1
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Heine A, Lemmermann NAW, Flores C, Becker-Gotot J, Garbi N, Brossart P, Kurts C. Rapid protection against viral infections by chemokine-accelerated post-exposure vaccination. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1338499. [PMID: 38348028 PMCID: PMC10860197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1338499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prophylactic vaccines generate strong and durable immunity to avoid future infections, whereas post-exposure vaccinations are intended to establish rapid protection against already ongoing infections. Antiviral cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) are activated by dendritic cells (DCs), which themselves must be activated by adjuvants to express costimulatory molecules and so-called signal 0-chemokines that attract naive CTL to the DCs. Hypothesis Here we asked whether a vaccination protocol that combines two adjuvants, a toll-like receptor ligand (TLR) and a natural killer T cell activator, to induce two signal 0 chemokines, synergistically accelerates CTL activation. Methods We used a well-characterized vaccination model based on the model antigen ovalbumin, the TLR9 ligand CpG and the NKT cell ligand α-galactosylceramide to induce signal 0-chemokines. Exploiting this vaccination model, we studied detailed T cell kinetics and T cell profiling in different in vivo mouse models of viral infection. Results We found that CTL induced by both adjuvants obtained a head-start that allowed them to functionally differentiate further and generate higher numbers of protective CTL 1-2 days earlier. Such signal 0-optimized post-exposure vaccination hastened clearance of experimental adenovirus and cytomegalovirus infections. Conclusion Our findings show that signal 0 chemokine-inducing adjuvant combinations gain time in the race against rapidly replicating microbes, which may be especially useful in post-exposure vaccination settings during viral epi/pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkristin Heine
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Medical Clinic III, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chrystel Flores
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Medical Clinic III, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Ozulumba T, Montalbine AN, Ortiz-Cárdenas JE, Pompano RR. New tools for immunologists: models of lymph node function from cells to tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183286. [PMID: 37234163 PMCID: PMC10206051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node is a highly structured organ that mediates the body's adaptive immune response to antigens and other foreign particles. Central to its function is the distinct spatial assortment of lymphocytes and stromal cells, as well as chemokines that drive the signaling cascades which underpin immune responses. Investigations of lymph node biology were historically explored in vivo in animal models, using technologies that were breakthroughs in their time such as immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies, genetic reporters, in vivo two-photon imaging, and, more recently spatial biology techniques. However, new approaches are needed to enable tests of cell behavior and spatiotemporal dynamics under well controlled experimental perturbation, particularly for human immunity. This review presents a suite of technologies, comprising in vitro, ex vivo and in silico models, developed to study the lymph node or its components. We discuss the use of these tools to model cell behaviors in increasing order of complexity, from cell motility, to cell-cell interactions, to organ-level functions such as vaccination. Next, we identify current challenges regarding cell sourcing and culture, real time measurements of lymph node behavior in vivo and tool development for analysis and control of engineered cultures. Finally, we propose new research directions and offer our perspective on the future of this rapidly growing field. We anticipate that this review will be especially beneficial to immunologists looking to expand their toolkit for probing lymph node structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tochukwu Ozulumba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alyssa N. Montalbine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Ortiz-Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Carter Immunology Center and University of Virginia (UVA) Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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3
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Burger GA, van de Water B, Le Dévédec SE, Beltman JB. Density-Dependent Migration Characteristics of Cancer Cells Driven by Pseudopod Interaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854721. [PMID: 35547818 PMCID: PMC9084912 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to invade neighboring tissue from primary tumors is an important determinant of metastatic behavior. Quantification of cell migration characteristics such as migration speed and persistence helps to understand the requirements for such invasiveness. One factor that may influence invasion is how local tumor cell density shapes cell migration characteristics, which we here investigate with a combined experimental and computational modeling approach. First, we generated and analyzed time-lapse imaging data on two aggressive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cell lines, HCC38 and Hs578T, during 2D migration assays at various cell densities. HCC38 cells exhibited a counter-intuitive increase in speed and persistence with increasing density, whereas Hs578T did not exhibit such an increase. Moreover, HCC38 cells exhibited strong cluster formation with active pseudopod-driven migration, especially at low densities, whereas Hs578T cells maintained a dispersed positioning. In order to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the density-dependent cell migration characteristics and cluster formation, we developed realistic spatial simulations using a Cellular Potts Model (CPM) with an explicit description of pseudopod dynamics. Model analysis demonstrated that pseudopods exerting a pulling force on the cell and interacting via increased adhesion at pseudopod tips could explain the experimentally observed increase in speed and persistence with increasing density in HCC38 cells. Thus, the density-dependent migratory behavior could be an emergent property of single-cell characteristics without the need for additional mechanisms. This implies that pseudopod dynamics and interaction may play a role in the aggressive nature of cancers through mediating dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard A Burger
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E Le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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4
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Frattolin J, Watson DJ, Bonneuil WV, Russell MJ, Fasanella Masci F, Bandara M, Brook BS, Nibbs RJB, Moore JE. The Critical Importance of Spatial and Temporal Scales in Designing and Interpreting Immune Cell Migration Assays. Cells 2021; 10:3439. [PMID: 34943947 PMCID: PMC8700135 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy and other direct-imaging techniques have allowed for a characterisation of leukocyte migration that has revolutionised the field of immunology, resulting in an unprecedented understanding of the mechanisms of immune response and adaptive immunity. However, there is an assumption within the field that modern imaging techniques permit imaging parameters where the resulting cell track accurately captures a cell's motion. This notion is almost entirely untested, and the relationship between what could be observed at a given scale and the underlying cell behaviour is undefined. Insufficient spatial and temporal resolutions within migration assays can result in misrepresentation of important physiologic processes or cause subtle changes in critical cell behaviour to be missed. In this review, we contextualise how scale can affect the perceived migratory behaviour of cells, summarise the limited approaches to mitigate this effect, and establish the need for a widely implemented framework to account for scale and correct observations of cell motion. We then extend the concept of scale to new approaches that seek to bridge the current "black box" between single-cell behaviour and systemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Frattolin
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.F.); (D.J.W.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Daniel J. Watson
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.F.); (D.J.W.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Willy V. Bonneuil
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.F.); (D.J.W.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Matthew J. Russell
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.J.R.); (B.S.B.)
| | - Francesca Fasanella Masci
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (F.F.M.); (M.B.); (R.J.B.N.)
| | - Mikaila Bandara
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (F.F.M.); (M.B.); (R.J.B.N.)
| | - Bindi S. Brook
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.J.R.); (B.S.B.)
| | - Robert J. B. Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (F.F.M.); (M.B.); (R.J.B.N.)
| | - James E. Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.F.); (D.J.W.); (W.V.B.)
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5
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Colizzi ES, Vroomans RM, Merks RM. Evolution of multicellularity by collective integration of spatial information. eLife 2020; 9:56349. [PMID: 33064078 PMCID: PMC7652420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
At the origin of multicellularity, cells may have evolved aggregation in response to predation, for functional specialisation or to allow large-scale integration of environmental cues. These group-level properties emerged from the interactions between cells in a group, and determined the selection pressures experienced by these cells. We investigate the evolution of multicellularity with an evolutionary model where cells search for resources by chemotaxis in a shallow, noisy gradient. Cells can evolve their adhesion to others in a periodically changing environment, where a cell's fitness solely depends on its distance from the gradient source. We show that multicellular aggregates evolve because they perform chemotaxis more efficiently than single cells. Only when the environment changes too frequently, a unicellular state evolves which relies on cell dispersal. Both strategies prevent the invasion of the other through interference competition, creating evolutionary bi-stability. Therefore, collective behaviour can be an emergent selective driver for undifferentiated multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renske Ma Vroomans
- Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam; Origins Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roeland Mh Merks
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University; Institute of Biology, Leiden University; Origins Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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6
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Azarov I, Peskov K, Helmlinger G, Kosinsky Y. Role of T Cell-To-Dendritic Cell Chemoattraction in T Cell Priming Initiation in the Lymph Node: An Agent-Based Modeling Study. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1289. [PMID: 31244840 PMCID: PMC6579912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is initiated in lymph nodes by contact between antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen-specific T cells. A selected number of naïve T cells that recognize a specific antigen may proliferate into expanded clones, differentiate, and acquire an effector phenotype. Despite growing experimental knowledge, certain mechanistic aspects of T cell behavior in lymph nodes remain poorly understood. Computational modeling approaches may help in addressing such gaps. Here we introduce an agent-based model describing T cell movements and their interactions with DCs, leading to activation and expansion of cognate T cell clones, in a two-dimensional representation of the lymph node paracortex. The primary objective was to test the putative role of T cell chemotaxis toward DCs, and quantitatively assess the impact of chemotaxis with respect to T cell priming efficacy. Firstly, we evaluated whether chemotaxis of naïve T cells toward a nearest DC may accelerate the scanning process, by quantifying, through simulations, the number of unique T cell—DC contact events. We demonstrate that, in the presence of naïve T cell-to-DC chemoattraction, a higher total number of contacts occurs, as compared to a T cell random walk scenario. However, the forming swarm of naïve T cells, as these cells get attracted to the neighborhood of a DC, may then physically restrict access of additional T cells to the DC, leading to an actual decrease in the cumulative number of unique contacts between naïve T cells and DCs. Secondly, we investigated the potential role of chemotaxis in maintaining cognate T cell clone expansion. The time course of cognate T cells number in the system was used as a quantitative characteristic of the expansion. Model-based simulations indicate that inclusion of chemotaxis, which is selective for already activated (but not naïve) antigen-specific T cells, may strongly accelerate the time of immune response occurrence, which subsequently increases the overall amplitude of the T cell clone expansion process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Peskov
- M&S Decisions, Moscow, Russia.,Computational Oncology Group, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gabriel Helmlinger
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Grebennikov D, Bouchnita A, Volpert V, Bessonov N, Meyerhans A, Bocharov G. Spatial Lymphocyte Dynamics in Lymph Nodes Predicts the Cytotoxic T Cell Frequency Needed for HIV Infection Control. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1213. [PMID: 31244829 PMCID: PMC6579925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The surveillance of host body tissues by immune cells is central for mediating their defense function. In vivo imaging technologies have been used to quantitatively characterize target cell scanning and migration of lymphocytes within lymph nodes (LNs). The translation of these quantitative insights into a predictive understanding of immune system functioning in response to various perturbations critically depends on computational tools linking the individual immune cell properties with the emergent behavior of the immune system. By choosing the Newtonian second law for the governing equations, we developed a broadly applicable mathematical model linking individual and coordinated T-cell behaviors. The spatial cell dynamics is described by a superposition of autonomous locomotion, intercellular interaction, and viscous damping processes. The model is calibrated using in vivo data on T-cell motility metrics in LNs such as the translational speeds, turning angle speeds, and meandering indices. The model is applied to predict the impact of T-cell motility on protection against HIV infection, i.e., to estimate the threshold frequency of HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) that is required to detect productively infected cells before the release of viral particles starts. With this, it provides guidance for HIV vaccine studies allowing for the migration of cells in fibrotic LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Grebennikov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anass Bouchnita
- Division of Scientific Computing, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.,Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Lyon La Doua, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nikolay Bessonov
- Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gennady Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Park H, Doh J. T cell migration in microchannels densely packed with T cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7198. [PMID: 31076592 PMCID: PMC6510777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells migrate diverse microenvironments of the body to mount antigen-specific immune responses. T cell activation, a key initial process for antigen-specific immune responses, occur in secondary lymphoid organs such as spleens and lymph nodes where high density of T cells migrates rapidly through the reticular networks formed by stromal cells. In vitro model system recapitulating key characteristics of secondary lymphoid organs, confined spaces densely packed with rapidly migrating cells, would be useful to investigate mechanisms of T cell migration. In this study, we devised a method to fabricate microchannels densely packed with T cells. Microchannel arrays with fixed height (4 μm) and length (1.5 mm) and various widths (15~80 μm) were fabricated in between trapezoid-shaped reservoirs that facilitated T cell sedimentation near microchannel entries. Microchannel surface chemistry and filling time were optimized to achieve high packing density (0.89) of T cell filling within microchannels. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis method was employed to extract velocity field of microchannels densely packed with T cells. Using velocity field information, various motility parameters were further evaluated to quantitatively assess the effects of microchannel width and media tonicity on T cell motility within cell dense microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyoungJun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea. .,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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9
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Ackerknecht M, Gollmer K, Germann P, Ficht X, Abe J, Fukui Y, Swoger J, Ripoll J, Sharpe J, Stein JV. Antigen Availability and DOCK2-Driven Motility Govern CD4+ T Cell Interactions with Dendritic Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:520-530. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Jafarnejad M, Woodruff MC, Zawieja DC, Carroll MC, Moore JE. Modeling Lymph Flow and Fluid Exchange with Blood Vessels in Lymph Nodes. Lymphat Res Biol 2016; 13:234-47. [PMID: 26683026 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph nodes (LNs) are positioned strategically throughout the body as critical mediators of lymph filtration and immune response. Lymph carries cytokines, antigens, and cells to the downstream LNs, and their effective delivery to the correct location within the LN directly impacts the quality and quantity of immune response. Despite the importance of this system, the flow patterns in LN have never been quantified, in part because experimental characterization is so difficult. METHODS AND RESULTS To achieve a more quantitative knowledge of LN flow, a computational flow model has been developed based on the mouse popliteal LN, allowing for a parameter sensitivity analysis to identify the important system characteristics. This model suggests that about 90% of the lymph takes a peripheral path via the subcapsular and medullary sinuses, while fluid perfusing deeper into the paracortex is sequestered by parenchymal blood vessels. Fluid absorption by these blood vessels under baseline conditions was driven mainly by oncotic pressure differences between lymph and blood, although the magnitude of fluid transfer is highly dependent on blood vessel surface area. We also predict that the hydraulic conductivity of the medulla, a parameter that has never been experimentally measured, should be at least three orders of magnitude larger than that of the paracortex to ensure physiologic pressures across the node. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that structural changes in the LN microenvironment, as well as changes in inflow/outflow conditions, dramatically alter the distribution of lymph, cytokines, antigens, and cells within the LN, with great potential for modulating immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C Zawieja
- 3 Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Michael C Carroll
- 4 Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Childrens Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J E Moore
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College , London, United Kingdom
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11
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Szabó A, Melchionda M, Nastasi G, Woods ML, Campo S, Perris R, Mayor R. In vivo confinement promotes collective migration of neural crest cells. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:543-55. [PMID: 27241911 PMCID: PMC4896058 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201602083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is fundamental throughout development and in many diseases. Spatial confinement using micropatterns has been shown to promote collective cell migration in vitro, but its effect in vivo remains unclear. Combining computational and experimental approaches, we show that the in vivo collective migration of neural crest cells (NCCs) depends on such confinement. We demonstrate that confinement may be imposed by the spatiotemporal distribution of a nonpermissive substrate provided by versican, an extracellular matrix molecule previously proposed to have contrasting roles: barrier or promoter of NCC migration. We resolve the controversy by demonstrating that versican works as an inhibitor of NCC migration and also acts as a guiding cue by forming exclusionary boundaries. Our model predicts an optimal number of cells in a given confinement width to allow for directional migration. This optimum coincides with the width of neural crest migratory streams analyzed across different species, proposing an explanation for the highly conserved nature of NCC streams during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Manuela Melchionda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Giancarlo Nastasi
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Mae L Woods
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Salvatore Campo
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- Center for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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12
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Moreau HD, Bogle G, Bousso P. A virtual lymph node model to dissect the requirements for T-cell activation by synapses and kinapses. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:680-8. [PMID: 27089942 PMCID: PMC4980574 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of T-cell responses in lymph nodes requires T cells to integrate signals delivered by dendritic cells (DCs) during long-lasting contacts (synapses) or more transient interactions (kinapses). However, it remains extremely challenging to understand how a specific sequence of contacts established by T cells ultimately dictates T-cell fate. Here, we have coupled a computational model of T-cell migration and interactions with DCs with a real-time, flow cytometry-like representation of T-cell activation. In this model, low-affinity peptides trigger T-cell proliferation through kinapses but we show that this process is only effective under conditions of high DC densities and prolonged antigen availability. By contrast, high-affinity peptides favor synapse formation and a vigorous proliferation under a wide range of antigen presentation conditions. In line with the predictions, decreasing the DC density in vivo selectively abolished proliferation induced by the low-affinity peptide. Finally, our results suggest that T cells possess a biochemical memory of previous stimulations of at least 1–2 days. We propose that the stability of T-cell–DC interactions, apart from their signaling potency, profoundly influences the robustness of T-cell activation. By offering the ability to control parameters that are difficult to manipulate experimentally, the virtual lymph node model provides new possibilities to tackle the fundamental mechanisms that regulate T-cell responses elicited by infections or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Gib Bogle
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
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13
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Kadolsky UD, Yates AJ. How is the effectiveness of immune surveillance impacted by the spatial distribution of spreading infections? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0289. [PMID: 26150655 PMCID: PMC4528487 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
What effect does the spatial distribution of infected cells have on the efficiency of their removal by immune cells, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)? If infected cells spread in clusters, CTL may initially be slow to locate them but subsequently kill more rapidly than in diffuse infections. We address this question using stochastic, spatially explicit models of CTL interacting with different patterns of infection. Rather than the effector : target ratio, we show that the relevant quantity is the ratio of a CTL's expected time to locate its next target (search time) to the average time it spends conjugated with a target that it is killing (handling time). For inefficient (slow) CTL, when the search time is always limiting, the critical density of CTL (that required to control 50% of infections, C(*)) is independent of the spatial distribution and derives from simple mass-action kinetics. For more efficient CTL such that handling time becomes limiting, mass-action underestimates C(*), and the more clustered an infection the greater is C(*). If CTL migrate chemotactically towards targets the converse holds-C(*) falls, and clustered infections are controlled most efficiently. Real infections are likely to spread patchily; this combined with even weak chemotaxis means that sterilizing immunity may be achieved with substantially lower numbers of CTL than standard models predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich D Kadolsky
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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14
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Abstract
Mathematical and statistical methods enable multidisciplinary approaches that catalyse discovery. Together with experimental methods, they identify key hypotheses, define measurable observables and reconcile disparate results. We collect a representative sample of studies in T-cell biology that illustrate the benefits of modelling–experimental collaborations and that have proven valuable or even groundbreaking. We conclude that it is possible to find excellent examples of synergy between mathematical modelling and experiment in immunology, which have brought significant insight that would not be available without these collaborations, but that much remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Castro
- Universidad Pontificia Comillas , E28015 Madrid , Spain
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Theoretical Biology and Biophysics , Los Alamos, NM 87545 , USA
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15
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Levin D, Forrest S, Banerjee S, Clay C, Cannon J, Moses M, Koster F. A spatial model of the efficiency of T cell search in the influenza-infected lung. J Theor Biol 2016; 398:52-63. [PMID: 26920246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging strains of influenza, such as avian H5N1 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are more virulent than seasonal H1N1 influenza, yet the underlying mechanisms for these differences are not well understood. Subtle differences in how a given strain interacts with the immune system are likely a key factor in determining virulence. One aspect of the interaction is the ability of T cells to locate the foci of the infection in time to prevent uncontrolled expansion. Here, we develop an agent based spatial model to focus on T cell migration from lymph nodes through the vascular system to sites of infection. We use our model to investigate whether different strains of influenza modulate this process. We calibrate the model using viral and chemokine secretion rates we measure in vitro together with values taken from literature. The spatial nature of the model reveals unique challenges for T cell recruitment that are not apparent in standard differential equation models. In this model comparing three influenza viruses, plaque expansion is governed primarily by the replication rate of the virus strain, and the efficiency of the T cell search-and-kill is limited by the density of infected epithelial cells in each plaque. Thus for each virus there is a different threshold of T cell search time above which recruited T cells are unable to control further expansion. Future models could use this relationship to more accurately predict control of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Levin
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Stephanie Forrest
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Soumya Banerjee
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Candice Clay
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Judy Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Melanie Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Frederick Koster
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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16
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Taking Aim at Moving Targets in Computational Cell Migration. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:88-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Hu Z, Lancaster JN, Sasiponganan C, Ehrlich LIR. CCR4 promotes medullary entry and thymocyte-dendritic cell interactions required for central tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1947-65. [PMID: 26417005 PMCID: PMC4612092 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hu et al. show that the chemokine receptor CCR4 is involved in thymocyte medullary entry, interactions with dendritic cells, and negative selection. In the absence of CCR4, central tolerance is not established, promoting autoimmunity. Autoimmunity results from a breakdown in central or peripheral tolerance. To establish central tolerance, developing T cells must enter the thymic medulla, where they scan antigen-presenting cells (APCs) displaying a diverse array of autoantigens. If a thymocyte is activated by a self-antigen, the cell undergoes either deletion or diversion into the regulatory T cell (T reg) lineage, thus maintaining self-tolerance. Mechanisms promoting thymocyte medullary entry and interactions with APCs are incompletely understood. CCR4 is poised to contribute to central tolerance due to its expression by post-positive selection thymocytes, and expression of its ligands by medullary thymic dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we use two-photon time-lapse microscopy to demonstrate that CCR4 promotes medullary entry of the earliest post-positive selection thymocytes, as well as efficient interactions between medullary thymocytes and DCs. In keeping with the contribution of thymic DCs to central tolerance, CCR4 is involved in regulating negative selection of polyclonal and T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic thymocytes. In the absence of CCR4, autoreactive T cells accumulate in secondary lymphoid organs and autoimmunity ensues. These studies reveal a previously unappreciated role for CCR4 in the establishment of central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Hu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jessica N Lancaster
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Chayanit Sasiponganan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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18
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Yates CA, Parker A, Baker RE. Incorporating pushing in exclusion-process models of cell migration. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:052711. [PMID: 26066203 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.052711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The macroscale movement behavior of a wide range of isolated migrating cells has been well characterized experimentally. Recently, attention has turned to understanding the behavior of cells in crowded environments. In such scenarios it is possible for cells to interact, inducing neighboring cells to move in order to make room for their own movements or progeny. Although the behavior of interacting cells has been modeled extensively through volume-exclusion processes, few models, thus far, have explicitly accounted for the ability of cells to actively displace each other in order to create space for themselves. In this work we consider both on- and off-lattice volume-exclusion position-jump processes in which cells are explicitly allowed to induce movements in their near neighbors in order to create space for themselves to move or proliferate into. We refer to this behavior as pushing. From these simple individual-level representations we derive continuum partial differential equations for the average occupancy of the domain. We find that, for limited amounts of pushing, comparison between the averaged individual-level simulations and the population-level model is nearly as good as in the scenario without pushing. Interestingly, we find that, in the on-lattice case, the diffusion coefficient of the population-level model is increased by pushing, whereas, for the particular off-lattice model that we investigate, the diffusion coefficient is reduced. We conclude, therefore, that it is important to consider carefully the appropriate individual-level model to use when representing complex cell-cell interactions such as pushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Yates
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom†
| | - Andrew Parker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
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19
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Mousavi SJ, Hamdy Doweidar M. Three-dimensional numerical model of cell morphology during migration in multi-signaling substrates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122094. [PMID: 25822332 PMCID: PMC4379188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell Migration associated with cell shape changes are of central importance in many biological processes ranging from morphogenesis to metastatic cancer cells. Cell movement is a result of cyclic changes of cell morphology due to effective forces on cell body, leading to periodic fluctuations of the cell length and cell membrane area. It is well-known that the cell can be guided by different effective stimuli such as mechanotaxis, thermotaxis, chemotaxis and/or electrotaxis. Regulation of intracellular mechanics and cell's physical interaction with its substrate rely on control of cell shape during cell migration. In this notion, it is essential to understand how each natural or external stimulus may affect the cell behavior. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) computational model is here developed to analyze a free mode of cell shape changes during migration in a multi-signaling micro-environment. This model is based on previous models that are presented by the same authors to study cell migration with a constant spherical cell shape in a multi-signaling substrates and mechanotaxis effect on cell morphology. Using the finite element discrete methodology, the cell is represented by a group of finite elements. The cell motion is modeled by equilibrium of effective forces on cell body such as traction, protrusion, electrostatic and drag forces, where the cell traction force is a function of the cell internal deformations. To study cell behavior in the presence of different stimuli, the model has been employed in different numerical cases. Our findings, which are qualitatively consistent with well-known related experimental observations, indicate that adding a new stimulus to the cell substrate pushes the cell to migrate more directionally in more elongated form towards the more effective stimuli. For instance, the presence of thermotaxis, chemotaxis and electrotaxis can further move the cell centroid towards the corresponding stimulus, respectively, diminishing the mechanotaxis effect. Besides, the stronger stimulus imposes a greater cell elongation and more cell membrane area. The present model not only provides new insights into cell morphology in a multi-signaling micro-environment but also enables us to investigate in more precise way the cell migration in the presence of different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jamaleddin Mousavi
- Group of Structural Mechanics and Materials Modeling (GEMM), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mohamed Hamdy Doweidar
- Group of Structural Mechanics and Materials Modeling (GEMM), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
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20
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Banigan EJ, Harris TH, Christian DA, Hunter CA, Liu AJ. Heterogeneous CD8+ T cell migration in the lymph node in the absence of inflammation revealed by quantitative migration analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004058. [PMID: 25692801 PMCID: PMC4334969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional positions of immune cells can be tracked in live tissues precisely as a function of time using two-photon microscopy. However, standard methods of analysis used in the field and experimental artifacts can bias interpretations and obscure important aspects of cell migration such as directional migration and non-Brownian walk statistics. Therefore, methods were developed for minimizing drift artifacts, identifying directional and anisotropic (asymmetric) migration, and classifying cell migration statistics. These methods were applied to describe the migration statistics of CD8+ T cells in uninflamed lymph nodes. Contrary to current models, CD8+ T cell statistics are not well described by a straightforward persistent random walk model. Instead, a model in which one population of cells moves via Brownian-like motion and another population follows variable persistent random walks with noise reproduces multiple statistical measures of CD8+ T cell migration in the lymph node in the absence of inflammation. Migration is fundamental to immune cell function, and accurate quantitative methods are crucial for analyzing and interpreting migration statistics. However, existing methods of analysis cannot uniquely describe cell behavior and suffer from various limitations. This complicates efforts to address questions such as to what extent chemotactic signals direct cellular behaviors and how random migration of many cells leads to coordinated immune response. We therefore develop methods that provide a complete description of migration with a minimum of assumptions and describe specific quantities for characterizing directional motion. Using numerical simulations and experimental data, we evaluate these measures and discuss methods to minimize the effects of experimental artifacts. These methodologies may be applied to various migrating cells or organisms. We apply our approach to an important model system, T cells migrating in lymph node. Surprisingly, we find that the canonical Brownian-walker-like model does not accurately describe migration. Instead, we find that T cells move heterogeneously and are described by a two-population model of persistent and diffusive random walkers. This model is completely different from the generalized Lévy walk model that describes activated T cells in brains infected with Toxoplasma gondii, indicating that T cells exhibit distinct migration statistics in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Banigan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tajie H. Harris
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David A. Christian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Medyukhina A, Timme S, Mokhtari Z, Figge MT. Image-based systems biology of infection. Cytometry A 2015; 87:462-70. [PMID: 25641512 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The successful treatment of infectious diseases requires interdisciplinary studies of all aspects of infection processes. The overarching combination of experimental research and theoretical analysis in a systems biology approach can unravel mechanisms of complex interactions between pathogens and the human immune system. Taking into account spatial information is especially important in the context of infection, since the migratory behavior and spatial interactions of cells are often decisive for the outcome of the immune response. Spatial information is provided by image and video data that are acquired in microscopy experiments and that are at the heart of an image-based systems biology approach. This review demonstrates how image-based systems biology improves our understanding of infection processes. We discuss the three main steps of this approach--imaging, quantitative characterization, and modeling--and consider the application of these steps in the context of studying infection processes. After summarizing the most relevant microscopy and image analysis approaches, we discuss ways to quantify infection processes, and address a number of modeling techniques that exploit image-derived data to simulate host-pathogen interactions in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Medyukhina
- Applied Systems Biology, HKI-Center for Systems Biology of Infection, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Applied Systems Biology, HKI-Center for Systems Biology of Infection, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Applied Systems Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Zeinab Mokhtari
- Applied Systems Biology, HKI-Center for Systems Biology of Infection, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Applied Systems Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, HKI-Center for Systems Biology of Infection, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Applied Systems Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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22
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Textor J, Henrickson SE, Mandl JN, von Andrian UH, Westermann J, de Boer RJ, Beltman JB. Random migration and signal integration promote rapid and robust T cell recruitment. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003752. [PMID: 25102014 PMCID: PMC4125054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To fight infections, rare T cells must quickly home to appropriate lymph nodes (LNs), and reliably localize the antigen (Ag) within them. The first challenge calls for rapid trafficking between LNs, whereas the second may require extensive search within each LN. Here we combine simulations and experimental data to investigate which features of random T cell migration within and between LNs allow meeting these two conflicting demands. Our model indicates that integrating signals from multiple random encounters with Ag-presenting cells permits reliable detection of even low-dose Ag, and predicts a kinetic feature of cognate T cell arrest in LNs that we confirm using intravital two-photon data. Furthermore, we obtain the most reliable retention if T cells transit through LNs stochastically, which may explain the long and widely distributed LN dwell times observed in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that random migration, both between and within LNs, allows recruiting the majority of cognate precursors within a few days for various realistic infection scenarios. Thus, the combination of two-scale stochastic migration and signal integration is an efficient and robust strategy for T cell immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Textor
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Henrickson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith N. Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B. Beltman
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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van Oers RFM, Rens EG, LaValley DJ, Reinhart-King CA, Merks RMH. Mechanical cell-matrix feedback explains pairwise and collective endothelial cell behavior in vitro. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003774. [PMID: 25121971 PMCID: PMC4133044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultures of endothelial cells are a widely used model system of the collective behavior of endothelial cells during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. When seeded in an extracellular matrix, endothelial cells can form blood vessel-like structures, including vascular networks and sprouts. Endothelial morphogenesis depends on a large number of chemical and mechanical factors, including the compliancy of the extracellular matrix, the available growth factors, the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix, cell-cell signaling, etc. Although various computational models have been proposed to explain the role of each of these biochemical and biomechanical effects, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying in vitro angiogenesis is still incomplete. Most explanations focus on predicting the whole vascular network or sprout from the underlying cell behavior, and do not check if the same model also correctly captures the intermediate scale: the pairwise cell-cell interactions or single cell responses to ECM mechanics. Here we show, using a hybrid cellular Potts and finite element computational model, that a single set of biologically plausible rules describing (a) the contractile forces that endothelial cells exert on the ECM, (b) the resulting strains in the extracellular matrix, and (c) the cellular response to the strains, suffices for reproducing the behavior of individual endothelial cells and the interactions of endothelial cell pairs in compliant matrices. With the same set of rules, the model also reproduces network formation from scattered cells, and sprouting from endothelial spheroids. Combining the present mechanical model with aspects of previously proposed mechanical and chemical models may lead to a more complete understanding of in vitro angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- René F. M. van Oers
- Life Sciences group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for System Biology - Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G. Rens
- Life Sciences group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for System Biology - Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. LaValley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Roeland M. H. Merks
- Life Sciences group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for System Biology - Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Gong C, Linderman JJ, Kirschner D. Harnessing the heterogeneity of T cell differentiation fate to fine-tune generation of effector and memory T cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:57. [PMID: 24600448 PMCID: PMC3928592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that naïve T cells bearing identical T cell receptors experience heterogeneous differentiation and clonal expansion processes. The factors controlling this outcome are not well characterized, and their contributions to immune cell dynamics are similarly poorly understood. In this study, we develop a computational model to elaborate mechanisms occurring within and between two important physiological compartments, lymph nodes and blood, to determine how immune cell dynamics are controlled. Our multi-organ (multi-compartment) model integrates cellular and tissue level events and allows us to examine the heterogeneous differentiation of individual precursor cognate naïve T cells to generate both effector and memory T lymphocytes. Using this model, we simulate a hypothetical immune response and reproduce both primary and recall responses to infection. Increased numbers of antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) are predicted to raise production of both effector and memory T cells, and distinct “sweet spots” of peptide-MHC levels on those DCs exist that favor CD4+ or CD8+ T cell differentiation toward either effector or memory cell phenotypes. This has important implications for vaccine development and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gong
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Denise Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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25
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Moreau HD, Bousso P. Visualizing how T cells collect activation signals in vivo. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:56-62. [PMID: 24556401 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago the first movies depicting T cell behavior in vivo with the help of two-photon microscopy were generated. These initial experiments revealed that T cells migrate rapidly and randomly in secondary lymphoid organs at steady state and profoundly alter their behavior during antigen recognition, establishing both transient and stable contacts with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Since then, in vivo imaging has continuously improved our understanding of T cell activation. In particular, recent studies uncovered how T cells may be guided in their search for the best APCs. Additionally, the development of more sophisticated fluorescent tools has permitted not only to visualize T cell-APC contacts but also to probe their functional impact on T cell activation. These recent progresses are providing new insights into how T cells sense antigen, collect activation signals during distinct types of interaction and integrate information over successive encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D Moreau
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75015 Paris, France; Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75015 Paris, France.
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26
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Predicting lymph node output efficiency using systems biology. J Theor Biol 2013; 335:169-84. [PMID: 23816876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) capture pathogens and foreign antigen (Ag) in peripheral tissues and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes (LNs), where they present processed Ag as MHC-bound peptide (pMHC) to naïve T cells. Interactions between DCs and T cells result, over periods of hours, in activation, clonal expansion and differentiation of antigen-specific T cells, leading to primed cells that can now participate in immune responses. Two-photon microscopy (2PM) has been widely adopted to analyze lymphocyte dynamics and can serve as a powerful in vivo assay for cell trafficking and activation over short length and time scales. Linking biological phenomena between vastly different spatiotemporal scales can be achieved using a systems biology approach. We developed a 3D agent-based cellular model of a LN that allows for the simultaneous in silico simulation of T cell trafficking, activation and production of effector cells under different antigen (Ag) conditions. The model anatomy is based on in situ analysis of LN sections (from primates and mice) and cell dynamics based on quantitative measurements from 2PM imaging of mice. Our simulations make three important predictions. First, T cell encounters by DCs and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire scanning are more efficient in a 3D model compared with 2D, suggesting that a 3D model is needed to analyze LN function. Second, LNs are able to produce primed CD4+T cells at the same efficiency over broad ranges of cognate frequencies (from 10(-5) to 10(-2)). Third, reducing the time that naïve T cells are required to bind DCs before becoming activated will increase the rate at which effector cells are produced. This 3D model provides a robust platform to study how T cell trafficking and activation dynamics relate to the efficiency of T cell priming and clonal expansion. We envision that this systems biology approach will provide novel insights for guiding vaccine development and understanding immune responses to infection.
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