MP consumption did lead to small transcriptional changes in the colon suggesting plasma membrane perturbations and mild inflammation. Mice were challenged with the arthritogenic chikungunya virus, with MP consumption leading to a significantly prolonged arthritic foot swelling that was associated with elevated Th1, NK cell and neutrophil signatures. Immunohistochemistry also showed a significant increase in the ratio of neutrophils to monocyte/macrophages. The picture that emerges is reminiscent of enteropathic arthritis, whereby perturbations in the colon are thought to activate innate lymphoid cells that can inter alia migrate to joint tissues to promote inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Bing Tang
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Cameron R Bishop
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Thuy T Le
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 and 4072, Australia.
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47
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Mierke CT. Viscoelasticity, Like Forces, Plays a Role in Mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:789841. [PMID: 35223831 PMCID: PMC8864183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.789841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelasticity and its alteration in time and space has turned out to act as a key element in fundamental biological processes in living systems, such as morphogenesis and motility. Based on experimental and theoretical findings it can be proposed that viscoelasticity of cells, spheroids and tissues seems to be a collective characteristic that demands macromolecular, intracellular component and intercellular interactions. A major challenge is to couple the alterations in the macroscopic structural or material characteristics of cells, spheroids and tissues, such as cell and tissue phase transitions, to the microscopic interferences of their elements. Therefore, the biophysical technologies need to be improved, advanced and connected to classical biological assays. In this review, the viscoelastic nature of cytoskeletal, extracellular and cellular networks is presented and discussed. Viscoelasticity is conceptualized as a major contributor to cell migration and invasion and it is discussed whether it can serve as a biomarker for the cells’ migratory capacity in several biological contexts. It can be hypothesized that the statistical mechanics of intra- and extracellular networks may be applied in the future as a powerful tool to explore quantitatively the biomechanical foundation of viscoelasticity over a broad range of time and length scales. Finally, the importance of the cellular viscoelasticity is illustrated in identifying and characterizing multiple disorders, such as cancer, tissue injuries, acute or chronic inflammations or fibrotic diseases.
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Brunetti RM, Kockelkoren G, Raghavan P, Bell GR, Britain D, Puri N, Collins SR, Leonetti MD, Stamou D, Weiner OD. WASP integrates substrate topology and cell polarity to guide neutrophil migration. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202104046. [PMID: 34964841 PMCID: PMC8719638 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To control their movement, cells need to coordinate actin assembly with the geometric features of their substrate. Here, we uncover a role for the actin regulator WASP in the 3D migration of neutrophils. We show that WASP responds to substrate topology by enriching to sites of inward, substrate-induced membrane deformation. Superresolution imaging reveals that WASP preferentially enriches to the necks of these substrate-induced invaginations, a distribution that could support substrate pinching. WASP facilitates recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex to these sites, stimulating local actin assembly that couples substrate features with the cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, WASP only enriches to membrane deformations in the front half of the cell, within a permissive zone set by WASP's front-biased regulator Cdc42. While WASP KO cells exhibit relatively normal migration on flat substrates, they are defective at topology-directed migration. Our data suggest that WASP integrates substrate topology with cell polarity by selectively polymerizing actin around substrate-induced membrane deformations in the front half of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gabriele Kockelkoren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preethi Raghavan
- University of California, Berkeley–University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - George R.R. Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Derek Britain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natasha Puri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sean R. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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mTOR Signaling Components in Tumor Mechanobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031825. [PMID: 35163745 PMCID: PMC8837098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central signaling hub that integrates networks of nutrient availability, cellular metabolism, and autophagy in eukaryotic cells. mTOR kinase, along with its upstream regulators and downstream substrates, is upregulated in most human malignancies. At the same time, mechanical forces from the tumor microenvironment and mechanotransduction promote cancer cells’ proliferation, motility, and invasion. mTOR signaling pathway has been recently found on the crossroads of mechanoresponsive-induced signaling cascades to regulate cell growth, invasion, and metastasis in cancer cells. In this review, we examine the emerging association of mTOR signaling components with certain protein tools of tumor mechanobiology. Thereby, we highlight novel mechanisms of mechanotransduction, which regulate tumor progression and invasion, as well as mechanisms related to the therapeutic efficacy of antitumor drugs.
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Cruz-Zárate D, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Martínez-Vargas IU, Santos-Argumedo L. Myosin 1g and 1f: A Prospective Analysis in NK Cell Functions. Front Immunol 2022; 12:760290. [PMID: 34970258 PMCID: PMC8712487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are contained in the ILC1 group; they are recognized for their antiviral and antitumor cytotoxic capacity; NK cells also participate in other immune response processes through cytokines secretion. However, the mechanisms that regulate these functions are poorly understood since NK cells are not as abundant as other lymphocytes, which has made them difficult to study. Using public databases, we identified that NK cells express mRNA encoding class I myosins, among which Myosin 1g and Myosin 1f are prominent. Therefore, this mini-review aims to generate a model of the probable participation of Myosin 1g and 1f in NK cells, based on information reported about the function of these myosins in other leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cruz-Zárate
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irving Ulises Martínez-Vargas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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