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Liu G, Kim J, Nguyen N, Zhou L, Dean A. Long noncoding RNA GATA2AS influences human erythropoiesis by transcription factor and chromatin landscape modulation. Blood 2024; 143:2300-2313. [PMID: 38447046 PMCID: PMC11181357 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are extensively expressed in eukaryotic cells and have been revealed to be important for regulating cell differentiation. Many lncRNAs have been found to regulate erythroid differentiation in the mouse. However, given the low sequence conservation of lncRNAs between mouse and human, our understanding of lncRNAs in human erythroid differentiation remains incomplete. lncRNAs are often transcribed opposite to protein coding genes and regulate their expression. Here, we characterized a human erythrocyte-expressed lncRNA, GATA2AS, which is transcribed opposite to erythroid transcription regulator GATA2. GATA2AS is a 2080-bp long, primarily nucleus-localized noncoding RNA that is expressed in erythroid progenitor cells and decreases during differentiation. Knockout of GATA2AS in human HUDEP2 erythroid progenitor cells using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to remove the transcription start site accelerated erythroid differentiation and dysregulated erythroblast gene expression. We identified GATA2AS as a novel GATA2 and HBG activator. Chromatin isolation by RNA purification showed that GATA2AS binds to thousands of genomic sites and colocalizes at a subset of sites with erythroid transcription factors including LRF and KLF1. RNA pulldown and RNA immunoprecipitation confirmed interaction between GATA2AS and LRF and KLF1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) showed that knockout of GATA2AS reduces binding of these transcription factors genome wide. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) and H3K27ac ChIP-seq showed that GATA2AS is essential to maintain the chromatin regulatory landscape during erythroid differentiation. Knockdown of GATA2AS in human primary CD34+ cells mimicked results in HUDEP2 cells. Overall, our results implicate human-specific lncRNA GATA2AS as a regulator of erythroid differentiation by influencing erythroid transcription factor binding and the chromatin regulatory landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyou Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicole Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lecong Zhou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ann Dean
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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2
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Heyes E, Wilhelmson AS, Wenzel A, Manhart G, Eder T, Schuster MB, Rzepa E, Pundhir S, D'Altri T, Frank AK, Gentil C, Woessmann J, Schoof EM, Meggendorfer M, Schwaller J, Haferlach T, Grebien F, Porse BT. TET2 lesions enhance the aggressiveness of CEBPA-mutant acute myeloid leukemia by rebalancing GATA2 expression. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6185. [PMID: 37794021 PMCID: PMC10550934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The myeloid transcription factor CEBPA is recurrently biallelically mutated (i.e., double mutated; CEBPADM) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a combination of hypermorphic N-terminal mutations (CEBPANT), promoting expression of the leukemia-associated p30 isoform, and amorphic C-terminal mutations. The most frequently co-mutated genes in CEBPADM AML are GATA2 and TET2, however the molecular mechanisms underlying this co-mutational spectrum are incomplete. By combining transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses of CEBPA-TET2 co-mutated patients with models thereof, we identify GATA2 as a conserved target of the CEBPA-TET2 mutational axis, providing a rationale for the mutational spectra in CEBPADM AML. Elevated CEBPA levels, driven by CEBPANT, mediate recruitment of TET2 to the Gata2 distal hematopoietic enhancer thereby increasing Gata2 expression. Concurrent loss of TET2 in CEBPADM AML induces a competitive advantage by increasing Gata2 promoter methylation, thereby rebalancing GATA2 levels. Of clinical relevance, demethylating treatment of Cebpa-Tet2 co-mutated AML restores Gata2 levels and prolongs disease latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heyes
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna S Wilhelmson
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Wenzel
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Manhart
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Eder
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikkel B Schuster
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edwin Rzepa
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sachin Pundhir
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teresa D'Altri
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Katrine Frank
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Coline Gentil
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Woessmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erwin M Schoof
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jürg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Grebien
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria.
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bo T Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Soukup AA, Matson DR, Liu P, Johnson KD, Bresnick EH. Conditionally pathogenic genetic variants of a hematopoietic disease-suppressing enhancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk3521. [PMID: 34890222 PMCID: PMC8664263 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human genetic variants are classified on the basis of potential pathogenicity to guide clinical decisions. However, mechanistic uncertainties often preclude definitive categorization. Germline coding and enhancer variants within the hematopoietic regulator GATA2 create a bone marrow failure and leukemia predisposition. The conserved murine enhancer promotes hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) genesis, and a single-nucleotide human variant in an Ets motif attenuates chemotherapy-induced hematopoietic regeneration. We describe “conditionally pathogenic” (CP) enhancer motif variants that differentially affect hematopoietic development and regeneration. The Ets motif variant functioned autonomously in hematopoietic cells to disrupt hematopoiesis. Because an epigenetically silenced normal allele can exacerbate phenotypes of a pathogenic heterozygous variant, we engineered a bone marrow failure model harboring the Ets motif variant and a severe enhancer mutation on the second allele. Despite normal developmental hematopoiesis, regeneration in response to chemotherapy, inflammation, and a therapeutic HSC mobilizer was compromised. The CP paradigm informs mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity and clinical genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Soukup
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel R. Matson
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kirby D. Johnson
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Essential role for Gata2 in modulating lineage output from hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2687-2700. [PMID: 34170285 PMCID: PMC8288679 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is tightly controlled to ensure a proper balance between myeloid and lymphoid cell output. GATA2 is a pivotal hematopoietic transcription factor required for generation and maintenance of HSCs. GATA2 is expressed throughout development, but because of early embryonic lethality in mice, its role during adult hematopoiesis is incompletely understood. Zebrafish contains 2 orthologs of GATA2: Gata2a and Gata2b, which are expressed in different cell types. We show that the mammalian functions of GATA2 are split between these orthologs. Gata2b-deficient zebrafish have a reduction in embryonic definitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) numbers, but are viable. This allows us to uniquely study the role of GATA2 in adult hematopoiesis. gata2b mutants have impaired myeloid lineage differentiation. Interestingly, this defect arises not in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors, but in HSPCs. Gata2b-deficient HSPCs showed impaired progression of the myeloid transcriptional program, concomitant with increased coexpression of lymphoid genes. This resulted in a decrease in myeloid-programmed progenitors and a relative increase in lymphoid-programmed progenitors. This shift in the lineage output could function as an escape mechanism to avoid a block in lineage differentiation. Our study helps to deconstruct the functions of GATA2 during hematopoiesis and shows that lineage differentiation flows toward a lymphoid lineage in the absence of Gata2b.
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5
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Human GATA2 mutations and hematologic disease: how many paths to pathogenesis? Blood Adv 2021; 4:4584-4592. [PMID: 32960960 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The surge of human genetic information, enabled by increasingly facile and economically feasible genomic technologies, has accelerated discoveries on the relationship of germline genetic variation to hematologic diseases. For example, germline variation in GATA2, encoding a vital transcriptional regulator of multilineage hematopoiesis, creates a predisposition to bone marrow failure and acute myeloid leukemia termed GATA2 deficiency syndrome. More than 300 GATA2 variants representing missense, truncating, and noncoding enhancer mutations have been documented. Although these variants can diminish GATA2 expression and/or function, the functional ramifications of many variants are unknown. Studies using genetic rescue and knockin mouse systems have established that GATA2 mutations differentially affect molecular processes in distinct target genes and within a single target cell. Considering that target genes for a transcription factor can differ in sensitivity to altered levels of the factor, and transcriptional mechanisms are often cell type specific, the context-dependent consequences of GATA2 mutations in experimental systems portend the complex phenotypes and interindividual variation of GATA2 deficiency syndrome. This review documents GATA2 human genetics and the state of efforts to traverse from physiological insights to pathogenic mechanisms.
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6
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Rothenberg EV, Göttgens B. How haematopoiesis research became a fertile ground for regulatory network biology as pioneered by Eric Davidson. Curr Opin Hematol 2021; 28:1-10. [PMID: 33229891 PMCID: PMC7755131 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This historical perspective reviews how work of Eric H. Davidson was a catalyst and exemplar for explaining haematopoietic cell fate determination through gene regulation. RECENT FINDINGS Researchers studying blood and immune cells pioneered many of the early mechanistic investigations of mammalian gene regulatory processes. These efforts included the characterization of complex gene regulatory sequences exemplified by the globin and T-cell/B-cell receptor gene loci, as well as the identification of many key regulatory transcription factors through the fine mapping of chromosome translocation breakpoints in leukaemia patients. As the repertoire of known regulators expanded, assembly into gene regulatory network models became increasingly important, not only to account for the truism that regulatory genes do not function in isolation but also to devise new ways of extracting biologically meaningful insights from even more complex information. Here we explore how Eric H. Davidson's pioneering studies of gene regulatory network control in nonvertebrate model organisms have had an important and lasting impact on research into blood and immune cell development. SUMMARY The intellectual framework developed by Davidson continues to contribute to haematopoietic research, and his insistence on demonstrating logic and causality still challenges the frontier of research today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V. Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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7
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Blood disease-causing and -suppressing transcriptional enhancers: general principles and GATA2 mechanisms. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2045-2056. [PMID: 31289032 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive scrutiny of human genomes has unveiled considerable genetic variation in coding and noncoding regions. In cancers, including those of the hematopoietic system, genomic instability amplifies the complexity and functional consequences of variation. Although elucidating how variation impacts the protein-coding sequence is highly tractable, deciphering the functional consequences of variation in noncoding regions (genome reading), including potential transcriptional-regulatory sequences, remains challenging. A crux of this problem is the sheer abundance of gene-regulatory sequence motifs (cis elements) mediating protein-DNA interactions that are intermixed in the genome with thousands of look-alike sequences lacking the capacity to mediate functional interactions with proteins in vivo. Furthermore, transcriptional enhancers harbor clustered cis elements, and how altering a single cis element within a cluster impacts enhancer function is unpredictable. Strategies to discover functional enhancers have been innovated, and human genetics can provide vital clues to achieve this goal. Germline or acquired mutations in functionally critical (essential) enhancers, for example at the GATA2 locus encoding a master regulator of hematopoiesis, have been linked to human pathologies. Given the human interindividual genetic variation and complex genetic landscapes of hematologic malignancies, enhancer corruption, creation, and expropriation by new genes may not be exceedingly rare mechanisms underlying disease predisposition and etiology. Paradigms arising from dissecting essential enhancer mechanisms can guide genome-reading strategies to advance fundamental knowledge and precision medicine applications. In this review, we provide our perspective of general principles governing the function of blood disease-linked enhancers and GATA2-centric mechanisms.
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8
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Soukup AA, Bresnick EH. GATA2 +9.5 enhancer: from principles of hematopoiesis to genetic diagnosis in precision medicine. Curr Opin Hematol 2020; 27:163-171. [PMID: 32205587 PMCID: PMC7331797 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By establishing mechanisms that deliver oxygen to sustain cells and tissues, fight life-threatening pathogens and harness the immune system to eradicate cancer cells, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are vital in health and disease. The cell biological framework for HSPC generation has been rigorously developed, yet recent single-cell transcriptomic analyses have unveiled permutations of the hematopoietic hierarchy that differ considerably from the traditional roadmap. Deploying mutants that disrupt specific steps in hematopoiesis constitutes a powerful strategy for deconvoluting the complex cell biology. It is striking that a single transcription factor, GATA2, is so crucial for HSPC generation and function, and therefore it is instructive to consider mechanisms governing GATA2 expression and activity. The present review focuses on an essential GATA2 enhancer (+9.5) and how +9.5 mutants inform basic and clinical/translational science. RECENT FINDINGS +9.5 is essential for HSPC generation and function during development and hematopoietic regeneration. Human +9.5 mutations cause immunodeficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia. Qualitatively and quantitatively distinct contributions of +9.5 cis-regulatory elements confer context-dependent enhancer activity. The discovery of +9.5 and its mutant alleles spawned fundamental insights into hematopoiesis, and given its role to suppress blood disease emergence, clinical centers test for mutations in this sequence to diagnose the cause of enigmatic cytopenias. SUMMARY Multidisciplinary approaches to discover and understand cis-regulatory elements governing expression of key regulators of hematopoiesis unveil biological and mechanistic insights that provide the logic for innovating clinical applications.
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9
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Shimizu R, Yamamoto M. Quantitative and qualitative impairments in GATA2 and myeloid neoplasms. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:142-150. [PMID: 31675473 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GATA2 is a key transcription factor critical for hematopoietic cell development. During the past decade, it became clear that heterozygous germline mutations in the GATA2 gene cause bone marrow failure and primary immunodeficiency syndrome, conditions that lead to a predisposition toward myeloid neoplasms, such as myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Somatic mutations of the GATA2 gene are also involved in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies. Cases with GATA2 gene mutations are divided into two groups, resulting in either a quantitative deficiency or a qualitative defect in the GATA2 protein depending on the mutation position and type. In the former case, GATA2 mRNA expression from the mutant allele is markedly reduced or completely abrogated, and reduced GATA2 protein expression is involved in the pathogenesis. In the latter case, almost equal amounts of structurally abnormal and wildtype GATA2 proteins are predicted to be present and contribute to the pathogenesis. The development of mouse models of these human GATA2-related diseases has been undertaken, which naturally develop myeloid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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10
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Delás MJ, Jackson BT, Kovacevic T, Vangelisti S, Munera Maravilla E, Wild SA, Stork EM, Erard N, Knott SRV, Hannon GJ. lncRNA Spehd Regulates Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Is Required for Multilineage Differentiation. Cell Rep 2019; 27:719-729.e6. [PMID: 30995471 PMCID: PMC6484780 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) show patterns of tissue- and cell type-specific expression that are very similar to those of protein coding genes and consequently have the potential to control stem and progenitor cell fate decisions along a differentiation trajectory. To understand the roles that lncRNAs may play in hematopoiesis, we selected a subset of mouse lncRNAs with potentially relevant expression patterns and refined our candidate list using evidence of conserved expression in human blood lineages. For each candidate, we assessed its possible role in hematopoietic differentiation in vivo using competitive transplantation. Our studies identified two lncRNAs that were required for hematopoiesis. One of these, Spehd, showed defective multilineage differentiation, and its silencing yielded common myeloid progenitors that are deficient in their oxidative phosphorylation pathway. This effort not only suggests that lncRNAs can contribute to differentiation decisions during hematopoiesis but also provides a path toward the identification of functional lncRNAs in other differentiation hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joaquina Delás
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Benjamin T Jackson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Tatjana Kovacevic
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Silvia Vangelisti
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ester Munera Maravilla
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Sophia A Wild
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Eva Maria Stork
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Nicolas Erard
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Simon R V Knott
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA.
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11
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Lioznova AV, Khamis AM, Artemov AV, Besedina E, Ramensky V, Bajic VB, Kulakovskiy IV, Medvedeva YA. CpG traffic lights are markers of regulatory regions in human genome. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:102. [PMID: 30709331 PMCID: PMC6359853 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Although bisulfite-sequencing based methods profile DNA methylation at a single CpG resolution, methylation levels are usually averaged over genomic regions in the downstream bioinformatic analysis. Results We demonstrate that on the genome level a single CpG methylation can serve as a more accurate predictor of gene expression than an average promoter / gene body methylation. We define CpG traffic lights (CpG TL) as CpG dinucleotides with a significant correlation between methylation and expression of a gene nearby. CpG TL are enriched in all regulatory regions. Among all promoters, CpG TL are especially enriched in poised ones, suggesting involvement of DNA methylation in their regulation. Yet, binding of only a handful of transcription factors, such as NRF1, ETS, STAT and IRF-family members, could be regulated by direct methylation of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) or its close proximity. For the majority of TF, an alternative scenario is more likely: methylation and inactivation of the whole regulatory element indirectly represses functional TF binding with a CpG TL being a reliable marker of such inactivation. Conclusions CpG TL provide a promising insight into mechanisms of enhancer activity and gene regulation linking methylation of single CpG to gene expression. CpG TL methylation can be used as reliable markers of enhancer activity and gene expression in applications, e.g. in clinic where measuring DNA methylation is easier compared to directly measuring gene expression due to more stable nature of DNA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5387-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Lioznova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Abdullah M Khamis
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Artem V Artemov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Besedina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan V Kulakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS - the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yulia A Medvedeva
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia. .,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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12
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Churpek JE, Bresnick EH. Transcription factor mutations as a cause of familial myeloid neoplasms. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:476-488. [PMID: 30707109 DOI: 10.1172/jci120854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and evolution of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are driven by genomic events that disrupt multiple genes controlling hematopoiesis. Human genetic studies have discovered germline mutations in single genes that instigate familial MDS/AML. The best understood of these genes encode transcription factors, such as GATA-2, RUNX1, ETV6, and C/EBPα, which establish and maintain genetic networks governing the genesis and function of blood stem and progenitor cells. Many questions remain unanswered regarding how genes and circuits within these networks function in physiology and disease and whether network integrity is exquisitely sensitive to or efficiently buffered from perturbations. In familial MDS/AML, mutations change the coding sequence of a gene to generate a mutant protein with altered activity or introduce frameshifts or stop codons or disrupt regulatory elements to alter protein expression. Each mutation has the potential to exert quantitatively and qualitatively distinct influences on networks. Consistent with this mechanistic diversity, disease onset is unpredictable and phenotypic variability can be considerable. Efforts to elucidate mechanisms and forge prognostic and therapeutic strategies must therefore contend with a spectrum of patient-specific leukemogenic scenarios. Here we illustrate mechanistic advances in our understanding of familial MDS/AML syndromes caused by germline mutations of hematopoietic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Churpek
- Section of Hematology/Oncology and Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Mehta C, Johnson KD, Gao X, Ong IM, Katsumura KR, McIver SC, Ranheim EA, Bresnick EH. Integrating Enhancer Mechanisms to Establish a Hierarchical Blood Development Program. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2966-2979. [PMID: 28930689 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic development requires the transcription factor GATA-2, and GATA-2 mutations cause diverse pathologies, including leukemia. GATA-2-regulated enhancers increase Gata2 expression in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and control hematopoiesis. The +9.5-kb enhancer activates transcription in endothelium and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and its deletion abrogates HSC generation. The -77-kb enhancer activates transcription in myeloid progenitors, and its deletion impairs differentiation. Since +9.5-/- embryos are HSC deficient, it was unclear whether the +9.5 functions in progenitors or if GATA-2 expression in progenitors solely requires -77. We further dissected the mechanisms using -77;+9.5 compound heterozygous (CH) mice. The embryonic lethal CH mutation depleted megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEPs). While the +9.5 suffices for HSC generation, the -77 and +9.5 must reside on one allele to induce MEPs. The -77 generated burst-forming unit-erythroid through the induction of GATA-1 and other GATA-2 targets. The enhancer circuits controlled signaling pathways that orchestrate a GATA factor-dependent blood development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Mehta
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kirby D Johnson
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Koichi R Katsumura
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Skye C McIver
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Erik A Ranheim
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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14
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Hewitt KJ, Katsumura KR, Matson DR, Devadas P, Tanimura N, Hebert AS, Coon JJ, Kim JS, Dewey CN, Keles S, Hao S, Paulson RF, Bresnick EH. GATA Factor-Regulated Samd14 Enhancer Confers Red Blood Cell Regeneration and Survival in Severe Anemia. Dev Cell 2017; 42:213-225.e4. [PMID: 28787589 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An enhancer with amalgamated E-box and GATA motifs (+9.5) controls expression of the regulator of hematopoiesis GATA-2. While similar GATA-2-occupied elements are common in the genome, occupancy does not predict function, and GATA-2-dependent genetic networks are incompletely defined. A "+9.5-like" element resides in an intron of Samd14 (Samd14-Enh) encoding a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain protein. Deletion of Samd14-Enh in mice strongly decreased Samd14 expression in bone marrow and spleen. Although steady-state hematopoiesis was normal, Samd14-Enh-/- mice died in response to severe anemia. Samd14-Enh stimulated stem cell factor/c-Kit signaling, which promotes erythrocyte regeneration. Anemia activated Samd14-Enh by inducing enhancer components and enhancer chromatin accessibility. Thus, a GATA-2/anemia-regulated enhancer controls expression of an SAM domain protein that confers survival in anemia. We propose that Samd14-Enh and an ensemble of anemia-responsive enhancers are essential for erythrocyte regeneration in stress erythropoiesis, a vital process in pathologies, including β-thalassemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Hewitt
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Koichi R Katsumura
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel R Matson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Prithvia Devadas
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science and Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Colin N Dewey
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Siyang Hao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robert F Paulson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The GATA2 gene codes for a hematopoietic transcription factor that through its two zinc fingers (ZF) can occupy GATA-DNA motifs in a countless number of genes. It is crucial for the proliferation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells. During the past 5 years, germline heterozygous mutations in GATA2 were reported in several hundred patients with various phenotypes ranging from mild cytopenia to severe immunodeficiency involving B cells, natural killer cells, CD4+ cells, monocytes and dendritic cells (MonoMAC/DCML), and myeloid neoplasia. Some patients additionally show syndromic features such as congenital deafness and lymphedema (originally defining the Emberger syndrome) or pulmonary disease and vascular problems. The common clinical denominator in all reported cohorts is the propensity for myeloid neoplasia (myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS], myeloproliferative neoplasms [MPN], chronic myelomonocytic leukemia [CMML], acute myeloid leukemia [AML]) with an overall prevalence of approximately 75% and a median age of onset of roughly 20 years. Three major mutational types are encountered in GATA2-deficient patients: truncating mutations prior to ZF2, missense mutations within ZF2, and noncoding variants in the +9.5kb regulatory region of GATA2. Recurrent somatic lesions comprise monosomy 7 and trisomy 8 karyotypes and mutations in SETBP1 and ASXL1 genes. The high risk for progression to advanced myeloid neoplasia and life-threatening infectious complications guide decision-making towards timely stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin W Wlodarski
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Medical Center; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Matthew Collin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Northern Centre for Bone Marrow Transplantation, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marshall S Horwitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Abstract
The discovery of the GATA binding protein (GATA factor) transcription factor family revolutionized hematology. Studies of GATA proteins have yielded vital contributions to our understanding of how hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells develop from precursors, how progenitors generate red blood cells, how hemoglobin synthesis is regulated, and the molecular underpinnings of nonmalignant and malignant hematologic disorders. This thrilling journey began with mechanistic studies on a β-globin enhancer- and promoter-binding factor, GATA-1, the founding member of the GATA family. This work ushered in the cloning of related proteins, GATA-2-6, with distinct and/or overlapping expression patterns. Herein, we discuss how the hematopoietic GATA factors (GATA-1-3) function via a battery of mechanistic permutations, which can be GATA factor subtype, cell type, and locus specific. Understanding this intriguing protein family requires consideration of how the mechanistic permutations are amalgamated into circuits to orchestrate processes of interest to the hematologist and more broadly.
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17
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Hasegawa A, Shimizu R. GATA1 Activity Governed by Configurations of cis-Acting Elements. Front Oncol 2017; 6:269. [PMID: 28119852 PMCID: PMC5220053 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA1 regulates the expression of essential erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation genes through binding to the DNA consensus sequence WGATAR. The GATA1 protein has four functional domains, including two centrally located zinc-finger domains and two transactivation domains at the N- and C-termini. These functional domains play characteristic roles in the elaborate regulation of diversified GATA1 target genes, each of which exhibits a unique expression profile. Three types of GATA1-related hematological malignancies have been reported. One is a structural mutation in the GATA1 gene, resulting in the production of a short form of GATA1 that lacks the N-terminal transactivation domain and is found in Down syndrome-related acute megakaryocytic leukemia. The other two are cis-acting regulatory mutations affecting expression of the Gata1 gene, which have been shown to cause acute erythroblastic leukemia and myelofibrosis in mice. Therefore, imbalanced gene regulation caused by qualitative and quantitative changes in GATA1 is thought to be involved in specific hematological disease pathogenesis. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of differential transcriptional regulation by GATA1 during erythroid differentiation, with special reference to the binding kinetics of GATA1 at conformation-specific binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Medical Mega-Bank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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18
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Cico A, Andrieu-Soler C, Soler E. Enhancers and their dynamics during hematopoietic differentiation and emerging strategies for therapeutic action. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4084-4104. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cico
- Inserm UMR967, CEA/DRF/iRCM; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| | - Charlotte Andrieu-Soler
- Inserm UMR967, CEA/DRF/iRCM; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- CNRS; Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM); Montpellier France
| | - Eric Soler
- Inserm UMR967, CEA/DRF/iRCM; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- CNRS; Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM); Montpellier France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
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19
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Huang J, Liu X, Li D, Shao Z, Cao H, Zhang Y, Trompouki E, Bowman TV, Zon LI, Yuan GC, Orkin SH, Xu J. Dynamic Control of Enhancer Repertoires Drives Lineage and Stage-Specific Transcription during Hematopoiesis. Dev Cell 2016; 36:9-23. [PMID: 26766440 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers are the primary determinants of cell identity, but the regulatory components controlling enhancer turnover during lineage commitment remain largely unknown. Here we compare the enhancer landscape, transcriptional factor occupancy, and transcriptomic changes in human fetal and adult hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and committed erythroid progenitors. We find that enhancers are modulated pervasively and direct lineage- and stage-specific transcription. GATA2-to-GATA1 switch is prevalent at dynamic enhancers and drives erythroid enhancer commissioning. Examination of lineage-specific enhancers identifies transcription factors and their combinatorial patterns in enhancer turnover. Importantly, by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, we uncover functional hierarchy of constituent enhancers within the SLC25A37 super-enhancer. Despite indistinguishable chromatin features, we reveal through genomic editing the functional diversity of several GATA switch enhancers in which enhancers with opposing functions cooperate to coordinate transcription. Thus, genome-wide enhancer profiling coupled with in situ enhancer editing provide critical insights into the functional complexity of enhancers during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhen Shao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuannyu Zhang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Eirini Trompouki
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teresa V Bowman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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20
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Shimizu R, Yamamoto M. GATA-related hematologic disorders. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:696-705. [PMID: 27235756 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors GATA1 and GATA2 are fundamental regulators of hematopoiesis and have overlapping expression profiles. GATA2 is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and early erythroid-megakaryocytic progenitors and activates a certain set of early-phase genes, including the GATA2 gene itself. GATA2 also initiates GATA1 gene expression. In contrast, GATA1 is expressed in relatively mature erythroid progenitors and facilitates the expression of genes associated with differentiation, including the GATA1 gene itself; however, GATA1 represses the expression of GATA2. Switching the GATA factors from GATA2 to GATA1 appears to be one of the key regulatory mechanisms underlying erythroid differentiation. Loss-of-function analyses using mice in vivo have indicated that GATA2 and GATA1 are functionally nonredundant and that neither can compensate for the absence of the other. However, transgenic expression of GATA2 under the transcriptional regulation of the Gata1 gene rescues lethal dyserythropoiesis in GATA1-deficient mice, illustrating that the dynamic expression profiles of these GATA factors are critically important for the maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis. Analysis of naturally occurring leukemias in GATA1-knockdown mice revealed that leukemic stem cells undergo functional alterations in response to exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. This mechanism may also underlie the aggravating features of relapsing leukemias. Recent hematologic analyses have suggested that disturbances in the balance of the GATA factors are associated with specific types of hematopoietic disorders. Here, we describe GATA1- and GATA2-related hematologic diseases, focusing on the regulation of GATA factor gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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DeVilbiss AW, Tanimura N, McIver SC, Katsumura KR, Johnson KD, Bresnick EH. Navigating Transcriptional Coregulator Ensembles to Establish Genetic Networks: A GATA Factor Perspective. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 118:205-44. [PMID: 27137658 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complex developmental programs require orchestration of intrinsic and extrinsic signals to control cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Master regulatory transcription factors are vital components of the machinery that transduce these stimuli into cellular responses. This is exemplified by the GATA family of transcription factors that establish cell type-specific genetic networks and control the development and homeostasis of systems including blood, vascular, adipose, and cardiac. Dysregulated GATA factor activity/expression underlies anemia, immunodeficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, and leukemia. Parameters governing the capacity of a GATA factor expressed in multiple cell types to generate cell type-specific transcriptomes include selective coregulator usage and target gene-specific chromatin states. As knowledge of GATA-1 mechanisms in erythroid cells constitutes a solid foundation, we will focus predominantly on GATA-1, while highlighting principles that can be extrapolated to other master regulators. GATA-1 interacts with ubiquitous and lineage-restricted transcription factors, chromatin modifying/remodeling enzymes, and other coregulators to activate or repress transcription and to maintain preexisting transcriptional states. Major unresolved issues include: how does a GATA factor selectively utilize diverse coregulators; do distinct epigenetic landscapes and nuclear microenvironments of target genes dictate coregulator requirements; and do gene cohorts controlled by a common coregulator ensemble function in common pathways. This review will consider these issues in the context of GATA factor-regulated hematopoiesis and from a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W DeVilbiss
- UW-Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI, United States
| | - N Tanimura
- UW-Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI, United States
| | - S C McIver
- UW-Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI, United States
| | - K R Katsumura
- UW-Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI, United States
| | - K D Johnson
- UW-Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI, United States
| | - E H Bresnick
- UW-Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI, United States.
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22
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Hewitt KJ, Johnson KD, Gao X, Keles S, Bresnick EH. The Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Cistrome: GATA Factor-Dependent cis-Regulatory Mechanisms. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 118:45-76. [PMID: 27137654 PMCID: PMC8572122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulators mediate the genesis and function of the hematopoietic system by binding complex ensembles of cis-regulatory elements to establish genetic networks. While thousands to millions of any given cis-element resides in a genome, how transcriptional regulators select these sites and how site attributes dictate functional output is not well understood. An instructive system to address this problem involves the GATA family of transcription factors that control vital developmental and physiological processes and are linked to multiple human pathologies. Although GATA factors bind DNA motifs harboring the sequence GATA, only a very small subset of these abundant motifs are occupied in genomes. Mechanistic studies revealed a unique configuration of a GATA factor-regulated cis-element consisting of an E-box and a downstream GATA motif separated by a short DNA spacer. GATA-1- or GATA-2-containing multiprotein complexes at these composite elements control transcription of genes critical for hematopoietic stem cell emergence in the mammalian embryo, hematopoietic progenitor cell regulation, and erythroid cell maturation. Other constituents of the complex include the basic helix-loop-loop transcription factor Scl/TAL1, its heterodimeric partner E2A, and the Lim domain proteins LMO2 and LDB1. This chapter reviews the structure/function of E-box-GATA composite cis-elements, which collectively constitute an important sector of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell cistrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Hewitt
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705,UW-Madison Blood Research Program
| | - Kirby D. Johnson
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705,UW-Madison Blood Research Program
| | - Xin Gao
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705,UW-Madison Blood Research Program
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705,UW-Madison Blood Research Program,Corresponding author:
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23
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Saito Y, Fujiwara T, Ohashi K, Okitsu Y, Fukuhara N, Onishi Y, Ishizawa K, Harigae H. High-Throughput siRNA Screening to Reveal GATA-2 Upstream Transcriptional Mechanisms in Hematopoietic Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137079. [PMID: 26325290 PMCID: PMC4556642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into all blood cell types. The transcription factor GATA-2 is expressed in both hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and is essential for cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Recently, evidence from studies of aplastic anemia, MonoMAC syndrome, and lung cancer has demonstrated a mechanistic link between GATA-2 and human pathophysiology. GATA-2-dependent disease processes have been extensively analyzed; however, the transcriptional mechanisms upstream of GATA-2 remain less understood. Here, we conducted high-throughput small-interfering-RNA (siRNA) library screening and showed that YN-1, a human erythroleukemia cell line, expressed high levels of GATA-2 following the activation of the hematopoietic-specific 1S promoter. As transient luciferase reporter assay in YN-1 cells revealed the highest promoter activity in the 1S promoter fused with GATA-2 intronic enhancer (+9.9 kb/1S); therefore, we established a cell line capable of stably expressing +9.9 kb/1S-Luciferase. Subsequently, we screened 995 transcription factor genes and revealed that CITED2 acts as a GATA-2 activator in human hematopoietic cells. These results provide novel insights into and further identify the regulatory mechanism of GATA-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Saito
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tohru Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Molecular Hematology/Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohashi
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Okitsu
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Fukuhara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Onishi
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Molecular Hematology/Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Johnson KD, Kong G, Gao X, Chang YI, Hewitt KJ, Sanalkumar R, Prathibha R, Ranheim EA, Dewey CN, Zhang J, Bresnick EH. Cis-regulatory mechanisms governing stem and progenitor cell transitions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500503. [PMID: 26601269 PMCID: PMC4643771 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cis-element encyclopedias provide information on phenotypic diversity and disease mechanisms. Although cis-element polymorphisms and mutations are instructive, deciphering function remains challenging. Mutation of an intronic GATA motif (+9.5) in GATA2, encoding a master regulator of hematopoiesis, underlies an immunodeficiency associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Whereas an inversion relocalizes another GATA2 cis-element (-77) to the proto-oncogene EVI1, inducing EVI1 expression and AML, whether this reflects ectopic or physiological activity is unknown. We describe a mouse strain that decouples -77 function from proto-oncogene deregulation. The -77(-/-) mice exhibited a novel phenotypic constellation including late embryonic lethality and anemia. The -77 established a vital sector of the myeloid progenitor transcriptome, conferring multipotentiality. Unlike the +9.5(-/-) embryos, hematopoietic stem cell genesis was unaffected in -77(-/-) embryos. These results illustrate a paradigm in which cis-elements in a locus differentially control stem and progenitor cell transitions, and therefore the individual cis-element alterations cause unique and overlapping disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby D. Johnson
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Guangyao Kong
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yuan-I Chang
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kyle J. Hewitt
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rajendran Sanalkumar
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rajalekshmi Prathibha
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Colin N. Dewey
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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25
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Shih AH, Jiang Y, Meydan C, Shank K, Pandey S, Barreyro L, Antony-Debre I, Viale A, Socci N, Sun Y, Robertson A, Cavatore M, de Stanchina E, Hricik T, Rapaport F, Woods B, Wei C, Hatlen M, Baljevic M, Nimer SD, Tallman M, Paietta E, Cimmino L, Aifantis I, Steidl U, Mason C, Melnick A, Levine RL. Mutational cooperativity linked to combinatorial epigenetic gain of function in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:502-15. [PMID: 25873173 PMCID: PMC4518555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Specific combinations of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) disease alleles, including FLT3 and TET2 mutations, confer distinct biologic features and adverse outcome. We generated mice with mutations in Tet2 and Flt3, which resulted in fully penetrant, lethal AML. Multipotent Tet2(-/-);Flt3(ITD) progenitors (LSK CD48(+)CD150(-)) propagate disease in secondary recipients and were refractory to standard AML chemotherapy and FLT3-targeted therapy. Flt3(ITD) mutations and Tet2 loss cooperatively remodeled DNA methylation and gene expression to an extent not seen with either mutant allele alone, including at the Gata2 locus. Re-expression of Gata2 induced differentiation in AML stem cells and attenuated leukemogenesis. TET2 and FLT3 mutations cooperatively induce AML, with a defined leukemia stem cell population characterized by site-specific changes in DNA methylation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Shih
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Shank
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Suveg Pandey
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura Barreyro
- Department of Cell Biology and Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ileana Antony-Debre
- Department of Cell Biology and Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Agnes Viale
- Genomics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas Socci
- Bioinformatics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yongming Sun
- Life Technologies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Magali Cavatore
- Genomics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Hricik
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Franck Rapaport
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brittany Woods
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chen Wei
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Megan Hatlen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Muhamed Baljevic
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Martin Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Cell Biology and Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chris Mason
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69th Street, BB-1462, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Ross L Levine
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Epigenetic Determinants of Erythropoiesis: Role of the Histone Methyltransferase SetD8 in Promoting Erythroid Cell Maturation and Survival. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2073-87. [PMID: 25855754 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01422-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis, in which committed progenitor cells generate millions of erythrocytes daily, involves dramatic changes in the chromatin structure and transcriptome of erythroblasts, prior to their enucleation. While the involvement of the master-regulatory transcription factors GATA binding protein 1 (GATA-1) and GATA-2 in this process is established, the mechanistic contributions of many chromatin-modifying/remodeling enzymes in red cell biology remain enigmatic. We demonstrated that SetD8, a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes monomethylation of histone H4 at lysine 20 (H4K20me1), is a context-dependent GATA-1 corepressor in erythroid cells. To determine whether SetD8 controls erythroid maturation and/or function, we used a small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based loss-of-function strategy in a primary murine erythroblast culture system. In this system, SetD8 promoted erythroblast maturation and survival, and this did not involve upregulation of the established regulator of erythroblast survival Bcl-x(L). SetD8 catalyzed H4K20me1 at a critical Gata2 cis element and restricted occupancy by an enhancer of Gata2 transcription, Scl/TAL1, thereby repressing Gata2 transcription. Elevating GATA-2 levels in erythroid precursors yielded a maturation block comparable to that induced by SetD8 downregulation. As lowering GATA-2 expression in the context of SetD8 knockdown did not rescue erythroid maturation, we propose that SetD8 regulation of erythroid maturation involves multiple target genes. These results establish SetD8 as a determinant of erythroid cell maturation and provide a framework for understanding how a broadly expressed histone-modifying enzyme mediates cell-type-specific GATA factor function.
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27
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Histone methyltransferase Setd8 represses Gata2 expression and regulates erythroid maturation. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2059-72. [PMID: 25848090 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01413-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Setd8 is the sole histone methyltransferase in mammals capable of monomethylating histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me1). Setd8 is expressed at significantly higher levels in erythroid cells than any other cell or tissue type, suggesting that Setd8 has an erythroid-cell-specific function. To test this hypothesis, stable Setd8 knockdown was established in extensively self-renewing erythroblasts (ESREs), a well-characterized, nontransformed model of erythroid maturation. Knockdown of Setd8 resulted in impaired erythroid maturation characterized by a delay in hemoglobin accumulation, larger mean cell area, persistent ckit expression, incomplete nuclear condensation, and lower rates of enucleation. Setd8 knockdown did not alter ESRE proliferation or viability or result in accumulation of DNA damage. Global gene expression analyses following Setd8 knockdown demonstrated that in erythroid cells, Setd8 functions primarily as a repressor. Most notably, Gata2 expression was significantly higher in knockdown cells than in control cells and Gata2 knockdown rescued some of the maturation impairments associated with Setd8 disruption. Setd8 occupies critical regulatory elements in the Gata2 locus, and knockdown of Setd8 resulted in loss of H4K20me1 and gain of H4 acetylation at the Gata2 1S promoter. These results suggest that Setd8 is an important regulator of erythroid maturation that works in part through repression of Gata2 expression.
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28
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Schmitt CE, Lizama CO, Zovein AC. From transplantation to transgenics: Mouse models of developmental hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:707-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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DeVilbiss AW, Sanalkumar R, Johnson KD, Keles S, Bresnick EH. Hematopoietic transcriptional mechanisms: from locus-specific to genome-wide vantage points. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:618-29. [PMID: 24816274 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is an exquisitely regulated process in which stem cells in the developing embryo and the adult generate progenitor cells that give rise to all blood lineages. Master regulatory transcription factors control hematopoiesis by integrating signals from the microenvironment and dynamically establishing and maintaining genetic networks. One of the most rudimentary aspects of cell type-specific transcription factor function, how they occupy a highly restricted cohort of cis-elements in chromatin, remains poorly understood. Transformative technologic advances involving the coupling of next-generation DNA sequencing technology with the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP-seq) have enabled genome-wide mapping of factor occupancy patterns. However, formidable problems remain; notably, ChIP-seq analysis yields hundreds to thousands of chromatin sites occupied by a given transcription factor, and only a fraction of the sites appear to be endowed with critical, non-redundant function. It has become en vogue to map transcription factor occupancy patterns genome-wide, while using powerful statistical tools to establish correlations to inform biology and mechanisms. With the advent of revolutionary genome editing technologies, one can now reach beyond correlations to conduct definitive hypothesis testing. This review focuses on key discoveries that have emerged during the path from single loci to genome-wide analyses, specifically in the context of hematopoietic transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W DeVilbiss
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rajendran Sanalkumar
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kirby D Johnson
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Hewitt KJ, Sanalkumar R, Johnson KD, Keles S, Bresnick EH. Epigenetic and genetic mechanisms in red cell biology. Curr Opin Hematol 2014; 21:155-64. [PMID: 24722192 PMCID: PMC6061918 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Erythropoiesis, in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generate lineage-committed progenitors that mature into erythrocytes, is regulated by numerous chromatin modifying and remodeling proteins. We will focus on how epigenetic and genetic mechanisms mesh to establish the erythroid transcriptome and how studying erythropoiesis can yield genomic principles. RECENT FINDINGS Trans-acting factor binding to small DNA motifs (cis-elements) underlies regulatory complex assembly at specific chromatin sites, and therefore unique transcriptomes. As cis-elements are often very small, thousands or millions of copies of a given element reside in a genome. Chromatin restricts factor access in a context-dependent manner, and cis-element-binding factors recruit chromatin regulators that mediate functional outputs. Technologies to map chromatin attributes of loci in vivo, to edit genomes and to sequence whole genomes have been transformative in discovering critical cis-elements linked to human disease. SUMMARY Cis-elements mediate chromatin-targeting specificity, and chromatin regulators dictate cis-element accessibility/function, illustrating an amalgamation of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Cis-elements often function ectopically when studied outside of their endogenous loci, and complex strategies to identify nonredundant cis-elements require further development. Facile genome-editing technologies provide a new approach to address this problem. Extending genetic analyses beyond exons and promoters will yield a rich pipeline of cis-element alterations with importance for red cell biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Hewitt
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center
| | - Rajendran Sanalkumar
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center
| | - Kirby D. Johnson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center
| | - Sunduz Keles
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Department of Statistics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center
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31
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Yamazaki H, Suzuki M, Otsuki A, Shimizu R, Bresnick EH, Engel JD, Yamamoto M. A remote GATA2 hematopoietic enhancer drives leukemogenesis in inv(3)(q21;q26) by activating EVI1 expression. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:415-27. [PMID: 24703906 PMCID: PMC4012341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal inversion between 3q21 and 3q26 results in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we identified a mechanism whereby a GATA2 distal hematopoietic enhancer (G2DHE or -77-kb enhancer) is brought into close proximity to the EVI1 gene in inv(3)(q21;q26) inversions, leading to leukemogenesis. We examined the contribution of G2DHE to leukemogenesis by creating a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic model that recapitulates the inv(3)(q21;q26) allele. Transgenic mice harboring a linked BAC developed leukemia accompanied by EVI1 overexpression-neoplasia that was not detected in mice bearing the same transgene but that was missing the GATA2 enhancer. These results establish the mechanistic basis underlying the pathogenesis of a severe form of leukemia through aberrant expression of the EVI1 proto-oncogene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- GATA2 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA2 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogenes/genetics
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transgenes
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mikiko Suzuki
- Center for Radioisotope Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akihito Otsuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.
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32
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Abstract
Most heritable anemias are caused by mutations in genes encoding globins, red blood cell (RBC) membrane proteins, or enzymes in the glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt pathways. A less common class of genetic anemia is caused by mutations that alter the functions of erythroid transcription factors (TFs). Many TF mutations associated with heritable anemia cause truncations or amino acid substitutions, resulting in the production of functionally altered proteins. Characterization of these mutant proteins has provided insights into mechanisms of gene expression, hematopoietic development, and human disease. Mutations within promoter or enhancer regions that disrupt TF binding to essential erythroid genes also cause anemia and heritable variations in RBC traits, such as fetal hemoglobin content. Defining the latter may have important clinical implications for de-repressing fetal hemoglobin synthesis to treat sickle cell anemia and β thalassemia. Functionally important alterations in genes encoding TFs or their cognate cis elements are likely to occur more frequently than currently appreciated, a hypothesis that will soon be tested through ongoing genome-wide association studies and the rapidly expanding use of global genome sequencing for human diagnostics. Findings obtained through such studies of RBCs and associated diseases are likely generalizable to many human diseases and quantitative traits.
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33
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Abstract
The unremitting demand to replenish differentiated cells in tissues requires efficient mechanisms to generate and regulate stem and progenitor cells. Although master regulatory transcription factors, including GATA binding protein-2 (GATA-2), have crucial roles in these mechanisms, how such factors are controlled in developmentally dynamic systems is poorly understood. Previously, we described five dispersed Gata2 locus sequences, termed the -77, -3.9, -2.8, -1.8, and +9.5 GATA switch sites, which contain evolutionarily conserved GATA motifs occupied by GATA-2 and GATA-1 in hematopoietic precursors and erythroid cells, respectively. Despite common attributes of transcriptional enhancers, targeted deletions of the -2.8, -1.8, and +9.5 sites revealed distinct and unpredictable contributions to Gata2 expression and hematopoiesis. Herein, we describe the targeted deletion of the -3.9 site and mechanistically compare the -3.9 site with other GATA switch sites. The -3.9(-/-) mice were viable and exhibited normal Gata2 expression and steady-state hematopoiesis in the embryo and adult. We established a Gata2 repression/reactivation assay, which revealed unique +9.5 site activity to mediate GATA factor-dependent chromatin structural transitions. Loss-of-function analyses provided evidence for a mechanism in which a mediator of long-range transcriptional control [LIM domain binding 1 (LDB1)] and a chromatin remodeler [Brahma related gene 1 (BRG1)] synergize through the +9.5 site, conferring expression of GATA-2, which is known to promote the genesis and survival of hematopoietic stem cells.
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34
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Barrow JJ, Li Y, Hossain M, Huang S, Bungert J. Dissecting the function of the adult β-globin downstream promoter region using an artificial zinc finger DNA-binding domain. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4363-74. [PMID: 24497190 PMCID: PMC3985677 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental stage-specific expression of the β-type globin genes is regulated by many cis- and trans-acting components. The adult β-globin gene contains an E-box located 60 bp downstream of the transcription start site that has been shown to bind transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor (USF) and to contribute to efficient in vitro transcription. We expressed an artificial zinc finger DNA-binding domain (ZF-DBD) targeting this site (+60 ZF-DBD) in murine erythroleukemia cells. Expression of the +60 ZF-DBD reduced the recruitment and elongation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at the adult β-globin gene and at the same time increased the binding of Pol II at locus control region (LCR) element HS2, suggesting that Pol II is transferred from the LCR to the globin gene promoters. Expression of the +60 ZF-DBD also reduced the frequency of interactions between the LCR and the adult β-globin promoter. ChIP-exonuclease-sequencing revealed that the +60ZF-DBD was targeted to the adult β-globin downstream promoter and that the binding of the ZF-DBD caused alterations in the association of USF2 containing protein complexes. The data demonstrate that targeting a ZF-DBD to the adult β-globin downstream promoter region interferes with the LCR-mediated recruitment and activity of Pol II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeva J Barrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Shands Cancer Center, Powell-Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
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35
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Gao X, Johnson KD, Chang YI, Boyer ME, Dewey CN, Zhang J, Bresnick EH. Gata2 cis-element is required for hematopoietic stem cell generation in the mammalian embryo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2833-42. [PMID: 24297994 PMCID: PMC3865483 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cis-element requirement for the emergence of HSCs in the AGM and for hemogenic endothelium to generate HSC-containing c-Kit+ cell clusters. The generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from hemogenic endothelium within the aorta, gonad, mesonephros (AGM) region of the mammalian embryo is crucial for development of the adult hematopoietic system. We described a deletion of a Gata2 cis-element (+9.5) that depletes fetal liver HSCs, is lethal at E13–14 of embryogenesis, and is mutated in an immunodeficiency that progresses to myelodysplasia/leukemia. Here, we demonstrate that the +9.5 element enhances Gata2 expression and is required to generate long-term repopulating HSCs in the AGM. Deletion of the +9.5 element abrogated the capacity of hemogenic endothelium to generate HSC-containing clusters in the aorta. Genomic analyses indicated that the +9.5 element regulated a rich ensemble of genes that control hemogenic endothelium and HSCs, as well as genes not implicated in hematopoiesis. These results reveal a mechanism that controls stem cell emergence from hemogenic endothelium to establish the adult hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, and 2 McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 3 UW-Madison Blood Research Program; and 4 Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
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36
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Katsumura KR, DeVilbiss AW, Pope NJ, Johnson KD, Bresnick EH. Transcriptional mechanisms underlying hemoglobin synthesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a015412. [PMID: 23838521 PMCID: PMC3753722 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The physiological switch in expression of the embryonic, fetal, and adult β-like globin genes has garnered enormous attention from investigators interested in transcriptional mechanisms and the molecular basis of hemoglobinopathies. These efforts have led to the discovery of cell type-specific transcription factors, unprecedented mechanisms of transcriptional coregulator function, genome biology principles, unique contributions of nuclear organization to transcription and cell function, and promising therapeutic targets. Given the vast literature accrued on this topic, this article will focus on the master regulator of erythroid cell development and function GATA-1, its associated proteins, and its frontline role in controlling hemoglobin synthesis. GATA-1 is a crucial regulator of genes encoding hemoglobin subunits and heme biosynthetic enzymes. GATA-1-dependent mechanisms constitute an essential regulatory core that nucleates additional mechanisms to achieve the physiological control of hemoglobin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi R Katsumura
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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37
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Lim KC, Hosoya T, Brandt W, Ku CJ, Hosoya-Ohmura S, Camper SA, Yamamoto M, Engel JD. Conditional Gata2 inactivation results in HSC loss and lymphatic mispatterning. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3705-17. [PMID: 22996665 DOI: 10.1172/jci61619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA-2 plays vital roles in quite diverse developmental programs, including hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) survival and proliferation. We previously identified a vascular endothelial (VE) enhancer that regulates GATA-2 activity in pan-endothelial cells. To more thoroughly define the in vivo regulatory properties of this enhancer, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible Cre transgenic mouse line using the Gata2 VE enhancer (Gata2 VECre) and utilized it to temporally direct tissue-specific conditional loss of Gata2. Here, we report that Gata2 VECre-mediated loss of GATA-2 led to anemia, hemorrhage, and eventual death in edematous embryos. We further determined that the etiology of anemia in conditional Gata2 mutant embryos involved HSC loss in the fetal liver, as demonstrated by in vitro colony-forming and immunophenotypic as well as in vivo long-term competitive repopulation experiments. We further documented that the edema and hemorrhage in conditional Gata2 mutant embryos were due to defective lymphatic development. Thus, we unexpectedly discovered that in addition to its contribution to endothelial cell development, the VE enhancer also regulates GATA-2 expression in definitive fetal liver and adult BM HSCs, and that GATA-2 function is required for proper lymphatic vascular development during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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38
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Johnson KD, Hsu AP, Ryu MJ, Wang J, Gao X, Boyer ME, Liu Y, Lee Y, Calvo KR, Keles S, Zhang J, Holland SM, Bresnick EH. Cis-element mutated in GATA2-dependent immunodeficiency governs hematopoiesis and vascular integrity. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3692-704. [PMID: 22996659 DOI: 10.1172/jci61623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency for GATA2 causes human immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by mycobacterial infection, myelodysplasia, lymphedema, or aplastic anemia that progress to myeloid leukemia. GATA2 encodes a master regulator of hematopoiesis that is also linked to endothelial biology. Though the disease-causing mutations commonly occur in the GATA-2 DNA binding domain, we identified a patient with mycobacterial infection and myelodysplasia who had an uncharacterized heterozygous deletion in a GATA2 cis-element consisting of an E-box and a GATA motif. Targeted deletion of the equivalent murine element to yield homozygous mutant mice revealed embryonic lethality later than occurred with global Gata2 knockout, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell depletion, and impaired vascular integrity. Heterozygous mutant mice were viable, but embryos exhibited deficits in definitive, but not primitive, hematopoietic stem/progenitor activity and reduced expression of Gata2 and its target genes. Mechanistic analysis revealed disruption of the endothelial cell transcriptome and loss of vascular integrity. Thus, the composite element disrupted in a human immunodeficiency is essential for establishment of the murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell compartment in the fetal liver and for essential vascular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby D Johnson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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39
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Stadhouders R, van den Heuvel A, Kolovos P, Jorna R, Leslie K, Grosveld F, Soler E. Transcription regulation by distal enhancers: who's in the loop? Transcription 2012; 3:181-6. [PMID: 22771987 DOI: 10.4161/trns.20720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide chromatin profiling efforts have shown that enhancers are often located at large distances from gene promoters within the noncoding genome. Whereas enhancers can stimulate transcription initiation by communicating with promoters via chromatin looping mechanisms, we propose that enhancers may also stimulate transcription elongation by physical interactions with intronic elements. We review here recent findings derived from the study of the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Cell Biology; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Teng M, Balch C, Liu Y, Li M, Huang THM, Wang Y, Nephew KP, Li L. The influence of cis-regulatory elements on DNA methylation fidelity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32928. [PMID: 22412954 PMCID: PMC3295790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now established that, as compared to normal cells, the cancer cell genome has an overall inverse distribution of DNA methylation (“methylome”), i.e., predominant hypomethylation and localized hypermethylation, within “CpG islands” (CGIs). Moreover, although cancer cells have reduced methylation “fidelity” and genomic instability, accurate maintenance of aberrant methylomes that underlie malignant phenotypes remains necessary. However, the mechanism(s) of cancer methylome maintenance remains largely unknown. Here, we assessed CGI methylation patterns propagated over 1, 3, and 5 divisions of A2780 ovarian cancer cells, concurrent with exposure to the DNA cross-linking chemotherapeutic cisplatin, and observed cell generation-successive increases in total hyper- and hypo-methylated CGIs. Empirical Bayesian modeling revealed five distinct modes of methylation propagation: (1) heritable (i.e., unchanged) high- methylation (1186 probe loci in CGI microarray); (2) heritable (i.e., unchanged) low-methylation (286 loci); (3) stochastic hypermethylation (i.e., progressively increased, 243 loci); (4) stochastic hypomethylation (i.e., progressively decreased, 247 loci); and (5) considerable “random” methylation (582 loci). These results support a “stochastic model” of DNA methylation equilibrium deriving from the efficiency of two distinct processes, methylation maintenance and de novo methylation. A role for cis-regulatory elements in methylation fidelity was also demonstrated by highly significant (p<2.2×10−5) enrichment of transcription factor binding sites in CGI probe loci showing heritably high (118 elements) and low (47 elements) methylation, and also in loci demonstrating stochastic hyper-(30 elements) and hypo-(31 elements) methylation. Notably, loci having “random” methylation heritability displayed nearly no enrichment. These results demonstrate an influence of cis-regulatory elements on the nonrandom propagation of both strictly heritable and stochastically heritable CGIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Teng
- Harbin Institute of Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Curt Balch
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Meng Li
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tim H. M. Huang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yadong Wang
- Harbin Institute of Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (KPN); (LL)
| | - Kenneth P. Nephew
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Departments of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YW); (KPN); (LL)
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana Institute of Personalized Medicine, Departments of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YW); (KPN); (LL)
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Chromatin occupancy analysis reveals genome-wide GATA factor switching during hematopoiesis. Blood 2012; 119:3724-33. [PMID: 22383799 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-380634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many examples of transcription factor families whose members control gene expression profiles of diverse cell types. However, the mechanism by which closely related factors occupy distinct regulatory elements and impart lineage specificity is largely undefined. Here we demonstrate on a genome wide scale that the hematopoietic GATA factors GATA-1 and GATA-2 bind overlapping sets of genes, often at distinct sites, as a means to differentially regulate target gene expression and to regulate the balance between proliferation and differentiation. We also reveal that the GATA switch, which entails a chromatin occupancy exchange between GATA2 and GATA1 in the course of differentiation, operates on more than one-third of GATA1 bound genes. The switch is equally likely to lead to transcriptional activation or repression; and in general, GATA1 and GATA2 act oppositely on switch target genes. In addition, we show that genomic regions co-occupied by GATA2 and the ETS factor ETS1 are strongly enriched for regions marked by H3K4me3 and occupied by Pol II. Finally, by comparing GATA1 occupancy in erythroid cells and megakaryocytes, we find that the presence of ETS factor motifs is a major discriminator of megakaryocyte versus red cell specification.
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Rodrigues NP, Tipping AJ, Wang Z, Enver T. GATA-2 mediated regulation of normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell function, myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:457-60. [PMID: 22192845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Unremitting blood cell production throughout the lifetime of an organism is reliant on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A rare and relatively quiescent cell type, HSCs are, on entry into cell cycle fated to self-renew, undergo apoptosis or differentiate to progenitors (HPCs) that eventually yield specific classes of blood cells. Disruption of these HSC fate decisions is considered to be fundamental to the development of leukemia. Much effort has therefore been placed on understanding the molecular pathways that regulate HSC fate decisions and how these processes are undermined in leukemia. Transcription factors have emerged as critical regulators in this respect. Here we review the participation of zinc finger transcription factor GATA-2 in regulating normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell functionality, myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Rodrigues
- National Institutes of Health Center for Biomedical Research Excellence in Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02908, United States.
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43
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The role of the GATA2 transcription factor in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 82:1-17. [PMID: 21605981 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis involves an elaborate regulatory network of transcription factors that coordinates the expression of multiple downstream genes, and maintains homeostasis within the hematopoietic system through the accurate orchestration of cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. As a result, defects in the expression levels or the activity of these transcription factors are intimately linked to hematopoietic disorders, including leukemia. The GATA family of nuclear regulatory proteins serves as a prototype for the action of lineage-restricted transcription factors. GATA1 and GATA2 are expressed principally in hematopoietic lineages, and have essential roles in the development of multiple hematopoietic cells, including erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Moreover, GATA2 is crucial for the proliferation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and multipotential progenitors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the biological properties and functions of the GATA2 transcription factor in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Abstract
Master transcriptional regulators of development often function through dispersed cis elements at endogenous target genes. While cis-elements are routinely studied in transfection and transgenic reporter assays, it is challenging to ascertain how they function in vivo. To address this problem in the context of the locus encoding the critical hematopoietic transcription factor Gata2, we engineered mice lacking a cluster of GATA motifs 2.8 kb upstream of the Gata2 transcriptional start site. We demonstrate that the -2.8 kb site confers maximal Gata2 expression in hematopoietic stem cells and specific hematopoietic progenitors. By contrast to our previous demonstration that a palindromic GATA motif at the neighboring -1.8 kb site maintains Gata2 repression in terminally differentiating erythroid cells, the -2.8 kb site was not required to initiate or maintain repression. These analyses reveal qualitatively distinct functions of 2 GATA motif-containing regions in vivo.
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45
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Wilson NK, Calero-Nieto FJ, Ferreira R, Göttgens B. Transcriptional regulation of haematopoietic transcription factors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:6. [PMID: 21345252 PMCID: PMC3092146 DOI: 10.1186/scrt47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of differential gene expression is central to all metazoan biology. Haematopoiesis represents one of the best understood developmental systems where multipotent blood stem cells give rise to a range of phenotypically distinct mature cell types, all characterised by their own distinctive gene expression profiles. Small combinations of lineage-determining transcription factors drive the development of specific mature lineages from multipotent precursors. Given their powerful regulatory nature, it is imperative that the expression of these lineage-determining transcription factors is under tight control, a fact underlined by the observation that their misexpression commonly leads to the development of leukaemia. Here we review recent studies on the transcriptional control of key haematopoietic transcription factors, which demonstrate that gene loci contain multiple modular regulatory regions within which specific regulatory codes can be identified, that some modular elements cooperate to mediate appropriate tissue-specific expression, and that long-range approaches will be necessary to capture all relevant regulatory elements. We also explore how changes in technology will impact on this area of research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K Wilson
- University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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46
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Bottardi S, Zmiri FA, Bourgoin V, Ross J, Mavoungou L, Milot E. Ikaros interacts with P-TEFb and cooperates with GATA-1 to enhance transcription elongation. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:3505-19. [PMID: 21245044 PMCID: PMC3089448 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ikaros is associated with both gene transcriptional activation and repression in lymphocytes. Ikaros acts also as repressor of human γ-globin (huγ-) gene transcription in fetal and adult erythroid cells. Whether and eventually, how Ikaros can function as a transcriptional activator in erythroid cells remains poorly understood. Results presented herein demonstrate that Ikaros is a developmental-specific activator of huγ-gene expression in yolk sac erythroid cells. Molecular analysis in primary cells revealed that Ikaros interacts with Gata-1 and favors Brg1 recruitment to the human β-globin Locus Control Region and the huγ-promoters, supporting long-range chromatin interactions between these regions. Additionally, we demonstrate that Ikaros contributes to transcription initiation and elongation of the huγ-genes, since it is not only required for TBP and RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) assembly at the huγ-promoters but also for conversion of Pol II into the elongation-competent phosphorylated form. In agreement with the latter, we show that Ikaros interacts with Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9), which contributes to efficient transcription elongation by phosphorylating the C-terminal domain of the large subunit of Pol II on Serine 2, and favours Cdk9 recruitment to huγ-promoters. Our results show that Ikaros exerts dual functionality during gene activation, by promoting efficient transcription initiation and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bottardi
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 5415 boulevard l'Assomption, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1T 2M4
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