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Taguchi T, Kitazono J, Sasai S, Oizumi M. Association of bidirectional network cores in the brain with conscious perception and cognition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.30.591001. [PMID: 38746271 PMCID: PMC11092575 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The brain comprises a complex network of interacting regions. To understand the roles and mechanisms of this complex network, its structural features related to specific cognitive functions need to be elucidated. Among such relationships, recent developments in neuroscience highlight the link between network bidirectionality and conscious perception. Given the essential roles of both feedforward and feedback signals in conscious perception, it is surmised that subnetworks with bidirectional interactions are critical. However, the link between such subnetworks and conscious perception remains unclear due to the network's complexity. In this study, we propose a framework for extracting subnetworks with strong bidirectional interactions-termed the "cores" of a network-from brain activity. We applied this framework to resting-state and task-based fMRI data to identify regions forming strongly bidirectional cores. We then explored the association of these cores with conscious perception and cognitive functions. The central cores predominantly included cerebral cortical regions, which are crucial for conscious perception, rather than subcortical regions. Furthermore, the cores were composed of previously reported regions in which electrical stimulation altered conscious perception. These results suggest a link between the bidirectional cores and conscious perception. A meta-analysis and comparison of the core structure with a cortical functional connectivity gradient suggested that the central cores were related to lower-order sensorimotor functions. An ablation study emphasized the importance of incorporating bidirectionality, not merely interaction strength for these outcomes. The proposed framework provides novel insight into the roles of network cores with strong bidirectional interactions in conscious perception and lower-order sensorimotor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Taguchi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kitazono
- Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Oizumi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Zhang S, Zhang T, Cao G, Zhou J, He Z, Li X, Ren Y, Liu T, Jiang X, Guo L, Han J, Liu T. Species -shared and -unique gyral peaks on human and macaque brains. eLife 2024; 12:RP90182. [PMID: 38635322 PMCID: PMC11026093 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical folding is an important feature of primate brains that plays a crucial role in various cognitive and behavioral processes. Extensive research has revealed both similarities and differences in folding morphology and brain function among primates including macaque and human. The folding morphology is the basis of brain function, making cross-species studies on folding morphology important for understanding brain function and species evolution. However, prior studies on cross-species folding morphology mainly focused on partial regions of the cortex instead of the entire brain. Previously, our research defined a whole-brain landmark based on folding morphology: the gyral peak. It was found to exist stably across individuals and ages in both human and macaque brains. Shared and unique gyral peaks in human and macaque are identified in this study, and their similarities and differences in spatial distribution, anatomical morphology, and functional connectivity were also dicussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyao Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Guannan Cao
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Jingchao Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Zhibin He
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Information Technology, Northwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yudan Ren
- School of Information Technology, Northwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Science, North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshanChina
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Junwei Han
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthensUnited States
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3
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Zhang S, Zhang T, Cao G, Zhou J, He Z, Li X, Ren Y, Liu T, Jiang X, Guo L, Han J, Liu T. Species -Shared and -Unique Gyral Peaks on Human and Macaque Brains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.26.550760. [PMID: 37546923 PMCID: PMC10402126 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cortical folding is an important feature of primate brains that plays a crucial role in various cognitive and behavioral processes. Extensive research has revealed both similarities and differences in folding morphology and brain function among primates including macaque and human. The folding morphology is the basis of brain function, making cross-species studies on folding morphology important for understanding brain function and species evolution. However, prior studies on cross-species folding morphology mainly focused on partial regions of the cortex instead of the entire brain. Previously, we defined a whole-brain landmark based on folding morphology: the gyral peak. It was found to exist stably across individuals and ages in both human and macaque brains. In this study, we identified shared and unique gyral peaks in human and macaque, and investigated the similarities and differences in the spatial distribution, anatomical morphology, and functional connectivity of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyao Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guannan Cao
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingchao Zhou
- College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhibin He
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Information Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yudan Ren
- School of Information Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Junwei Han
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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4
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Kabbej N, Ashby FJ, Riva A, Gamlin PD, Mandel RJ, Kunta A, Rouse CJ, Heldermon CD. Sex differences in brain transcriptomes of juvenile Cynomolgus macaques. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3422091. [PMID: 38045237 PMCID: PMC10690328 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3422091/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Behavioral, social, and physical characteristics are posited to distinguish the sexes, yet research on transcription-level sexual differences in the brain is limited. Here, we investigated sexually divergent brain transcriptomics in prepubertal cynomolgus macaques, a commonly used surrogate species to humans. Methods: A transcriptomic profile using RNA sequencing was generated for the temporal lobe, ventral midbrain, and cerebellum of 3 female and 3 male cynomolgus macaques previously treated with an Adeno-associated virus vector mix. Statistical analyses to determine differentially expressed protein-coding genes in all three lobes were conducted using DeSeq2 with a false discovery rate corrected P value of .05. Results: We identified target genes in the temporal lobe, ventral midbrain, and cerebellum with functions in translation, immunity, behavior, and neurological disorders that exhibited statistically significant sexually divergent expression. Conclusions: We provide potential mechanistic insights to the epidemiological differences observed between the sexes with regards to mental health and infectious diseases, such as COVID19. Our results provide pre-pubertal information on sexual differences in non-human primate brain transcriptomics and may provide insight to health disparities between the biological sexes in humans.
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Xia J, Wang F, Wang Y, Wang L, Li G. Longitudinal mapping of the development of cortical thickness and surface area in rhesus macaques during the first three years. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303313120. [PMID: 37523547 PMCID: PMC10410744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303313120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying dynamic spatiotemporal patterns of early brain development in macaque monkeys is critical for understanding the cortical organization and evolution in humans, given the phylogenetic closeness between humans and macaques. However, due to huge challenges in the analysis of early brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data typically with extremely low contrast and dynamic imaging appearances, our knowledge of the early macaque cortical development remains scarce. To fill this critical gap, this paper characterizes the early developmental patterns of cortical thickness and surface area in rhesus macaques by leveraging advanced computing tools tailored for early developing brains based on a densely sampled longitudinal dataset with 140 rhesus macaque MRI scans seamlessly covering from birth to 36 mo of age. The average cortical thickness exhibits an inverted U-shaped trajectory with peak thickness at around 4.3 mo of age, which is remarkably in line with the age of peak thickness at 14 mo in humans, considering the around 3:1 age ratio of human to macaque. The total cortical surface area in macaques increases monotonically but with relatively lower expansions than in humans. The spatial distributions of thicker and thinner regions are quite consistent during development, with gyri having a thicker cortex than sulci. By 4 mo of age, over 81% of cortical vertices have reached their peaks in thickness, except for the insula and medial temporal cortices, while most cortical vertices keep expanding in surface area, except for the occipital cortex. These findings provide important insights into early brain development and evolution in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
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6
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Pitts M, Nee DE. Generalizing the control architecture of the lateral prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 195:107688. [PMID: 36265793 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control guides non-habitual, goal directed behaviors allowing us to flexibly adapt to ongoing demands. Previous work has suggested that multiple cognitive control processes exist that can be classed according to their action on present-oriented/external information versus future-oriented/internal information. These processes can be mapped onto the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) such that increasingly rostral areas are involved in increasingly future-oriented/internal control processes. Whether and how such processes are organized to support goal-directed behavior remains unclear. On the one hand, the LPFC may flexibly adapt based upon demands. On the other hand, there may be a consistent control architecture such as a control hierarchy that generalizes across demands. Previous work using fMRI in humans during a comprehensive control task that engaged several control processes at once found that an area in mid-LPFC consistently exerted widespread influence throughout the LPFC. These data suggested that the mid-LPFC forms an apex of a putative control hierarchy. However, whether such an architecture generalizes across tasks remains to be tested. Here, we utilized a modified comprehensive control task designed to alter how control processes influence one another to test the generalizability of the LPFC control architecture. Univariate fMRI activations revealed distinct control-related activations relative to past work. Despite these changes, effective connectivity modeling revealed a directed architecture similar to previous findings with the mid-LPFC exerting the most widespread influences throughout LPFC. These results suggest that the fundamental control architecture of the LPFC is relatively fixed, and that different demands are accommodated through modulations of this fixed architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKinney Pitts
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States
| | - Derek Evan Nee
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States.
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7
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Kruggel F, Solodkin A. Gyral and sulcal connectivity in the human cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4216-4229. [PMID: 36104856 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The rapid evolution of image acquisition and data analytic methods has established in vivo whole-brain tractography as a routine technology over the last 20 years. Imaging-based methods provide an additional approach to classic neuroanatomical studies focusing on biomechanical principles of anatomical organization and can in turn overcome the complexity of inter-individual variability associated with histological and tractography studies. In this work we propose a novel, reliable framework for determining brain tracts resolving the anatomical variance of brain regions. We distinguished 4 region types based on anatomical considerations: (i) gyral regions at borders between cortical communities; (ii) gyral regions within communities; (iii) sulcal regions at invariant locations across subjects; and (iv) other sulcal regions. Region types showed strikingly different anatomical and connection properties. Results allowed complementing the current understanding of the brain’s communication structure with a model of its anatomical underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frithjof Kruggel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, CA92697-2755 , United States
| | - Ana Solodkin
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas , Richardson, TX75080-3021 , United States
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8
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Neuwirth LS, Verrengia MT, Harikinish-Murrary ZI, Orens JE, Lopez OE. Under or Absent Reporting of Light Stimuli in Testing of Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rodents: The Need for Standardization. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:912146. [PMID: 36061362 PMCID: PMC9428565 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.912146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience tests such as the Light/Dark Test, the Open Field Test, the Elevated Plus Maze Test, and the Three Chamber Social Interaction Test have become both essential and widely used behavioral tests for transgenic and pre-clinical models for drug screening and testing. However, as fast as the field has evolved and the contemporaneous involvement of technology, little assessment of the literature has been done to ensure that these behavioral neuroscience tests that are crucial to pre-clinical testing have well-controlled ethological motivation by the use of lighting (i.e., Lux). In the present review paper, N = 420 manuscripts were examined from 2015 to 2019 as a sample set (i.e., n = ~20–22 publications per year) and it was found that only a meager n = 50 publications (i.e., 11.9% of the publications sampled) met the criteria for proper anxiogenic and anxiolytic Lux reported. These findings illustrate a serious concern that behavioral neuroscience papers are not being vetted properly at the journal review level and are being released into the literature and public domain making it difficult to assess the quality of the science being reported. This creates a real need for standardizing the use of Lux in all publications on behavioral neuroscience techniques within the field to ensure that contributions are meaningful, avoid unnecessary duplication, and ultimately would serve to create a more efficient process within the pre-clinical screening/testing for drugs that serve as anxiolytic compounds that would prove more useful than what prior decades of work have produced. It is suggested that improving the standardization of the use and reporting of Lux in behavioral neuroscience tests and the standardization of peer-review processes overseeing the proper documentation of these methodological approaches in manuscripts could serve to advance pre-clinical testing for effective anxiolytic drugs. This report serves to highlight this concern and proposes strategies to proactively remedy them as the field moves forward for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S. Neuwirth
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lorenz S. Neuwirth
| | - Michael T. Verrengia
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Zachary I. Harikinish-Murrary
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Jessica E. Orens
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Oscar E. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
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9
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Can a Neandertal meditate? An evolutionary view of attention as a core component of general intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Bruner E. A network approach to the topological organization of the Brodmann map. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3504-3515. [PMID: 35485307 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Brain morphology is the result of functional factors associated with cortical areas, but it is also influenced by structural aspects due to physical and spatial constraints. Despite the noticeable advances in brain mapping, Brodmann's map is still used in many research fields that rely on macroscopic cortical features for practical or theoretical issues. Here, the topological relationships among the Brodmann areas were modelled according to the principles of network analysis, in order to provide a synthetic view of their spatial properties following a criterion of contiguity. The model evidences the importance of the parieto-temporal region in terms of biological burden and topological complexity. The retrosplenial region is particularly influenced by spatial constraints, and the cingulate cortex occupies a position that bridges the anterior and posterior topological blocks. Such spatial framework should be taken into account when dealing with brain morphology in both ontogeny and phylogeny. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
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11
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Jones RM, Caskey CF, Dayton PA, Oralkan O, Pinton GF. Transcranial Neuromodulation Array With Imaging Aperture for Simultaneous Multifocus Stimulation in Nonhuman Primates. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:261-272. [PMID: 34460372 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3108448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Even simple behaviors arise from the simultaneous activation of multiple regions in the brain. Thus, the ability to simultaneously stimulate multiple regions within a brain circuit should allow for better modulation of function. However, performing simultaneous multifocus ultrasound neuromodulation introduces challenges to transducer design. Using 3-D Fullwave simulations, we have designed an ultrasound neuromodulation array for nonhuman primates that: 1) can simultaneously focus on multiple targets and 2) include an imaging aperture for additional functional imaging. This design is based on a spherical array, with 128 15-mm elements distributed in a spherical helix pattern. It is shown that clustering the elements tightly around the 65-mm imaging aperture located at the top of the array improves targeting at shallow depths, near the skull surface. Spherical arrays have good focusing capabilities through the skull at the center of the array, but focusing on off-center locations is more challenging due to the natural geometric configuration and the angle of incidence with the skull. In order to mitigate this, the 64 elements closest to the aperture were rotated toward and focusing on a shallow target, and the 64 elements farthest from the aperture were rotated toward and focusing on a deeper target. Data illustrated that this array produced focusing on the somatosensory cortex with a gain of 4.38 and to the thalamus with a gain of 3.82. To improve upon this, the array placement was optimized based on phase aberration simulations, allowing for the elements with the largest impact on the gain at each focal point to be found. This optimization resulted in an array design that can focus on the somatosensory cortex with a gain of 5.19 and the thalamus with a gain of 4.45. Simulations were also performed to evaluate the ability of the array to focus on 28 additional brain regions, showing that off-center target regions can be stimulated, but those closer to the skull will require corrective steps to deliver the same amount of energy to those locations. This simulation and design process can be adapted to an individual monkey or human skull morphologies and specific target locations within individuals by using orientable 3-D printing of the transducer case and by electronic phase aberration correction.
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12
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Upright NA, Baxter MG. Prefrontal cortex and cognitive aging in macaque monkeys. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23250. [PMID: 33687098 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments that accompany aging, even in the absence of neurodegenerative diseases, include deficits in executive function and memory mediated by the prefrontal cortex. Because of the unique differentiation and expansion of the prefrontal cortex in primates, investigations of the neurobiological basis of cognitive aging in nonhuman primates have been particularly informative about the potential basis for age-related cognitive decline in humans. We review the cognitive functions mediated by specific subregions of prefrontal cortex, and their corresponding connections, as well as the evidence for age-related alterations in specific regions of prefrontal cortex. We also discuss evidence for similarities and differences in the effects of aging on prefrontal cortex across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Upright
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark G Baxter
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Goulas A, Damicelli F, Hilgetag CC. Bio-instantiated recurrent neural networks: Integrating neurobiology-based network topology in artificial networks. Neural Netw 2021; 142:608-618. [PMID: 34391175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological neuronal networks (BNNs) are a source of inspiration and analogy making for researchers that focus on artificial neuronal networks (ANNs). Moreover, neuroscientists increasingly use ANNs as a model for the brain. Despite certain similarities between these two types of networks, important differences can be discerned. First, biological neural networks are sculpted by evolution and the constraints that it entails, whereas artificial neural networks are engineered to solve particular tasks. Second, the network topology of these systems, apart from some analogies that can be drawn, exhibits pronounced differences. Here, we examine strategies to construct recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that instantiate the network topology of brains of different species. We refer to such RNNs as bio-instantiated. We investigate the performance of bio-instantiated RNNs in terms of: (i) the prediction performance itself, that is, the capacity of the network to minimize the cost function at hand in test data, and (ii) speed of training, that is, how fast during training the network reaches its optimal performance. We examine bio-instantiated RNNs in working memory tasks where task-relevant information must be tracked as a sequence of events unfolds in time. We highlight the strategies that can be used to construct RNNs with the network topology found in BNNs, without sacrificing performance. Despite that we observe no enhancement of performance when compared to randomly wired RNNs, our approach demonstrates how empirical neural network data can be used for constructing RNNs, thus, facilitating further experimentation with biologically realistic network topologies, in contexts where such aspect is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Goulas
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Martinistr 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Fabrizio Damicelli
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Martinistr 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claus C Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Martinistr 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Liu X, Eickhoff SB, Caspers S, Wu J, Genon S, Hoffstaedter F, Mars RB, Sommer IE, Eickhoff CR, Chen J, Jardri R, Reetz K, Dogan I, Aleman A, Kogler L, Gruber O, Caspers J, Mathys C, Patil KR. Functional parcellation of human and macaque striatum reveals human-specific connectivity in the dorsal caudate. Neuroimage 2021; 235:118006. [PMID: 33819611 PMCID: PMC8214073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide homology between human and macaque striatum is often assumed as in both the striatum is involved in cognition, emotion and executive functions. However, differences in functional and structural organization between human and macaque striatum may reveal evolutionary divergence and shed light on human vulnerability to neuropsychiatric diseases. For instance, dopaminergic dysfunction of the human striatum is considered to be a pathophysiological underpinning of different disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Previous investigations have found a wide similarity in structural connectivity of the striatum between human and macaque, leaving the cross-species comparison of its functional organization unknown. In this study, resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) derived striatal parcels were compared based on their homologous cortico-striatal connectivity. The goal here was to identify striatal parcels whose connectivity is human-specific compared to macaque parcels. Functional parcellation revealed that the human striatum was split into dorsal, dorsomedial, and rostral caudate and ventral, central, and caudal putamen, while the macaque striatum was divided into dorsal, and rostral caudate and rostral, and caudal putamen. Cross-species comparison indicated dissimilar cortico-striatal RSFC of the topographically similar dorsal caudate. We probed clinical relevance of the striatal clusters by examining differences in their cortico-striatal RSFC and gray matter (GM) volume between patients (with PD and SCZ) and healthy controls. We found abnormal RSFC not only between dorsal caudate, but also between rostral caudate, ventral, central and caudal putamen and widespread cortical regions for both PD and SCZ patients. Also, we observed significant structural atrophy in rostral caudate, ventral and central putamen for both PD and SCZ while atrophy in the dorsal caudate was specific to PD. Taken together, our cross-species comparative results revealed shared and human-specific RSFC of different striatal clusters reinforcing the complex organization and function of the striatum. In addition, we provided a testable hypothesis that abnormalities in a region with human-specific connectivity, i.e., dorsal caudate, might be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jianxiao Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Genon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Claudia R Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ji Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Renaud Jardri
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9193, SCALab & CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital, CURE platform, Lille, France
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Imis Dogan
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lydia Kogler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Julian Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Mathys
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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15
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Matsuura S, Suzuki S, Motoki K, Yamazaki S, Kawashima R, Sugiura M. Ventral-Dorsal Subregions in the Posterior Cingulate Cortex Represent Pay and Interest, Two Key Attributes of Job Value. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab018. [PMID: 34296163 PMCID: PMC8152834 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Career choices affect not only our financial status but also our future well-being. When making these choices, individuals evaluate their willingness to obtain a job (i.e., job values), primarily driven by simulation of future pay and interest. Despite the importance of these decisions, their underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the neural representation of pay and interest. Forty students were presented with 80 job names and asked to evaluate their job values while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Following fMRI, participants rated the jobs in terms of pay and interest. The fMRI data revealed that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was associated with job value representation, and the ventral and dorsal regions of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) were associated with pay and interest representations, respectively. These findings suggest that the neural computations underlying job valuation conform to a multi-attribute decision-making framework, with overall value signals represented in the vmPFC and the attribute values (i.e., pay and interest) represented in specific regions outside the vmPFC, in the PCC. Furthermore, anatomically distinct representations of pay and interest in the PCC may reflect the differing roles of the two subregions in future simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsui Matsuura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Suzuki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.,Brain, Mind and Markets Laboratory, Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Kosuke Motoki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Food Management, Miyagi University, Sendai 982-0215, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamazaki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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16
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Friedrich P, Forkel SJ, Amiez C, Balsters JH, Coulon O, Fan L, Goulas A, Hadj-Bouziane F, Hecht EE, Heuer K, Jiang T, Latzman RD, Liu X, Loh KK, Patil KR, Lopez-Persem A, Procyk E, Sallet J, Toro R, Vickery S, Weis S, Wilson CRE, Xu T, Zerbi V, Eickoff SB, Margulies DS, Mars RB, Thiebaut de Schotten M. Imaging evolution of the primate brain: the next frontier? Neuroimage 2021; 228:117685. [PMID: 33359344 PMCID: PMC7116589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution, as we currently understand it, strikes a delicate balance between animals' ancestral history and adaptations to their current niche. Similarities between species are generally considered inherited from a common ancestor whereas observed differences are considered as more recent evolution. Hence comparing species can provide insights into the evolutionary history. Comparative neuroimaging has recently emerged as a novel subdiscipline, which uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify similarities and differences in brain structure and function across species. Whereas invasive histological and molecular techniques are superior in spatial resolution, they are laborious, post-mortem, and oftentimes limited to specific species. Neuroimaging, by comparison, has the advantages of being applicable across species and allows for fast, whole-brain, repeatable, and multi-modal measurements of the structure and function in living brains and post-mortem tissue. In this review, we summarise the current state of the art in comparative anatomy and function of the brain and gather together the main scientific questions to be explored in the future of the fascinating new field of brain evolution derived from comparative neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Friedrich
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (Brain & Behaviour, INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Germany.
| | - Stephanie J Forkel
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Amiez
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208 Bron, France
| | - Joshua H Balsters
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Coulon
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7289, Marseille, France; Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Alexandros Goulas
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Erin E Hecht
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Katja Heuer
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université de Paris, Inserm, Paris 75004, France; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert D Latzman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (Brain & Behaviour, INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Germany
| | - Kep Kee Loh
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7289, Marseille, France; Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (Brain & Behaviour, INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Germany
| | - Alizée Lopez-Persem
- Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UPMC UMRS 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Procyk
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208 Bron, France
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208 Bron, France; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Toro
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université de Paris, Inserm, Paris 75004, France; Neuroscience department, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Sam Vickery
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (Brain & Behaviour, INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Germany
| | - Susanne Weis
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (Brain & Behaviour, INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Germany
| | - Charles R E Wilson
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208 Bron, France
| | - Ting Xu
- Child Mind Institute, New York, United States
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon B Eickoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (Brain & Behaviour, INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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17
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Thomas J, Sharma D, Mohanta S, Jain N. Resting-State functional networks of different topographic representations in the somatosensory cortex of macaque monkeys and humans. Neuroimage 2020; 228:117694. [PMID: 33385552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing in the brain is mediated through a complex functional network architecture whose comprising nodes integrate and segregate themselves on different timescales. To gain an understanding of the network function it is imperative to identify and understand the network structure with respect to the underlying anatomical connectivity and the topographic organization. Here we show that the previously described resting-state network for the somatosensory area 3b comprises of distinct networks that are characteristic for different topographic representations. Seed-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis in macaque monkeys and humans using BOLD-fMRI signals from the face, the hand and rest of the medial somatosensory representations of area 3b revealed different correlation patterns. Both monkeys and humans have many similarities in the connectivity networks, although the networks are more complex in humans with many more nodes. In both the species face area network has the highest ipsilateral and contralateral connectivity, which included areas 3b and 4, and ventral premotor area. The area 3b hand network included ipsilateral hand representation in area 4. The emergent functional network structures largely reflect the known anatomical connectivity. Our results show that different body part representations in area 3b have independent functional networks perhaps reflecting differences in the behavioral use of different body parts. The results also show that large cortical areas if considered together, do not give a complete and accurate picture of the network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thomas
- National Brain Research Centre, NH 8, Manesar 122052, Haryana, India
| | - Dixit Sharma
- National Brain Research Centre, NH 8, Manesar 122052, Haryana, India
| | - Sounak Mohanta
- National Brain Research Centre, NH 8, Manesar 122052, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- National Brain Research Centre, NH 8, Manesar 122052, Haryana, India.
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18
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Raiser T, Flanagin V, Duering M, van Ombergen A, Ruehl R, zu Eulenburg P. The human corticocortical vestibular network. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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19
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Liu ZQ, Zheng YQ, Misic B. Network topology of the marmoset connectome. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:1181-1196. [PMID: 33409435 PMCID: PMC7781610 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a complex network of interconnected and interacting neuronal populations. Global efforts to understand the emergence of behavior and the effect of perturbations depend on accurate reconstruction of white matter pathways, both in humans and in model organisms. An emerging animal model for next-generation applied neuroscience is the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). A recent open respository of retrograde and anterograde tract tracing presents an opportunity to systematically study the network architecture of the marmoset brain (Marmoset Brain Architecture Project; http://www.marmosetbrain.org). Here we comprehensively chart the topological organization of the mesoscale marmoset cortico-cortical connectome. The network possesses multiple nonrandom attributes that promote a balance between segregation and integration, including near-minimal path length, multiscale community structure, a connective core, a unique motif composition, and multiple cavities. Altogether, these structural attributes suggest a link between network architecture and function. Our findings are consistent with previous reports across a range of species, scales, and reconstruction technologies, suggesting a small set of organizational principles universal across phylogeny. Collectively, these results provide a foundation for future anatomical, functional, and behavioral studies in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Qi Liu
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ying-Qiu Zheng
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bratislav Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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A metric survey on the sagittal and coronal morphology of the precuneus in adult humans. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2747-2755. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Xu T, Nenning KH, Schwartz E, Hong SJ, Vogelstein JT, Goulas A, Fair DA, Schroeder CE, Margulies DS, Smallwood J, Milham MP, Langs G. Cross-species functional alignment reveals evolutionary hierarchy within the connectome. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117346. [PMID: 32916286 PMCID: PMC7871099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution provides an important window into how cortical organization
shapes function and vice versa. The complex mosaic of changes in brain
morphology and functional organization that have shaped the mammalian cortex
during evolution, complicates attempts to chart cortical differences across
species. It limits our ability to fully appreciate how evolution has shaped our
brain, especially in systems associated with unique human cognitive capabilities
that lack anatomical homologues in other species. Here, we develop a
function-based method for cross-species alignment that enables the
quantification of homologous regions between humans and rhesus macaques, even
when their location is decoupled from anatomical landmarks. Critically, we find
cross-species similarity in functional organization reflects a gradient of
evolutionary change that decreases from unimodal systems and culminates with the
most pronounced changes in posterior regions of the default mode network
(angular gyrus, posterior cingulate and middle temporal cortices). Our findings
suggest that the establishment of the default mode network, as the apex of a
cognitive hierarchy, has changed in a complex manner during human evolution
– even within subnetworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Karl-Heinz Nenning
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Schwartz
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Seok-Jun Hong
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua T Vogelstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
| | - Alexandros Goulas
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Damien A Fair
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Departments of neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Jonny Smallwood
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Psychology Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Georg Langs
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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22
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Favela LH. Cognitive science as complexity science. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2020; 11:e1525. [PMID: 32043728 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is uncontroversial to claim that cognitive science studies many complex phenomena. What is less acknowledged are the contradictions among many traditional commitments of its investigative approaches and the nature of cognitive systems. Consider, for example, methodological tensions that arise due to the fact that like most natural systems, cognitive systems are nonlinear; and yet, traditionally cognitive science has relied on linear statistical data analyses. Cognitive science as complexity science is offered as an interdisciplinary framework for the investigation of cognition that can dissolve such contradictions and tensions. Here, cognition is treated as exhibiting the following four key features: emergence, nonlinearity, self-organization, and universality. This framework integrates concepts, methods, and theories from such disciplines as systems theory, nonlinear dynamical systems theory, and synergetics. By adopting this approach, the cognitive sciences benefit from a common set of practices to investigate, explain, and understand cognition in its varied and complex forms. This article is categorized under: Computer Science > Neural Networks Psychology > Theory and Methods Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Favela
- Department of Philosophy and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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23
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Scholtens LH, Feldman Barrett L, van den Heuvel MP. Cross-Species Evidence of Interplay Between Neural Connectivity at the Micro- and Macroscale of Connectome Organization in Human, Mouse, and Rat Brain. Brain Connect 2019; 8:595-603. [PMID: 30479137 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2018.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain describes a multiscale system. At the microscale, axonal, dendritic, and synaptic elements ensure neuron-to-neuron communication, and at the macroscale, large-scale projections form the anatomical wiring for communication between cortical areas. Although it is clear that both levels of neural organization play a crucial role in brain functioning, their interaction is not extensively studied. Connectome studies of the mammalian brain in cat, macaque, and human have recently shown that regions with larger and more complex pyramidal cells to have more macroscale corticocortical connections. In this study, we aimed to further validate these cross-scale findings in the human, mouse, and rat brain. We combined neuron reconstructions from the NeuroMorpho.org neuroarchitecture database with macroscale connectivity data derived from connectome mapping by means of tract-tracing (rat, mouse) and in vivo diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (human). Across these three mammalian species, we show cortical variation in neural organization to be associated with features of macroscale connectivity, with cortical variation in neuronal complexity explaining significant proportions of cortical variation in the number of white matter projections of cortical areas. Our findings converge on the notion of a relationship between features of micro- and macroscale neural connectivity to form a central aspect of mammalian neural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne H Scholtens
- 1 Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- 2 Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- 1 Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,4 Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Ardesch DJ, Scholtens LH, van den Heuvel MP. The human connectome from an evolutionary perspective. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 250:129-151. [PMID: 31703899 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The connectome describes the comprehensive set of neuronal connections of a species' central nervous system. Identifying the network characteristics of the human macroscale connectome and comparing these features with connectomes of other species provides insight into the evolution of human brain connectivity and its role in brain function. Several network properties of the human connectome are conserved across species, with emerging evidence also indicating potential human-specific adaptations of connectome topology. This review describes the human macroscale structural and functional connectome, focusing on common themes of brain wiring in the animal kingdom and network adaptations that may underlie human brain function. Evidence is drawn from comparative studies across a wide range of animal species, and from research comparing human brain wiring with that of non-human primates. Approaching the human connectome from a comparative perspective paves the way for network-level insights into the evolution of human brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jan Ardesch
- Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lianne H Scholtens
- Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Bruner E. Human paleoneurology: Shaping cortical evolution in fossil hominids. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1753-1765. [PMID: 30520032 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary neuroanatomy must integrate two different sources of information, namely from fossil and from living species. Fossils supply information concerning the process of evolution, whereas living species supply information on the product of evolution. Unfortunately, the fossil record is partial and fragmented, and often cannot support validations for specific evolutionary hypotheses. Living species can provide more comprehensive indications, but they do not represent ancestral groups or primitive forms. Macaques or chimpanzees are frequently used as proxy for human ancestral conditions, despite the fact they are divergent and specialized lineages, with their own biological features. Similarly, in paleoanthropology independent lineages (such as Neanderthals) should not be confused with ancestral modern human stages. In this comparative framework, paleoneurology deals with the analysis of the endocranial cavity in extinct species, in order to make inferences on brain evolution. A main target of this field is to distinguish the endocranial variations due to brain changes, from those due to cranial constraints. Digital anatomy and computed morphometrics have provided major advances in this field. However, brains and endocasts can be hard to analyze with geometrical models, because of uncertainties due to the localization of cortical landmarks and boundaries. The study of the evolution of the parietal cortex supplies an interesting case-study in which paleontological and neontological data can integrate and test evolutionary hypotheses based on multiple sources of evidence. The relationships with visuospatial functions and brain-body-tool integration stress further that the analysis of the cognitive system should go beyond the neural boundaries of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Bruner
- Programa de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
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26
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Sotiropoulos SN, Zalesky A. Building connectomes using diffusion MRI: why, how and but. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e3752. [PMID: 28654718 PMCID: PMC6491971 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Why has diffusion MRI become a principal modality for mapping connectomes in vivo? How do different image acquisition parameters, fiber tracking algorithms and other methodological choices affect connectome estimation? What are the main factors that dictate the success and failure of connectome reconstruction? These are some of the key questions that we aim to address in this review. We provide an overview of the key methods that can be used to estimate the nodes and edges of macroscale connectomes, and we discuss open problems and inherent limitations. We argue that diffusion MRI-based connectome mapping methods are still in their infancy and caution against blind application of deep white matter tractography due to the challenges inherent to connectome reconstruction. We review a number of studies that provide evidence of useful microstructural and network properties that can be extracted in various independent and biologically relevant contexts. Finally, we highlight some of the key deficiencies of current macroscale connectome mapping methodologies and motivate future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios N. Sotiropoulos
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre and Melbourne School of EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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27
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Goulas A, Majka P, Rosa MGP, Hilgetag CC. A blueprint of mammalian cortical connectomes. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2005346. [PMID: 30901324 PMCID: PMC6456226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex of mammals exhibits intricate interareal wiring. Moreover, mammalian cortices differ vastly in size, cytological composition, and phylogenetic distance. Given such complexity and pronounced species differences, it is a considerable challenge to decipher organizational principles of mammalian connectomes. Here, we demonstrate species-specific and species-general unifying principles linking the physical, cytological, and connectional dimensions of architecture in the mouse, cat, marmoset, and macaque monkey. The existence of connections is related to the cytology of cortical areas, in addition to the role of physical distance, but this relation is attenuated in mice and marmoset monkeys. The cytoarchitectonic cortical gradients, and not the rostrocaudal axis of the cortex, are closely linked to the laminar origin of connections, a principle that allows the extrapolation of this connectional feature to humans. Lastly, a network core, with a central role under different modes of network communication, characterizes all cortical connectomes. We observe a displacement of the network core in mammals, with a shift of the core of cats and macaque monkeys toward the less neuronally dense areas of the cerebral cortex. This displacement has functional ramifications but also entails a potential increased degree of vulnerability to pathology. In sum, our results sketch out a blueprint of mammalian connectomes consisting of species-specific and species-general links between the connectional, physical, and cytological dimensions of the cerebral cortex, possibly reflecting variations and persistence of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms and cellular phenomena. Our framework elucidates organizational principles that encompass but also extend beyond the wiring economy principle imposed by the physical embedding of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Goulas
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Piotr Majka
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Marcello G. P. Rosa
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Claus C. Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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28
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Petanjek Z, Sedmak D, Džaja D, Hladnik A, Rašin MR, Jovanov-Milosevic N. The Protracted Maturation of Associative Layer IIIC Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Prefrontal Cortex During Childhood: A Major Role in Cognitive Development and Selective Alteration in Autism. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30923504 PMCID: PMC6426783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human specific cognitive shift starts around the age of 2 years with the onset of self-awareness, and continues with extraordinary increase in cognitive capacities during early childhood. Diffuse changes in functional connectivity in children aged 2-6 years indicate an increase in the capacity of cortical network. Interestingly, structural network complexity does not increase during this time and, thus, it is likely to be induced by selective maturation of a specific neuronal subclass. Here, we provide an overview of a subclass of cortico-cortical neurons, the associative layer IIIC pyramids of the human prefrontal cortex. Their local axonal collaterals are in control of the prefrontal cortico-cortical output, while their long projections modulate inter-areal processing. In this way, layer IIIC pyramids are the major integrative element of cortical processing, and changes in their connectivity patterns will affect global cortical functioning. Layer IIIC neurons have a unique pattern of dendritic maturation. In contrast to other classes of principal neurons, they undergo an additional phase of extensive dendritic growth during early childhood, and show characteristic molecular changes. Taken together, circuits associated with layer IIIC neurons have the most protracted period of developmental plasticity. This unique feature is advanced but also provides a window of opportunity for pathological events to disrupt normal formation of cognitive circuits involving layer IIIC neurons. In this manuscript, we discuss how disrupted dendritic and axonal maturation of layer IIIC neurons may lead into global cortical disconnectivity, affecting development of complex communication and social abilities. We also propose a model that developmentally dictated incorporation of layer IIIC neurons into maturing cortico-cortical circuits between 2 to 6 years will reveal a previous (perinatal) lesion affecting other classes of principal neurons. This "disclosure" of pre-existing functionally silent lesions of other neuronal classes induced by development of layer IIIC associative neurons, or their direct alteration, could be found in different forms of autism spectrum disorders. Understanding the gene-environment interaction in shaping cognitive microcircuitries may be fundamental for developing rehabilitation and prevention strategies in autism spectrum and other cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Džaja
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladen Roko Rašin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milosevic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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29
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Griffa A, Van den Heuvel MP. Rich-club neurocircuitry: function, evolution, and vulnerability. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 30250389 PMCID: PMC6136122 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2018.20.2/agriffa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, network neuroscience has played a fundamental role in the understanding of large-scale brain connectivity architecture. Brains, and more generally nervous systems, can be modeled as sets of elements (neurons, assemblies, or cortical chunks) that dynamically interact through a highly structured and adaptive neurocircuitry. An interesting property of neural networks is that elements rich in connections are central to the network organization and tend to interconnect strongly with each other, forming so-called rich clubs. The ubiquity of rich-club organization across different species and scales of investigation suggests that this topology could be a distinctive feature of biological systems with information processing capabilities. This review surveys recent neuroimaging, computational, and cross-species comparative literature to offer an insight into the function and origin of rich-club architecture in nervous systems, discussing its relevance to human cognition and behavior, and vulnerability to brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Griffa
- Dutch Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P Van den Heuvel
- Dutch Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Liang X, Yeh CH, Connelly A, Calamante F. Robust Identification of Rich-Club Organization in Weighted and Dense Structural Connectomes. Brain Topogr 2018; 32:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Kale P, Zalesky A, Gollo LL. Estimating the impact of structural directionality: How reliable are undirected connectomes? Netw Neurosci 2018; 2:259-284. [PMID: 30234180 PMCID: PMC6135560 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Directionality is a fundamental feature of network connections. Most structural brain networks are intrinsically directed because of the nature of chemical synapses, which comprise most neuronal connections. Because of the limitations of noninvasive imaging techniques, the directionality of connections between structurally connected regions of the human brain cannot be confirmed. Hence, connections are represented as undirected, and it is still unknown how this lack of directionality affects brain network topology. Using six directed brain networks from different species and parcellations (cat, mouse, C. elegans, and three macaque networks), we estimate the inaccuracies in network measures (degree, betweenness, clustering coefficient, path length, global efficiency, participation index, and small-worldness) associated with the removal of the directionality of connections. We employ three different methods to render directed brain networks undirected: (a) remove unidirectional connections, (b) add reciprocal connections, and (c) combine equal numbers of removed and added unidirectional connections. We quantify the extent of inaccuracy in network measures introduced through neglecting connection directionality for individual nodes and across the network. We find that the coarse division between core and peripheral nodes remains accurate for undirected networks. However, hub nodes differ considerably when directionality is neglected. Comparing the different methods to generate undirected networks from directed ones, we generally find that the addition of reciprocal connections (false positives) causes larger errors in graph-theoretic measures than the removal of the same number of directed connections (false negatives). These findings suggest that directionality plays an essential role in shaping brain networks and highlight some limitations of undirected connectomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Kale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
- University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leonardo L. Gollo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
- University of Queensland, Australia
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32
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Griffa A. Rich-club neurocircuitry: function, evolution, and vulnerability. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 20:121-132. [PMID: 30250389 PMCID: PMC6136122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, network neuroscience has played a fundamental role in the understanding of large-scale brain connectivity architecture. Brains, and more generally nervous systems, can be modeled as sets of elements (neurons, assemblies, or cortical chunks) that dynamically interact through a highly structured and adaptive neurocircuitry. An interesting property of neural networks is that elements rich in connections are central to the network organization and tend to interconnect strongly with each other, forming so-called rich clubs. The ubiquity of rich-club organization across different species and scales of investigation suggests that this topology could be a distinctive feature of biological systems with information processing capabilities. This review surveys recent neuroimaging, computational, and cross-species comparative literature to offer an insight into the function and origin of rich-club architecture in nervous systems, discussing its relevance to human cognition and behavior, and vulnerability to brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Griffa
- Dutch Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Grayson DS, Bliss-Moreau E, Bennett J, Lavenex P, Amaral DG. Neural Reorganization Due to Neonatal Amygdala Lesions in the Rhesus Monkey: Changes in Morphology and Network Structure. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3240-3253. [PMID: 28383709 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that neural damage that occurs early in development is associated with greater adaptive capacity relative to similar damage in an older individual. However, few studies have surveyed whole brain changes following early focal damage. In this report, we employed multimodal magnetic resonance imaging analyses of adult rhesus macaque monkeys who had previously undergone bilateral, neurotoxic lesions of the amygdala at about 2 weeks of age. A deformation-based morphometric approach demonstrated reduction of the volumes of the anterior temporal lobe, anterior commissure, basal ganglia, and pulvinar in animals with early amygdala lesions compared to controls. In contrast, animals with early amygdala lesions had an enlarged cingulate cortex, medial superior frontal gyrus, and medial parietal cortex. Diffusion-weighted imaging tractography and network analysis were also used to compare connectivity patterns and higher-level measures of communication across the brain. Using the communicability metric, which integrates direct and indirect paths between regions, lesioned animals showed extensive degradation of network integrity in the temporal and orbitofrontal cortices. This work demonstrates both degenerative as well as progressive large-scale neural changes following long-term recovery from neonatal focal brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Grayson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - E Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Center for Cognition, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Experimental Research on Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Efficient communication dynamics on macro-connectome, and the propagation speed. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2510. [PMID: 29410439 PMCID: PMC5802747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Global communication dynamics in the brain can be captured using fMRI, MEG, or electrocorticography (ECoG), and the global slow dynamics often represent anatomical constraints. Complementary single-/multi-unit recordings have described local fast temporal dynamics. However, global fast temporal dynamics remain incompletely understood with considering of anatomical constraints. Therefore, we compared temporal aspects of cross-area propagations of single-unit recordings and ECoG, and investigated their anatomical bases. First, we demonstrated how both evoked and spontaneous ECoGs can accurately predict latencies of single-unit recordings. Next, we estimated the propagation velocity (1.0–1.5 m/s) from brain-wide data and found that it was fairly stable among different conscious levels. We also found that the shortest paths in anatomical topology strongly predicted the latencies. Finally, we demonstrated that Communicability, a novel graph-theoretic measure, is able to quantify that more than 90% of paths should use shortest paths and the remaining are non-shortest walks. These results revealed that macro-connectome is efficiently wired for detailed communication dynamics in the brain.
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35
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Zikopoulos B, García-Cabezas MÁ, Barbas H. Parallel trends in cortical gray and white matter architecture and connections in primates allow fine study of pathways in humans and reveal network disruptions in autism. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004559. [PMID: 29401206 PMCID: PMC5814101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging and tractography methods have yielded information on broad communication networks but lack resolution to delineate intralaminar cortical and subcortical pathways in humans. An important unanswered question is whether we can use the wealth of precise information on pathways from monkeys to understand connections in humans. We addressed this question within a theoretical framework of systematic cortical variation and used identical high-resolution methods to compare the architecture of cortical gray matter and the white matter beneath, which gives rise to short- and long-distance pathways in humans and rhesus monkeys. We used the prefrontal cortex as a model system because of its key role in attention, emotions, and executive function, which are processes often affected in brain diseases. We found striking parallels and consistent trends in the gray and white matter architecture in humans and monkeys and between the architecture and actual connections mapped with neural tracers in rhesus monkeys and, by extension, in humans. Using the novel architectonic portrait as a base, we found significant changes in pathways between nearby prefrontal and distant areas in autism. Our findings reveal that a theoretical framework allows study of normal neural communication in humans at high resolution and specific disruptions in diverse psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilis Zikopoulos
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Miguel Ángel García-Cabezas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helen Barbas
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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36
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Casimo K, Levinson LH, Zanos S, Gkogkidis CA, Ball T, Fetz E, Weaver KE, Ojemann JG. An interspecies comparative study of invasive electrophysiological functional connectivity. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00863. [PMID: 29299382 PMCID: PMC5745242 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resting-state connectivity patterns have been observed in humans and other mammal species, and can be recorded using a variety of different technologies. Functional connectivity has been previously compared between species using resting-state fMRI, but not in electrophysiological studies. METHODS We compared connectivity with implanted electrodes in humans (electrocorticography) to macaques and sheep (microelectrocorticography), which are capable of recording neural data at high frequencies with spatial precision. We specifically examined synchrony, implicated in functional integration between regions. RESULTS We found that connectivity strength was overwhelmingly similar in humans and monkeys for pairs of two different brain regions (prefrontal, motor, premotor, parietal), but differed more often within single brain regions. The two connectivity measures, correlation and phase locking value, were similar in most comparisons. Connectivity strength agreed more often between the species at higher frequencies. Where the species differed, monkey synchrony was stronger than human in all but one case. In contrast, human and sheep connectivity within somatosensory cortex diverged in almost all frequencies, with human connectivity stronger than sheep. DISCUSSION Our findings imply greater heterogeneity within regions in humans than in monkeys, but comparable functional interactions between regions in the two species. This suggests that monkeys may be effectively used to probe resting-state connectivity in humans, and that such findings can then be validated in humans. Although the discrepancy between humans and sheep is larger, we suggest that findings from sheep in highly invasive studies may be used to provide guidance for studies in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Casimo
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Stavros Zanos
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Washington National Primate Research Center University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research New York City NY USA
| | - C Alexis Gkogkidis
- Translational Neurotechnology Laboratory Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine Medical Center - University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany.,Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology Department of Microsystems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Tonio Ball
- Translational Neurotechnology Laboratory Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine Medical Center - University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany.,Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology Department of Microsystems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Eberhard Fetz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Washington National Primate Research Center University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Kurt E Weaver
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Department of Radiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Integrated Brain Imaging Center University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle WA USA
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37
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Schmidt M, Bakker R, Hilgetag CC, Diesmann M, van Albada SJ. Multi-scale account of the network structure of macaque visual cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1409-1435. [PMID: 29143946 PMCID: PMC5869897 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cortical network structure has been extensively characterized at the level of local circuits and in terms of long-range connectivity, but seldom in a manner that integrates both of these scales. Furthermore, while the connectivity of cortex is known to be related to its architecture, this knowledge has not been used to derive a comprehensive cortical connectivity map. In this study, we integrate data on cortical architecture and axonal tracing data into a consistent multi-scale framework of the structure of one hemisphere of macaque vision-related cortex. The connectivity model predicts the connection probability between any two neurons based on their types and locations within areas and layers. Our analysis reveals regularities of cortical structure. We confirm that cortical thickness decays with cell density. A gradual reduction in neuron density together with the relative constancy of the volume density of synapses across cortical areas yields denser connectivity in visual areas more remote from sensory inputs and of lower structural differentiation. Further, we find a systematic relation between laminar patterns on source and target sides of cortical projections, extending previous findings from combined anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments. Going beyond the classical schemes, we statistically assign synapses to target neurons based on anatomical reconstructions, which suggests that layer 4 neurons receive substantial feedback input. Our derived connectivity exhibits a community structure that corresponds more closely with known functional groupings than previous connectivity maps and identifies layer-specific directional differences in cortico-cortical pathways. The resulting network can form the basis for studies relating structure to neural dynamics in mammalian cortex at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmidt
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (JBI-1 /INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Rembrandt Bakker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (JBI-1 /INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Claus C Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Markus Diesmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (JBI-1 /INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Faculty 1, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sacha J van Albada
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (JBI-1 /INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
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38
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The Rhesus Monkey Connectome Predicts Disrupted Functional Networks Resulting from Pharmacogenetic Inactivation of the Amygdala. Neuron 2017; 91:453-66. [PMID: 27477019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary research suggests that the mammalian brain is a complex system, implying that damage to even a single functional area could have widespread consequences across the system. To test this hypothesis, we pharmacogenetically inactivated the rhesus monkey amygdala, a subcortical region with distributed and well-defined cortical connectivity. We then examined the impact of that perturbation on global network organization using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Amygdala inactivation disrupted amygdalocortical communication and distributed corticocortical coupling across multiple functional brain systems. Altered coupling was explained using a graph-based analysis of experimentally established structural connectivity to simulate disconnection of the amygdala. Communication capacity via monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways, in aggregate, largely accounted for the correlational structure of endogenous brain activity and many of the non-local changes that resulted from amygdala inactivation. These results highlight the structural basis of distributed neural activity and suggest a strategy for linking focal neuropathology to remote neurophysiological changes.
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39
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A Putative Multiple-Demand System in the Macaque Brain. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8574-85. [PMID: 27535906 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0810-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In humans, cognitively demanding tasks of many types recruit common frontoparietal brain areas. Pervasive activation of this "multiple-demand" (MD) network suggests a core function in supporting goal-oriented behavior. A similar network might therefore be predicted in nonhuman primates that readily perform similar tasks after training. However, an MD network in nonhuman primates has not been described. Single-cell recordings from macaque frontal and parietal cortex show some similar properties to human MD fMRI responses (e.g., adaptive coding of task-relevant information). Invasive recordings, however, come from limited prespecified locations, so they do not delineate a macaque homolog of the MD system and their positioning could benefit from knowledge of where MD foci lie. Challenges of scanning behaving animals mean that few macaque fMRI studies specifically contrast levels of cognitive demand, so we sought to identify a macaque counterpart to the human MD system using fMRI connectivity in 35 rhesus macaques. Putative macaque MD regions, mapped from frontoparietal MD regions defined in humans, were found to be functionally connected under anesthesia. To further refine these regions, an iterative process was used to maximize their connectivity cross-validated across animals. Finally, whole-brain connectivity analyses identified voxels that were robustly connected to MD regions, revealing seven clusters across frontoparietal and insular cortex comparable to human MD regions and one unexpected cluster in the lateral fissure. The proposed macaque MD regions can be used to guide future electrophysiological investigation of MD neural coding and in task-based fMRI to test predictions of similar functional properties to human MD cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In humans, a frontoparietal "multiple-demand" (MD) brain network is recruited during a wide range of cognitively demanding tasks. Because this suggests a fundamental function, one might expect a similar network to exist in nonhuman primates, but this remains controversial. Here, we sought to identify a macaque counterpart to the human MD system using fMRI connectivity. Putative macaque MD regions were functionally connected under anesthesia and were further refined by iterative optimization. The result is a network including lateral frontal, dorsomedial frontal, and insular and inferior parietal regions closely similar to the human counterpart. The proposed macaque MD regions can be useful in guiding electrophysiological recordings or in task-based fMRI to test predictions of similar functional properties to human MD cortex.
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40
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Ball G, Beare R, Seal ML. Network component analysis reveals developmental trajectories of structural connectivity and specific alterations in autism spectrum disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4169-4184. [PMID: 28560746 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural organization of the brain can be characterized as a hierarchical ensemble of segregated modules linked by densely interconnected hub regions that facilitate distributed functional interactions. Disturbances to this network may be an important marker of abnormal development. Recently, several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), have been framed as disorders of connectivity but the full nature and timing of these disturbances remain unclear. In this study, we use non-negative matrix factorization, a data-driven, multivariate approach, to model the structural network architecture of the brain as a set of superposed subnetworks, or network components. In an openly available dataset of 196 subjects scanned between 5 and 85 years we identify a set of robust and reliable subnetworks that develop in tandem with age and reflect both anatomically local and long-range, network hub connections. In a second experiment, we compare network components in a cohort of 51 high-functioning ASD adolescents to a group of age-matched controls. We identify a specific subnetwork representing an increase in local connection strength in the cingulate cortex in ASD (t = 3.44, P < 0.001). This work highlights possible long-term implications of alterations to the developmental trajectories of specific cortical subnetworks. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4169-4184, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Ball
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Beare
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc L Seal
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Beuter A. The Use of Neurocomputational Models as Alternatives to Animal Models in the Development of Electrical Brain Stimulation Treatments. Altern Lab Anim 2017; 45:91-99. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291704500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent publications call for more animal models to be used and more experiments to be performed, in order to better understand the mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, to improve human health, and to develop new brain stimulation treatments. In response to these calls, some limitations of the current animal models are examined by using Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease as an illustrative example. Without focusing on the arguments for or against animal experimentation, or on the history of DBS, the present paper argues that given recent technological and theoretical advances, the time has come to consider bioinspired computational modelling as a valid alternative to animal models, in order to design the next generation of human brain stimulation treatments. However, before computational neuroscience is fully integrated in the translational process and used as a substitute for animal models, several obstacles need to be overcome. These obstacles are examined in the context of institutional, financial, technological and behavioural lock-in. Recommendations include encouraging agreement to change long-term habitual practices, explaining what alternative models can achieve, considering economic stakes, simplifying administrative and regulatory constraints, and carefully examining possible conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beuter
- Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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42
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Abstract
Despite substantial recent progress, our understanding of the principles and mechanisms underlying complex brain function and cognition remains incomplete. Network neuroscience proposes to tackle these enduring challenges. Approaching brain structure and function from an explicitly integrative perspective, network neuroscience pursues new ways to map, record, analyze and model the elements and interactions of neurobiological systems. Two parallel trends drive the approach: the availability of new empirical tools to create comprehensive maps and record dynamic patterns among molecules, neurons, brain areas and social systems; and the theoretical framework and computational tools of modern network science. The convergence of empirical and computational advances opens new frontiers of scientific inquiry, including network dynamics, manipulation and control of brain networks, and integration of network processes across spatiotemporal domains. We review emerging trends in network neuroscience and attempt to chart a path toward a better understanding of the brain as a multiscale networked system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Electrical &Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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43
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Schuecker J, Schmidt M, van Albada SJ, Diesmann M, Helias M. Fundamental Activity Constraints Lead to Specific Interpretations of the Connectome. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005179. [PMID: 28146554 PMCID: PMC5287462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous integration of experimental data into coherent models of the brain is an increasing challenge of modern neuroscience. Such models provide a bridge between structure and activity, and identify the mechanisms giving rise to experimental observations. Nevertheless, structurally realistic network models of spiking neurons are necessarily underconstrained even if experimental data on brain connectivity are incorporated to the best of our knowledge. Guided by physiological observations, any model must therefore explore the parameter ranges within the uncertainty of the data. Based on simulation results alone, however, the mechanisms underlying stable and physiologically realistic activity often remain obscure. We here employ a mean-field reduction of the dynamics, which allows us to include activity constraints into the process of model construction. We shape the phase space of a multi-scale network model of the vision-related areas of macaque cortex by systematically refining its connectivity. Fundamental constraints on the activity, i.e., prohibiting quiescence and requiring global stability, prove sufficient to obtain realistic layer- and area-specific activity. Only small adaptations of the structure are required, showing that the network operates close to an instability. The procedure identifies components of the network critical to its collective dynamics and creates hypotheses for structural data and future experiments. The method can be applied to networks involving any neuron model with a known gain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Schuecker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmidt
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sacha J. van Albada
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Diesmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Faculty 1, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Moritz Helias
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, Faculty 1, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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44
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Bezgin G, Solodkin A, Bakker R, Ritter P, McIntosh AR. Mapping complementary features of cross-species structural connectivity to construct realistic "Virtual Brains". Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2080-2093. [PMID: 28054725 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern systems neuroscience increasingly leans on large-scale multi-lab neuroinformatics initiatives to provide necessary capacity for biologically realistic modeling of primate whole-brain activity. Here, we present a framework to assemble primate brain's biologically plausible anatomical backbone for such modeling initiatives. In this framework, structural connectivity is determined by adding complementary information from invasive macaque axonal tract tracing and non-invasive human diffusion tensor imaging. Both modalities are combined by means of available interspecies registration tools and a newly developed Bayesian probabilistic modeling approach to extract common connectivity evidence. We demonstrate how this novel framework is embedded in the whole-brain simulation platform called The Virtual Brain (TVB). Hum Brain Mapp 38:2080-2093, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Bezgin
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6A 2E1.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B4
| | - Ana Solodkin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, 200 Manchester Avenue, Suite 206, Orange, California
| | - Rembrandt Bakker
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, AJ, 6525, the Netherlands.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre and JARA, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Petra Ritter
- Department of Neurology, Charite - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Minerva Research Group Brain Modes, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Bernstein Focus State Dependencies of Learning & Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain & Mind & Brain Institute, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony R McIntosh
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6A 2E1.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Mevel K, Fransson P. The functional brain connectome of the child and autism spectrum disorders. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1024-35. [PMID: 27228241 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain connectomics is a relatively new field of research that maps the brain's large-scale structural and functional networks at rest. The connectome of the human brain develops progressively from early infancy to late adolescence, and this review describes the theory behind the concept and its applicability to studying the development and dynamics of brain networks through graph theoretical metrics. We also describe how the brain connectome concept could further our understanding of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) CONCLUSION: Further research into the functional child brain connectome concept could enhance our understanding of atypical brain connectivity patterns presumed to be linked to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katell Mevel
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDÉ); CNRS UMR 8240; Sorbonne Paris Cité; GIP Cyceron; Université de Caen Normandie; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Peter Fransson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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46
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Reid AT, Hoffstaedter F, Gong G, Laird AR, Fox P, Evans AC, Amunts K, Eickhoff SB. A seed-based cross-modal comparison of brain connectivity measures. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1131-1151. [PMID: 27372336 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human neuroimaging methods have provided a number of means by which the connectivity structure of the human brain can be inferred. For instance, correlations in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal time series are commonly used to make inferences about "functional connectivity." Correlations across samples in structural morphometric measures, such as voxel-based morphometry (VBM) or cortical thickness (CT), have also been used to estimate connectivity, putatively through mutually trophic effects on connected brain areas. In this study, we have compared seed-based connectivity estimates obtained from four common correlational approaches: resting-state functional connectivity (RS-fMRI), meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM), VBM correlations, and CT correlations. We found that the two functional approaches (RS-fMRI and MACM) had the best agreement. While the two structural approaches (CT and VBM) had better-than-random convergence, they were no more similar to each other than to the functional approaches. The degree of correspondence between modalities varied considerably across seed regions, and also depended on the threshold applied to the connectivity distribution. These results demonstrate some degrees of similarity between connectivity inferred from structural and functional covariances, particularly for the most robust functionally connected regions (e.g., the default mode network). However, they also caution that these measures likely capture very different aspects of brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Reid
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Center, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Center, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gaolang Gong
- School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter Fox
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Center, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Center, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Tang Y, Gao H, Du W, Lu J, Vasilakos AV, Kurths J. Robust Multiobjective Controllability of Complex Neuronal Networks. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 13:778-791. [PMID: 26441452 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2015.2485226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses robust multiobjective identification of driver nodes in the neuronal network of a cat's brain, in which uncertainties in determination of driver nodes and control gains are considered. A framework for robust multiobjective controllability is proposed by introducing interval uncertainties and optimization algorithms. By appropriate definitions of robust multiobjective controllability, a robust nondominated sorting adaptive differential evolution (NSJaDE) is presented by means of the nondominated sorting mechanism and the adaptive differential evolution (JaDE). The simulation experimental results illustrate the satisfactory performance of NSJaDE for robust multiobjective controllability, in comparison with six statistical methods and two multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs): nondominated sorting genetic algorithms II (NSGA-II) and nondominated sorting composite differential evolution. It is revealed that the existence of uncertainties in choosing driver nodes and designing control gains heavily affects the controllability of neuronal networks. We also unveil that driver nodes play a more drastic role than control gains in robust controllability. The developed NSJaDE and obtained results will shed light on the understanding of robustness in controlling realistic complex networks such as transportation networks, power grid networks, biological networks, etc.
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48
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Sukhinin DI, Engel AK, Manger P, Hilgetag CC. Building the Ferretome. Front Neuroinform 2016; 10:16. [PMID: 27242503 PMCID: PMC4861729 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Databases of structural connections of the mammalian brain, such as CoCoMac (cocomac.g-node.org) or BAMS (https://bams1.org), are valuable resources for the analysis of brain connectivity and the modeling of brain dynamics in species such as the non-human primate or the rodent, and have also contributed to the computational modeling of the human brain. Another animal model that is widely used in electrophysiological or developmental studies is the ferret; however, no systematic compilation of brain connectivity is currently available for this species. Thus, we have started developing a database of anatomical connections and architectonic features of the ferret brain, the Ferret(connect)ome, www.Ferretome.org. The Ferretome database has adapted essential features of the CoCoMac methodology and legacy, such as the CoCoMac data model. This data model was simplified and extended in order to accommodate new data modalities that were not represented previously, such as the cytoarchitecture of brain areas. The Ferretome uses a semantic parcellation of brain regions as well as a logical brain map transformation algorithm (objective relational transformation, ORT). The ORT algorithm was also adopted for the transformation of architecture data. The database is being developed in MySQL and has been populated with literature reports on tract-tracing observations in the ferret brain using a custom-designed web interface that allows efficient and validated simultaneous input and proofreading by multiple curators. The database is equipped with a non-specialist web interface. This interface can be extended to produce connectivity matrices in several formats, including a graphical representation superimposed on established ferret brain maps. An important feature of the Ferretome database is the possibility to trace back entries in connectivity matrices to the original studies archived in the system. Currently, the Ferretome contains 50 reports on connections comprising 20 injection reports with more than 150 labeled source and target areas, the majority reflecting connectivity of subcortical nuclei and 15 descriptions of regional brain architecture. We hope that the Ferretome database will become a useful resource for neuroinformatics and neural modeling, and will support studies of the ferret brain as well as facilitate advances in comparative studies of mesoscopic brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii I Sukhinin
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Manger
- School of Anatomical Science, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Claus C Hilgetag
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, BostonMA, USA
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49
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van den Heuvel MP, Scholtens LH, de Reus MA. Topological organization of connectivity strength in the rat connectome. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:1719-36. [PMID: 25697666 PMCID: PMC4819781 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-0999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain is a complex network of anatomically interconnected regions. Animal studies allow for an invasive measurement of the connections of these networks at the macroscale level by means of neuronal tracing of axonal projections, providing a unique opportunity for the formation of detailed 'connectome maps'. Here we analyzed the macroscale connectome of the rat brain, including detailed information on the macroscale interregional pathways between 67 cortical and subcortical regions as provided by the high-quality, open-access BAMS-II database on rat brain anatomical projections, focusing in particular on the non-uniform distribution of projection strength across pathways. First, network analysis confirmed a small-world, modular and rich club organization of the rat connectome; findings in clear support of previous studies on connectome organization in other mammalian species. More importantly, analyzing network properties of different connection weight classes, we extend previous observations by showing that pathways with different topological roles have significantly different levels of connectivity strength. Among other findings, intramodular connections are shown to display a higher connectivity strength than intermodular connections and hub-to-hub rich club connections are shown to include significantly stronger pathways than connections spanning between peripheral nodes. Furthermore, we show evidence indicating that edges of different weight classes display different topological structures, potentially suggesting varying roles and origins of pathways in the mammalian brain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Room: A01.126, 3508 GA, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lianne H Scholtens
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Room: A01.126, 3508 GA, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A de Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Room: A01.126, 3508 GA, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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50
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Comparative Connectomics. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:345-361. [PMID: 27026480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We introduce comparative connectomics, the quantitative study of cross-species commonalities and variations in brain network topology that aims to discover general principles of network architecture of nervous systems and the identification of species-specific features of brain connectivity. By comparing connectomes derived from simple to more advanced species, we identify two conserved themes of wiring: the tendency to organize network topology into communities that serve specialized functionality and the general drive to enable high topological integration by means of investment of neural resources in short communication paths, hubs, and rich clubs. Within the space of wiring possibilities that conform to these common principles, we argue that differences in connectome organization between closely related species support adaptations in cognition and behavior.
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