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Peranzoni F, De Castro R, Merlini E, Nguyen YL. 46 XX Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor, Autosomal Recessive Heterozygous Missense Mutation and Autosomal Dominant Heterozygous Missense Mutation of the PROKR2 Gene: A Case Report. Glob Med Genet 2024; 11:220-224. [PMID: 38988852 PMCID: PMC11233268 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
True hermaphroditism is a disorder of sex development (DSD), accounting for less than 5% of all DSD cases, defined by the simultaneous presence of testicular tissue and ovarian tissue in the same individual. In the reported case, the patient presented two genetic mutations involved in the pathogenic pathway of the DSD condition associated with the clinical features of Kallmann syndrome (KS), a developmental disease that associates hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency, and anosmia, related to the absence or hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs. Given the variable degree of hyposmia in KS, the distinction between KS and normosmic idiopathic HH is currently unclear, especially as HH patients do not always undergo detailed olfactory testing. This syndrome is very rare, with an estimated prevalence of 1:80,000 in males and 1:40,000 in females. This is the only case report concerning a patient with 46 XX true hermaphroditism affected by HH and digenic inheritance of Kallmann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Peranzoni
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Emilio Merlini
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital of Alexandria, Italy
| | - Yen Le Nguyen
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatric 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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2
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Rohayem J, Alexander EC, Heger S, Nordenström A, Howard SR. Mini-Puberty, Physiological and Disordered: Consequences, and Potential for Therapeutic Replacement. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:460-492. [PMID: 38436980 PMCID: PMC11244267 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
There are 3 physiological waves of central hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activity over the lifetime. The first occurs during fetal life, the second-termed "mini-puberty"-in the first months after birth, and the third at puberty. After adolescence, the axis remains active all through adulthood. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion or action. In cases of severe CHH, all 3 waves of GnRH pulsatility are absent. The absence of fetal HPG axis activation manifests in around 50% of male newborns with micropenis and/or undescended testes (cryptorchidism). In these boys, the lack of the mini-puberty phase accentuates testicular immaturity. This is characterized by a low number of Sertoli cells, which are important for future reproductive capacity. Thus, absent mini-puberty will have detrimental effects on later fertility in these males. The diagnosis of CHH is often missed in infants, and even if recognized, there is no consensus on optimal therapeutic management. Here we review physiological mini-puberty and consequences of central HPG axis disorders; provide a diagnostic approach to allow for early identification of these conditions; and review current treatment options for replacement of mini-puberty in male infants with CHH. There is evidence from small case series that replacement with gonadotropins to mimic "mini-puberty" in males could have beneficial outcomes not only regarding testis descent, but also normalization of testis and penile sizes. Moreover, such therapeutic replacement regimens in disordered mini-puberty could address both reproductive and nonreproductive implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rohayem
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, 9006 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Emma C Alexander
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sabine Heger
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sasha R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal London Children's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1FR, UK
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Lillepea K, Juchnewitsch AG, Kasak L, Valkna A, Dutta A, Pomm K, Poolamets O, Nagirnaja L, Tamp E, Mahyari E, Vihljajev V, Tjagur S, Papadimitriou S, Riera-Escamilla A, Versbraegen N, Farnetani G, Castillo-Madeen H, Sütt M, Kübarsepp V, Tennisberg S, Korrovits P, Krausz C, Aston KI, Lenaerts T, Conrad DF, Punab M, Laan M. Toward clinical exomes in diagnostics and management of male infertility. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:877-895. [PMID: 38614076 PMCID: PMC11080280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Infertility, affecting ∼10% of men, is predominantly caused by primary spermatogenic failure (SPGF). We screened likely pathogenic and pathogenic (LP/P) variants in 638 candidate genes for male infertility in 521 individuals presenting idiopathic SPGF and 323 normozoospermic men in the ESTAND cohort. Molecular diagnosis was reached for 64 men with SPGF (12%), with findings in 39 genes (6%). The yield did not differ significantly between the subgroups with azoospermia (20/185, 11%), oligozoospermia (18/181, 10%), and primary cryptorchidism with SPGF (26/155, 17%). Notably, 19 of 64 LP/P variants (30%) identified in 28 subjects represented recurrent findings in this study and/or with other male infertility cohorts. NR5A1 was the most frequently affected gene, with seven LP/P variants in six SPGF-affected men and two normozoospermic men. The link to SPGF was validated for recently proposed candidate genes ACTRT1, ASZ1, GLUD2, GREB1L, LEO1, RBM5, ROS1, and TGIF2LY. Heterozygous truncating variants in BNC1, reported in female infertility, emerged as plausible causes of severe oligozoospermia. Data suggested that several infertile men may present congenital conditions with less pronounced or pleiotropic phenotypes affecting the development and function of the reproductive system. Genes regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were affected in >30% of subjects with LP/P variants. Six individuals had more than one LP/P variant, including five with two findings from the gene panel. A 4-fold increased prevalence of cancer was observed in men with genetic infertility compared to the general male population (8% vs. 2%; p = 4.4 × 10-3). Expanding genetic testing in andrology will contribute to the multidisciplinary management of SPGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Lillepea
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anna-Grete Juchnewitsch
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Kasak
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Valkna
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Avirup Dutta
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Pomm
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olev Poolamets
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Nagirnaja
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Erik Tamp
- Center of Pathology, Diagnostic Clinic, East Tallinn Central Hospital, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Eisa Mahyari
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Stanislav Tjagur
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofia Papadimitriou
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antoni Riera-Escamilla
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nassim Versbraegen
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ginevra Farnetani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Helen Castillo-Madeen
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mailis Sütt
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viljo Kübarsepp
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Clinic of Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sven Tennisberg
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul Korrovits
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Kenneth I Aston
- Andrology and IVF Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tom Lenaerts
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donald F Conrad
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Center for Embryonic Cell & Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97239, USA
| | - Margus Punab
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Maris Laan
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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Zhang J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Liu F, Hao L, Han L. Clinical phenotype of a Kallmann syndrome patient with IL17RD and CPEB4 variants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1343977. [PMID: 38628584 PMCID: PMC11019388 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1343977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to characterize the clinical phenotype and genetic variations in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS). Methods This study involved the collection and analysis of clinical data from an individual with sporadic KS. Following this, peripheral blood samples were obtained from the patient and his parents. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted and subjected to whole-exome sequencing and genomic copy number variation (CNV) detection. Finally, Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the suspected pathogenic variants. Results Whole-exome sequencing confirmed that the child carried both the IL17RD variant (c.2101G>A, p.Gly701Ser) inherited from the mother and the new CPEB4 variant (c.1414C>T, p.Arg472*). No pathogenic CNVs were identified in CNV testing. Conclusion Bioinformatics analysis shows that the IL17RD protein undergoing Gly701Ser mutation and is speculated to be phosphorylated and modified, thereby disrupting fibroblast growth factor signaling. This study also suggested that the CPEB4 might play a crucial role in the key signaling process affecting olfactory bulb morphogenesis. Overall, the findings of this study broaden the gene expression profile of KS-related pathogenic genes. This offers a new avenue for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of KS and provides valuable insights for precise clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suhong Yang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Hao
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianshu Han
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ichioka K, Yoshikawa T, Kimura H, Saito R. Additional mutation in PROKR2 and phenotypic differences in a Kallmann syndrome/normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism family carrying FGFR1 missense mutation. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e258042. [PMID: 38272512 PMCID: PMC10826480 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a genetically and clinically diverse disorder encompassing Kallmann syndrome (KS) and normosmic CHH (nCHH). Although mutations in numerous genes account for nearly 50% of CHH cases, a significant portion remains genetically uncharacterized. While most mutations follow the traditional Mendelian inheritance patterns, evidence suggests oligogenic interactions between CHH genes, acting as modifier genes to explain variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance associated with certain mutations.In this study, the proband presented with nCHH, while his son exhibited KS. We employed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to investigate the genetic differences between the two, and Sanger sequencing was used to validate the results obtained from WES.Genetic analysis revealed that both the proband and his son harboured a mutation in FGFR1 gene. Notably, an additional rare mutation in PROKR2 gene was exclusively identified in the son, which suggests the cause of the phenotypic difference between KS and nCHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ichioka
- Karasumaoike Branch, Ichioka Urological Clinic, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Kimura
- Mens Fertility Clinic Tokyo, Ichioka Urological Clinic Tokyo Branch, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto-shi, Japan
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Sengupta P, Dutta S, Liew FF, Dhawan V, Das B, Mottola F, Slama P, Rocco L, Roychoudhury S. Environmental and Genetic Traffic in the Journey from Sperm to Offspring. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1759. [PMID: 38136630 PMCID: PMC10741607 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the understanding of how sperm develop into offspring have shown complex interactions between environmental influences and genetic factors. The past decade, marked by a research surge, has not only highlighted the profound impact of paternal contributions on fertility and reproductive outcomes but also revolutionized our comprehension by unveiling how parental factors sculpt traits in successive generations through mechanisms that extend beyond traditional inheritance patterns. Studies have shown that offspring are more susceptible to environmental factors, especially during critical phases of growth. While these factors are broadly detrimental to health, their effects are especially acute during these periods. Moving beyond the immutable nature of the genome, the epigenetic profile of cells emerges as a dynamic architecture. This flexibility renders it susceptible to environmental disruptions. The primary objective of this review is to shed light on the diverse processes through which environmental agents affect male reproductive capacity. Additionally, it explores the consequences of paternal environmental interactions, demonstrating how interactions can reverberate in the offspring. It encompasses direct genetic changes as well as a broad spectrum of epigenetic adaptations. By consolidating current empirically supported research, it offers an exhaustive perspective on the interwoven trajectories of the environment, genetics, and epigenetics in the elaborate transition from sperm to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sulagna Dutta
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Dubai 345050, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fong Fong Liew
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vidhu Dhawan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Biprojit Das
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Filomena Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Rocco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Kardelen AD, Najaflı A, Baş F, Karaman B, Toksoy G, Poyrazoğlu Ş, Avcı Ş, Altunoğlu U, Yavaş Abalı Z, Öztürk AP, Karakılıç Özturan E, Başaran S, Darendeliler F, Uyguner ZO. PROKR2 Mutations in Patients with Short Stature Who Have Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency and Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2023; 15:338-347. [PMID: 37338295 PMCID: PMC10683534 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent reports have indicated the role of the prokineticin receptor 2 gene (PROKR2) in the etiology of pituitary hormone deficiencies, suggesting a potential role for the PROK2 pathway in pituitary development, in addition to its role in gonadotropin releasing hormone-expressing neuron development. Here, we present the clinical and molecular findings of four patients with PROKR2 mutations. Methods Next-generation targeted sequencing was used to screen 25 genes in 59 unrelated patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD), isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency, or idiopathic short stature. Results Two different, very rare PROKR2 missense alterations classified as pathogenic (NM_144773.4:c.518T>G; NP_658986.1:p. (Leu173Arg)) and likely pathogenic (NM_144773.4:c.254G>A; NP_658986.1:p.(Arg85His)) were identified in four patients in heterozygous form. Patient 1 and Patient 2 presented with short stature and were diagnosed as GH deficiency. Patient 3 and Patient 4 presented with central hypothyroidism and cryptorchidism and were diagnosed as MPHD. No other pathogenic alterations were detected in the remaining 24 genes related to short stature, MPHD, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Segregation analysis revealed asymptomatic or mildly affected carriers in the families. Conclusion PROKR2 dominance should be kept in mind as a very rare cause of GH deficiency and MPHD. Expressional variation or lack of penetrance may imply oligogenic inheritance or other environmental modifiers in individuals who are heterozygous carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Derya Kardelen
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Adam Najaflı
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Firdevs Baş
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Birsen Karaman
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
- İstanbul University, Institute of Child Health, Department of Pediatric Basic Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Güven Toksoy
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şükran Poyrazoğlu
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şahin Avcı
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Altunoğlu
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Yavaş Abalı
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Pınar Öztürk
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Karakılıç Özturan
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Başaran
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Feyza Darendeliler
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Z. Oya Uyguner
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
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8
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Vincenzi M, Kremić A, Jouve A, Lattanzi R, Miele R, Benharouga M, Alfaidy N, Migrenne-Li S, Kanthasamy AG, Porcionatto M, Ferrara N, Tetko IV, Désaubry L, Nebigil CG. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Prokineticin Receptors in Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1167-1199. [PMID: 37684054 PMCID: PMC10595023 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prokineticins (PKs) were discovered approximately 20 years ago as small peptides inducing gut contractility. Today, they are established as angiogenic, anorectic, and proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, hormones, and neuropeptides involved in variety of physiologic and pathophysiological pathways. Their altered expression or mutations implicated in several diseases make them a potential biomarker. Their G-protein coupled receptors, PKR1 and PKR2, have divergent roles that can be therapeutic target for treatment of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neural diseases as well as pain and cancer. This article reviews and summarizes our current knowledge of PK family functions from development of heart and brain to regulation of homeostasis in health and diseases. Finally, the review summarizes the established roles of the endogenous peptides, synthetic peptides and the selective ligands of PKR1 and PKR2, and nonpeptide orthostatic and allosteric modulator of the receptors in preclinical disease models. The present review emphasizes the ambiguous aspects and gaps in our knowledge of functions of PKR ligands and elucidates future perspectives for PK research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides an in-depth view of the prokineticin family and PK receptors that can be active without their endogenous ligand and exhibits "constitutive" activity in diseases. Their non- peptide ligands display promising effects in several preclinical disease models. PKs can be the diagnostic biomarker of several diseases. A thorough understanding of the role of prokineticin family and their receptor types in health and diseases is critical to develop novel therapeutic strategies with safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vincenzi
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Amin Kremić
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Appoline Jouve
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Rossella Miele
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Mohamed Benharouga
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Stephanie Migrenne-Li
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Marimelia Porcionatto
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Igor V Tetko
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Laurent Désaubry
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
| | - Canan G Nebigil
- Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (M.V., A.K., A.J., L.D., C.G.N.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.V., R.L.), and Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli" (R.M.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France (M.B., N.A.); Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France (S.M.); Department of Physiology and Pharamacology, Center for Neurologic Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.G.K.); Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.P.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (N.F.); and Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany (I.V.T.); and BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, Unterschleissheim, Germany (I.V.T.)
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9
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Abstract
Obesity is a common complex trait that elevates the risk for various diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A combination of environmental and genetic factors influences the pathogenesis of obesity. Advances in genomic technologies have driven the identification of multiple genetic loci associated with this disease, ranging from studying severe onset cases to investigating common multifactorial polygenic forms. Additionally, findings from epigenetic analyses of modifications to the genome that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence have emerged as key signatures in the development of obesity. Such modifications can mediate the effects of environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, on gene expression and clinical presentation. This review outlines what is known about the genetic and epigenetic contributors to obesity susceptibility, along with the albeit limited therapeutic options currently available. Furthermore, we delineate the potential mechanisms of actions through which epigenetic changes can mediate environmental influences and the related opportunities they present for future interventions in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Trang
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Struan F.A. Grant
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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10
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Çiftci N, Akıncı A, Akbulut E, Çamtosun E, Dündar İ, Doğan M, Kayaş L. Clinical Characteristics and Genetic Analyses of Patients with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2023; 15:160-171. [PMID: 36700485 PMCID: PMC10234052 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2022-10-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is classified into two groups-Kalman syndrome and normosmic IHH (nIHH). Half of all cases can be explained by mutations in >50 genes. Targeted gene panel testing with nexrt generation sequencing (NGS) is required for patients without typical phenotypic findings. The aim was to determine the genetic etiologies of patients with IHH using NGS, including 54 IHH-associated genes, and to present protein homology modeling and protein stability analyzes of the detected variations. Methods Clinical and demographic data of 16 patients (eight female), aged between 11.6-17.8 years, from different families were assessed. All patients were followed up for a diagnosis of nIHH, had normal cranial imaging, were without anterior pituitary hormone deficiency other than gonadotropins, had no sex chromosome anomaly, had no additional disease, and underwent genetic analysis with NGS between the years 2008-2021. Rare variants were classified according to the variant interpretation framework of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)/Association for Molecular Pathology. Changes in protein structure caused by variations were modeled using RoseTTAFold and changes in protein stability resulting from variation were analyzed. Results Half of the 16 had no detectable variation. Three (18.75%) had a homozygous (pathogenic) variant in the GNRHR gene, one (6.25%) had a compound heterozygous [likely pathogenic-variants of uncertain significance (VUS)] variant in PROK2 and four (25%) each had a heterozygous (VUS) variant in HESX1, FGF8, FLRT3 and DMXL2. Protein models showed that variants interpreted as VUS according to ACMG could account for the clinical IHH. Conclusion The frequency of variation detection was similar to the literature. Modelling showed that the variant in five different genes, interpreted as VUS according to ACMG, could explain the clinical IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Çiftci
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ayşehan Akıncı
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Akbulut
- Turgut Özal University Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Emine Çamtosun
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - İsmail Dündar
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Doğan
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Clinic of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Leman Kayaş
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
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11
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Cannarella R, Gusmano C, Condorelli RA, Bernini A, Kaftalli J, Maltese PE, Paolacci S, Dautaj A, Marceddu G, Bertelli M, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. Genetic Analysis of Patients with Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: A Case Series. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087428. [PMID: 37108593 PMCID: PMC10138801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (cHH)/Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder with variable penetrance and a complex inheritance pattern. Consequently, it does not always follow Mendelian laws. More recently, digenic and oligogenic transmission has been recognized in 1.5-15% of cases. We report the results of a clinical and genetic investigation of five unrelated patients with cHH/KS analyzed using a customized gene panel. Patients were diagnosed according to the clinical, hormonal, and radiological criteria of the European Consensus Statement. DNA was analyzed using next-generation sequencing with a customized panel that included 31 genes. When available, first-degree relatives of the probands were also analyzed to assess genotype-phenotype segregation. The consequences of the identified variants on gene function were evaluated by analyzing the conservation of amino acids across species and by using molecular modeling. We found one new pathogenic variant of the CHD7 gene (c.576T>A, p.Tyr1928) and three new variants of unknown significance (VUSs) in IL17RD (c.960G>A, p.Met320Ile), FGF17 (c.208G>A, p.Gly70Arg), and DUSP6 (c.434T>G, p.Leu145Arg). All were present in the heterozygous state. Previously reported heterozygous variants were also found in the PROK2 (c.163del, p.Ile55*), CHD7 (c.c.2750C>T, p.Thr917Met and c.7891C>T, p.Arg2631*), FLRT3 (c.1106C>T, p.Ala369Val), and CCDC103 (c.461A>C, p.His154Pro) genes. Molecular modeling, molecular dynamics, and conservation analyses were performed on three out of the nine variants identified in our patients, namely, FGF17 (p.Gly70Arg), DUSP6 (p.Leu145Arg), and CHD7 p.(Thr917Met). Except for DUSP6, where the L145R variant was shown to disrupt the interaction between β6 and β3, needed for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) binding and recognition, no significant changes were identified between the wild-types and mutants of the other proteins. We found a new pathogenic variant of the CHD7 gene. The molecular modeling results suggest that the VUS of the DUSP6 (c.434T>G, p.Leu145Arg) gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of cHH. However, our analysis indicates that it is unlikely that the VUSs for the IL17RD (c.960G>A, p.Met320Ile) and FGF17 (c.208G>A, p.Gly70Arg) genes are involved in the pathogenesis of cHH. Functional studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Gusmano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matteo Bertelli
- Diagnostics Unit, MAGI EUREGIO, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Diagnostics Unit, MAGI'S LAB, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
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12
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Toni L, Plachy L, Dusatkova P, Amaratunga SA, Elblova L, Sumnik Z, Kolouskova S, Snajderova M, Obermannova B, Pruhova S, Lebl J. The Genetic Landscape of Children Born Small for Gestational Age with Persistent Short Stature. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 97:40-52. [PMID: 37019085 DOI: 10.1159/000530521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among children born small for gestational age, 10-15% fail to catch up and remain short (SGA-SS). The underlying mechanisms are mostly unknown. We aimed to decipher genetic aetiologies of SGA-SS within a large single-centre cohort. METHODS Out of 820 patients treated with growth hormone (GH), 256 were classified as SGA-SS (birth length and/or birth weight <-2 SD for gestational age and life-minimum height <-2.5 SD). Those with the DNA triplet available (child and both parents) were included in the study (176/256). Targeted testing (karyotype/FISH/MLPA/specific Sanger sequencing) was performed if a specific genetic disorder was clinically suggestive. All remaining patients underwent MS-MLPA to identify Silver-Russell syndrome, and those with unknown genetic aetiology were subsequently examined using whole-exome sequencing or targeted panel of 398 growth-related genes. Genetic variants were classified using ACMG guidelines. RESULTS The genetic aetiology was elucidated in 74/176 (42%) children. Of these, 12/74 (16%) had pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) gene variants affecting pituitary development (LHX4, OTX2, PROKR2, PTCH1, POU1F1), the GH-IGF-1 or IGF-2 axis (GHSR, IGFALS, IGF1R, STAT3, HMGA2), 2/74 (3%) the thyroid axis (TRHR, THRA), 17/74 (23%) the cartilaginous matrix (ACAN, various collagens, FLNB, MATN3), and 7/74 (9%) the paracrine chondrocyte regulation (FGFR3, FGFR2, NPR2). In 12/74 (16%), we revealed P/LP affecting fundamental intracellular/intranuclear processes (CDC42, KMT2D, LMNA, NSD1, PTPN11, SRCAP, SON, SOS1, SOX9, TLK2). SHOX deficiency was found in 7/74 (9%), Silver-Russell syndrome in 12/74 (16%) (11p15, UPD7), and miscellaneous chromosomal aberrations in 5/74 (7%) children. CONCLUSIONS The high diagnostic yield sheds a new light on the genetic landscape of SGA-SS, with a central role for the growth plate with substantial contributions from the GH-IGF-1 and thyroid axes and intracellular regulation and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledjona Toni
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukas Plachy
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Dusatkova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Shenali Anne Amaratunga
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Elblova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Sumnik
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stanislava Kolouskova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marta Snajderova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Obermannova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stepanka Pruhova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Lebl
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
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13
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Vezzoli V, Hrvat F, Goggi G, Federici S, Cangiano B, Quinton R, Persani L, Bonomi M. Genetic architecture of self-limited delayed puberty and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1069741. [PMID: 36726466 PMCID: PMC9884699 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1069741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing between self limited delayed puberty (SLDP) and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) may be tricky as they share clinical and biochemical characteristics. and appear to lie within the same clinical spectrum. However, one is classically transient (SDLP) while the second is typically a lifetime condition (CHH). The natural history and long-term outcomes of these two conditions differ significantly and thus command distinctive approaches and management. Because the first presentation of SDLP and CHH is very similar (delayed puberty with low LH and FSH and low sex hormones), the scientific community is scrambling to identify diagnostic tests that can allow a correct differential diagnosis among these two conditions, without having to rely on the presence or absence of phenotypic red flags for CHH that clinicians anyway seem to find hard to process. Despite the heterogeneity of genetic defects so far reported in DP, genetic analysis through next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) had the potential to contribute to the differential diagnostic process between SLDP and CHH. In this review we will provide an up-to-date overview of the genetic architecture of these two conditions and debate the benefits and the bias of performing genetic analysis seeking to effectively differentiate between these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Vezzoli
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Faris Hrvat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Goggi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Federici
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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14
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Hatcher KM, Costanza L, Kauffman AS, Stephens SBZ. The molecular phenotype of kisspeptin neurons in the medial amygdala of female mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1093592. [PMID: 36843592 PMCID: PMC9951589 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1093592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is regulated through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, largely via the action of kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus. Importantly, Kiss1 neurons have been identified in other brain regions, including the medial amygdala (MeA). Though the MeA is implicated in regulating aspects of both reproductive physiology and behavior, as well as non-reproductive processes, the functional roles of MeA Kiss1 neurons are largely unknown. Additionally, besides their stimulation by estrogen, little is known about how MeA Kiss1 neurons are regulated. Using a RiboTag mouse model in conjunction with RNA-seq, we examined the molecular profile of MeA Kiss1 neurons to identify transcripts that are co-expressed in MeA Kiss1 neurons of female mice and whether these transcripts are modulated by estradiol (E2) treatment. RNA-seq identified >13,800 gene transcripts co-expressed in female MeA Kiss1 neurons, including genes for neuropeptides and receptors implicated in reproduction, metabolism, and other neuroendocrine functions. Of the >13,800 genes co-expressed in MeA Kiss1 neurons, only 45 genes demonstrated significantly different expression levels due to E2 treatment. Gene transcripts such as Kiss1, Gal, and Oxtr increased in response to E2 treatment, while fewer transcripts, such as Esr1 and Cyp26b1, were downregulated by E2. Dual RNAscope and immunohistochemistry was performed to validate co-expression of MeA Kiss1 with Cck and Cartpt. These results are the first to establish a profile of genes actively expressed by MeA Kiss1 neurons, including a subset of genes regulated by E2, which provides a useful foundation for future investigations into the regulation and function of MeA Kiss1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Hatcher
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Leah Costanza
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander S. Kauffman
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shannon B. Z. Stephens
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Shannon B. Z. Stephens,
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15
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Berkay EG, Şoroğlu CV, Kalaycı T, Uyguner ZO, Akçapınar GB, Başaran S. A new enrichment approach for candidate gene detection in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss and implantation failure. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:253-272. [PMID: 36385415 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and implantation failure (RIF) are obstacles to livebirth and multifactorial conditions in which nearly half of the cases remain unexplained, and we aimed to identify maternal candidate gene variants and pathways for RPL and RIF by analyzing whole-exome sequencing (WES) data via a new detailed bioinformatics approach. A retrospective cohort study was applied to 35 women with normal chromosomal configuration diagnosed with unexplained RPL and/or RIF. WES and comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were performed. Published gene expression datasets (n = 46) were investigated for candidate genes. Variant effects on protein structure were analyzed for 12 proteins, and BUB1B was visualized in silico. WES and bioinformatics analyses are effective and applicable for studying URPL and RIF to detect mutations, as we suggest new candidates to explain the etiology. Forty-three variants in 39 genes were detected in 29 women, 7 of them contributing to oligogenic inheritance. These genes were related to implantation, placentation, coagulation, metabolism, immune system, embryological development, cell cycle-associated processes, and ovarian functions. WES, genomic variant analyses, expression data, and protein configuration studies offer new and promising ways to investigate the etiology of URPL and RIF. Discovering etiology-identifying genetic factors can help manage couples' needs and develop personalized therapies and new pharmaceutical products in the future. The classical approach with chromosomal analysis and targeted gene panel testing is insufficient in these cases; the exome data provide a promising way to detect and understand the possible clinical effects of the variant and its alteration on protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Gizem Berkay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Basic Sciences, Dentistry Faculty, Istanbul Kent University, 34433, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Can Veysel Şoroğlu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Kalaycı
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Günseli Bayram Akçapınar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Başaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Martinez-Mayer J, Perez-Millan MI. Phenotypic and genotypic landscape of PROKR2 in neuroendocrine disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1132787. [PMID: 36843573 PMCID: PMC9945519 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1132787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2) encodes for a G-protein-coupled receptor that can bind PROK1 and PROK2. Mice lacking Prokr2 have been shown to present abnormal olfactory bulb formation as well as defects in GnRH neuron migration. Patients carrying mutations in PROKR2 typically present hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anosmia/hyposmia or Kallmann Syndrome. More recently variants in PROKR2 have been linked to several other endocrine disorders. In particular, several patients with pituitary disorders have been reported, ranging from mild phenotypes, such as isolated growth hormone deficiency, to more severe ones, such as septo-optic dysplasia. Here we summarize the changing landscape of PROKR2-related disease, the variants reported to date, and discuss their origin, classification and functional assessment.
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17
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Al Sayed Y, Howard SR. Panel testing for the molecular genetic diagnosis of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism – a clinical perspective. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 31:387-394. [PMID: 36517585 PMCID: PMC10133250 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCongenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare endocrine disorder that results in reproductive hormone deficiency and reduced potential for fertility in adult life. Discoveries of the genetic aetiology of CHH have advanced dramatically in the past 30 years, with currently over 40 genes recognised to cause or contribute to the development of this condition. The genetic complexity of CHH is further increased by the observation of di- and oligogenic, as well as classic monogenic, inheritance and incomplete penetrance. Very recently in the UK, a panel of 14 genes has been curated for the genetic diagnosis of CHH within the NHS Genomic Medicine Service programme. The aim of this review is to appraise the advantages and potential pitfalls of the use of a CHH panel in clinical endocrine diagnostics, and to consider the future avenues for developing this panel including the potential of whole exome or whole genome sequencing data analysis in this condition.
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18
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Non-Peptide Agonists and Antagonists of the Prokineticin Receptors. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:6323-6332. [PMID: 36547092 PMCID: PMC9776816 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prokineticin family comprises a group of secreted peptides that can be classified as chemokines based on their structural features and chemotactic and immunomodulatory functions. Prokineticins (PKs) bind with high affinity to two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) are involved in a variety of physiological functions such as angiogenesis and neurogenesis, hematopoiesis, the control of hypothalamic hormone secretion, the regulation of circadian rhythm and the modulation of complex behaviors such as feeding and drinking. Dysregulation of the system leads to an inflammatory process that is the substrate for many pathological conditions such as cancer, pain, neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The use of PKR's antagonists reduces PK2/PKRs upregulation triggered by various inflammatory processes, suggesting that a pharmacological blockade of PKRs may be a successful strategy to treat inflammatory/neuroinflammatory diseases, at least in rodents. Under certain circumstances, the PK system exhibits protective/neuroprotective effects, so PKR agonists have also been developed to modulate the prokineticin system.
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19
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Duis J, Butler MG. Syndromic and Nonsyndromic Obesity: Underlying Genetic Causes in Humans. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101154. [PMID: 35680611 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports syndromic and nonsyndromic causes of obesity, including genome-wide association studies, candidate gene analysis, advanced genetic technology using next-generation sequencing (NGS), and identification of copy number variants. Identification of susceptibility genes impacts mechanistic understanding and informs precision medicine. The cause of obesity is heterogeneous with complex biological processes playing a role by controlling peptides involved in regulating appetite and food intake, cellular energy, and metabolism. Evidence for heritability shows genetic components contributing to 40%-70% of obesity. Monogenic causes and obesity-related syndromes are discussed and illustrated as well as biological pathways, gene interactions, and factors contributing to the obesity phenotype. Over 550 obesity-related single genes have been identified and summarized in tabular form with approximately 20% of these genes have been added to obesity gene panels for testing by commercially available laboratories. Early studies show that about 10% of patients with severe obesity using NGS testing have a pathogenic gene variant. Discussion to help characterize gene-gene interactions and disease mechanisms for early diagnosis, treatment, and risk factors contributing to disease is incorporated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Duis
- Section of Genetics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Division of Research and Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 4015, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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20
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Saengkaew T, Howard SR. Genetics of pubertal delay. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 97:473-482. [PMID: 34617615 PMCID: PMC9543006 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The timing of pubertal development is strongly influenced by the genetic background, and clinical presentations of delayed puberty are often found within families with clear patterns of inheritance. The discovery of the underlying genetic regulators of such conditions, in recent years through next generation sequencing, has advanced the understanding of the pathogenesis of disorders of pubertal timing and the potential for genetic testing to assist diagnosis for patients with these conditions. This review covers the significant advances in the understanding of the biological mechanisms of delayed puberty that have occurred in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansit Saengkaew
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of MedicinePrince of Songkla UniversitySongkhlaThailand
| | - Sasha R. Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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21
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Prokineticin 2/PROK2 and Male Infertility. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102389. [PMID: 36289651 PMCID: PMC9598863 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Male infertility represents about 50% of the causes of infertility in couples. The diagnosis process represents an important procedure for defining, when possible, the causes and approaching treatments (pharmacological, surgical) aimed at overcoming the problem. Several scientific studies have set out to discover early and indicative markers capable of providing information on the biological origin of infertility and increase current knowledge in the context of new potential therapeutic approaches. The prokineticin system (PROK) consists of the prokineticin 1 (PROK1) and prokineticin 2 (PROK2) proteins. Through the activation of two G-protein receptors (PROKR1 and PROKR2) regulate a wide range of biological functions, including gastrointestinal motility, circadian rhythm regulation, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, pain perception, and mood regulation. Several studies have highlighted the crucial role of the PROK system in the development and maturation of both male and female human reproductive organs. Particularly in men, the PROK system represents a new system useful to clarify some aspects of testicular pathophysiology and provide new potential hypotheses for therapeutic intervention. This narrative review aims to illustrate the state of the art regarding, in particular, the role of PROK2 in male infertility.
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22
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The Clinical and Genetic Characteristics in Children with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropin Hypogonadism. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7973726. [PMID: 36245975 PMCID: PMC9553531 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7973726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Idiopathic hypogonadotropin hypogonadism (IHH) is caused by hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction. This is divided into Kallmann syndrome which has an impaired sense of smell and hypogonadotropin hypogonadism with normal olfactory (nIHH sense. Approximately 60% of patients are associated with Kallmann syndrome, whereas there are approximately 40% with hypogonadotropin hypogonadism (nIHH). This disease is associated with various variants in genes along with different phenotypic characteristics, and even those gene variations could also lead to the cancer formation in patients. So, current study has been designed to investigate and to better understand the characteristics of various IHH-associated genes and the correlation between IHH genes and phenotype. Methods. The cohort included 14 children with IHH (6 patients of KS and 8 patients of IHH), including 13 boys and 1 girl. Exclusion criteria are as follows: diagnosis of secondary hypogonadotropin hypogonadism due to tumor, trauma, drugs, or other systemic diseases. Clinical data and genetic results were analyzed. Results. Almost all male patients showed micropenis (12/13, 92.3%), and few of them had cryptorchidism (5/13, 41.7%). A total of 6 genes, CHD7, PROKR2, ANOS1, FGFR1, SEMA3A, and NDNF, were detected. CHD7 was the most common (11/17, 64.7%), and the main mutation type was missense mutation (14/16, 87.5%). Six reported variants and 10 new variants (5 genes, including entire ANSO1 duplicates) were found. Neonatal variation was detected in 3 patients with IHH. Eight patients inherited the variation from their father, while five patients inherited it from their mother. One patient had both FGFR1 and SEMA3A gene variants, while the other had two different CHD7 gene variants and entire ANSO1 repeats. According to ACMG criteria, 4 variants were pathogenic (P), 2 were possibly pathogenic (LP), and 8 had uncertain significance (US). In patients with P or LP (5/6, 83.3%), we found that extragonadal symptoms were more common. Conclusions. It was concluded that variations in the studied genes could lead to the IHH. Ten new variants have been reported which may lead to different symptoms of IHH. For CHD7 variants, the rare sequencing variants (RSVs) of P or LP showed commonly associated with CHARGE syndrome. Findings of the current study may help for the better diagnosis and treatment of IHH.
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23
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Zidoune H, Ladjouze A, Chellat-Rezgoune D, Boukri A, Dib SA, Nouri N, Tebibel M, Sifi K, Abadi N, Satta D, Benelmadani Y, Bignon-Topalovic J, El-Zaiat-Munsch M, Bashamboo A, McElreavey K. Novel Genomic Variants, Atypical Phenotypes and Evidence of a Digenic/Oligogenic Contribution to Disorders/Differences of Sex Development in a Large North African Cohort. Front Genet 2022; 13:900574. [PMID: 36110220 PMCID: PMC9468775 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.900574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a majority of individuals with disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) a genetic etiology is often elusive. However, new genes causing DSD are routinely reported and using the unbiased genomic approaches, such as whole exome sequencing (WES) should result in an increased diagnostic yield. Here, we performed WES on a large cohort of 125 individuals all of Algerian origin, who presented with a wide range of DSD phenotypes. The study excluded individuals with congenital adrenal hypoplasia (CAH) or chromosomal DSD. Parental consanguinity was reported in 36% of individuals. The genetic etiology was established in 49.6% (62/125) individuals of the total cohort, which includes 42.2% (35/83) of 46, XY non-syndromic DSD and 69.2% (27/39) of 46, XY syndromic DSD. No pathogenic variants were identified in the 46, XX DSD cases (0/3). Variants in the AR, HSD17B3, NR5A1 and SRD5A2 genes were the most common causes of DSD. Other variants were identified in genes associated with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), including the CHD7 and PROKR2. Previously unreported pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (n = 30) involving 25 different genes were identified in 22.4% of the cohort. Remarkably 11.5% of the 46, XY DSD group carried variants classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant in more than one gene known to cause DSD. The data indicates that variants in PLXNA3, a candidate CHH gene, is unlikely to be involved in CHH. The data also suggest that NR2F2 variants may cause 46, XY DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housna Zidoune
- Human Developmental Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Animal Biology, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | | | - Djalila Chellat-Rezgoune
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Animal Biology, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Asma Boukri
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, CHU Ibn Badis Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | | | - Nassim Nouri
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, CHU Ibn Badis Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Meryem Tebibel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHU Beni Messous, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Karima Sifi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Abadi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Dalila Satta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Animal Biology, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Yasmina Benelmadani
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | | | | | - Anu Bashamboo
- Human Developmental Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ken McElreavey
- Human Developmental Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Ken McElreavey,
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24
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Alotaibi NH, Alrashed M, Drad MK, Abu-Safieh L, Almobarak AA, Baz B, Farzan RA, Alsuhaibani MS, Al-Alsheikh Y. Isolated Congenital Anosmia: Case Report and Literature Review. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2022:1455613221111496. [PMID: 35931064 DOI: 10.1177/01455613221111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated congenital anosmia (ICA) is a rare entity worldwide with poorly understood genetic variation. The diagnosis of ICA is made by exclusion of acquired causes of anosmia. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging in ICA is essential for diagnosis, as it shows reduced or absent development of olfactory bulbs and shallow olfactory sulci. Here, we present the case of a 21-year-old man who presented to our clinic with complete anosmia since birth. The patient's history was negative for acquired causes of anosmia, and the physical examinations of the ears, nose, throat, head, and neck were all not remarkable. Smell testing revealed complete anosmia. The CT imaging was unremarkable; however, magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior brain and olfactory region showed bilaterally absent olfactory bulbs and olfactory tracts, with a shallow olfactory groove. The patient was then subjected to whole exome sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed on the 37 genes associated with olfactory dysfunction, in which a missense variant was identified in the HS6ST1(NM_004807.3) gene was identified, which insilico tools predicted to be likely pathogenic. The results of this patient's genetic analysis add to the possible genetic culprits reported in ICA cases. Additional genetic analyses are required to validate mutations and understand the heterogeneity of disease representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Alotaibi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed K Drad
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leen Abu-Safieh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Department, Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Almobarak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batoul Baz
- National Centre for Genomic Technologies and Bioinformatics, King AbdulAziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed A Farzan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, king Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohanned S Alsuhaibani
- Department of Neuroradiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed Al-Alsheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Sugisawa C, Taniyama M, Sato T, Takahashi Y, Hasegawa T, Narumi S. Biallelic PROKR2 variants and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a case report and a literature review. Endocr J 2022; 69:831-838. [PMID: 35236788 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder that causes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency and sexual immaturity. CHH may accompany an abnormal sense of smell (Kallmann syndrome, KS) or no such manifestation (normosmic-CHH). This unusual combination of manifestations is explained by the fact that GnRH neurons originate in the olfactory placode and migrate to the forebrain during embryogenesis. We describe the case of a 31-year-old man with normosmic-CHH, who also had obesity, type 2 diabetes and intellectual disability. He was noticed to have sexual immaturity (small testes with no pubic hair) at age 20 years, when diabetic ketoacidosis developed. Basal and GnRH-stimulated levels of LH (1.0→12.0 IU/L) and FSH (1.9→6.1 IU/L) were detectable but low. The results of the T&T olfactometer and the Alinamin test were definitely normal, with an anatomically normal olfactory system on MRI. Sequencing of 22 CHH-related genes was performed, and compound heterozygous PROKR2 variants were identified: one was a previously known loss-of-function variant (p.Trp178Ser) and the other was a nonsense variant (p.Trp212*). Through a literature review, we found 22 patients (including our patient) with CHH due to biallelic PROKR2 variants, which led us to recognize that most of the patients (86%) were diagnosed with KS. Clinical observations in this study indicate that, even though they have CHH, biallelic PROKR2 variant carriers may have a normal olfactory system as well as presumably normal migration of GnRH neurons. This suggests that the PROK2-PROKR2 pathway affects the function of GnRH neurons after their migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Sugisawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Matsuo Taniyama
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Anosmin 1 N-terminal domains modulate prokineticin receptor 2 activation by prokineticin 2. Cell Signal 2022; 98:110417. [PMID: 35878754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked form of Kallmann syndrome (KS), characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia, is due to mutations in the ANOS1 gene that encodes for the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein anosmin 1. Prokineticins (PKs) exert their biological functions through the activation of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) prokineticin receptor 1 and 2 (PKR1, 2), and mutations in the PK2 and PKR2 genes are involved in the pathogenesis of KS. We have previously shown interaction between PKR2 and anosmin 1 in vitro. In the current report we present evidence of the modulation of PK2/PKR2 activity by anosmin 1, since this protein is able to enhance the activation of the ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) pathway elicited by PK2 through PKR2. We also show that the N-terminal region of anosmin 1, capable of binding to the PK2-binding domain of PKR2, seems to be responsible for this effect. The whey acidic protein domain (WAP) is necessary for this modulatory activity, although data from GST pull-down (glutathione-S-transferase) and analysis of the N267K mutation in the fibronectin type III domain 1 (FnIII.1) suggest the cysteine-rich (CR) and the FnIII.1 domains could assist the WAP domain both in the binding to PKR2 and in the modulation of the activation of the receptor by PK2. Our data support the idea of a modulatory role of anosmin 1 in the biological effects controlled by the PK2/PKR2 system.
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Trafficking-defective mutant PROKR2 cycles between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi to attenuate endoplasmic reticulum stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2102248119. [PMID: 35173048 PMCID: PMC8872787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102248119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) possesses a quality control system that prevents misfolded proteins from leaving the ER for routing to the ER-associated degradation pathway. Some misfolded proteins can escape the ER to reach the Golgi, where they are then retrieved from the Golgi back to the ER for degradation, but why this occurs needs to be clarified. Studying a mutant prokineticin receptor 2 identified in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a model, we find that the post-ER retrieval system provides another layer of quality control and also lowers the load of misfolded proteins in the ER to reduce ER stress. Our findings reveal the importance of a post-ER quality control mechanism in contributing to cellular homeostasis. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Mutations in GPCRs that result in loss of function or alterations in signaling can lead to inherited or acquired diseases. Herein, studying prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2), we initially identify distinct interactomes for wild-type (WT) versus a mutant (P290S) PROKR2 that causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. We then find that both the WT and mutant PROKR2 are targeted for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation, but the mutant is degraded to a greater extent. Further analysis revealed that both forms can also leave the ER to reach the Golgi. However, whereas most of the WT is further transported to the cell surface, most of the mutant is retrieved to the ER. Thus, the post-ER itinerary plays an important role in distinguishing the ultimate fate of the WT versus the mutant. We have further discovered that this post-ER itinerary reduces ER stress induced by the mutant PROKR2. Moreover, we extend the core findings to another model GPCR. Our findings advance the understanding of disease pathogenesis induced by a mutation at a key residue that is conserved across many GPCRs and thus contributes to a fundamental understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by cellular quality control to accommodate misfolded proteins.
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Liu Q, Yin X, Li P. Clinical, hormonal, and genetic characteristics of 25 Chinese patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:30. [PMID: 35090434 PMCID: PMC8796337 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-00940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a type of congenital disease caused by a variety of gene variants leading to dysfunction in the secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs). Clinically, IHH can be divided into Kallmann syndrome (KS) with dysosmia and normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH) according to the presence or absence of an olfactory disorder. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 25 IHH patients (8 KS and 17 nIHH) who were diagnosed at the Department of Endocrinology of Shanghai Children's Hospital from 2015 to 2021. We analysed the patients' clinical data, including their hormone levels and gene sequences. RESULTS All male patients exhibited small phalli, and 35% of them exhibited cryptorchidism. A significant difference was observed in the levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation (P = 0.028) between the KS group and the nIHH group. Missense variants were the major cause of IHH, and the main pathogenic genes were FGFR1, PROKR2/PROK2, and KAl1. Nine reported and 13 novel variants of six genes were identified. De novo variants were detected in 16 IHH patients; eight patients inherited the variants from their mothers, while only three patients inherited variants from their fathers. One patient had both KAl1 and PROKR2 gene variants, and another patient had two different PROKR2 gene variants. These two patients both had the hot spot variant c.533G > C (p. Trp178Ser) of the PROKR2 gene. CONCLUSION IHH should be highly suspected in patients with a small phallus and cryptorchidism. Compared with nIHH patients, KS patients exhibited a higher level of DHT after HCG stimulation. Missense variants were the major cause of IHH, and most of the inherited variants were from their mothers who exhibited no obvious clinical symptoms. We identified 9 reported variants and 13 novel variants that led to IHH. A small proportion of patients were at risk of inheriting either the oligogenic variant or the compound heterozygous variant. The hot spot variant c.533G > C (p. Trp178Ser) of PROKR2 might be involved in oligogenic inheritance and compound heterozygous inheritance. These findings provide deeper insight into the diagnosis and classification of IHH and will contribute to its clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.
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Lattanzi R, Miele R. Prokineticin-Receptor Network: Mechanisms of Regulation. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020172. [PMID: 35207461 PMCID: PMC8877203 DOI: 10.3390/life12020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides that bind their G protein-coupled receptors, PKR1 and PKR2, and promote chemotaxis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines following tissue injury or infection. This review summarizes the major cellular and biochemical mechanisms of prokineticins pathway regulation that, like other chemokines, include: genetic polymorphisms; mRNA splice modulation; expression regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels; prokineticins interactions with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans; PKRs degradation, localization, post-translational modifications and oligomerization; alternative signaling responses; binding to pharmacological inhibitors. Understanding these mechanisms, which together exert substantial biochemical control and greatly enhance the complexity of the prokineticin-receptor network, leads to novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this way, besides targeting prokineticins or their receptors directly, it could be possible to indirectly influence their activity by modulating their expression and localization or blocking the downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Rossella Miele
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, CNR-Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (R.M.)
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30
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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31
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Deller M, Gellrich J, Lohrer EC, Schriever VA. Genetics of congenital olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review of the literature. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6847567. [PMID: 36433800 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, as one of our 5 senses, plays an important role in our daily lives. It is connected to proper nutrition, social interaction, and protection mechanisms. Disorders affecting this sense consequently also affect the patients' general quality of life. Because the underlying genetics of congenital olfactory disorders (COD) have not been thoroughly investigated yet, this systematic review aimed at providing information on genes that have previously been reported to be mutated in patients suffering from COD. This was achieved by systematically reviewing existing literature on 3 databases, namely PubMed, Ovid Medline, and ISI Web of Science. Genes and the type of disorder, that is, isolated and/or syndromic COD were included in this study, as were the patients' associated abnormal features, which were categorized according to the affected organ(-system). Our research yielded 82 candidate genes/chromosome loci for isolated and/or syndromic COD. Our results revealed that the majority of these are implicated in syndromic COD, a few accounted for syndromic and isolated COD, and the least underly isolated COD. Most commonly, structures of the central nervous system displayed abnormalities. This study is meant to assist clinicians in determining the type of COD and detecting potentially abnormal features in patients with confirmed genetic variations. Future research will hopefully expand this list and thereby further improve our understanding of COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Deller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth C Lohrer
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany.,Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany
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32
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Tajima T. Genetic causes of central precocious puberty. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 31:101-109. [PMID: 35928377 PMCID: PMC9297165 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a condition in which the
hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal system is activated earlier than the normal developmental
stage. The etiology includes organic lesions in the brain; however, in the case of
idiopathic diseases, environmental and/or genetic factors are involved in the development
of CPP. A genetic abnormality in KISS1R, that encodes the kisspeptin
receptor, was first reported in 2008 as a cause of idiopathic CPP. Furthermore, genetic
alterations in KISS1, MKRN3, DLK1, and
PROKR2 have been reported in idiopathic and/or familial CPP. Of these,
MKRN3 has the highest frequency of pathological variants associated
with CPP worldwide; but, abnormalities in MKRN3 are rare in patients in
East Asia, including Japan. MKRN3 and DLK1 are maternal
imprinting genes; thus, CPP develops when a pathological variant is inherited from the
father. The mechanism of CPP due to defects in MKRN3 and
DLK1 has not been completely clarified, but it is suggested that both
may negatively control the progression of puberty. CPP due to such a single gene
abnormality is extremely rare, but it is important to understand the mechanisms of puberty
and reproduction. A further development in the genetics of CPP is expected in the
future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University Tochigi Children’ Medical Center, Tochigi, Japan
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Swee DS, Quinton R. Current concepts surrounding neonatal hormone therapy for boys with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:47-61. [PMID: 34994276 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2023008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a genetic disorder of reproduction and development, characterized by deficient gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion or action, affecting 1-in-4,000-15,000 males. Micropenis and undescended testes are cardinal features of antenatal GnRH deficiency and could indicate absent minipuberty in the first postnatal months. In this review, we outline the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of absent minipuberty and its implications for optimal approaches to the endocrine management of affected boys. AREAS COVERED Deficient GnRH activity during fetal development and neonatal-infancy phase of minipuberty accounts for the diminished mass of Sertoli cells and seminiferous tubules among CHH males, enduring impairment of reproductive function even during gonadotropin replacement in adult life. In overcoming this obstacle, several clinical studies of neonatal gonadotropin replacement have consistently shown positive results in inducing testicular development and correcting cryptorchidism. EXPERT OPINION A high index of clinical suspicion, combined with hormonal testing undertaken in the postnatal period of 1-4 months, can reliably confirm or refute the diagnosis of CHH. Timely identification of CHH in affected male infants (having characteristic "red flag' developmental anomalies) opens up the possibility for gonadotropin replacement as a targeted therapy to restore the normal hormonal milieu of minipuberty. Further work is necessary in formulating optimal gonadotropin treatment regimens to be more widely adopted in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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Wang Y, Qin M, Fan L, Gong C. Correlation Analysis of Genotypes and Phenotypes in Chinese Male Pediatric Patients With Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:846801. [PMID: 35669683 PMCID: PMC9164197 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.846801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can be divided into Kallmann syndrome (KS) and normosmic HH (nHH). The clinical and genetic characteristics of CHH have been studied in adults, but less in pre-adults. The medical records of patients with CHH in our gonad disease database from 2008 to 2020 were evaluated. In total, 125 patients aged 0 to 18 years were enrolled in our study. KS patients had a higher incidence of micropenis compared with nHH (86.2% vs. 65.8%, p=0.009), and 7 patients (5.6%) had hypospadias. Among the 39 patients with traceable family history, delayed puberty, KS/nHH, and olfactory abnormalities accounted for 56.4%, 17.9%, and 15.4%, respectively. In total, 65 patients completed the hCG prolongation test after undergoing the standard hCG test, and the testosterone levels of 24 patients (22.9%) were still lower than 100 ng/dL. In 77 patients, 25 CHH-related genes were identified, including digenic and trigenic mutations in 23 and 3 patients, respectively. The proportion of oligogenic mutations was significantly higher than that in our previous study (27.7% vs. 9.8%). The most common pathogenic genes were FGFR1, PROKR2, CHD7 and ANOS1. The incidence rate of the genes named above was 21.3%, 18.1%, 12.8% and 11.7%, respectively; all were higher than those in adults (<10%). Most mutations in CHH probands were private, except for W178S in PROKR2, V560I in ANOS1, H63D in HS6ST1, and P191L and S671L in IL17RD. By analyzing family history and genes, we found that both PROKR2 and KISS1R may also be shared between constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) and CHH. L173R of PROKR2 accounts for 40% of the CHH population in Europe and the United States; W178S of PROKR2 accounts for 58.8% of Chinese CHH patients. Micropenis and cryptorchidism are important cues for CHH in children. They are more common in pediatric patients than in adult patients. It is not rare of Leydig cell dysfunction (dual CHH), neither of oligogenic mutations diagnosed CHH in children. Both PROKR2 and KISS1R maybe the potential shared pathogenic genes of CDGP and CHH, and W178S in PROKR2 may be a founder mutation in Chinese CHH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunxiu Gong,
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Gach A, Pinkier I, Wysocka U, Sałacińska K, Salachna D, Szarras-Czapnik M, Pietrzyk A, Sakowicz A, Nykel A, Rutkowska L, Rybak-Krzyszkowska M, Socha M, Jamsheer A, Jakubowski L. New findings in oligogenic inheritance of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:353-364. [PMID: 35316923 PMCID: PMC8924836 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.98909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism results from a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which is essential for the development and function of the reproductive system. It may be associated with anosmia, referred to as Kallmann syndrome, or a normal sense of smell. Numerous studies have proven that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is not simply a monogenic Mendelian disease, but that more than one gene may be involved in its pathogenesis in a single patient. The oligogenic complex architecture underlying the disease is still largely unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to screen for DNA variants in a cohort of 47 patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The NGS panel consists of over 50 well-known and candidate genes, associated with hypogonadotropic state. RESULTS Here we report the identification of new oligogenic variants in SPRY4/SEMA3A, SRA1/SEMA7A, CHD7/SEMA7A, CCDC141/POLR3B/POLR3B, and PROKR2/SPRY4/NSMF. These genes are known to contribute to the phenotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, yet our results point to potential new "partners" underlying digenic and trigenic patterns. CONCLUSIONS The finding supports the importance of oligogenic inheritance and demonstrates the complexity of genetic architecture in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It also underlines the necessity for developing fine-tuned guidelines to provide a tool for adequate and precise sequence variant classification in non-Mendelian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gach
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Pinkier
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Wysocka
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałacińska
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Salachna
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Szarras-Czapnik
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pietrzyk
- Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Agata Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Nykel
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lena Rutkowska
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Magda Socha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucjusz Jakubowski
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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36
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Saengkaew T, Ruiz-Babot G, David A, Mancini A, Mariniello K, Cabrera CP, Barnes MR, Dunkel L, Guasti L, Howard SR. Whole exome sequencing identifies deleterious rare variants in CCDC141 in familial self-limited delayed puberty. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:107. [PMID: 34930920 PMCID: PMC8688425 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental abnormalities of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal network result in a range of conditions from idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism to self-limited delayed puberty. We aimed to discover important underlying regulators of self-limited delayed puberty through interrogation of GnRH pathways. Whole exome sequencing (WES) data consisting of 193 individuals, from 100 families with self-limited delayed puberty, was analysed using a virtual panel of genes related to GnRH development and function (n = 12). Five rare predicted deleterious variants in Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 141 (CCDC141) were identified in 21 individuals from 6 families (6% of the tested cohort). Homology modeling predicted all five variants to be deleterious. CCDC141 mutant proteins showed atypical subcellular localization associated with abnormal distribution of acetylated tubulin, and expression of mutants resulted in a significantly delayed cell migration, demonstrated in transfected HEK293 cells. These data identify mutations in CCDC141 as a frequent finding in patients with self-limited delayed puberty. The mis-localization of acetylated tubulin and reduced cell migration seen with mutant CCDC141 suggests a role of the CCDC141-microtubule axis in GnRH neuronal migration, with heterozygous defects potentially impacting the timing of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansit Saengkaew
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Endocrinology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessia David
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Mancini
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Katia Mariniello
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claudia P Cabrera
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael R Barnes
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sasha R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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37
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Cao X, Zhang Y, Abdulkadir M, Deng L, Fernandez TV, Garcia-Delgar B, Hagstrøm J, Hoekstra PJ, King RA, Koesterich J, Kuperman S, Morer A, Nasello C, Plessen KJ, Thackray JK, Zhou L, Dietrich A, Tischfield JA, Heiman GA, Xing J. Whole-exome sequencing identifies genes associated with Tourette's disorder in multiplex families. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6937-6951. [PMID: 33837273 PMCID: PMC8501157 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tourette's Disorder (TD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) that affects about 0.7% of the population and is one of the most heritable NDDs. Nevertheless, because of its polygenic nature and genetic heterogeneity, the genetic etiology of TD is not well understood. In this study, we combined the segregation information in 13 TD multiplex families with high-throughput sequencing and genotyping to identify genes associated with TD. Using whole-exome sequencing and genotyping array data, we identified both small and large genetic variants within the individuals. We then combined multiple types of evidence to prioritize candidate genes for TD, including variant segregation pattern, variant function prediction, candidate gene expression, protein-protein interaction network, candidate genes from previous studies, etc. From the 13 families, 71 strong candidate genes were identified, including both known genes for NDDs and novel genes, such as HtrA Serine Peptidase 3 (HTRA3), Cadherin-Related Family Member 1 (CDHR1), and Zinc Finger DHHC-Type Palmitoyltransferase 17 (ZDHHC17). The candidate genes are enriched in several Gene Ontology categories, such as dynein complex and synaptic membrane. Candidate genes and pathways identified in this study provide biological insight into TD etiology and potential targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yeting Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdulkadir
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas V. Fernandez
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Blanca Garcia-Delgar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie Hagstrøm
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. King
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Justin Koesterich
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Astrid Morer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, Universitari, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIPABS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Carlos III, Spain
| | - Cara Nasello
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kerstin J. Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joshua K. Thackray
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Lisheng Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA. .,Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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38
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Fiore M, Tarani L, Radicioni A, Spaziani M, Ferraguti G, Putotto C, Gabanella F, Maftei D, Lattanzi R, Minni A, Greco A, Tarani F, Petrella C. Serum Prokineticin-2 in Prepubertal and Adult Klinefelter Individuals. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:151-157. [PMID: 34614364 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prokineticin-2 (PROK2) is a small peptide belonging to the prokineticin family. In humans and rodents this chemokine is primarily involved in the control of central and peripheral reproductive processes. Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) is the first cause of male genetic infertility, due to an extra X chromosome, which may occur with a classical karyotype (47, XXY) or mosaic forms (46, XY/47, XXY). In affected subjects, pubertal maturation usually begins at an adequate chronological age, but when development is almost complete, they display a primary gonadal failure, with early spermatogenesis damage, and later onset of testosterone insufficiency. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the serum levels of PROK2 in prepubertal and adult KS patients, comparing them with healthy subjects. We showed for the first time the presence of PROK2 in the children serum but with significant changes in KS individuals. Indeed, compared to healthy subjects characterized by PROK2 serum elevation during the growth, KS individuals showed constant serum levels during the sexual maturation phase (higher during the prepubertal phase but lower during the adult age). In conclusion, these data indicate that in KS individuals PROK2 may be considered a biomarker for investigating the SK infertility process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiore
- IBCN-CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Roma, Italy;
| | - Luigi Tarani
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Pediatrics, Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Radicioni
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy;
| | - Matteo Spaziani
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy;
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Rome, Italy;
| | - Carolina Putotto
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Pediatrics, rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Gabanella
- IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Minni
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Sense Organs, Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Greco
- University of Rome La Sapienza, 9311, Rome, Lazio, Italy;
| | - Francesca Tarani
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Pediatrics, rome, Italy;
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Mkaouar R, Abdallah LCB, Naouali C, Lahbib S, Turki Z, Elouej S, Bouyacoub Y, Somai M, Mcelreavey K, Bashamboo A, Abdelhak S, Messaoud O. Oligogenic Inheritance Underlying Incomplete Penetrance of PROKR2 Mutations in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Front Genet 2021; 12:665174. [PMID: 34539727 PMCID: PMC8446458 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.665174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the prokineticin 2 pathway in human reproduction, olfactory bulb morphogenesis, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion is well established. Recent studies have highlighted the implication of di/oligogenic inheritance in this disorder. In the present study, we aimed to identify the genetic mechanisms that could explain incomplete penetrance in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). This study involved two unrelated Tunisian patients with HH, which was triggered by identifying a homozygous p.(Pro290Ser) mutation in the PROKR2 gene in a girl (HH1) with Kallmann syndrome (KS). The functional effect of this variant has previously been well demonstrated. Unexpectedly, her unaffected father (HH1P) and brother (HH1F) also carried this genetic variation at a homozygous state. In the second family, we identified a heterozygous p.(Lys205del) mutation in PROKR2, both in a male patient with normosmic idiopathic IHH (HH12) and his asymptomatic mother. Whole-exome sequencing in the three HH1 family members allowed the identification of additional variants in the prioritized genes. We then carried out digenic combination predictions using the oligogenic resource for variant analysis (ORVAL) software. For HH1, we found the highest number of disease-causing variant pairs. Notably, a CCDC141 variant (c.2803C > T) was involved in 18 pathogenic digenic combinations. The CCDC141 variant acts in an autosomal recessive inheritance mode, based on the digenic effect prediction data. For the second patient (HH12), prediction by ORVAL allowed the identification of an interesting pathogenic digenic combination between DUSP6 and SEMA7A genes, predicted as “dual molecular diagnosis.” The SEMA7A variant p.(Glu436Lys) is novel and predicted as a VUS by Varsome. Sanger validation revealed the absence of this variant in the healthy mother. We hypothesize that disease expression in HH12 could be induced by the digenic transmission of the SEMA7A and DUSP6 variants or a monogenic inheritance involving only the SEMA7A VUS if further functional assays allow its reclassification into pathogenic. Our findings confirm that homozygous loss-of-function genetic variations are insufficient to cause KS, and that oligogenism is most likely the main transmission mode involved in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Mkaouar
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Chokri Naouali
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saida Lahbib
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zinet Turki
- Département d'Endocrinologie et de Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Elouej
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Bouyacoub
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maali Somai
- Département d'Endocrinologie et de Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Anu Bashamboo
- Génétique du Développement Humain, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Messaoud
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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40
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Oleari R, Massa V, Cariboni A, Lettieri A. The Differential Roles for Neurodevelopmental and Neuroendocrine Genes in Shaping GnRH Neuron Physiology and Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9425. [PMID: 34502334 PMCID: PMC8431607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that control sexual reproduction. During embryonic development, GnRH neurons migrate from the nose to the hypothalamus, where they receive inputs from several afferent neurons, following the axonal scaffold patterned by nasal nerves. Each step of GnRH neuron development depends on the orchestrated action of several molecules exerting specific biological functions. Mutations in genes encoding for these essential molecules may cause Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (CHH), a rare disorder characterized by GnRH deficiency, delayed puberty and infertility. Depending on their action in the GnRH neuronal system, CHH causative genes can be divided into neurodevelopmental and neuroendocrine genes. The CHH genetic complexity, combined with multiple inheritance patterns, results in an extreme phenotypic variability of CHH patients. In this review, we aim at providing a comprehensive and updated description of the genes thus far associated with CHH, by dissecting their biological relevance in the GnRH system and their functional relevance underlying CHH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
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41
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Louden ED, Poch A, Kim HG, Ben-Mahmoud A, Kim SH, Layman LC. Genetics of hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism-Human and mouse genes, inheritance, oligogenicity, and genetic counseling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 534:111334. [PMID: 34062169 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which may be normosmic (nHH) or anosmic/hyposmic, known as Kallmann syndrome (KS), is due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency, which results in absent puberty and infertility. Investigation of the genetic basis of nHH/KS over the past 35 years has yielded a substantial increase in our understanding, as variants in 44 genes in OMIM account for ~50% of cases. The first genes for KS (ANOS1) and nHH (GNRHR) were followed by the discovery that FGFR1 variants may cause either nHH or KS. Associated anomalies include midline facial defects, neurologic deficits, cardiac anomalies, and renal agenesis, among others. Mouse models for all but one gene (ANOS1) generally support findings in humans. About half of the known genes implicated in nHH/KS are inherited as autosomal dominant and half are autosomal recessive, whereas only 7% are X-linked recessive. Digenic and oligogenic inheritance has been reported in 2-20% of patients, most commonly with variants in genes that may result in either nHH or KS inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. In vitro analyses have only been conducted for both gene variants in eight cases and for one gene variant in 20 cases. Rigorous confirmation that two gene variants in the same individual cause the nHH/KS phenotype is lacking for most. Clinical diagnosis is probably best accomplished by targeted next generation sequencing of the known candidate genes with confirmation by Sanger sequencing. Elucidation of the genetic basis of nHH/KS has resulted in an enhanced understanding of this disorder, as well as normal puberty, which makes genetic diagnosis clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Louden
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Alexandra Poch
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence C Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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42
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Liu Y, Zhi X. Advances in Genetic Diagnosis of Kallmann Syndrome and Genetic Interruption. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1697-1709. [PMID: 34231173 PMCID: PMC9110439 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare hereditary disease with high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hyposmia/anosmia are the two major characterized phenotypes of KS. Besides, mirror movements, dental agenesis, digital bone abnormalities, unilateral renal agenesis, midline facial defects, hearing loss, and eye movement abnormalities can also be observed in KS patients. Because of the phenotypic heterogeneity, genetic diagnosis become increasingly valuable to distinguish KS from other disorders including normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, constitutional delay of growth and puberty, CHARGE syndrome, and functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Application of next-generation sequencing has promoted the discovery of novel pathogenic genes in KS pedigrees. Prenatal diagnosis is an effective method in clinical settings to decrease birth defects and block transmission of genetic disorders. However, pregnant women may suffer from physical and psychological distress when fetuses are diagnosed with congenital defects. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a prospective approach during the in vitro fertilization process that helps to interrupt transmission of hereditary diseases to offspring at an early stage. Thus, genetic testing and counseling are recommended to KS patients with family histories, prenatal diagnosis and PGT are considered to be useful options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xu Zhi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
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43
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Ortiz-Cabrera NV, Gavela-Pérez T, Mejorado-Molano FJ, Santillán-Coello JM, Villacampa-Aubá JM, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Soriano-Guillén L. Diagnostic yield of clinical exome sequencing in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism considering the degree of olfactory impairment. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 97:247-254. [PMID: 34238712 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can present alone or in association with anosmia or other congenital malformations. More than 30 genes have been identified as being involved in the pathogenesis of CHH with different patterns of inheritance, and the increasing availability of next generation sequencing (NGS) has increased the diagnostic yield. METHODS We analysed the diagnostic yield of NGS in patients with CHH using the clinical exome filtered with virtual panels. We also assessed whether designing panels based on the presence/absence of microsmia increased the diagnostic yield. RESULTS The use of a 34-gene virtual panel confirmed the diagnosis of CHH in 5 out of 9 patients (55%) patients. In 2 out of 9 (22%), the findings were inconclusive. Applying the presence/absence of microsmia criterion to choose genes for analysis did not improve the diagnostic yield. CONCLUSIONS The approach to the genetic study of patients with CHH varies depending on the resources of each healthcare facility, so the sensitivity of testing may vary substantially depending on whether panels, clinical exome sequencing or whole exome sequencing (WES) are used. The analysis of all genes related to CHH regardless of the presence/absence of microsmia seems to be the best approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Gavela-Pérez
- Servicio de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Mejorado-Molano
- Servicio de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Mire Santillán-Coello
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Villacampa-Aubá
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Trujillo-Tiebas
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Soriano-Guillén
- Servicio de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Ortiz-Cabrera NV, Gavela-Pérez T, Mejorado-Molano FJ, Santillán-Coello JM, Villacampa-Aubá JM, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Soriano-Guillén L. [Diagnostic yield of clinical exome sequencing in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism considering the degree of olfactory impairment]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 97:S1695-4033(21)00183-1. [PMID: 34120870 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can present alone or in association with anosmia or other congenital malformations. More than 30 genes have been identified as being involved in the pathogenesis of CHH with different patterns of inheritance, and the increasing availability of next generation sequencing (NGS) has increased the diagnostic yield. METHODS We analysed the diagnostic yield of NGS in patients with CHH using the clinical exome filtered with virtual panels. We also assessed whether designing panels based on the presence/absence of microsmia increased the diagnostic yield. RESULTS The use of a 34-gene virtual panel confirmed the diagnosis of CHH in 5 out of 9 patients (55%). In 2 out of 9 (22%), the findings were inconclusive. Applying the presence/absence of microsmia criterion to choose genes for analysis did not improve the diagnostic yield. CONCLUSIONS The approach to the genetic study of patients with CHH varies depending on the resources of each healthcare facility, so the sensitivity of testing may vary substantially depending on whether panels, clinical exome sequencing or whole exome sequencing (WES) are used. The analysis of every genes related to CHH regardless of the presence/absence of microsmia seems to be the best approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Gavela-Pérez
- Servicio de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Francisco Javier Mejorado-Molano
- Servicio de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Jessica Mire Santillán-Coello
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - José Miguel Villacampa-Aubá
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - María José Trujillo-Tiebas
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Leandro Soriano-Guillén
- Servicio de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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Defects in GnRH Neuron Migration/Development and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Signaling Impact Clinical Variability of Kallmann Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060868. [PMID: 34198905 PMCID: PMC8229512 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a combination of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) with olfactory dysfunction, representing a heterogeneous disorder with a broad phenotypic spectrum. The genetic background of KS has not yet been fully established. This study was conducted on 46 Polish KS subjects (41 males, 5 females; average age: 29 years old). The studied KS patients were screened for defects in a 38-gene panel with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. The analysis revealed 27 pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants, and 21 variants of uncertain significance (VUS). The P/LP variants were detected in 20 patients (43.5%). The prevalence of oligogenic P/LP defects in selected genes among KS patients was 26% (12/46), whereas the co-occurrence of other variants was detected in 43% (20 probands). The examined KS patients showed substantial genotypic and phenotypic variability. A marked difference in non-reproductive phenotypes, involving defects in genes responsible for GnRH neuron development/migration and genes contributing to pituitary development and signaling, was observed. A comprehensive gene panel for IHH testing enabled the detection of clinically relevant variants in the majority of KS patients, which makes targeted NGS an effective molecular tool. The significance of oligogenicity and the high incidence of alterations in selected genes should be further elucidated.
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Lycopene Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Testicular Injury by Inhibiting PROK2 Expression and Activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in a Varicocele Adult Rat. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3471356. [PMID: 34055003 PMCID: PMC8149244 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3471356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lycopene on hypoxia-induced testicular injury in rat model and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods Six-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 36) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12/group): a normal group (NG, sham control), a varicocele group (VG), and a varicocele treated by lycopene group (VLG). Bilateral renal veins constriction was performed on rats in VG and VLG. Simultaneously, rats in VLG were treated to lycopene by intragastric administration. Four weeks later, sperm was collected for sperm analysis. Testes and epididymides were harvested for morphological change analysis, histologic analysis, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and western blot. Results Our observations were that lycopene improved the hypoxia-induced testicular injury in vivo. Prokineticin 2(PROK2) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2) were overexpressed in VG (P < 0.01), and lycopene inhibited the PROK2 expression (P < 0.01). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and sex hormones were increased by lycopene in VLG (P < 0.05). Lycopene restored the quality and activity of sperm by blocking PROK2 expression (P < 0.05). The expression of VEGF was increased, as HIF-1/NF-κB pathway was upregulated in VLG (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, expression of pAKT/AKT in VLG was higher than that in VG (P < 0.05). In addition, lycopene reduced levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in VLG (P < 0.05), compared to NG. Conclusions Lycopene improved the hypoxia-induced testicular injury by inhibiting the expression of PROK2 and decreasing levels of IL-1β and IL-2, which might show us a novel and promising treatment for varicocele testicular injury.
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Magnan C, Migrenne-Li S. Pleiotropic effects of prokineticin 2 in the control of energy metabolism. Biochimie 2021; 186:73-81. [PMID: 33932486 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prokineticins are family of small proteins involved in many important biological processes including food intake and control of energy balance. The prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is expressed in several peripheral tissues and areas in the central nervous system. PROK2 activates G protein-coupled receptors, namely, prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2). Preclinical models exhibiting disturbances of the PROK2 pathway (at the level of PROK2 or its receptors) are characterized by changes in food intake, feeding behavior and insulin sensitivity related to a dysfunction of the energy balance control. In Humans, mutations of PROK2 and PROKR2 genes are associated to the Kallmann syndrome (KS) that affects both the hormonal reproductive axis and the sense of smell and may also lead to obesity. Moreover, plasma PROK2 concentration has been correlated with various cardiometabolic risk factors and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present review summarizes knowledge on PROK2 structure, signaling and function focusing on its role in control of food intake and energy homeostasis.
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Casella I, Ambrosio C. Prokineticin receptors interact unselectively with several G protein subtypes but bind selectively to β-arrestin 2. Cell Signal 2021; 83:110000. [PMID: 33811988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prokineticin 1 (pk1) and prokineticin 2 (pk2) interact with two structurally related G-protein coupled receptors, prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2). Cellular signalling studies show that the activated receptors can evoke Ca2+-mobilization, pertussis toxin-sensitive ERK phosphorylation, and intracellular cAMP accumulation, which suggests the partecipation of several G protein subtypes, such as Gq/11, Gi/o and Gs. However, direct interactions with these transduction proteins have not been studied yet. Here we measured by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) the association of PKR1 and PKR2 with different heterotrimeric Gα proteins in response to pk1 and pk2 activation. Using host-cell lines carrying gene deletions of Gαq/11 or Gαs, and pertussis toxin treatment to abolish the receptor interactions with Gαi/o, we determined that both receptors could couple with comparable efficiency to Gq/11 and Gi/o, but far less efficiently to Gs or other pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins. We also used BRET methodology to assess the association of prokineticin receptors with β-arrestin isoforms. Fluorescent versions of the isoforms were transfected both in HEK293 cells and in double KO β-arrestin 1/2 mouse fibroblasts, to study receptor interaction with the reconstituted individual β-arrestins without background expression of the endogenous genes. Both receptors formed stable BRET-emitting complexes with β-arrestin 2 but not with β-arrestin 1, indicating strong selectivity for the former. In all the studied transducer interactions and in both receptors, pk2 was more potent than pk1 in promoting receptor binding to transduction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Casella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Reserch and Evaluation, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Ambrosio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Reserch and Evaluation, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Cho CY, Tsai WY, Lee CT, Liu SY, Huang SY, Chien YH, Hwu WL, Lee NC, Tung YC. Clinical and molecular features of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in Taiwan: A single center experience. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:218-226. [PMID: 33775534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic (isolated) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a rare disease that can be classified as Kallmann syndrome (KS) or normosmic IHH (nIHH). This study investigated the phenotype and genotype of IHH in Taiwanese patients. METHODS Twenty-six unrelated IHH patients were included in this study and their clinical, hormonal, and radiological findings were analyzed retrospectively. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify the etiology. RESULTS The 26 patients (M:F = 19:7) were divided into a KS group (n = 11) and a nIHH group (n = 15). The diagnosis was earlier in boys than in girls. Fifteen patients were found to have pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants of IHH-associated genes, and the mutation detection rate was 58%. CHD7, FGFR1, and ANOS1 were the most common genetic etiologies identified in this group. Two patients with nIHH were found to have de novo SOX11 mutations and Coffin-Siris syndrome features. After treatment, the height outcomes and secondary sexual characteristics were significantly improved. There were no obvious differences between the genetically resolved (GR), variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and genetically unresolved groups (GUR). CONCLUSION Whole exome sequencing is useful in patients with IHH, and we identified the SOX11 gene as a causal factor in this study. We described the clinical, hormonal, and molecular characteristics, and the treatment outcomes, of Taiwanese patients with IHH, which should aid therapeutic planning and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yi Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yuan Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Tung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lopez-Rodriguez D, Franssen D, Bakker J, Lomniczi A, Parent AS. Cellular and molecular features of EDC exposure: consequences for the GnRH network. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:83-96. [PMID: 33288917 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The onset of puberty and the female ovulatory cycle are important developmental milestones of the reproductive system. These processes are controlled by a tightly organized network of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, as well as genetic, epigenetic and hormonal factors, which ultimately drive the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. They also strongly depend on organizational processes that take place during fetal and early postnatal life. Therefore, exposure to environmental pollutants such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during critical periods of development can result in altered brain development, delayed or advanced puberty and long-term reproductive consequences, such as impaired fertility. The gonads and peripheral organs are targets of EDCs, and research from the past few years suggests that the organization of the neuroendocrine control of reproduction is also sensitive to environmental cues and disruption. Among other mechanisms, EDCs interfere with the action of steroidal and non-steroidal receptors, and alter enzymatic, metabolic and epigenetic pathways during development. In this Review, we discuss the cellular and molecular consequences of perinatal exposure (mostly in rodents) to representative EDCs with a focus on the neuroendocrine control of reproduction, pubertal timing and the female ovulatory cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine Franssen
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julie Bakker
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), OHSU, OR, USA
| | - Anne-Simone Parent
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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