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Mohammadi S, Seyedalipour B, Hashemi SZ, Hosseinkhani S, Mohseni M. Implications of ALS-Associated Mutations on Biochemical and Biophysical Features of hSOD1 and Aggregation Formation. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10619-y. [PMID: 38196030 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
One of the recognized motor neuron degenerative disorders is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). By now, several mutations have been reported and linked to ALS patients, some of which are induced by mutations in the human superoxide dismutase (hSOD1) gene. The ALS-provoking mutations are located throughout the structure of hSOD1 and promote the propensity to aggregate. Despite numerous investigations, the underlying mechanism related to the toxicity of mutant hSOD1 through the gain of a toxic function is still vague. We surveyed two mutant forms of hSOD1 by removing and adding cysteine at positions 146 and 72, respectively, to investigate the biochemical characterization and amyloid formation. Our findings predicted the harmful and destabilizing impact of two SOD1 mutants using multiple programs. The specific activity of the wild-type form was about 1.42- and 1.92-fold higher than that of C146R and G72C mutants, respectively. Comparative structural studies using CD spectropolarimetry, and intrinsic and ANS fluorescence showed alterations in secondary structure content, exposure of hydrophobic patches, and structural compactness of WT-hSOD1 vs. mutants. We demonstrated that two mutants were able to promote amyloid-like aggregates under amyloid induction circumstances (50-mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 0.2-M KSCN, 50-mM DTT, 37 °C, 190 rpm). Monitoring aggregates were done using an enhancement in thioflavin T fluorescence and alterations in Congo red absorption. The mutants accelerated fibrillation with subsequently greater fluorescence amplitude and a shorter lag time compared to WT-SOD1. These findings support the aggregation of ALS-associated SOD1 mutants as an integral part of ALS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeede Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Bagher Seyedalipour
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Zohreh Hashemi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mohseni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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2
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Elmansy MF, Reidl CT, Rahaman M, Özdinler PH, Silverman RB. Small molecules targeting different cellular pathologies for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2260-2302. [PMID: 37243319 PMCID: PMC10592673 DOI: 10.1002/med.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease in which the motor neuron circuitry displays progressive degeneration, affecting mostly the motor neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord. There are no effective cures, albeit three drugs, riluzole, edaravone, and AMX0035 (a combination of sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol), have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, with limited improvement in patients. There is an urgent need to build better and more effective treatment strategies for ALS. Since the disease is very heterogenous, numerous approaches have been explored, such as targeting genetic mutations, decreasing oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, enhancing mitochondrial function and protein degradation mechanisms, and inhibiting neuroinflammation. In addition, various chemical libraries or previously identified drugs have been screened for potential repurposing in the treatment of ALS. Here, we review previous drug discovery efforts targeting a variety of cellular pathologies that occur from genetic mutations that cause ALS, such as mutations in SOD1, C9orf72, FUS, and TARDP-43 genes. These mutations result in protein aggregation, which causes neuronal degeneration. Compounds used to target cellular pathologies that stem from these mutations are discussed and comparisons among different preclinical models are presented. Because the drug discovery landscape for ALS and other motor neuron diseases is changing rapidly, we also offer recommendations for a novel, more effective, direction in ALS drug discovery that could accelerate translation of effective compounds from animals to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Elmansy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cory T. Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Mizzanoor Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - P. Hande Özdinler
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Furukawa Y, Shintani A, Narikiyo S, Sue K, Akutsu M, Muraki N. Characterization of a novel cysteine-less Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase in Paenibacillus lautus missing a conserved disulfide bond. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105040. [PMID: 37442237 PMCID: PMC10432803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) is an enzyme that binds a copper and zinc ion and also forms an intramolecular disulfide bond. Together with the copper ion as the active site, the disulfide bond is completely conserved among these proteins; indeed, the disulfide bond plays critical roles in maintaining the catalytically competent conformation of CuZnSOD. Here, we found that a CuZnSOD protein in Paenibacillus lautus (PaSOD) has no Cys residue but exhibits a significant level of enzyme activity. The crystal structure of PaSOD revealed hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions in substitution for the disulfide bond of the other CuZnSOD proteins. Also notably, we determined that PaSOD forms a homodimer through an additional domain with a novel fold at the N terminus. While the advantages of lacking Cys residues and adopting a novel dimer configuration remain obscure, PaSOD does not require a disulfide-introducing/correcting system for maturation and could also avoid misfolding caused by aberrant thiol oxidations under an oxidative environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kaori Sue
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Akutsu
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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4
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Evidence and Metabolic Implications for a New Non-Canonical Role of Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043230. [PMID: 36834640 PMCID: PMC9966940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) has long been recognized as a major redox enzyme in scavenging superoxide radicals. However, there is little information on its non-canonical role and metabolic implications. Using a protein complementation assay (PCA) and pull-down assay, we revealed novel protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between SOD1 and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) or epsilon (YWHAE) in this research. Through site-directed mutagenesis of SOD1, we studied the binding conditions of the two PPIs. Forming the SOD1 and YWHAE or YWHAZ protein complex enhanced enzyme activity of purified SOD1 in vitro by 40% (p < 0.05) and protein stability of over-expressed intracellular YWHAE (18%, p < 0.01) and YWHAZ (14%, p < 0.05). Functionally, these PPIs were associated with lipolysis, cell growth, and cell survival in HEK293T or HepG2 cells. In conclusion, our findings reveal two new PPIs between SOD1 and YWHAE or YWHAZ and their structural dependences, responses to redox status, mutual impacts on the enzyme function and protein degradation, and metabolic implications. Overall, our finding revealed a new unorthodox role of SOD1 and will provide novel perspectives and insights for diagnosing and treating diseases related to the protein.
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5
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Tounsi S, Jemli S, Feki K, Brini F, Najib Saïdi M. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) family in durum wheat: promising candidates for improving crop resilience. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:145-158. [PMID: 35484428 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The SOD family has been extensively analyzed at genome wide level in several crops. However, little is known about this family in durum wheat. In this study, a total of 14 TdSOD genes were identified in whole durum wheat genome including 8 TdCu-ZnSODs, 2 TdMnSODs, and 4 TdFeSODs. In silico analysis evinced that TdSOD family members displayed a closer evolutionary relationship, similar gene structure and protein features with their homologs from other plant species. Furthermore, the analysis of their promoter regions revealed the presence of a great number of cis-regulatory elements related to plant development, abiotic and biotic stresses, phytohormones, and several potential binding sites for transcription factors. Interestingly, 3D structure analysis revealed that TdCu-ZnSOD2A-2 and TdCu-ZnSOD2B-2, belonging to the Cu-Zn group, were modeled as copper chaperone for SOD like their homologs from rice and Arabidopsis. The expression profile of eight TdSOD candidate genes was investigated under salt, drought, cold, and ABA treatments. Notably, TdCu-ZnSOD2A-1, TdFeSOD4A-1, and TdFeSOD7A-1 were significantly up-regulated under all stress treatments. On the other hand, TdCu-ZnSOD7B and TdMnSOD2B were strongly expressed in roots and leaves under cold stress and TdCu-ZnSOD2B-2 was particularly up-regulated in leaves under ABA treatment. Ultimately, these findings provide valuable information for the identification of attractive candidate genes to improve wheat resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tounsi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, B.P "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sonia Jemli
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology Enzymatic and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, P.O Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kaouthar Feki
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystem (L2AD), Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP901, 2050, Hammam‑Lif, Tunisia
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, B.P "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Najib Saïdi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, B.P "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
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6
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Baek Y, Woo TG, Ahn J, Lee D, Kwon Y, Park BJ, Ha NC. Structural analysis of the overoxidized Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase in ROS-induced ALS filament formation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1085. [PMID: 36224351 PMCID: PMC9556535 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is primarily responsible for cytotoxic filament formation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) neurons. Two cysteine residues in SOD1 form an intramolecular disulfide bond. This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism of SOD1 filament formation by cysteine overoxidation in sporadic ALS (sALS). In this study, we determined the crystal structure of the double mutant (C57D/C146D) SOD1 that mimics the overoxidation of the disulfide-forming cysteine residues. The structure revealed the open and relaxed conformation of loop IV containing the mutated Asp57. The double mutant SOD1 produced more contagious filaments than wild-type protein, promoting filament formation of the wild-type SOD1 proteins. Importantly, we further found that HOCl treatment to the wild-type SOD1 proteins facilitated their filament formation. We propose a feasible mechanism for SOD1 filament formation in ALS from the wild-type SOD1, suggesting that overoxidized SOD1 is a triggering factor of sALS. Our findings extend our understanding of other neurodegenerative disorders associated with ROS stresses at the molecular level. Characterization of the structure of an overoxidation-mimicking double mutant of superoxide dismutase SOD1 shows the production of more cytotoxic filaments seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongjin Baek
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Woo
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsook Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukwon Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghoon Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Lee J, Dalton RA, Dennison C. Copper delivery to an endospore coat protein of Bacillus subtilis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:916114. [PMID: 36133923 PMCID: PMC9484137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.916114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of cytosolic copper (Cu) storage proteins (the Csps) bind large quantities of Cu(I) via their Cys-lined four-helix bundles, and the majority are cytosolic (Csp3s). The presence of Csp3s in many bacteria appears inconsistent with the current dogma that bacteria, unlike eukaryotes, have evolved not to maintain intracellular pools of Cu due to its potential toxicity. Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis has been used to investigate if a Csp3 binds Cu(I) in the cytosol for a target enzyme. The activity of the Cu-requiring endospore multi-Cu oxidase BsCotA (a laccase) increases under Cu-replete conditions in wild type B. subtilis. In the strain lacking BsCsp3 lower BsCotA activity is observed and is unaffected by Cu levels. BsCsp3 loaded with Cu(I) readily activates apo-BsCotA in vitro. Experiments with a high affinity Cu(I) chelator demonstrate that Cu(I) transfer from Cu(I)-BsCsp3 must occur via an associative mechanism. BsCsp3 and BsCotA are both upregulated during late sporulation. We hypothesise that BsCsp3 acquires cuprous ions in the cytosol of B. subtilis for BsCotA.
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8
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Abd Al Moaty M, El Ashry ESH, Awad LF, Mostafa A, Abu-Serie MM, Teleb M. Harnessing ROS-Induced Oxidative Stress for Halting Colorectal Cancer via Thiazolidinedione-Based SOD Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21267-21279. [PMID: 35755340 PMCID: PMC9219103 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on the "canonical" view of reactive oxygen species' (ROS) contribution to carcinogenesis, ROS induce oxidative stress and promote various tumor progression events. However, tumor cells also need to defend themselves against oxidative damage. This "heresy" was supported by several recent studies underlining the role of cellular antioxidant capacity in promoting metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Accordingly, harnessing the ROS-induced oxidative stress via selective suppression of the cancer antioxidant defense machinery has been launched as an innovative anticancer strategy. Within this approach, pharmacological inhibition of superoxide dismutases (SODs), the first-line defense antioxidant enzymes for cancer cells, selectively kills tumor cells and circumvents their acquired resistance. Various SOD inhibitors have been introduced, of which some were tolerated in clinical trials. However, the hit SOD inhibitors belong to diverse chemical classes and lack comprehensive structure-activity relationships (SAR). Herein, we probe the potential of newly synthesized benzylidene thiazolidinedione derivatives to inhibit SOD in colorectal cancer with special emphasis on their effects on correlated antioxidant enzymes aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This may possibly bring a new dawn for utilizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in cancer therapy through SOD inhibition mechanisms. The preliminary 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that all of the evaluated TZDs exhibited excellent safety profiles on normal human cells, recording an EC100 of up to 47.5-folds higher than that of doxorubicin. Compounds 3c, 6a, and 6e (IC50 = 4.4-4.7 μM) were superior to doxorubicin and other derivatives against Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells within their safe doses. The hit anticancer agents inhibited SOD (IC50 = 97.2-228.8 μM). Then, they were selected for further in-depth evaluation on the cellular level. The anticancer IC50 doses of 3c, 6a, and 6e diminished the antioxidant activities of SOD (by 29.7, 70.1, and 33.3%, respectively), ALDH1A (by 85.92, 95.84, and 86.48%, respectively), and GPX (by 50.17, 87.03, and 53.28%, respectively) in the treated Caco-2 cells, elevating the Caco-2 cellular content of ROS by 21.42, 7.863, and 8.986-folds, respectively. Docking simulations were conducted to display their possible binding modes and essential structural features. Also, their physicochemical parameters and pharmacokinetic profiles formulating drug-likeness were computed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - El Sayed H. El Ashry
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Laila Fathy Awad
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Mostafa
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Abu-Serie
- Medical
Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research
Institute, City of Scientific Research and
Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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9
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Wang LQ, Ma Y, Yuan HY, Zhao K, Zhang MY, Wang Q, Huang X, Xu WC, Dai B, Chen J, Li D, Zhang D, Wang Z, Zou L, Yin P, Liu C, Liang Y. Cryo-EM structure of an amyloid fibril formed by full-length human SOD1 reveals its conformational conversion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3491. [PMID: 35715417 PMCID: PMC9205981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease. Misfolded Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) has been linked to both familial and sporadic ALS. SOD1 fibrils formed in vitro share toxic properties with ALS inclusions. Here we produced cytotoxic amyloid fibrils from full-length apo human SOD1 under reducing conditions and determined the atomic structure using cryo-EM. The SOD1 fibril consists of a single protofilament with a left-handed helix. The fibril core exhibits a serpentine fold comprising N-terminal segment (residues 3–55) and C-terminal segment (residues 86–153) with an intrinsic disordered segment. The two segments are zipped up by three salt bridge pairs. By comparison with the structure of apo SOD1 dimer, we propose that eight β-strands (to form a β-barrel) and one α-helix in the subunit of apo SOD1 convert into thirteen β-strands stabilized by five hydrophobic cavities in the SOD1 fibril. Our data provide insights into how SOD1 converts between structurally and functionally distinct states. Misfolded SOD1 has been linked to both familial and sporadic ALS. Here the authors have determined the cryo-EM structure of SOD1 fibrils, providing insights into the conversion of SOD1 from its immature form into an aggregated form during pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yeyang Ma
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201210, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Ye Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201210, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Ya Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), 518020, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Chang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Dai
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China.,Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Delin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), 518020, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China. .,Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, China.
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10
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Calabrese G, Molzahn C, Mayor T. Protein interaction networks in neurodegenerative diseases: from physiological function to aggregation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102062. [PMID: 35623389 PMCID: PMC9234719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of protein inclusions is linked to many neurodegenerative diseases that typically develop in older individuals, due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In rare familial neurodegenerative disorders, genes encoding for aggregation-prone proteins are often mutated. While the underlying mechanism leading to these diseases still remains to be fully elucidated, efforts in the past 20 years revealed a vast network of protein–protein interactions that play a major role in regulating the aggregation of key proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Misfolded proteins that can oligomerize and form insoluble aggregates associate with molecular chaperones and other elements of the proteolytic machineries that are the frontline workers attempting to protect the cells by promoting clearance and preventing aggregation. Proteins that are normally bound to aggregation-prone proteins can become sequestered and mislocalized in protein inclusions, leading to their loss of function. In contrast, mutations, posttranslational modifications, or misfolding of aggregation-prone proteins can lead to gain of function by inducing novel or altered protein interactions, which in turn can impact numerous essential cellular processes and organelles, such as vesicle trafficking and the mitochondria. This review examines our current knowledge of protein–protein interactions involving several key aggregation-prone proteins that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We aim to provide an overview of the protein interaction networks that play a central role in driving or mitigating inclusion formation, while highlighting some of the key proteomic studies that helped to uncover the extent of these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Calabrese
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada.
| | - Cristen Molzahn
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Thibault Mayor
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada.
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11
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The pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding and epigenetics. Brain Res 2022; 1786:147904. [PMID: 35390335 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with multiple complex mechanisms involved. Among them, mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in ALS. Multiple studies have shown that mitochondria are closely associated with reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress and exhibit different functional states in different genetic backgrounds. In this review we explored the roles of Ca2+, autophagy, mitochondrial quality control in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and their relationship with ALS. In addition, we also summarized and analyzed the roles of protein misfolding and abnormal aggregation in the pathogenesis of ALS. Moreover, we also discussed how epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and protein post-translational modification affect initiation and progression of ALS. Nevertheless, existing events still cannot fully explain the pathogenesis of ALS at present, more studies are required to explore pathological mechanisms of ALS.
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12
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Tajiri M, Aoki H, Shintani A, Sue K, Akashi S, Furukawa Y. Metal distribution in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase revealed by native mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 183:60-68. [PMID: 35314356 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a homodimer with two identical subunits, each of which binds a copper and zinc ion in the native state. In contrast to such a text book case, SOD1 proteins purified in vitro or even in vivo have been often reported to bind a non-stoichiometric amount of the metal ions. Nonetheless, it is difficult to probe how those metal ions are distributed in the two identical subunits. By utilizing native mass spectrometry, we showed here that addition of a sub-stoichiometric copper/zinc ion to SOD1 led to the formation of a homodimer with a stochastic combination of the subunits binding 0, 1, and even 2 metal ions. We also found that the homodimer was able to bind four copper or four zinc ions, implying the binding of a copper and zinc ion at the canonical zinc and copper site, respectively. Such ambiguity in the metal quota and selectivity could be avoided when an intra-subunit disulfide bond in SOD1 was reduced before addition of the metal ions. Apo-SOD1 in the disulfide-reduced state was monomeric and was found to bind only one zinc ion per monomer. By binding a zinc ion, the disulfide-reduced SOD1 became conformationally compact and acquired the ability to dimerize. Based upon the results in vitro, we describe the pathway in vivo enabling SOD1 to bind copper and zinc ions with high accuracy in their quota and selectivity. A failure of correct metallation in SOD1 will also be discussed in relation to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Tajiri
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroto Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shintani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kaori Sue
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Satoko Akashi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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13
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Martinez-Banaclocha M. N-Acetyl-Cysteine: Modulating the Cysteine Redox Proteome in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020416. [PMID: 35204298 PMCID: PMC8869501 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, significant progress in understanding the pathophysiology of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases has been made. However, the prevention and treatment of these diseases remain without clinically significant therapeutic advancement. While we still hope for some potential genetic therapeutic approaches, the current reality is far from substantial progress. With this state of the issue, emphasis should be placed on early diagnosis and prompt intervention in patients with increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases to slow down their progression, poor prognosis, and decreasing quality of life. Accordingly, it is urgent to implement interventions addressing the psychosocial and biochemical disturbances we know are central in managing the evolution of these disorders. Genomic and proteomic studies have shown the high molecular intricacy in neurodegenerative diseases, involving a broad spectrum of cellular pathways underlying disease progression. Recent investigations indicate that the dysregulation of the sensitive-cysteine proteome may be a concurrent pathogenic mechanism contributing to the pathophysiology of major neurodegenerative diseases, opening new therapeutic opportunities. Considering the incidence and prevalence of these disorders and their already significant burden in Western societies, they will become a real pandemic in the following decades. Therefore, we propose large-scale investigations, in selected groups of people over 40 years of age with decreased blood glutathione levels, comorbidities, and/or mild cognitive impairment, to evaluate supplementation of the diet with low doses of N-acetyl-cysteine, a promising and well-tolerated therapeutic agent suitable for long-term use.
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14
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McAlary L, Shephard VK, Wright GSA, Yerbury JJ. A copper chaperone-mimetic polytherapy for SOD1-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101612. [PMID: 35065969 PMCID: PMC8885447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which motor neurons progressively and rapidly degenerate, eventually leading to death. The first protein found to contain ALS-associated mutations was copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), which is conformationally stable when it contains its metal ligands and has formed its native intramolecular disulfide. Mutations in SOD1 reduce protein folding stability via disruption of metal binding and/or disulfide formation, resulting in misfolding, aggregation, and ultimately cellular toxicity. A great deal of effort has focused on preventing the misfolding and aggregation of SOD1 as a potential therapy for ALS; however, the results have been mixed. Here, we utilize a small-molecule polytherapy of diacetylbis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) (CuATSM) and ebselen to mimic the metal delivery and disulfide bond promoting activity of the cellular chaperone of SOD1, the “copper chaperone for SOD1.” Using microscopy with automated image analysis, we find that polytherapy using CuATSM and ebselen is highly effective and acts in synergy to reduce inclusion formation in a cell model of SOD1 aggregation for multiple ALS-associated mutants. Polytherapy reduces mutant SOD1-associated cell death, as measured by live-cell microscopy. Measuring dismutase activity via zymography and immunoblotting for disulfide formation showed that polytherapy promoted more effective maturation of transfected SOD1 variants beyond either compound alone. Our data suggest that a polytherapy of CuATSM and ebselen may merit more study as an effective method of treating SOD1-associated ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McAlary
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - V K Shephard
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - G S A Wright
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J J Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Furukawa Y. A pathological link between dysregulated copper binding in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:73-77. [PMID: 36213785 PMCID: PMC9519421 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene coding Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are linked to a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and its pathological hallmark includes abnormal accumulation of mutant SOD1 proteins in spinal motorneurons. Mutant SOD1 proteins are considered to be susceptible to misfolding, resulting in the accumulation as oligomers/aggregates. While it remains obscure how and why SOD1 becomes misfolded under pathological conditions in vivo, the failure to bind a copper and zinc ion in SOD1 in vitro leads to the significant destabilization of its natively folded structure. Therefore, genetic and pharmacological attempts to promote the metal binding in mutant SOD1 could serve as an effective treatment of ALS. Here, I briefly review the copper and zinc binding process of SOD1 in vivo and discuss a copper chaperone for SOD1 as a potential target for developing ALS therapeutics.
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16
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Maung MT, Carlson A, Olea-Flores M, Elkhadragy L, Schachtschneider KM, Navarro-Tito N, Padilla-Benavides T. The molecular and cellular basis of copper dysregulation and its relationship with human pathologies. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21810. [PMID: 34390520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox-active enzymes involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions. Transporters and chaperones control Cu ion levels and bioavailability to ensure proper subcellular and systemic Cu distribution. Intensive research has focused on understanding how mammalian cells maintain Cu homeostasis, and how molecular signals coordinate Cu acquisition and storage within organs. In humans, mutations of genes that regulate Cu homeostasis or facilitate interactions with Cu ions lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Malfunctions of the Cu+ -transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B cause Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Additionally, defects in the mitochondrial and cellular distributions and homeostasis of Cu lead to severe neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic diseases. Cu has a dual nature in carcinogenesis as a promotor of tumor growth and an inducer of redox stress in cancer cells. Cu also plays role in cancer treatment as a component of drugs and a regulator of drug sensitivity and uptake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Cu metabolism and transport and its relation to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T Maung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
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17
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Phenotypic diversity in ALS and the role of poly-conformational protein misfolding. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:41-55. [PMID: 32930869 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many types of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), mutations cause proteins to gain toxic properties that mediate neurodegenerative processes. It is becoming increasingly clear that the proteins involved in ALS, and those responsible for a host of other neurodegenerative diseases, share many characteristics with a growing number of prion diseases. ALS is a heterogenous disease in which the majority of cases are sporadic in their etiology. Studies investigating the inherited forms of the disease are now beginning to provide evidence that some of this heterogeneity may be due to the existence of distinct conformations that ALS-linked proteins can adopt to produce the equivalent of prion strains. In this review, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo evidence that has been generated to better understand the characteristics of these proteins and how their tertiary structure may impact the disease phenotype.
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18
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Molecular and pharmacological chaperones for SOD1. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1795-1806. [PMID: 32794552 PMCID: PMC7458393 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) folding impacts neuronal loss in motor system neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations can prevent SOD1 post-translational processing leading to misfolding and cytoplasmic aggregation in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Evidence of immature, wild-type SOD1 misfolding has also been observed in sporadic ALS, non-SOD1 familial ALS and Parkinson's disease. The copper chaperone for SOD1 (hCCS) is a dedicated and specific chaperone that assists SOD1 folding and maturation to produce the active enzyme. Misfolded or misfolding prone SOD1 also interacts with heat shock proteins and macrophage migration inhibitory factor to aid folding, refolding or degradation. Recognition of specific SOD1 structures by the molecular chaperone network and timely dissociation of SOD1-chaperone complexes are, therefore, important steps in SOD1 processing. Harnessing these interactions for therapeutic benefit is actively pursued as is the modulation of SOD1 behaviour with pharmacological and peptide chaperones. This review highlights the structural and mechanistic aspects of a selection of SOD1-chaperone interactions together with their impact on disease models.
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19
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Sea KW, Taylor AB, Thomas ST, Liba A, Bergman IB, Holloway SP, Cao X, Gralla EB, Valentine JS, Hart PJ, Galaleldeen A. A pH Switch Controls Zinc Binding in Tomato Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1597-1608. [PMID: 33961402 PMCID: PMC8754426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a major antioxidant metalloenzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage by superoxide anions (O2-). Structural, biophysical, and other characteristics have in the past been compiled for mammalian SOD1s and for the highly homologous fungal and bovine SOD1s. Here, we characterize the biophysical properties of a plant SOD1 from tomato chloroplasts and present several of its crystal structures. The most unusual of these structures is a structure at low pH in which tSOD1 harbors zinc in the copper-binding site but contains no metal in the zinc-binding site. The side chain of D83, normally a zinc ligand, adopts an alternate rotameric conformation to form an unusual bidentate hydrogen bond with the side chain of D124, precluding metal binding in the zinc-binding site. This alternate conformation of D83 appears to be responsible for the previously observed pH-dependent loss of zinc from the zinc-binding site of SOD1. Titrations of cobalt into apo tSOD1 at a similar pH support the lack of an intact zinc-binding site. Further characterization of tSOD1 reveals that it is a weaker dimer relative to human SOD1 and that it can be activated in vivo through a copper chaperone for the SOD1-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Sea
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California 95401
| | - Alexander B. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Susan T. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Amir Liba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Isabelle B. Bergman
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary’s University, San Antonio, TX 78228
| | - Stephen P. Holloway
- Department of Biochemistry and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Xiaohang Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Edith B. Gralla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Joan S. Valentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - P. John Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Ahmad Galaleldeen
- Department of Biochemistry and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary’s University, San Antonio, TX 78228
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20
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Wright GSA. Bacterial evolutionary precursors of eukaryotic copper-zinc superoxide dismutases. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3789-3803. [PMID: 34021750 PMCID: PMC8382915 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization of a bacteria by an archaeal cell expedited eukaryotic evolution. An important feature of the species that diversified into the great variety of eukaryotic life visible today was the ability to combat oxidative stress with a copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) enzyme activated by a specific, high-affinity copper chaperone. Adoption of a single protein interface that facilitates homodimerization and heterodimerization was essential; however, its evolution has been difficult to rationalize given the structural differences between bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes. In contrast, no consistent strategy for the maturation of periplasmic bacterial CuZnSODs has emerged. Here, 34 CuZnSODs are described that closely resemble the eukaryotic form but originate predominantly from aquatic bacteria. Crystal structures of a Bacteroidetes bacterium CuZnSOD portray both prokaryotic and eukaryotic characteristics and propose a mechanism for self-catalyzed disulfide maturation. Unification of a bacterial but eukaryotic-like CuZnSOD along with a ferredoxin-fold MXCXXC copper-binding domain within a single polypeptide created the advanced copper delivery system for CuZnSODs exemplified by the human copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase-1. The development of this system facilitated evolution of large and compartmentalized cells following endosymbiotic eukaryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth S A Wright
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Trist BG, Hilton JB, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ, Double KL. Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Health and Disease: How a Frontline Antioxidant Becomes Neurotoxic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9215-9246. [PMID: 32144830 PMCID: PMC8247289 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a frontline antioxidant enzyme catalysing superoxide breakdown and is important for most forms of eukaryotic life. The evolution of aerobic respiration by mitochondria increased cellular production of superoxide, resulting in an increased reliance upon SOD1. Consistent with the importance of SOD1 for cellular health, many human diseases of the central nervous system involve perturbations in SOD1 biology. But far from providing a simple demonstration of how disease arises from SOD1 loss-of-function, attempts to elucidate pathways by which atypical SOD1 biology leads to neurodegeneration have revealed unexpectedly complex molecular characteristics delineating healthy, functional SOD1 protein from that which likely contributes to central nervous system disease. This review summarises current understanding of SOD1 biology from SOD1 genetics through to protein function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Trist
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of PharmacologyThe University of Sydney, CamperdownSydneyNew South Wales2050Australia
| | - James B. Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of PharmacologyThe University of Sydney, CamperdownSydneyNew South Wales2050Australia
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
- Atomic Medicine InitiativeThe University of Technology SydneyBroadwayNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of PharmacologyThe University of Sydney, CamperdownSydneyNew South Wales2050Australia
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22
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ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040391. [PMID: 33917579 PMCID: PMC8067471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.
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23
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Iwakawa N, Morimoto D, Walinda E, Leeb S, Shirakawa M, Danielsson J, Sugase K. Transient Diffusive Interactions with a Protein Crowder Affect Aggregation Processes of Superoxide Dismutase 1 β-Barrel. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2521-2532. [PMID: 33657322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aggregate formation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) inside motor neurons is known as a major factor in onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The thermodynamic stability of the SOD1 β-barrel has been shown to decrease in crowded environments such as inside a cell, but it remains unclear how the thermodynamics of crowding-induced protein destabilization relate to SOD1 aggregation. Here we have examined the effects of a protein crowder, lysozyme, on fibril aggregate formation of the SOD1 β-barrel. We found that aggregate formation of SOD1 is decelerated even in mildly crowded solutions. Intriguingly, transient diffusive interactions with lysozyme do not significantly affect the static structure of the SOD1 β-barrel but stabilize an alternative excited "invisible" state. The net effect of crowding is to favor species off the aggregation pathway, thereby explaining the decelerated aggregation in the crowded environment. Our observations suggest that the intracellular environment may have a similar negative (inhibitory) effect on fibril formation of other amyloidogenic proteins in living cells. Deciphering how crowded intracellular environments affect aggregation and fibril formation of such disease-associated proteins will probably become central in understanding the exact role of aggregation in the etiology of these enigmatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Iwakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daichi Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Erik Walinda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sarah Leeb
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jens Danielsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenji Sugase
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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24
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Pereira GRC, Vieira BDAA, De Mesquita JF. Comprehensive in silico analysis and molecular dynamics of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) variants related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247841. [PMID: 33630959 PMCID: PMC7906464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disorder, with a significant social and economic burden. ALS remains incurable, and the only drugs approved for its treatments confers a survival benefit of a few months for the patients. Missense mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a major cytoplasmic antioxidant enzyme, has been associated with ALS development, accounting for 23% of its familial cases and 7% of all sporadic cases. This work aims to characterize in silico the structural and functional effects of SOD1 protein variants. Missense mutations in SOD1 were compiled from the literature and databases. Twelve algorithms were used to predict the functional and stability effects of these mutations. ConSurf was used to estimate the evolutionary conservation of SOD1 amino-acids. GROMACS was used to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of SOD1 wild-type and variants A4V, D90A, H46R, and I113T, which account for approximately half of all ALS-SOD1 cases in the United States, Europe, Japan, and United Kingdom, respectively. 233 missense mutations in SOD1 protein were compiled from the databases and literature consulted. The predictive analyses pointed to an elevated rate of deleterious and destabilizing predictions for the analyzed variants, indicating their harmful effects. The ConSurf analysis suggested that mutations in SOD1 mainly affect conserved and possibly functionally essential amino acids. The MD analyses pointed to flexibility and essential dynamics alterations at the electrostatic and metal-binding loops of variants A4V, D90A, H46R, and I113T that could lead to aberrant interactions triggering toxic protein aggregation. These alterations may have harmful implications for SOD1 and explain their association with ALS. Understanding the effects of SOD1 mutations on protein structure and function facilitates the design of further experiments and provides relevant information on the molecular mechanism of pathology, which may contribute to improvements in existing treatments for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rodrigues Coutinho Pereira
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Joelma Freire De Mesquita
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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25
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Furukawa Y. Good and Bad of Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase Controlled by Metal Ions and Disulfide Bonds. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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26
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Choi ES, Dokholyan NV. SOD1 oligomers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 66:225-230. [PMID: 33465527 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying nonnative, trimeric forms of SOD1 trimers as the toxic species, rather than large aggregates revolutionizes our understanding of ALS pathophysiology. Large protein aggregates, what was previously thought as the central cause of neurodegeneration, play protective role and are not responsible for neuronal death. SOD1 trimers are implicated at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level. Understanding the formation of the nonnative trimer and its role in the cell, leading to cell death, holds the key to developing a new standard of therapeutics for ALS and for other neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights recent advances of knowledge for the role of SOD1 oligomers in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther S Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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27
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Trist BG, Hilton JB, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ, Double KL. Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Health and Disease: How a Frontline Antioxidant Becomes Neurotoxic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Trist
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology The University of Sydney, Camperdown Sydney New South Wales 2050 Australia
| | - James B. Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology The University of Sydney, Camperdown Sydney New South Wales 2050 Australia
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- Atomic Medicine Initiative The University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology The University of Sydney, Camperdown Sydney New South Wales 2050 Australia
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28
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Klein F, Cáceres D, Carrasco MA, Tapia JC, Caballero J, Alzate-Morales J, Pantano S. Coarse-Grained Parameters for Divalent Cations within the SIRAH Force Field. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3935-3943. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Klein
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Daniela Cáceres
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingenierı́a, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Mónica A. Carrasco
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Tapia
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingenierı́a, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Jans Alzate-Morales
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingenierı́a, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Sergio Pantano
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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29
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Wright GSA, Watanabe TF, Amporndanai K, Plotkin SS, Cashman NR, Antonyuk SV, Hasnain SS. Purification and Structural Characterization of Aggregation-Prone Human TDP-43 Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases. iScience 2020; 23:101159. [PMID: 32480125 PMCID: PMC7262455 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mislocalization, cleavage, and aggregation of the human protein TDP-43 is found in many neurodegenerative diseases. As is the case with many other proteins that are completely or partially structurally disordered, production of full-length recombinant TDP-43 in the quantities necessary for structural characterization has proved difficult. We show that the full-length TDP-43 protein and two truncated N-terminal constructs 1-270 and 1-263 can be heterologously expressed in E. coli. Full-length TDP-43 could be prevented from aggregation during purification using a detergent. Crystals grown from an N-terminal construct (1-270) revealed only the N-terminal domain (residues 1-80) with molecules arranged as parallel spirals with neighboring molecules arranged in head-to-tail fashion. To obtain detergent-free, full-length TDP-43 we mutated all six tryptophan residues to alanine. This provided sufficient soluble protein to collect small-angle X-ray scattering data. Refining relative positions of individual domains and intrinsically disordered regions against this data yielded a model of full-length TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth S A Wright
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Tatiana F Watanabe
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Kangsa Amporndanai
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven S Plotkin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil R Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Svetlana V Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - S Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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30
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Luchinat E, Barbieri L, Campbell TF, Banci L. Real-Time Quantitative In-Cell NMR: Ligand Binding and Protein Oxidation Monitored in Human Cells Using Multivariate Curve Resolution. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9997-10006. [PMID: 32551584 PMCID: PMC7735651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In-cell NMR can investigate
protein conformational changes at atomic
resolution, such as those changes induced by drug binding or chemical
modifications, directly in living human cells, and therefore has great
potential in the context of drug development as it can provide an
early assessment of drug potency. NMR bioreactors can greatly improve
the cell sample stability over time and, more importantly, allow for
recording in-cell NMR data in real time to monitor the evolution of
intracellular processes, thus providing unique insights into the kinetics
of drug-target interactions. However, current implementations are
limited by low cell viability at >24 h times, the reduced sensitivity
compared to “static” experiments and the lack of protocols
for automated and quantitative analysis of large amounts of data.
Here, we report an improved bioreactor design which maintains human
cells alive and metabolically active for up to 72 h, and a semiautomated
workflow for quantitative analysis of real-time in-cell NMR data relying
on Multivariate Curve Resolution. We apply this setup to monitor protein–ligand
interactions and protein oxidation in real time. High-quality concentration
profiles can be obtained from noisy 1D and 2D NMR data with high temporal
resolution, allowing further analysis by fitting with kinetic models.
This unique approach can therefore be applied to investigate complex
kinetic behaviors of macromolecules in a cellular setting, and could
be extended in principle to any real-time NMR application in live
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy.,Center for Colloids and Surface Science - CSGI, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
| | - Letizia Barbieri
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metalloproteins - CIRMMP, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
| | - Timothy F Campbell
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
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31
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Abstract
Few proteins have come under such intense scrutiny as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1). For almost a century, scientists have dissected its form, function and then later its malfunction in the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now know SOD1 is a zinc and copper metalloenzyme that clears superoxide as part of our antioxidant defence and respiratory regulation systems. The possibility of reduced structural integrity was suggested by the first crystal structures of human SOD1 even before deleterious mutations in the sod1 gene were linked to the ALS. This concept evolved in the intervening years as an impressive array of biophysical studies examined the characteristics of mutant SOD1 in great detail. We now recognise how ALS-related mutations perturb the SOD1 maturation processes, reduce its ability to fold and reduce its thermal stability and half-life. Mutant SOD1 is therefore predisposed to monomerisation, non-canonical self-interactions, the formation of small misfolded oligomers and ultimately accumulation in the tell-tale insoluble inclusions found within the neurons of ALS patients. We have also seen that several post-translational modifications could push wild-type SOD1 down this toxic pathway. Recently we have come to view ALS as a prion-like disease where both the symptoms, and indeed SOD1 misfolding itself, are transmitted to neighbouring cells. This raises the possibility of intervention after the initial disease presentation. Several small-molecule and biologic-based strategies have been devised which directly target the SOD1 molecule to change the behaviour thought to be responsible for ALS. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the many biophysical advances that sculpted our view of SOD1 biology and the recent work that aims to apply this knowledge for therapeutic outcomes in ALS.
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32
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McAlary L, Plotkin SS, Yerbury JJ, Cashman NR. Prion-Like Propagation of Protein Misfolding and Aggregation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:262. [PMID: 31736708 PMCID: PMC6838634 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that prion protein can misfold into a pathological conformation that encodes structural information capable of both propagation and inducing severe neuropathology has revolutionized our understanding of neurodegenerative disease. Many neurodegenerative diseases with a protein misfolding component are now classified as “prion-like” owing to the propagation of both symptoms and protein aggregation pathology in affected individuals. The neuromuscular disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by protein inclusions formed by either TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), or fused in sarcoma (FUS), in both upper and lower motor neurons. Evidence from in vitro, cell culture, and in vivo studies has provided strong evidence to support the involvement of a prion-like mechanism in ALS. In this article, we review the evidence suggesting that prion-like propagation of protein aggregation is a primary pathomechanism in ALS, focusing on the key proteins and genes involved in disease (TDP-43, SOD1, FUS, and C9orf72). In each case, we discuss the evidence ranging from biophysical studies to in vivo examinations of prion-like spreading. We suggest that the idiopathic nature of ALS may stem from its prion-like nature and that elucidation of the specific propagating protein assemblies is paramount to developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke McAlary
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven S Plotkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Genome Sciences and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Justin J Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil R Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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33
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Theotoki EI, Velentzas AD, Katarachia SA, Papandreou NC, Kalavros NI, Pasadaki SN, Giannopoulou AF, Giannios P, Iconomidou VA, Konstantakou EG, Anastasiadou E, Papassideri IS, Stravopodis DJ. Targeting of copper-trafficking chaperones causes gene-specific systemic pathology in Drosophila melanogaster: prospective expansion of mutational landscapes that regulate tumor resistance to cisplatin. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.046961. [PMID: 31575544 PMCID: PMC6826294 DOI: 10.1242/bio.046961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper, a transition metal, is an essential component for normal growth and development. It acts as a critical co-factor of many enzymes that play key roles in diverse cellular processes. The present study attempts to investigate the regulatory functions decisively controlling copper trafficking during development and aging of the Drosophila model system. Hence, through engagement of the GAL4/UAS genetic platform and RNAi technology, we herein examined the in vivo significance of Atox1 and CCS genes, products of which pivotally govern cellular copper trafficking in fly tissue pathophysiology. Specifically, we analyzed the systemic effects of their targeted downregulation on the eye, wing, neuronal cell populations and whole-body tissues of the fly. Our results reveal that, in contrast to the eye, suppression of their expression in the wing leads to a notable increase in the percentage of malformed organs observed. Furthermore, we show that Atox1 or CCS gene silencing in either neuronal or whole-body tissues can critically affect the viability and climbing capacity of transgenic flies, while their double-genetic targeting suggests a rather synergistic mode of action of the cognate protein products. Interestingly, pharmacological intervention with the anti-cancer drug cisplatin indicates the major contribution of CCS copper chaperone to cisplatin's cellular trafficking, and presumably to tumor resistance often acquired during chemotherapy. Altogether, it seems that Atox1 and CCS proteins serve as tissue/organ-specific principal regulators of physiological Drosophila development and aging, while their tissue-dependent downregulation can provide important insights for Atox1 and CCS potential exploitation as predictive gene biomarkers of cancer-cell chemotherapy responses. Summary: We demonstrate the essential roles of Atox1 and CCS copper-trafficking chaperones in Drosophila development and aging. We also provide insights for their therapeutic exploitation as cisplatin regulators during cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni I Theotoki
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Athanassios D Velentzas
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Stamatia A Katarachia
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Nikos C Papandreou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Nikolas I Kalavros
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Sofia N Pasadaki
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Aikaterini F Giannopoulou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Giannios
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Vassiliki A Iconomidou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Eumorphia G Konstantakou
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center (MGHCC), Charlestown, Massachusetts (MA) 021004, USA
| | - Ema Anastasiadou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Issidora S Papassideri
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Dimitrios J Stravopodis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens 15701, Greece
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34
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Skopp A, Boyd SD, Ullrich MS, Liu L, Winkler DD. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Sod1) activation terminates interaction between its copper chaperone (Ccs) and the cytosolic metal-binding domain of the copper importer Ctr1. Biometals 2019; 32:695-705. [PMID: 31292775 PMCID: PMC6647829 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Sod1) is a critical antioxidant enzyme that rids the cell of reactive oxygen through the redox cycling of a catalytic copper ion provided by its copper chaperone (Ccs). Ccs must first acquire this copper ion, directly or indirectly, from the influx copper transporter, Ctr1. The three proteins of this transport pathway ensure careful trafficking of copper ions from cell entry to target delivery, but the intricacies remain undefined. Biochemical examination of each step in the pathway determined that the activation of the target (Sod1) regulates the Ccs·Ctr1 interaction. Ccs stably interacts with the cytosolic C-terminal tail of Ctr1 (Ctr1c) in a copper-dependent manner. This interaction becomes tripartite upon the addition of an engineered immature form of Sod1 creating a stable Cu(I)-Ctr1c·Ccs·Sod1 heterotrimer in solution. This heterotrimer can also be made by the addition of a preformed Sod1·Ccs heterodimer to Cu(I)-Ctr1c, suggestive of multiple routes to the same destination. Only complete Sod1 activation (i.e. active site copper delivery and intra-subunit disulfide bond formation) breaks the Sod1·Ccs·Ctr1c complex. The results provide a new and extended view of the Sod1 activation pathway(s) originating at cellular copper import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Skopp
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Stefanie D Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Morgan S Ullrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Duane D Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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35
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Puchkova LV, Broggini M, Polishchuk EV, Ilyechova EY, Polishchuk RS. Silver Ions as a Tool for Understanding Different Aspects of Copper Metabolism. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1364. [PMID: 31213024 PMCID: PMC6627586 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, copper is an important micronutrient because it is a cofactor of ubiquitous and brain-specific cuproenzymes, as well as a secondary messenger. Failure of the mechanisms supporting copper balance leads to the development of neurodegenerative, oncological, and other severe disorders, whose treatment requires a detailed understanding of copper metabolism. In the body, bioavailable copper exists in two stable oxidation states, Cu(I) and Cu(II), both of which are highly toxic. The toxicity of copper ions is usually overcome by coordinating them with a wide range of ligands. These include the active cuproenzyme centers, copper-binding protein motifs to ensure the safe delivery of copper to its physiological location, and participants in the Cu(I) ↔ Cu(II) redox cycle, in which cellular copper is stored. The use of modern experimental approaches has allowed the overall picture of copper turnover in the cells and the organism to be clarified. However, many aspects of this process remain poorly understood. Some of them can be found out using abiogenic silver ions (Ag(I)), which are isoelectronic to Cu(I). This review covers the physicochemical principles of the ability of Ag(I) to substitute for copper ions in transport proteins and cuproenzyme active sites, the effectiveness of using Ag(I) to study copper routes in the cells and the body, and the limitations associated with Ag(I) remaining stable in only one oxidation state. The use of Ag(I) to restrict copper transport to tumors and the consequences of large-scale use of silver nanoparticles for human health are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila V Puchkova
- Laboratory of Trace elements metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St.-Petersburg 197101, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov str., 12, St.-Petersburg 197376, Russia.
- Department of Biophysics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29, St.-Petersburg 195251, Russia.
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Trace elements metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St.-Petersburg 197101, Russia.
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, Milan 20156, Italy.
| | - Elena V Polishchuk
- Laboratory of Trace elements metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St.-Petersburg 197101, Russia.
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (NA) 80078, Italy.
| | - Ekaterina Y Ilyechova
- Laboratory of Trace elements metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St.-Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - Roman S Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (NA) 80078, Italy.
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