1
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Cumming T, Levayer R. Toward a predictive understanding of epithelial cell death. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:44-57. [PMID: 37400292 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell death is highly prevalent during development and tissue homeostasis. While we have a rather good understanding of the molecular regulators of programmed cell death, especially for apoptosis, we still fail to predict when, where, how many and which specific cells will die in a tissue. This likely relies on the much more complex picture of apoptosis regulation in a tissular and epithelial context, which entails cell autonomous but also non-cell autonomous factors, diverse feedback and multiple layers of regulation of the commitment to apoptosis. In this review, we illustrate this complexity of epithelial apoptosis regulation by describing these different layers of control, all demonstrating that local cell death probability is a complex emerging feature. We first focus on non-cell autonomous factors that can locally modulate the rate of cell death, including cell competition, mechanical input and geometry as well as systemic effects. We then describe the multiple feedback mechanisms generated by cell death itself. We also outline the multiple layers of regulation of epithelial cell death, including the coordination of extrusion and regulation occurring downstream of effector caspases. Eventually, we propose a roadmap to reach a more predictive understanding of cell death regulation in an epithelial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cumming
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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2
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Pak TF, Pitt-Francis J, Baker RE. A mathematical framework for the emergence of winners and losers in cell competition. J Theor Biol 2024; 577:111666. [PMID: 37956955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell competition is a process in multicellular organisms where cells interact with their neighbours to determine a "winner" or "loser" status. The loser cells are eliminated through programmed cell death, leaving only the winner cells to populate the tissue. Cell competition is context-dependent; the same cell type can win or lose depending on the cell type it is competing against. Hence, winner/loser status is an emergent property. A key question in cell competition is: how do cells acquire their winner/loser status? In this paper, we propose a mathematical framework for studying the emergence of winner/loser status based on a set of quantitative criteria that distinguishes competitive from non-competitive outcomes. We apply this framework in a cell-based modelling context, to both highlight the crucial role of active cell death in cell competition and identify the factors that drive cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Pak
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Joe Pitt-Francis
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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3
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Perez Montero S, Paul PK, di Gregorio A, Bowling S, Shepherd S, Fernandes NJ, Lima A, Pérez-Carrasco R, Rodriguez TA. Mutation of p53 increases the competitive ability of pluripotent stem cells. Development 2024; 151:dev202503. [PMID: 38131530 PMCID: PMC10820806 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
During development, the rate of tissue growth is determined by the relative balance of cell division and cell death. Cell competition is a fitness quality-control mechanism that contributes to this balance by eliminating viable cells that are less fit than their neighbours. The mutations that confer cells with a competitive advantage and the dynamics of the interactions between winner and loser cells are not well understood. Here, we show that embryonic cells lacking the tumour suppressor p53 are 'super-competitors' that eliminate their wild-type neighbours through the direct induction of apoptosis. This elimination is context dependent, as it does not occur when cells are pluripotent and it is triggered by the onset of differentiation. Furthermore, by combining mathematical modelling and cell-based assays we show that the elimination of wild-type cells is not through competition for space or nutrients, but instead is mediated by short-range interactions that are dependent on the local cell neighbourhood. This highlights the importance of the local cell neighbourhood and the competitive interactions within this neighbourhood for the regulation of proliferation during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Perez Montero
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Pranab K. Paul
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Aida di Gregorio
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sarah Bowling
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Solomon Shepherd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nadia J. Fernandes
- Imperial BRC Genomics Facility, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ana Lima
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rubén Pérez-Carrasco
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tristan A. Rodriguez
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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4
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Fujiwara M, Imamura M, Matsushita K, Roszak P, Yamashino T, Hosokawa Y, Nakajima K, Fujimoto K, Miyashima S. Patterned proliferation orients tissue-wide stress to control root vascular symmetry in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:886-898.e8. [PMID: 36787744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Symmetric tissue alignment is pivotal to the functions of plant vascular tissue, such as long-distance molecular transport and lateral organ formation. During the vascular development of the Arabidopsis roots, cytokinins initially determine cell-type boundaries among vascular stem cells and subsequently promote cell proliferation to establish vascular tissue symmetry. Although it is unknown whether and how the symmetry of initially defined boundaries is progressively refined under tissue growth in plants, such boundary shapes in animal tissues are regulated by cell fluidity, e.g., cell migration and intercalation, lacking in plant tissues. Here, we uncover that cell proliferation during vascular development produces anisotropic compressive stress, smoothing, and symmetrizing cell arrangement of the vascular-cell-type boundary. Mechanistically, the GATA transcription factor HANABA-TARANU cooperates with the type-B Arabidopsis response regulators to form an incoherent feedforward loop in cytokinin signaling. The incoherent feedforward loop fine-tunes the position and frequency of vascular cell proliferation, which in turn restricts the source of mechanical stress to the position distal and symmetric to the boundary. By combinatorial analyses of mechanical simulations and laser cell ablation, we show that the spatially constrained environment of vascular tissue efficiently entrains the stress orientation among the cells to produce a tissue-wide stress field. Together, our data indicate that the localized proliferation regulated by the cytokinin signaling circuit is decoded into a globally oriented mechanical stress to shape the vascular tissue symmetry, representing a reasonable mechanism controlling the boundary alignment and symmetry in tissue lacking cell fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Miyu Imamura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsushita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Pawel Roszak
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takafumi Yamashino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Miyashima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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5
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Monnet G, Rosenfeld JS, Richards JG. Divergence in digestive and metabolic strategies matches habitat differentiation in juvenile salmonids. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9280. [PMID: 36110883 PMCID: PMC9465201 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent energy acquisition and processing strategies associated with using different microhabitats may allow phenotypes to specialize and coexist at small spatial scales. To understand how ecological specialization affects differentiation in energy acquisition and processing strategies, we examined relationships among digestive physiology, growth, and energetics by performing captive experiments on juveniles of wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) that exploit adjacent habitats along natural low‐to‐high energy flux gradients (i.e., pools versus riffles) in coastal streams. We predicted that: (i) the specialization of steelhead trout to high‐velocity, high‐energy habitats would result in elevated food intake and growth at the cost of lower growth efficiency relative to coho salmon; (ii) the two species would differentiate along a rate‐maximizing (steelhead trout) versus efficiency‐maximizing (coho salmon) axis of digestive strategies matching their ecological lifestyle; and (iii) the higher postprandial metabolic demand (i.e., specific dynamic action, SDA) associated with elevated food intake would occupy a greater fraction of the steelhead trout aerobic budget. Relative to coho salmon, steelhead trout presented a pattern of faster growth and higher food intake but lower growth efficiency, supporting the existence of a major growth versus growth efficiency trade‐off between species. After accounting for differences in ration size between species, steelhead trout also presented higher SDA than coho salmon, but similar intestinal transit time and lower assimilation efficiency. Both species presented similar aerobic budgets since the elevated SDA of steelhead trout was largely compensated by their higher aerobic scope relative to coho salmon. Our results illustrate the key contribution of digestive physiology to the adaptive differentiation of juvenile growth, energetics, and overall performance of taxa with divergent habitat specializations along a natural productivity gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Monnet
- Department of Zoology The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jordan S Rosenfeld
- British Columbia Ministry of the Environment Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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6
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Gradeci D, Bove A, Vallardi G, Lowe AR, Banerjee S, Charras G. Cell-scale biophysical determinants of cell competition in epithelia. eLife 2021; 10:e61011. [PMID: 34014166 PMCID: PMC8137148 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells with different genetic makeups compete in tissues is an outstanding question in developmental biology and cancer research. Studies in recent years have revealed that cell competition can either be driven by short-range biochemical signalling or by long-range mechanical stresses in the tissue. To date, cell competition has generally been characterised at the population scale, leaving the single-cell-level mechanisms of competition elusive. Here, we use high time-resolution experimental data to construct a multi-scale agent-based model for epithelial cell competition and use it to gain a conceptual understanding of the cellular factors that governs competition in cell populations within tissues. We find that a key determinant of mechanical competition is the difference in homeostatic density between winners and losers, while differences in growth rates and tissue organisation do not affect competition end result. In contrast, the outcome and kinetics of biochemical competition is strongly influenced by local tissue organisation. Indeed, when loser cells are homogenously mixed with winners at the onset of competition, they are eradicated; however, when they are spatially separated, winner and loser cells coexist for long times. These findings suggest distinct biophysical origins for mechanical and biochemical modes of cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gradeci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Bove
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Giulia Vallardi
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan R Lowe
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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7
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The morphogenetic changes that lead to cell extrusion in development and cell competition. Dev Biol 2021; 477:1-10. [PMID: 33984304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell extrusion is a morphogenetic process in which unfit or dying cells are eliminated from the tissue at the interface with healthy neighbours in homeostasis. This process is also highly associated with cell fate specification followed by differentiation in development. Spontaneous cell death occurs in development and inhibition of this process can result in abnormal development, suggesting that survival or death is part of cell fate specification during morphogenesis. Moreover, spontaneous somatic mutations in oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes can trigger new morphogenetic events at the interface with healthy cells. Cell competition is considered as the global quality control mechanism for causing unfit cells to be eliminated at the interface with healthy neighbours in proliferating tissues. In this review, I will discuss variations of cell extrusion that are coordinated by unfit cells and healthy neighbours in relation to the geometry and topology of the tissue in development and cell competition.
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8
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Bajpai A, Li R, Chen W. The cellular mechanobiology of aging: from biology to mechanics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1491:3-24. [PMID: 33231326 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a chronic, complicated process that leads to degenerative physical and biological changes in living organisms. Aging is associated with permanent, gradual physiological cellular decay that affects all aspects of cellular mechanobiological features, including cellular cytoskeleton structures, mechanosensitive signaling pathways, and forces in the cell, as well as the cell's ability to sense and adapt to extracellular biomechanical signals in the tissue environment through mechanotransduction. These mechanobiological changes in cells are directly or indirectly responsible for dysfunctions and diseases in various organ systems, including the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, skin, and immune systems. This review critically examines the role of aging in the progressive decline of the mechanobiology occurring in cells, and establishes mechanistic frameworks to understand the mechanobiological effects of aging on disease progression and to develop new strategies for halting and reversing the aging process. Our review also highlights the recent development of novel bioengineering approaches for studying the key mechanobiological mechanisms in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apratim Bajpai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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9
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Murphy RJ, Buenzli PR, Baker RE, Simpson MJ. Mechanical Cell Competition in Heterogeneous Epithelial Tissues. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:130. [PMID: 32979100 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical cell competition is important during tissue development, cancer invasion, and tissue ageing. Heterogeneity plays a key role in practical applications since cancer cells can have different cell stiffness and different proliferation rates than normal cells. To study this phenomenon, we propose a one-dimensional mechanical model of heterogeneous epithelial tissue dynamics that includes cell-length-dependent proliferation and death mechanisms. Proliferation and death are incorporated into the discrete model stochastically and arise as source/sink terms in the corresponding continuum model that we derive. Using the new discrete model and continuum description, we explore several applications including the evolution of homogeneous tissues experiencing proliferation and death, and competition in a heterogeneous setting with a cancerous tissue competing for space with an adjacent normal tissue. This framework allows us to postulate new mechanisms that explain the ability of cancer cells to outcompete healthy cells through mechanical differences rather than an intrinsic proliferative advantage. We advise when the continuum model is beneficial and demonstrate why naively adding source/sink terms to a continuum model without considering the underlying discrete model may lead to incorrect results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Murphy
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Pascal R Buenzli
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Single-cell approaches to cell competition: High-throughput imaging, machine learning and simulations. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 63:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Lee SW, Morishita Y. Critical contractility and cell size for mechanical cell elimination from epithelial tissue. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032407. [PMID: 31640042 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A defense mechanism in epithelial tissue can mechanically eliminate abnormal cells by contracting the cell boundary or area via actomyosin activity. From numerical simulations of the vertex dynamics model and approximate analytical solutions based on deviations from the ground state, here we derived general conditions for mechanical cell elimination (MCE) occurring via cell contraction. In particular, we found that MCE is realized by saddle-node bifurcation in a wide parameter range, and that the size of the eliminated cell is almost constant at the bifurcation point, suggesting the existence of an intrinsic threshold cell area for MCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Lee
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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12
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Effects of cell death-induced proliferation on a cell competition system. Math Biosci 2019; 316:108241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2019.108241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Insights into the quantitative and dynamic aspects of Cell Competition. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Levayer R. Solid stress, competition for space and cancer: The opposing roles of mechanical cell competition in tumour initiation and growth. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:69-80. [PMID: 31077845 PMCID: PMC7221353 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cell growth, cell proliferation and cell death is at the basis of the homeostasis of tissues. While they can be regulated by intrinsic and genetic factors, their response to external signals emanating from the local environment is also essential for tissue homeostasis. Tumour initiation and progression is based on the misregulation of growth, proliferation and death mostly through the accumulation of genetic mutations. Yet, there is an increasing body of evidences showing that tumour microenvironment also has a strong impact on cancer initiation and progression. This includes the mechanical constrains and the compressive forces generated by the resistance of the surrounding tissue/matrix to tumour expansion. Recently, mechanical stress has been proposed to promote competitive interactions between cells through a process called mechanical cell competition. Cell population with a high proliferative rate can compact and eliminate the neighbouring cells which are more sensitive to compaction. While this emerging concept has been recently validated in vivo, the relevance of this process during tumour progression has never been discussed extensively. In this review, I will first describe the phenomenology of mechanical cell competition focusing on the main parameters and the pathways regulating cell elimination. I will then discuss the relevance of mechanical cell competition in tumour initiation and expansion while emphasizing its potential opposing contributions to tumourogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Levayer
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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15
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Statistics of noisy growth with mechanical feedback in elastic tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5350-5355. [PMID: 30819899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue growth is a fundamental aspect of development and is intrinsically noisy. Stochasticity has important implications for morphogenesis, precise control of organ size, and regulation of tissue composition and heterogeneity. However, the basic statistical properties of growing tissues, particularly when growth induces mechanical stresses that can in turn affect growth rates, have received little attention. Here, we study the noisy growth of elastic sheets subject to mechanical feedback. Considering both isotropic and anisotropic growth, we find that the density-density correlation function shows power law scaling. We also consider the dynamics of marked, neutral clones of cells. We find that the areas (but not the shapes) of two clones are always statistically independent, even when they are adjacent. For anisotropic growth, we show that clone size variance scales like the average area squared and that the mode amplitudes characterizing clone shape show a slow [Formula: see text] decay, where n is the mode index. This is in stark contrast to the isotropic case, where relative variations in clone size and shape vanish at long times. The high variability in clone statistics observed in anisotropic growth is due to the presence of two soft modes-growth modes that generate no stress. Our results lay the groundwork for more in-depth explorations of the properties of noisy tissue growth in specific biological contexts.
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16
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Tsuboi A, Ohsawa S, Umetsu D, Sando Y, Kuranaga E, Igaki T, Fujimoto K. Competition for Space Is Controlled by Apoptosis-Induced Change of Local Epithelial Topology. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2115-2128.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Ohsawa S, Vaughen J, Igaki T. Cell Extrusion: A Stress-Responsive Force for Good or Evil in Epithelial Homeostasis. Dev Cell 2018; 44:284-296. [PMID: 29408235 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues robustly respond to internal and external stressors via dynamic cellular rearrangements. Cell extrusion acts as a key regulator of epithelial homeostasis by removing apoptotic cells, orchestrating morphogenesis, and mediating competitive cellular battles during tumorigenesis. Here, we delineate the diverse functions of cell extrusion during development and disease. We emphasize the expanding role for apoptotic cell extrusion in exerting morphogenetic forces, as well as the strong intersection of cell extrusion with cell competition, a homeostatic mechanism that eliminates aberrant or unfit cells. While cell competition and extrusion can exert potent, tumor-suppressive effects, dysregulation of either critical homeostatic program can fuel cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Ohsawa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - John Vaughen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive B300, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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