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Lee YJ, Kim M, Kim HS, Kang JL. Administration of Gas6 attenuates lung fibrosis via inhibition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast activation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:20. [PMID: 38578518 PMCID: PMC10997547 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibroblast activation are major events in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis. Here, we investigated whether growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) plays a protective role in lung fibrosis via suppression of the EMT and fibroblast activation. rGas6 administration inhibited the EMT in isolated mouse ATII cells 14 days post-BLM treatment based on morphologic cellular alterations, changes in mRNA and protein expression profiles of EMT markers, and induction of EMT-activating transcription factors. BLM-induced increases in gene expression of fibroblast activation-related markers and the invasive capacity of primary lung fibroblasts in primary lung fibroblasts were reversed by rGas6 administration. Furthermore, the hydroxyproline content and collagen accumulation in interstitial areas with damaged alveolar structures in lung tissue were reduced by rGas6 administration. Targeting Gas6/Axl signaling events with specific inhibitors of Axl (BGB324), COX-2 (NS-398), EP1/EP2 receptor (AH-6809), or PGD2 DP2 receptor (BAY-u3405) reversed the inhibitory effects of rGas6 on EMT and fibroblast activation. Finally, we confirmed the antifibrotic effects of Gas6 using Gas6-/- mice. Therefore, Gas6/Axl signaling events play a potential role in inhibition of EMT process and fibroblast activation via COX-2-derived PGE2 and PGD2 production, ultimately preventing the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-Ro 2-Gil, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07804, Korea
- Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-Ro 2-Gil, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07804, Korea
| | - Minsuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-Ro 2-Gil, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07804, Korea
- Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-Ro 2-Gil, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07804, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-Ro 2-Gil, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07804, Korea
- Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-Ro 2-Gil, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07804, Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-Ro 2-Gil, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07804, Korea.
- Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-Ro 2-Gil, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07804, Korea.
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Sosnowski DK, Jamieson KL, Darwesh AM, Zhang H, Keshavarz-Bahaghighat H, Valencia R, Viveiros A, Edin ML, Zeldin DC, Oudit GY, Seubert JM. Changes in the Left Ventricular Eicosanoid Profile in Human Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879209. [PMID: 35665247 PMCID: PMC9160304 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Metabolites derived from N−3 and N−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the heart. However, contribution of these lipid mediators to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)-associated mitochondrial dysfunction remains unknown. This study aimed to characterize DCM-specific alterations in the PUFA metabolome in conjunction with cardiac mitochondrial quality in human explanted heart tissues. Methods Left ventricular tissues obtained from non-failing control (NFC) or DCM explanted hearts, were assessed for N−3 and N−6 PUFA metabolite levels using LC-MS/MS. mRNA and protein expression of CYP2J2, CYP2C8 and epoxide hydrolase enzymes involved in N−3 and N−6 PUFA metabolism were quantified. Cardiac mitochondrial quality was assessed by transmission electron microscopy, measurement of respiratory chain complex activities and oxygen consumption (respiratory control ratio, RCR) during ADP-stimulated ATP production. Results Formation of cardioprotective CYP-derived lipid mediators, epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs), and their corresponding diols were enhanced in DCM hearts. These findings were corroborated by increased expression of CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 enzymes, as well as microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase enzymes, suggesting enhanced metabolic flux and EpFA substrate turnover. DCM hearts demonstrated marked damage to mitochondrial ultrastructure and attenuated mitochondrial function. Incubation of fresh DCM cardiac fibers with the protective EpFA, 19,20-EDP, significantly improved mitochondrial function. Conclusions The current study demonstrates that increased expressions of CYP-epoxygenase enzymes and epoxide hydrolases in the DCM heart correspond with enhanced PUFA-derived EpFA turnover. This is accompanied by severe mitochondrial functional impairment which can be rescued by the administration of exogenous EpFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna K. Sosnowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - K. Lockhart Jamieson
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ahmed M. Darwesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Robert Valencia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew L. Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John M. Seubert
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: John M. Seubert
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Chiang KC, Rizk JG, Nelson DJ, Krishnamurti L, Subbian S, Imig JD, Khan I, Reddy ST, Gupta A. Ramatroban for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: David takes on Goliath. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:13-28. [PMID: 35068281 PMCID: PMC10119876 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2031975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In COVID-19 pneumonia, there is a massive increase in fatty acid levels and lipid mediators with a predominance of cyclooxygenase metabolites, notably TxB2 ≫ PGE2 > PGD2 in the lungs, and 11-dehydro-TxB2, a TxA2 metabolite, in the systemic circulation. While TxA2 stimulates thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors, 11-dehydro-TxB2 is a full agonist of DP2 (formerly known as the CRTh2) receptors for PGD2. Anecdotal experience of using ramatroban, a dual receptor antagonist of the TxA2/TP and PGD2/DP2 receptors, demonstrated rapid symptomatic relief from acute respiratory distress and hypoxemia while avoiding hospitalization. AREAS COVERED Evidence supporting the role of TxA2/TP receptors and PGD2/DP2 receptors in causing rapidly progressive lung injury associated with hypoxemia, a maladaptive immune response and thromboinflammation is discussed. An innovative perspective on the dual antagonism of TxA2/TP and PGD2/DP2 receptor signaling as a therapeutic approach in COVID-19 is presented. This paper examines ramatroban an anti-platelet, immunomodulator, and antifibrotic agent for acute and long-haul COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Ramatroban, a dual blocker of TP and DP2 receptors, has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of respiratory dysfunction, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and sepsis, as well as preliminary evidence for rapid relief from dyspnea and hypoxemia in COVID-19 pneumonia. Ramatroban merits investigation as a promising antithrombotic and immunomodulatory agent for chemoprophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G. Rizk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Arizona State University, Edson College, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Lakshmanan Krishnamurti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School and Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John D. Imig
- Drug Discovery Center and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Departments of Medicine, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Charak Foundation, Orange, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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Liu Q, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Yao X. Increased Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids and Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids After Treatment of Iodide Intake Adjustment and 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D 3 Supplementation in High Iodide Intake-Induced Hypothyroid Offspring Rats. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669652. [PMID: 34381374 PMCID: PMC8352438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the potential role of fatty acids in high iodide intake-induced hypothyroidism and its complications and also in the intervention of iodide intake adjustment and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] supplementation. Methods: Pregnant rats were allocated to two groups, namely, normal iodide (NI, 7.5 μg/day) intake and 100 times higher-than-normal iodide (100 HI, 750 μg/day) intake. The offspring were continuously administered potassium iodide from weaning [i.e., postnatal day 21 (PN21)] to PN90. After PN90, the offspring were either administered iodide intake adjustment (7.5 μg/day) or 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation (5 μg·kg-1·day-1), or both, for 4 weeks. Thyroid function tests (free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyrotropin, thyroid peroxidase antibody, and thyroglobulin antibody), blood lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acid, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and vitamin D3 (VD3) levels were detected by ELISA. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography. Blood pressure was measured using a non-invasive tail-cuff system. The serum fatty acids profile was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: In the offspring rats with continued 100 HI administration, the levels of 8,9-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (8,9-DHET) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were decreased, while those of prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), prostaglandin B2 (PGB2), 4-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (4-HDoHE), 7-HDoHE, 8-HDoHE, and 20-HDoHE were increased. Significant correlations were found between PGB2, 8,9-DHET, 7-HDoHE levels and thyroid dysfunction, between PGJ2, 20-HDoHE, PGB2, 8,9-DHET levels and cardiac dysfunction, between PGJ2, 20-HDoHE levels and hypertension, between 4-HDoHE, 8-HDoHE, TXB2 levels and dyslipidemia, and between PGB2 and decreased VD3 level. After the treatment of iodide intake adjustment and 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation, the levels of 16-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (16-HETE), 18-HETE, 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET), 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, 14,15-EET, PGE2, 5-oxo-ETE, and 15-oxo-ETE were increased. The significant associations between PGE2, 16-HETE, 18-HETE and improved thyroid function and also between 5,6-EET, 11,12-EET, 14,15-EET, 16-HETE, 15-oxo-ETE and attenuated dyslipidemia were detected. Conclusion: Increased levels of prostaglandins (PGs) and HDoHEs and decreased levels of 8,9-DHET and TXB2 might occur in the progression of cardiac dysfunction, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in high iodide intake-induced hypothyroidism. The increased levels of EETs and HETEs might help to ameliorate these complications after iodide intake adjustment and 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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