1
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Korb A, Tajbakhsh S, Comai GE. Functional specialisation and coordination of myonuclei. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1164-1195. [PMID: 38477382 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Myofibres serve as the functional unit for locomotion, with the sarcomere as fundamental subunit. Running the entire length of this structure are hundreds of myonuclei, located at the periphery of the myofibre, juxtaposed to the plasma membrane. Myonuclear specialisation and clustering at the centre and ends of the fibre are known to be essential for muscle contraction, yet the molecular basis of this regionalisation has remained unclear. While the 'myonuclear domain hypothesis' helped explain how myonuclei can independently govern large cytoplasmic territories, novel technologies have provided granularity on the diverse transcriptional programs running simultaneously within the syncytia and added a new perspective on how myonuclei communicate. Building upon this, we explore the critical cellular and molecular sources of transcriptional and functional heterogeneity within myofibres, discussing the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on myonuclear programs. This knowledge provides new insights for understanding muscle development, repair, and disease, but also opens avenues for the development of novel and precise therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Korb
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Glenda E Comai
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, F-75015, France
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2
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Kuriki M, Korb A, Comai G, Tajbakhsh S. Interplay between Pitx2 and Pax7 temporally governs specification of extraocular muscle stem cells. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1010935. [PMID: 38875306 PMCID: PMC11178213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks that act upstream of skeletal muscle fate determinants are distinct in different anatomical locations. Despite recent efforts, a clear understanding of the cascade of events underlying the emergence and maintenance of the stem cell pool in specific muscle groups remains unresolved and debated. Here, we invalidated Pitx2 with multiple Cre-driver mice prenatally, postnatally, and during lineage progression. We showed that this gene becomes progressively dispensable for specification and maintenance of the muscle stem (MuSC) cell pool in extraocular muscles (EOMs) despite being, together with Myf5, a major upstream regulator during early development. Moreover, constitutive inactivation of Pax7 postnatally led to a greater loss of MuSCs in the EOMs compared to the limb. Thus, we propose a relay between Pitx2, Myf5 and Pax7 for EOM stem cell maintenance. We demonstrate also that MuSCs in the EOMs adopt a quiescent state earlier that those in limb muscles and do not spontaneously proliferate in the adult, yet EOMs have a significantly higher content of Pax7+ MuSCs per area pre- and post-natally. Finally, while limb MuSCs proliferate in the mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, significantly less MuSCs were present in the EOMs of the mdx mouse model compared to controls, and they were not proliferative. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive in vivo characterisation of MuSC heterogeneity along the body axis and brings further insights into the unusual sparing of EOMs during muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Kuriki
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Amaury Korb
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Glenda Comai
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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3
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Fritzsch B. Evolution and development of extraocular motor neurons, nerves and muscles in vertebrates. Ann Anat 2024; 253:152225. [PMID: 38346566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to analyze the origin of ocular motor neurons, define the pattern of innervation of nerve fibers that project to the extraocular eye muscles (EOMs), describe congenital disorders that alter the development of ocular motor neurons, and provide an overview of vestibular pathway inputs to ocular motor nuclei. Six eye muscles are innervated by axons of three ocular motor neurons, the oculomotor (CNIII), trochlear (CNIV), and abducens (CNVI) neurons. Ocular motor neurons (CNIII) originate in the midbrain and innervate the ipsilateral orbit, except for the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae, which are contralaterally innervated. Trochlear motor neurons (CNIV) originate at the midbrain-hindbrain junction and innervate the contralateral superior oblique muscle. Abducens motor neurons (CNVI) originate variously in the hindbrain of rhombomeres r4-6 that innervate the posterior (or lateral) rectus muscle and innervate the retractor bulbi. Genes allow a distinction between special somatic (CNIII, IV) and somatic (CNVI) ocular motor neurons. Development of ocular motor neurons and their axonal projections to the EOMs may be derailed by various genetic causes, resulting in the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motor neurons innervate EOMs while the vestibular nuclei connect with the midbrain-brainstem motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA.
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4
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Schiaffino S, Hughes SM, Murgia M, Reggiani C. MYH13, a superfast myosin expressed in extraocular, laryngeal and syringeal muscles. J Physiol 2024; 602:427-443. [PMID: 38160435 DOI: 10.1113/jp285714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
MYH13 is a unique type of sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MYH) first detected in mammalian extraocular (EO) muscles and later also in vocal muscles, including laryngeal muscles of some mammals and syringeal muscles of songbirds. All these muscles are specialized in generating very fast contractions while producing relatively low force, a design appropriate for muscles acting against a much lower load than most skeletal muscles inserting into the skeleton. The definition of the physiological properties of muscle fibres containing MYH13 has been complicated by the mixed fibre type composition of EO muscles and the coexistence of different MYH types within the same fibre. A major advance in this area came from studies on isolated recombinant myosin motors and the demonstration that the affinity of actin-bound human MYH13 for ADP is much weaker than those of fast-type MYH1 (type 2X) and MYH2 (type 2A). This property is consistent with a very fast detachment of myosin from actin, a major determinant of shortening velocity. The MYH13 gene arose early during vertebrate evolution but was characterized only in mammals and birds and appears to have been lost in some teleost fish. The MYH13 gene is located at the 3' end of the mammalian fast/developmental gene cluster and in a similar position to the orthologous cluster in syntenic regions of the songbird genome. MYH13 gene regulation is controlled by a super-enhancer in the mammalian locus and deletion of the neighbouring fast MYH1 and MYH4 genes leads to abnormal MYH13 expression in mouse leg muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Marta Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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5
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Blain R, Couly G, Shotar E, Blévinal J, Toupin M, Favre A, Abjaghou A, Inoue M, Hernández-Garzón E, Clarençon F, Chalmel F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Giacobini P, Gitton Y, Chédotal A. A tridimensional atlas of the developing human head. Cell 2023; 186:5910-5924.e17. [PMID: 38070509 PMCID: PMC10783631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The evolution and development of the head have long captivated researchers due to the crucial role of the head as the gateway for sensory stimuli and the intricate structural complexity of the head. Although significant progress has been made in understanding head development in various vertebrate species, our knowledge of early human head ontogeny remains limited. Here, we used advanced whole-mount immunostaining and 3D imaging techniques to generate a comprehensive 3D cellular atlas of human head embryogenesis. We present detailed developmental series of diverse head tissues and cell types, including muscles, vasculature, cartilage, peripheral nerves, and exocrine glands. These datasets, accessible through a dedicated web interface, provide insights into human embryogenesis. We offer perspectives on the branching morphogenesis of human exocrine glands and unknown features of the development of neurovascular and skeletomuscular structures. These insights into human embryology have important implications for understanding craniofacial defects and neurological disorders and advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Blain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Couly
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Eimad Shotar
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Maryne Toupin
- INSERM, EHESP, Univ Rennes, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Anais Favre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ali Abjaghou
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Megumi Inoue
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Clarençon
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- INSERM, EHESP, Univ Rennes, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- INSERM, EHESP, Univ Rennes, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yorick Gitton
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Institut de pathologie, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, 69008 Lyon, France.
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6
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Vallecillo-García P, Orgeur M, Comai G, Poehle-Kronawitter S, Fischer C, Gloger M, Dumas CE, Giesecke-Thiel C, Sauer S, Tajbakhsh S, Höpken UE, Stricker S. A local subset of mesenchymal cells expressing the transcription factor Osr1 orchestrates lymph node initiation. Immunity 2023; 56:1204-1219.e8. [PMID: 37160119 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During development, lymph node (LN) initiation is coordinated by lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) cells that attract lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells at strategic positions within the embryo. The identity and function of LTo cells during the initial attraction of LTi cells remain poorly understood. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrated that a subset of Osr1-expressing cells was mesenchymal LTo progenitors. By investigating the heterogeneity of Osr1+ cells, we uncovered distinct mesenchymal LTo signatures at diverse anatomical locations, identifying a common progenitor of mesenchymal LTos and LN-associated adipose tissue. Osr1 was essential for LN initiation, driving the commitment of mesenchymal LTo cells independent of neural retinoic acid, and for LN-associated lymphatic vasculature assembly. The combined action of chemokines CXCL13 and CCL21 was required for LN initiation. Our results redefine the role and identity of mesenchymal organizer cells and unify current views by proposing a model of cooperative cell function in LN initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mickael Orgeur
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Glenda Comai
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development Unit, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | | | - Cornelius Fischer
- Core Facility Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marleen Gloger
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Translational Tumor Immunology, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Uppsala University, Immunology Genetics and Pathology, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camille E Dumas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Sascha Sauer
- Core Facility Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development Unit, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Microenvironmental Regulation in Autoimmunity and Cancer, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Mechanisms of skeletal muscle-tendon development and regeneration/healing as potential therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108357. [PMID: 36764462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contraction is essential for the movement of our musculoskeletal system. Tendons and ligaments that connect the skeletal muscles to bones in the correct position at the appropriate time during development are also required for movement to occur. Since the musculoskeletal system is essential for maintaining basic bodily functions as well as enabling interactions with the environment, dysfunctions of these tissues due to disease can significantly reduce quality of life. Unfortunately, as people live longer, skeletal muscle and tendon/ligament diseases are becoming more common. Sarcopenia, a disease in which skeletal muscle function declines, and tendinopathy, which involves chronic tendon dysfunction, are particularly troublesome because there have been no significant advances in their treatment. In this review, we will summarize previous reports on the development and regeneration/healing of skeletal muscle and tendon tissues, including a discussion of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved that may be used as potential therapeutic targets.
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8
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Kuroda S, Adachi N, Kuratani S. A detailed redescription of the mesoderm/neural crest cell boundary in the murine orbitotemporal region integrates the mammalian cranium into a pan-amniote cranial configuration. Evol Dev 2023; 25:32-53. [PMID: 35909296 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the mammalian chondrocranium appears to differ significantly from those of other amniotes, since the former possesses uniquely developed brain and cranial sensory organs. In particular, a question has long remained unanswered as to the developmental and evolutionary origins of a cartilaginous nodule called the ala hypochiasmatica. In this study, we investigated the embryonic origin of skeletal elements in the murine orbitotemporal region by combining genetic cell lineage analysis with detailed morphological observation. Our results showed that the mesodermal embryonic environment including the ala hypochiasmatica, which appeared as an isolated mesodermal distribution in the neural crest-derived prechordal region, is formed as a part of the mesoderm that continued from the chordal region during early chondrocranial development. The mesoderm/neural crest cell boundary in the head mesenchyme is modified through development, resulting in the secondary mesodermal expansion to invade into the prechordal region. We thus revealed that the ala hypochiasmatica develops as the frontier of the mesodermal sheet stretched along the cephalic flexure. These results suggest that the mammalian ala hypochiasmatica has evolved from a part of the mesodermal primary cranial wall in ancestral amniotes. In addition, the endoskeletal elements in the orbitotemporal region, such as the orbital cartilage, suprapterygoid articulation of the palatoquadrate, and trabecula, some of which were once believed to represent primitive traits of amniotes and to be lost in the mammalian lineage, have been confirmed to exist in the mammalian cranium. Consequently, the mammalian chondrocranium can now be explained in relation to the pan-amniote cranial configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Kuroda
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France.,Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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9
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Whitman MC, Gilette NM, Bell JL, Kim SA, Tischfield M, Engle EC. TWIST1, a gene associated with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, regulates extraocular muscle organization in mouse. Dev Biol 2022; 490:126-133. [PMID: 35944701 PMCID: PMC9765759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss of function mutations in TWIST1 cause Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, which is characterized by craniosynostosis, facial asymmetry, ptosis, strabismus, and distinctive ear appearance. Individuals with syndromic craniosynostosis have high rates of strabismus and ptosis, but the underlying pathology is unknown. Some individuals with syndromic craniosynostosis have been noted to have absence of individual extraocular muscles or abnormal insertions of the extraocular muscles on the globe. Using conditional knock-out alleles for Twist1 in cranial mesenchyme, we test the hypothesis that Twist1 is required for extraocular muscle organization and position, attachment to the globe, and/or innervation by the cranial nerves. We examined the extraocular muscles in conditional Twist1 knock-out animals using Twist2-cre and Pdgfrb-cre drivers. Both are expressed in cranial mesoderm and neural crest. Conditional inactivation of Twist1 using these drivers leads to disorganized extraocular muscles that cannot be reliably identified as specific muscles. Tendons do not form normally at the insertion and origin of these dysplastic muscles. Knock-out of Twist1 expression in tendon precursors, using scleraxis-cre, however, does not alter EOM organization. Furthermore, developing motor neurons, which do not express Twist1, display abnormal axonal trajectories in the orbit in the presence of dysplastic extraocular muscles. Strabismus in individuals with TWIST1 mutations may therefore be caused by abnormalities in extraocular muscle development and secondary abnormalities in innervation and tendon formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Whitman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicole M Gilette
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jessica L Bell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seoyoung A Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Max Tischfield
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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10
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Tesařová M, Mancini L, Mauri E, Aljančič G, Năpăruş-Aljančič M, Kostanjšek R, Bizjak Mali L, Zikmund T, Kaucká M, Papi F, Goyens J, Bouchnita A, Hellander A, Adameyko I, Kaiser J. Living in darkness: Exploring adaptation of Proteus anguinus in 3 dimensions by X-ray imaging. Gigascience 2022; 11:6562166. [PMID: 35380661 PMCID: PMC8982192 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lightless caves can harbour a wide range of living organisms. Cave animals have evolved a set of morphological, physiological, and behavioural adaptations known as troglomorphisms, enabling their survival in the perpetual darkness, narrow temperature and humidity ranges, and nutrient scarcity of the subterranean environment. In this study, we focused on adaptations of skull shape and sensory systems in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus, also known as olm or simply proteus—the largest cave tetrapod and the only European amphibian living exclusively in subterranean environments. This extraordinary amphibian compensates for the loss of sight by enhanced non-visual sensory systems including mechanoreceptors, electroreceptors, and chemoreceptors. We compared developmental stages of P. anguinus with Ambystoma mexicanum, also known as axolotl, to make an exemplary comparison between cave- and surface-dwelling paedomorphic salamanders. Findings We used contrast-enhanced X-ray computed microtomography for the 3D segmentation of the soft tissues in the head of P. anguinus and A. mexicanum. Sensory organs were visualized to elucidate how the animal is adapted to living in complete darkness. X-ray microCT datasets were provided along with 3D models for larval, juvenile, and adult specimens, showing the cartilage of the chondrocranium and the position, shape, and size of the brain, eyes, and olfactory epithelium. Conclusions P. anguinus still keeps some of its secrets. Our high-resolution X-ray microCT scans together with 3D models of the anatomical structures in the head may help to elucidate the nature and origin of the mechanisms behind its adaptations to the subterranean environment, which led to a series of troglomorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Tesařová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 - km 163,5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Edgardo Mauri
- Speleovivarium Erwin Pichl, Adriatic Speleology Society, Via Guido Reni, 2/C, Trieste, 34123, Italy
| | - Gregor Aljančič
- Institute Tular Cave Laboratory, Oldhamska 8a, Kranj, 4000, Slovenia
| | - Magdalena Năpăruş-Aljančič
- Institute Tular Cave Laboratory, Oldhamska 8a, Kranj, 4000, Slovenia.,Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts: Karst Research Institute, Titov trg 2, Postojna, 6230, Slovenia
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Lilijana Bizjak Mali
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kaucká
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, Plon, 24306, Germany
| | - Federica Papi
- Speleovivarium Erwin Pichl, Adriatic Speleology Society, Via Guido Reni, 2/C, Trieste, 34123, Italy
| | - Jana Goyens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Anass Bouchnita
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Box 337, Uppsala, 755 01, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712, Texas, USA
| | - Andreas Hellander
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Box 337, Uppsala, 755 01, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Department of Neuroimmunology, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Solnavagen 9, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
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11
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Nödl MT, Tsai SL, Galloway JL. The impact of Drew Noden's work on our understanding of craniofacial musculoskeletal integration. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1250-1266. [PMID: 35338756 PMCID: PMC9357029 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical anatomist Drew Noden spearheaded craniofacial research, laying the foundation for our modern molecular understanding of development, evolution and disorders of the craniofacial skeleton. His work revealed the origin of cephalic musculature and the role of cranial neural crest in early formation and patterning of the head musculoskeletal structures. Much of modern cranial tendon research advances a foundation of knowledge that Noden built using classical quail-chick transplantation experiments. This elegant avian chimeric system involves grafting of donor quail cells into host chick embryos to identify the cell types they can form and their interactions with the surrounding tissues. In this review, we will give a brief background of vertebrate head formation and the impact of cranial neural crest on the patterning, development and evolution of the head musculoskeletal attachments. Using the zebrafish as a model system, we will discuss examples of modifications of craniofacial structures in evolution with a special focus on the role of tendon and ligaments. Lastly, we will discuss pathologies in craniofacial tendons and the importance of understanding the molecular and cellular dynamics during craniofacial tendon development in human disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Nödl
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephanie L Tsai
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
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12
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Yoshimoto Y, Uezumi A, Ikemoto-Uezumi M, Tanaka K, Yu X, Kurosawa T, Yambe S, Maehara K, Ohkawa Y, Sotomaru Y, Shukunami C. Tenogenic Induction From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Unveils the Trajectory Towards Tenocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:780038. [PMID: 35372337 PMCID: PMC8965463 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.780038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is integrated by tendons that are characterized by the expression of scleraxis (Scx), a functionally important transcription factor. Here, we newly developed a tenocyte induction method using induced pluripotent stem cells established from ScxGFP transgenic mice by monitoring fluorescence, which reflects a dynamic differentiation process. Among several developmentally relevant factors, transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) was the most potent inducer for differentiation of tenomodulin-expressing mature tenocytes. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed 11 distinct clusters, including mature tenocyte population and tenogenic differentiation trajectory, which recapitulated the in vivo developmental process. Analysis of the scRNA-seq dataset highlighted the importance of retinoic acid (RA) as a regulatory pathway of tenogenic differentiation. RA signaling was shown to have inhibitory effects on entheseal chondrogenic differentiation as well as TGF-β2-dependent tenogenic/fibrochondrogenic differentiation. The collective findings provide a new opportunity for tendon research and further insight into the mechanistic understanding of the differentiation pathway to a tenogenic fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chisa Shukunami, ; Akiyoshi Uezumi,
| | - Madoka Ikemoto-Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xinyi Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kurosawa
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsei Yambe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotomaru
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chisa Shukunami, ; Akiyoshi Uezumi,
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13
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Grimaldi A, Comai G, Mella S, Tajbakhsh S. Identification of bipotent progenitors that give rise to myogenic and connective tissues in mouse. eLife 2022; 11:70235. [PMID: 35225230 PMCID: PMC9020825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How distinct cell fates are manifested by direct lineage ancestry from bipotent progenitors, or by specification of individual cell types is a key question for understanding the emergence of tissues. The interplay between skeletal muscle progenitors and associated connective tissue cells provides a model for examining how muscle functional units are established. Most craniofacial structures originate from the vertebrate-specific neural crest cells except in the dorsal portion of the head, where they arise from cranial mesoderm. Here, using multiple lineage-tracing strategies combined with single cell RNAseq and in situ analyses, we identify bipotent progenitors expressing Myf5 (an upstream regulator of myogenic fate) that give rise to both muscle and juxtaposed connective tissue. Following this bifurcation, muscle and connective tissue cells retain complementary signalling features and maintain spatial proximity. Disrupting myogenic identity shifts muscle progenitors to a connective tissue fate. The emergence of Myf5-derived connective tissue is associated with the activity of several transcription factors, including Foxp2. Interestingly, this unexpected bifurcation in cell fate was not observed in craniofacial regions that are colonised by neural crest cells. Therefore, we propose that an ancestral bi-fated program gives rise to muscle and connective tissue cells in skeletal muscles that are deprived of neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenda Comai
- UMR 3738, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Mella
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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14
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He P, Ruan D, Huang Z, Wang C, Xu Y, Cai H, Liu H, Fei Y, Heng BC, Chen W, Shen W. Comparison of Tendon Development Versus Tendon Healing and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:821667. [PMID: 35141224 PMCID: PMC8819183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.821667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is a vital connective tissue in human skeletal muscle system, and tendon injury is very common and intractable in clinic. Tendon development and repair are two closely related but still not fully understood processes. Tendon development involves multiple germ layer, as well as the regulation of diversity transcription factors (Scx et al.), proteins (Tnmd et al.) and signaling pathways (TGFβ et al.). The nature process of tendon repair is roughly divided in three stages, which are dominated by various cells and cell factors. This review will describe the whole process of tendon development and compare it with the process of tendon repair, focusing on the understanding and recent advances in the regulation of tendon development and repair. The study and comparison of tendon development and repair process can thus provide references and guidelines for treatment of tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dengfeng Ruan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zizhan Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Canlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honglu Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Bejing, China
| | - Weishan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weishan Chen, ; Weiliang Shen,
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weishan Chen, ; Weiliang Shen,
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15
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Esteves de Lima J, Relaix F. Master regulators of skeletal muscle lineage development and pluripotent stem cells differentiation. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:31. [PMID: 34595600 PMCID: PMC8484369 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the skeletal muscles of the body and their associated stem cells originate from muscle progenitor cells, during development. The specification of the muscles of the trunk, head and limbs, relies on the activity of distinct genetic hierarchies. The major regulators of trunk and limb muscle specification are the paired-homeobox transcription factors PAX3 and PAX7. Distinct gene regulatory networks drive the formation of the different muscles of the head. Despite the redeployment of diverse upstream regulators of muscle progenitor differentiation, the commitment towards the myogenic fate requires the expression of the early myogenic regulatory factors MYF5, MRF4, MYOD and the late differentiation marker MYOG. The expression of these genes is activated by muscle progenitors throughout development, in several waves of myogenic differentiation, constituting the embryonic, fetal and postnatal phases of muscle growth. In order to achieve myogenic cell commitment while maintaining an undifferentiated pool of muscle progenitors, several signaling pathways regulate the switch between proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. The identification of the gene regulatory networks operating during myogenesis is crucial for the development of in vitro protocols to differentiate pluripotent stem cells into myoblasts required for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, 94010, Creteil, France.
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16
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Kaji DA, Montero AM, Patel R, Huang AH. Transcriptional profiling of mESC-derived tendon and fibrocartilage cell fate switch. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4208. [PMID: 34244516 PMCID: PMC8270956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulators underlying induction and differentiation of dense connective tissues such as tendon and related fibrocartilaginous tissues (meniscus and annulus fibrosus) remain largely unknown. Using an iterative approach informed by developmental cues and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we establish directed differentiation models to generate tendon and fibrocartilage cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) by activation of TGFβ and hedgehog pathways, achieving 90% induction efficiency. Transcriptional signatures of the mESC-derived cells recapitulate embryonic tendon and fibrocartilage signatures from the mouse tail. scRNA-seq further identify retinoic acid signaling as a critical regulator of cell fate switch between TGFβ-induced tendon and fibrocartilage lineages. Trajectory analysis by RNA sequencing define transcriptional modules underlying tendon and fibrocartilage fate induction and identify molecules associated with lineage-specific differentiation. Finally, we successfully generate 3-dimensional engineered tissues using these differentiation protocols and show activation of mechanotransduction markers with dynamic tensile loading. These findings provide a serum-free approach to generate tendon and fibrocartilage cells and tissues at high efficiency for modeling development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Kaji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela M Montero
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roosheel Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice H Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Cheng X, Shi B, Li J. Distinct Embryonic Origin and Injury Response of Resident Stem Cells in Craniofacial Muscles. Front Physiol 2021; 12:690248. [PMID: 34276411 PMCID: PMC8281086 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.690248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial muscles emerge as a developmental novelty during the evolution from invertebrates to vertebrates, facilitating diversified modes of predation, feeding and communication. In contrast to the well-studied limb muscles, knowledge about craniofacial muscle stem cell biology has only recently starts to be gathered. Craniofacial muscles are distinct from their counterparts in other regions in terms of both their embryonic origin and their injury response. Compared with somite-derived limb muscles, pharyngeal arch-derived craniofacial muscles demonstrate delayed myofiber reconstitution and prolonged fibrosis during repair. The regeneration of muscle is orchestrated by a blended source of stem/progenitor cells, including myogenic muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), mesenchymal fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) and other interstitial progenitors. Limb muscles host MuSCs of the Pax3 lineage, and FAPs from the mesoderm, while craniofacial muscles have MuSCs of the Mesp1 lineage and FAPs from the ectoderm-derived neural crest. Both in vivo and in vitro data revealed distinct patterns of proliferation and differentiation in these craniofacial muscle stem/progenitor cells. Additionally, the proportion of cells of different embryonic origins changes throughout postnatal development in the craniofacial muscles, creating a more dynamic niche environment than in other muscles. In-depth comparative studies of the stem cell biology of craniofacial and limb muscles might inspire the development of novel therapeutics to improve the management of myopathic diseases. Based on the most up-to-date literature, we delineated the pivotal cell populations regulating craniofacial muscle repair and identified clues that might elucidate the distinct embryonic origin and injury response in craniofacial muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Carraro U, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Translational research on Myology and Mobility Medicine: 2021 semi-virtual PDM3 from Thermae of Euganean Hills, May 26 - 29, 2021. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31:9743. [PMID: 33733717 PMCID: PMC8056169 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 19-21 November 2020, the meeting of the 30 years of the Padova Muscle Days was virtually held while the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic was hitting the world after a seemingly quiet summer. During the 2020-2021 winter, the epidemic is still active, despite the start of vaccinations. The organizers hope to hold the 2021 Padua Days on Myology and Mobility Medicine in a semi-virtual form (2021 S-V PDM3) from May 26 to May 29 at the Thermae of Euganean Hills, Padova, Italy. Here the program and the Collection of Abstracts are presented. Despite numerous world problems, the number of submitted/selected presentations (lectures and oral presentations) has increased, prompting the organizers to extend the program to four dense days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padova, Italy; CIR-Myo - Myology Centre, University of Padova, Italy; A-C Mioni-Carraro Foundation for Translational Myology, Padova.
| | - Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
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