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Zhao X, Fan C, Qie T, Fu X, Chen X, Wang Y, Wu Y, Fu X, Shi K, Yan W, Yu H. Diaph1 knockout inhibits mouse primordial germ cell proliferation and affects gonadal development. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2024; 22:82. [PMID: 39010074 PMCID: PMC11247884 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-024-01257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring the molecular mechanisms of primordial germ cell (PGC) migration and the involvement of gonadal somatic cells in gonad development is valuable for comprehending the origins and potential treatments of reproductive-related diseases. METHODS Diaphanous related formin 1 (Diaph1, also known as mDia1) was screened by analyzing publicly available datasets (ATAC-seq, DNase-seq, and RNA-seq). Subsequently, the CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to construct Diaph1 knockout mice to investigate the role of Diaph1 in gonad development. RESULTS Based on data from public databases, a differentially expressed gene Diaph1, was identified in the migration of mouse PGC. Additionally, the number of PGCs was significantly reduced in Diaph1 knockout mice compared to wild type mice, and the expression levels of genes related to proliferation (Dicer1, Mcm9), adhesion (E-cadherin, Cdh1), and migration (Cxcr4, Hmgcr, Dazl) were significantly decreased. Diaph1 knockout also inhibited Leydig cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in the testis, as well as granulosa cell apoptosis in the ovary. Moreover, the sperm count in the epididymal region and the count of ovarian follicles were significantly reduced in Diaph1 knockout mice, resulting in decreased fertility, concomitant with lowered levels of serum testosterone and estradiol. Further research found that in Diaph1 knockout mice, the key enzymes involved in testosterone synthesis (CYP11A1, 3β-HSD) were decreased in Leydig cells, and the estradiol-associated factor (FSH receptor, AMH) in granulosa cells were also downregulated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings indicate that the knockout of Diaph1 can disrupt the expression of factors that regulate sex hormone production, leading to impaired secretion of sex hormones, ultimately resulting in damage to reproductive function. These results provide a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms underlying PGC migration and gonadal development, and offer valuable insights for further research on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chunbiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tongtong Qie
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xinrui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xinyao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kesong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenlong Yan
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Haiquan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Barton LJ, Roa-de la Cruz L, Lehmann R, Lin B. The journey of a generation: advances and promises in the study of primordial germ cell migration. Development 2024; 151:dev201102. [PMID: 38607588 PMCID: PMC11165723 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The germline provides the genetic and non-genetic information that passes from one generation to the next. Given this important role in species propagation, egg and sperm precursors, called primordial germ cells (PGCs), are one of the first cell types specified during embryogenesis. In fact, PGCs form well before the bipotential somatic gonad is specified. This common feature of germline development necessitates that PGCs migrate through many tissues to reach the somatic gonad. During their journey, PGCs must respond to select environmental cues while ignoring others in a dynamically developing embryo. The complex multi-tissue, combinatorial nature of PGC migration is an excellent model for understanding how cells navigate complex environments in vivo. Here, we discuss recent findings on the migratory path, the somatic cells that shepherd PGCs, the guidance cues somatic cells provide, and the PGC response to these cues to reach the gonad and establish the germline pool for future generations. We end by discussing the fate of wayward PGCs that fail to reach the gonad in diverse species. Collectively, this field is poised to yield important insights into emerging reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J. Barton
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Lorena Roa-de la Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, MIT, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Abstract
Male germ cells undergo a complex sequence of developmental events throughout fetal and postnatal life that culminate in the formation of haploid gametes: the spermatozoa. Errors in these processes result in infertility and congenital abnormalities in offspring. Male germ cell development starts when pluripotent cells undergo specification to sexually uncommitted primordial germ cells, which act as precursors of both oocytes and spermatozoa. Male-specific development subsequently occurs in the fetal testes, resulting in the formation of spermatogonial stem cells: the foundational stem cells responsible for lifelong generation of spermatozoa. Although deciphering such developmental processes is challenging in humans, recent studies using various models and single-cell sequencing approaches have shed new insight into human male germ cell development. Here, we provide an overview of cellular, signaling and epigenetic cascades of events accompanying male gametogenesis, highlighting conserved features and the differences between humans and other model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hargy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kotaro Sasaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Konopelski Snavely SE, Srinivasan S, Dreyer CA, Tan J, Carraway KL, Ho HYH. Non-canonical WNT5A-ROR signaling: New perspectives on an ancient developmental pathway. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:195-227. [PMID: 36967195 PMCID: PMC11042798 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering non-canonical WNT signaling has proven to be both fascinating and challenging. Discovered almost 30 years ago, non-canonical WNT ligands signal independently of the transcriptional co-activator β-catenin to regulate a wide range of morphogenetic processes during development. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie non-canonical WNT function, however, remain nebulous. Recent results from various model systems have converged to define a core non-canonical WNT pathway consisting of the prototypic non-canonical WNT ligand, WNT5A, the receptor tyrosine kinase ROR, the seven transmembrane receptor Frizzled and the cytoplasmic scaffold protein Dishevelled. Importantly, mutations in each of these signaling components cause Robinow syndrome, a congenital disorder characterized by profound tissue morphogenetic abnormalities. Moreover, dysregulation of the pathway has also been linked to cancer metastasis. As new knowledge concerning the WNT5A-ROR pathway continues to grow, modeling these mutations will likely provide crucial insights into both the physiological regulation of the pathway and the etiology of WNT5A-ROR-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Konopelski Snavely
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Srisathya Srinivasan
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Courtney A Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Jia Tan
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kermit L Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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Burnham EL, Tomita T. Histogenesis of intracranial germ cell tumors: primordial germ cell vs. embryonic stem cell. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:359-368. [PMID: 36595083 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracranial germ cell tumor (iGCT) is a rare disorder and often occurs during childhood and adolescence. iGCTs are frequently localized in pineal region and hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal axis (HNA). In spite of well-established clinical and pathological entity, histogenesis of iGCTs remains unsettled. Current theories of histogenesis of iGCTs include germ cell theory (from primordial germ cells (PGCs) of aberrant migration) and stem cell theory (transformed embryonic stem (ES) cells). In order to comprehend the histogenesis, we revisit the origin, migration, and fate of the human PGCs, and their transformation processes to iGCT. DISCUSSION In "germ cell theory," transformation of ectopic PGCs to iGCT is complex and involves multiple transcription factors. Germinoma is derived from ectopic PGCs and is considered a prototype of all GCTs. Non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCTs) develop from more differentiated counterparts of embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. However, there is a distinct genomic/epigenomic landscape between germinoma and NGGCT. ES cells transformed from ectopic PGCs through molecular dysregulation or de-differentiation may become the source of iGCT. "Stem cell theory" is transformation of endogenous ES cells or primitive neural stem cell to iGCTs. It supports histological diversity of NGGCTs because of ES cell's pluripotency. However, neural stem cells are abundantly present along the subependymal zone; therefore, it does not explain why iGCTs almost exclusively occur in pineal and HNA locations. Also, the vast difference of methylation status between germinoma and NGGCT makes it difficult to theorize all iGCTs derive from the common cellular linage. CONCLUSION Transformation of PGCs to ES cells is the most logical mechanism for histogenesis of iGCT. However, its detail remains an enigma and needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Burnham
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Hummel D, Becks A, Men H, Bryda EC, Glasco DM, Chandrasekhar A. Celsr1 suppresses Wnt5a-mediated chemoattraction to prevent incorrect rostral migration of facial branchiomotor neurons. Development 2022; 149:282111. [PMID: 36325991 PMCID: PMC9845735 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the developing hindbrain, facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons migrate caudally from rhombomere 4 (r4) to r6 to establish the circuit that drives jaw movements. Although the mechanisms regulating initiation of FBM neuron migration are well defined, those regulating directionality are not. In mutants lacking the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) component Celsr1, many FBM neurons inappropriately migrate rostrally into r3. We hypothesized that Celsr1 normally blocks inappropriate rostral migration of FBM neurons by suppressing chemoattraction towards Wnt5a in r3 and successfully tested this model. First, FBM neurons in Celsr1; Wnt5a double mutant embryos never migrated rostrally, indicating that inappropriate rostral migration in Celsr1 mutants results from Wnt5a-mediated chemoattraction, which is suppressed in wild-type embryos. Second, FBM neurons migrated rostrally toward Wnt5a-coated beads placed in r3 of wild-type hindbrain explants, suggesting that excess Wnt5a chemoattractant can overcome endogenous Celsr1-mediated suppression. Third, rostral migration of FBM neurons was greatly enhanced in Celsr1 mutants overexpressing Wnt5a in r3. These results reveal a novel role for a Wnt/PCP component in regulating neuronal migration through suppression of chemoattraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devynn Hummel
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Alexandria Becks
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hongsheng Men
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Derrick M. Glasco
- Department of Biology, Bob Jones University, Greenville, SC 29614, USA
| | - Anand Chandrasekhar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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Xie Y, Wu C, Li Z, Wu Z, Hong L. Early Gonadal Development and Sex Determination in Mammal. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147500. [PMID: 35886859 PMCID: PMC9323860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is crucial for the transmission of genetic information through generations. In mammal, this process is primarily regulated by an antagonistic network of sex-related genes beginning in embryonic development and continuing throughout life. Nonetheless, abnormal expression of these sex-related genes will lead to reproductive organ and germline abnormalities, resulting in disorders of sex development (DSD) and infertility. On the other hand, it is possible to predetermine the sex of animal offspring by artificially regulating sex-related gene expression, a recent research hotspot. In this paper, we reviewed recent research that has improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of the gonad and primordial germ cells (PGCs), progenitors of the germline, to provide new directions for the treatment of DSD and infertility, both of which involve manipulating the sex ratio of livestock offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshe Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Z.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Changhua Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Z.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Z.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Z.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Linjun Hong
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Z.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (L.H.)
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Phan TP, Boatwright CA, Drown CG, Skinner MW, Strong MA, Jordan PW, Holland AJ. Upstream open reading frames control PLK4 translation and centriole duplication in primordial germ cells. Genes Dev 2022; 36:718-736. [PMID: 35772791 PMCID: PMC9296005 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349604.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material. Abnormalities in centriole number are associated with cell division errors and can contribute to diseases such as cancer. Centriole duplication is limited to once per cell cycle and is controlled by the dosage-sensitive Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4). Here, we show that PLK4 abundance is translationally controlled through conserved upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in the 5' UTR of the mRNA. Plk4 uORFs suppress Plk4 translation and prevent excess protein synthesis. Mice with homozygous knockout of Plk4 uORFs (Plk4 Δu/Δu ) are viable but display dramatically reduced fertility because of a significant depletion of primordial germ cells (PGCs). The remaining PGCs in Plk4 Δu/Δu mice contain extra centrioles and display evidence of increased mitotic errors. PGCs undergo hypertranscription and have substantially more Plk4 mRNA than somatic cells. Reducing Plk4 mRNA levels in mice lacking Plk4 uORFs restored PGC numbers and fully rescued fertility. Together, our data uncover a specific requirement for uORF-dependent control of PLK4 translation in counterbalancing the increased Plk4 transcription in PGCs. Thus, uORF-mediated translational suppression of PLK4 has a critical role in preventing centriole amplification and preserving the genomic integrity of future gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Phan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christina A Boatwright
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Chelsea G Drown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Marnie W Skinner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Margaret A Strong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Philip W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Babin L, Darchen A, Robert E, Aid Z, Borry R, Soudais C, Piganeau M, De Cian A, Giovannangeli C, Bawa O, Rigaud C, Scoazec JY, Couronné L, Veleanu L, Cieslak A, Asnafi V, Sibon D, Lamant L, Meggetto F, Mercher T, Brunet E. De novo generation of the NPM-ALK fusion recapitulates the pleiotropic phenotypes of ALK+ ALCL pathogenesis and reveals the ROR2 receptor as target for tumor cells. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:65. [PMID: 35246138 PMCID: PMC8895835 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic large cell lymphoma positive for ALK (ALK+ ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This lymphoma is caused by chromosomal translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK). In this study, we aimed to identify mechanisms of transformation and therapeutic targets by generating a model of ALK+ ALCL lymphomagenesis ab initio with the specific NPM-ALK fusion. Methods We performed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of the NPM-ALK chromosomal translocation in primary human activated T lymphocytes. Results Both CD4+ and CD8+ NPM-ALK-edited T lymphocytes showed rapid and reproducible competitive advantage in culture and led to in vivo disease development with nodal and extra-nodal features. Murine tumors displayed the phenotypic diversity observed in ALK+ ALCL patients, including CD4+ and CD8+ lymphomas. Assessment of transcriptome data from models and patients revealed global activation of the WNT signaling pathway, including both canonical and non-canonical pathways, during ALK+ ALCL lymphomagenesis. Specifically, we found that the WNT signaling cell surface receptor ROR2 represented a robust and genuine marker of all ALK+ ALCL patient tumor samples. Conclusions In this study, ab initio modeling of the ALK+ ALCL chromosomal translocation in mature T lymphocytes enabled the identification of new therapeutic targets. As ROR2 targeting approaches for other cancers are under development (including lung and ovarian tumors), our findings suggest that ALK+ ALCL cases with resistance to current therapies may also benefit from ROR2 targeting strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01520-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loélia Babin
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Alice Darchen
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Elie Robert
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Zakia Aid
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Rosalie Borry
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Claire Soudais
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Marion Piganeau
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Bawa
- PETRA platform, AMMICa, University Paris Saclay, CNRS-UMS 3655 Inserm US23, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Charlotte Rigaud
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Department of Pathology, AMMICa CNRS UMS3655 Inserm US23 Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Laboratory of Onco Hematology, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); Laboratory of Normal and pathological lymphoid differentiation, University of Paris, INSERM U1151, INEM Institute, Paris, France
| | - Layla Veleanu
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Agata Cieslak
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - David Sibon
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, CNRS UMR5071, Inserm, UMR1037, CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Meggetto
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, CNRS UMR5071, Inserm, UMR1037, CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Erika Brunet
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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Guo R, Xing QS. Roles of Wnt Signaling Pathway and ROR2 Receptor in Embryonic Development: An Update Review Article. Epigenet Insights 2022; 15:25168657211064232. [PMID: 35128307 PMCID: PMC8808015 DOI: 10.1177/25168657211064232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt family is a large class of highly conserved cysteine-rich secretory glycoproteins that play a vital role in various cellular and physiological courses through different signaling pathways during embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis 3. Wnt5a is a secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the noncanonical Wnt family and is involved in a wide range of developmental and tissue homeostasis. A growing body of evidence suggests that Wnt5a affects embryonic development, signaling through various receptors, starting with the activation of β-catenin by Wnt5a. In addition to affecting planar cell polarity and Ca2+ pathways, β-catenin also includes multiple signaling cascades that regulate various cell functions. Secondly, Wnt5a can bind to Ror receptors to mediate noncanonical Wnt signaling and a significant ligand for Ror2 in vertebrates. Consistent with the multiple functions of Wnt5A/Ror2 signaling, Wnt5A knockout mice exhibited various phenotypic defects, including an inability to extend the anterior and posterior axes of the embryo. Numerous essential roles of Wnt5a/Ror2 in development have been demonstrated. Therefore, Ror signaling pathway become a necessary target for diagnosing and treating human diseases. The Wnt5a- Ror2 signaling pathway as a critical factor has attracted extensive attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Quan Sheng Xing
- Qingdao University-Affiliated Hospital of Women and Children, Qingdao, China
- Quan Sheng Xing, Qingdao University-Affiliated Hospital of Women and Children, tongfu road 6, shibei district, Qingdao 266000, China.
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11
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Jung KM, Seo M, Kim YM, Kim JL, Han JY. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Revealed the Heterogeneity of Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells in Zebra Finch ( Taeniopygia guttata). Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:791335. [PMID: 34957119 PMCID: PMC8695979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.791335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are undifferentiated gametes with heterogeneity, an evolutionarily conserved characteristic across various organisms. Although dynamic selection at the level of early germ cell populations is an important biological feature linked to fertility, the heterogeneity of PGCs in avian species has not been characterized. In this study, we sought to evaluate PGC heterogeneity in zebra finch using a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach. Using scRNA-seq of embryonic gonadal cells from male and female zebra finches at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 28, we annotated nine cell types from 20 cell clusters. We found that PGCs previously considered a single population can be separated into three subtypes showing differences in apoptosis, proliferation, and other biological processes. The three PGC subtypes were specifically enriched for genes showing expression patterns related to germness or pluripotency, suggesting functional differences in PGCs according to the three subtypes. Additionally, we discovered a novel biomarker, SMC1B, for gonadal PGCs in zebra finch. The results provide the first evidence of substantial heterogeneity in PGCs previously considered a single population in birds. This discovery expands our understanding of PGCs to avian species, and provides a basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minseok Seo
- Department of Computer Convergence Software, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Lee Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) form early in embryo development and are crucial precursors to functioning gamete cells. Considerable research has focussed on identifying the transcriptional characteristics and signalling pathway requirements that confer PGC specification and development, enabling the derivation of PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) in vitro using specific signalling cocktails. However, full maturation to germ cells still relies on co-culture with supporting cell types, implicating an additional requirement for cellular- and tissue-level regulation. Here, we discuss the experimental evidence that highlights the nature of intercellular interactions between PGCs and neighbouring cell populations during mouse PGC development. We posit that the role that tissue interactions play on PGCs is not limited solely to signalling-based induction but extends to coordination of development by robust regulation of the proportions and position of the cells and tissues within the embryo, which is crucial for functional germ cell maturation. Such tissue co-development provides a dynamic, contextual niche for PGC development. We argue that there is evidence for a clear role for inter-tissue dependence of mouse PGCs, with potential implications for generating mammalian PGCLCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Cooke
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.,Abcam Plc, Discovery Drive, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AX, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Somers Town, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Naomi Moris
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Somers Town, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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13
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Xiao P, Chen P, Lang X, An Q, Yang C, Chen S, Wang K, Chen N, Hao Y, Ding J, Li Z, Hu S, Xiao S. Ovarian germ cell tumor/mastocytosis with KIT mutation: A unique clinicopathological entity. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2021; 61:50-54. [PMID: 34553465 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tumors are sporadic and originated from somatic mutations. Some rare germline mutations cause familial tumors, often involving multiple tissues or organs. Tumors from somatic mosaicism during embryonic development are extremely rare. We describe here a pediatric patient who developed both an ovarian germ cell tumor and systemic mastocytosis. Targeted DNA next-generation sequencing analysis revealed similar genomic changes including the same KIT D816V mutation in both tissues, suggesting a common progenitor cancer cell. The KIT mutated cells are likely from early embryonic development during germ cell migration. A literature search found additional eight similar cases. These diseases are characterized by pediatric-onset, all-female, neoplastic proliferation in both gonad and bone marrow, and a common oncogenic cause, that is, KIT mutation, constituting a clinically and genetically homogenous disease entity. Importantly, the association of germ cell tumors with hematopoietic neoplasms suggests that the primordial germ cells are the primitive hematopoietic stem cells, a much-debated and unsettled question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd, China
| | | | - Qi An
- Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Si Chen
- Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd, China
| | - Yang Hao
- Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd, China
| | | | - Zhiheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Overeem AW, Chang YW, Spruit J, Roelse CM, Chuva De Sousa Lopes SM. Ligand-Receptor Interactions Elucidate Sex-Specific Pathways in the Trajectory From Primordial Germ Cells to Gonia During Human Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661243. [PMID: 34222234 PMCID: PMC8253161 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human germ cell lineage originates from primordial germ cells (PGCs), which are specified at approximately the third week of development. Our understanding of the signaling pathways that control this event has significantly increased in recent years and that has enabled the generation of PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) from pluripotent stem cells in vitro. However, the signaling pathways that drive the transition of PGCs into gonia (prospermatogonia in males or premeiotic oogonia in females) remain unclear, and we are presently unable to mimic this step in vitro in the absence of gonadal tissue. Therefore, we have analyzed single-cell transcriptomics data of human fetal gonads to map the molecular interactions during the sex-specific transition from PGCs to gonia. The CellPhoneDB algorithm was used to identify significant ligand–receptor interactions between germ cells and their sex-specific neighboring gonadal somatic cells, focusing on four major signaling pathways WNT, NOTCH, TGFβ/BMP, and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Subsequently, the expression and intracellular localization of key effectors for these pathways were validated in human fetal gonads by immunostaining. This approach provided a systematic analysis of the signaling environment in developing human gonads and revealed sex-specific signaling pathways during human premeiotic germ cell development. This work serves as a foundation to understand the transition from PGCs to premeiotic oogonia or prospermatogonia and identifies sex-specific signaling pathways that are of interest in the step-by-step reconstitution of human gametogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend W Overeem
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yolanda W Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Spruit
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Celine M Roelse
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva De Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands.,Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Rasi Bonab F, Baghbanzadeh A, Ghaseminia M, Bolandi N, Mokhtarzadeh A, Amini M, Dadashzadeh K, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Molecular pathways in the development of HPV-induced cervical cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:320-337. [PMID: 33746665 PMCID: PMC7975633 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) has gained considerable attention in cervical cancer research studies. It is one of the most important sexually transmitted diseases that can affect 160 to 289 out of 10000 persons every year. Due to the infectious nature of this virus, HPV can be considered a serious threat. The knowledge of viral structure, especially for viral oncoproteins like E6, E7, and their role in causing cancer is very important. This virus has different paths (PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, ERK/MAPK, and JAK/STAT) that are involved in the transmission of signaling paths through active molecules like MEK (pMEK), ERK (pERK), and Akt (pAkt). It's eventually through these paths that cancer is developed. Precise knowledge of these paths and their signals give us the prognosis to adopt appropriate goals for prevention and control of these series of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Rasi Bonab
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Moslem Ghaseminia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nadia Bolandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kianoosh Dadashzadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Apoptosis in the fetal testis eliminates developmentally defective germ cell clones. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1423-1435. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Sennoune SR, Nelius T, Jarvis C, Pruitt K, Kottapalli KR, Filleur S. The Wnt non-canonical signaling modulates cabazitaxel sensitivity in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234078. [PMID: 32484838 PMCID: PMC7266300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite new drugs, metastatic prostate cancer remains fatal. Growing interest in the latest approved cabazitaxel taxane drug has markedly increased due to the survival benefits conferred when used at an earlier stage of the disease, its promising new therapeutic combination and formulation, and its differential toxicity. Still cabazitaxel’s mechanisms of resistance are poorly characterized. The goal of this study was thus to generate a new model of acquired resistance against cabazitaxel in order to unravel cabazitaxel’s resistance mechanisms. Methods Du145 cells were cultured with increasing concentrations of cabazitaxel, docetaxel/ taxane control or placebo/age-matched control. Once resistance was reached, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Translation (EMT) was tested by cell morphology, cell migration, and E/M markers expression profile. Cell transcriptomics were determined by RNA sequencing; related pathways were identified using IPA, PANTHER or KEGG software. The Wnt pathway was analyzed by western blotting, pharmacological and knock-down studies. Results While age-matched Du145 cells were sensitive to both taxane drugs, docetaxel-resistant cells were only resistant to docetaxel and cabazitaxel-resistant cells showed a partial cross-resistance to both drugs concomitant to EMT. Using RNA-sequencing, the Wnt non-canonical pathway was identified as exclusively activated in cabazitaxel resistant cells while the Wnt canonical pathway was restricted to docetaxel-resistant cells. Cabazitaxel-resistant cells showed a minimal crossover in the Wnt-pathway-related genes linked to docetaxel resistance validating our unique model of acquired resistance to cabazitaxel. Pharmacological and western blot studies confirmed these findings and suggest the implication of the Tyrosine kinase Ror2 receptor in cabazitaxel resistant cells. Variation in Ror2 expression level altered the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to both drugs identifying a possible new target for taxane resistance. Conclusion Our study represents the first demonstration that while Wnt pathway seems to play an important role in taxanes resistance, Wnt effectors responsible for taxane specificity remain un-identified prompting the need for more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad R. Sennoune
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University-Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Nelius
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University-Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Courtney Jarvis
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University-Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University-Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Stéphanie Filleur
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University-Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University-Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Endo M, Tanaka Y, Otsuka M, Minami Y. E2F1-Ror2 signaling mediates coordinated transcriptional regulation to promote G1/S phase transition in bFGF-stimulated NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. FASEB J 2020; 34:3413-3428. [PMID: 31922321 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902849r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ror2 signaling has been shown to regulate the cell cycle progression in normal and cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism of the cell cycle progression upon activation of Ror2 signaling still remains unknown. Here, we found that the expression levels of Ror2 in G1-arrested NIH/3T3 fibroblasts are low and are rapidly increased following the cell cycle progression induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulation. By expressing wild-type or a dominant negative mutant of E2F1, we show that E2F1 mediates bFGF-induced expression of Ror2, and that E2F1 binds to the promoter of the Ror2 gene to activate its expression. We also found that G1/S phase transition of bFGF-stimulated NIH/3T3 cells is delayed by the suppressed expression of Ror2. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the suppressed expression of Ror2 results in the decreased expression of various E2F target genes concomitantly with increased expression of Forkhead box O (FoxO) target genes, including p21Cip1 , and p27Kip1 . Moreover, the inhibitory effect of Ror2 knockdown on the cell cycle progression can be restored by suppressed expression of p21Cip1 , p27Kip1 ,or FoxO3a. Collectively, these findings indicate that E2F1-Ror2 signaling mediates the transcriptional activation and inhibition of E2F1-driven and FoxO3a-driven cell cycle-regulated genes, respectively, thereby promoting G1/S phase transition of bFGF-stimulated NIH/3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Endo
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mako Otsuka
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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19
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Grimaldi C, Raz E. Germ cell migration-Evolutionary issues and current understanding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:152-159. [PMID: 31864795 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In many organisms, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are specified at a different location than where the gonad forms, meaning that PGCs must migrate toward the gonad within the early developing embryo. Following species-specific paths, PGCs can be passively carried by surrounding tissues and also perform active migration. When PGCs actively migrate through and along a variety of embryonic structures in different organisms, they adopt an ancestral robust migration mode termed "amoeboid motility", which allows cells to migrate within diverse environments. In this review, we discuss the possible significance of the PGC migration process in facilitating the evolution of animal body shape. In addition, we summarize the latest findings relevant for the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling the movement and the directed migration of PGCs in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Grimaldi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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20
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Nuthalapati NK, Evans JD, Taylor RL, Branton SL, Nanduri B, Pharr GT. Transcriptomic analysis of early B-cell development in the chicken embryo. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5342-5354. [PMID: 31237340 PMCID: PMC6771548 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid tissue important for B-cell development. Our long-term goal is to understand the role of bursal microenvironment in an early B-cell differentiation event initiating repertoire development through immunoglobulin gene conversion in the chick embryo. We hypothesize that early bursal B-cell differentiation is guided by signals through cytokine receptors. Our theory is based on previous evidence for expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily members and interleukin receptors in unseparated populations of bursal B-cells and bursal tissue. Knowledge of the expressed genes that are responsible for B-cell differentiation is a prerequisite for understanding the bursal microenvironment's function. This project uses transcriptomic analysis to evaluate gene expression across early B-cell development. RNA-seq was performed with total RNA isolated from bursal B-cells at embryonic day (ED) 16 and ED 19 (n = 3). Approximately 90 million high-quality clean reads were obtained from the cDNA libraries. The analysis revealed differentially expressed genes involved in the Jak-STAT pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, metabolic pathways including tyrosine metabolism, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and cell-adhesion molecules. The genes predicted to encode surface receptors, signal transduction proteins, and transcription factors identified in this study represent gene candidates for controlling B-cell development in response to differentiation factors in the bursal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil K Nuthalapati
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762, Mississippi State
| | - Jeffrey D Evans
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, PO Box 5367, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762-5367
| | - Robert L Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Scott L Branton
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, PO Box 5367, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762-5367
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762, Mississippi State
| | - Gregory T Pharr
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762, Mississippi State
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21
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Mäkelä JA, Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Toppari J. Testis Development. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:857-905. [PMID: 30590466 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Production of sperm and androgens is the main function of the testis. This depends on normal development of both testicular somatic cells and germ cells. A genetic program initiated from the Y chromosome gene sex-determining region Y (SRY) directs somatic cell specification to Sertoli cells that orchestrate further development. They first guide fetal germ cell differentiation toward spermatogenic destiny and then take care of the full service to spermatogenic cells during spermatogenesis. The number of Sertoli cells sets the limits of sperm production. Leydig cells secrete androgens that determine masculine development. Testis development does not depend on germ cells; that is, testicular somatic cells also develop in the absence of germ cells, and the testis can produce testosterone normally to induce full masculinization in these men. In contrast, spermatogenic cell development is totally dependent on somatic cells. We herein review germ cell differentiation from primordial germ cells to spermatogonia and development of the supporting somatic cells. Testicular descent to scrota is necessary for normal spermatogenesis, and cryptorchidism is the most common male birth defect. This is a mild form of a disorder of sex differentiation. Multiple genetic reasons for more severe forms of disorders of sex differentiation have been revealed during the last decades, and these are described along with the description of molecular regulation of testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho-Antti Mäkelä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko J Koskenniemi
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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22
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Kanamori M, Oikawa K, Tanemura K, Hara K. Mammalian germ cell migration during development, growth, and homeostasis. Reprod Med Biol 2019; 18:247-255. [PMID: 31312103 PMCID: PMC6613016 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germ cells represent one of the typical cell types that moves over a long period of time and large distance within the animal body. To continue its life cycle, germ cells must migrate to spatially distinct locations for proper development. Defects in such migration processes can result in infertility. Thus, for more than a century, the principles of germ cell migration have been a focus of interest in the field of reproductive biology. METHODS Based on published reports (mainly from rodents), investigations of germ cell migration before releasing from the body, including primordial germ cells (PGCs), gonocytes, spermatogonia, and immature spermatozoon, were summarized. MAIN FINDINGS Germ cells migrate with various patterns, with each migration step regulated by distinct mechanisms. During development, PGCs actively and passively migrate from the extraembryonic region toward genital ridges through the hindgut epithelium. After sex determination, male germline cells migrate heterogeneously in a developmental stage-dependent manner within the testis. CONCLUSION During migration, there are multiple gates that disallow germ cells from re-entering the proper developmental pathway after wandering off the original migration path. The presence of gates may ensure the robustness of germ cell development during development, growth, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Kanamori
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kenta Oikawa
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kentaro Tanemura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kenshiro Hara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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23
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Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) must complete a complex and dynamic developmental program during embryogenesis to establish the germline. This process is highly conserved and involves a diverse array of tasks required of PGCs, including migration, survival, sex differentiation, and extensive epigenetic reprogramming. A common theme across many organisms is that PGC success is heterogeneous: only a portion of all PGCs complete all these steps while many other PGCs are eliminated from further germline contribution. The differences that distinguish successful PGCs as a population are not well understood. Here, we examine variation that exists in PGCs as they navigate the many stages of this developmental journey. We explore potential sources of PGC heterogeneity and their potential implications in affecting germ cell behaviors. Lastly, we discuss the potential for PGC development to function as a multistage selection process that assesses heterogeneity in PGCs to refine germline quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca G Jaszczak
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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24
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Cheetham SW, Gruhn WH, van den Ameele J, Krautz R, Southall TD, Kobayashi T, Surani MA, Brand AH. Targeted DamID reveals differential binding of mammalian pluripotency factors. Development 2018; 145:dev.170209. [PMID: 30185410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The precise control of gene expression by transcription factor networks is crucial to organismal development. The predominant approach for mapping transcription factor-chromatin interactions has been chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). However, ChIP requires a large number of homogeneous cells and antisera with high specificity. A second approach, DamID, has the drawback that high levels of Dam methylase are toxic. Here, we modify our targeted DamID approach (TaDa) to enable cell type-specific expression in mammalian systems, generating an inducible system (mammalian TaDa or MaTaDa) to identify genome-wide protein/DNA interactions in 100 to 1000 times fewer cells than ChIP-based approaches. We mapped the binding sites of two key pluripotency factors, OCT4 and PRDM14, in mouse embryonic stem cells, epiblast-like cells and primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs). PGCLCs are an important system for elucidating primordial germ cell development in mice. We monitored PRDM14 binding during the specification of PGCLCs, identifying direct targets of PRDM14 that are key to understanding its crucial role in PGCLC development. We show that MaTaDa is a sensitive and accurate method for assessing cell type-specific transcription factor binding in limited numbers of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth W Cheetham
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Wolfram H Gruhn
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Robert Krautz
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Tony D Southall
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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25
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Mattes B, Dang Y, Greicius G, Kaufmann LT, Prunsche B, Rosenbauer J, Stegmaier J, Mikut R, Özbek S, Nienhaus GU, Schug A, Virshup DM, Scholpp S. Wnt/PCP controls spreading of Wnt/β-catenin signals by cytonemes in vertebrates. eLife 2018; 7:36953. [PMID: 30060804 PMCID: PMC6086664 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling filopodia, termed cytonemes, are dynamic actin-based membrane structures that regulate the exchange of signaling molecules and their receptors within tissues. However, how cytoneme formation is regulated remains unclear. Here, we show that Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) autocrine signaling controls the emergence of cytonemes, and that cytonemes subsequently control paracrine Wnt/β-catenin signal activation. Upon binding of the Wnt family member Wnt8a, the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 becomes activated. Ror2/PCP signaling leads to the induction of cytonemes, which mediate the transport of Wnt8a to neighboring cells. In the Wnt-receiving cells, Wnt8a on cytonemes triggers Wnt/β-catenin-dependent gene transcription and proliferation. We show that cytoneme-based Wnt transport operates in diverse processes, including zebrafish development, murine intestinal crypt and human cancer organoids, demonstrating that Wnt transport by cytonemes and its control via the Ror2 pathway is highly conserved in vertebrates. Communication helps the cells that make up tissues and organs to work together as a team. One way that cells share information with each other as tissues grow and develop is by exchanging signaling proteins. These interact with receptors on the surface of other cells; this causes the cell to change how it behaves. The Wnt family of signaling proteins orchestrate organ development. Wnt proteins influence which types of cells develop, how fast they divide, and how and when they move. Relatively few cells, or small groups of cells, in developing tissues produce Wnt proteins, while larger groups nearby respond to the signals. We do not fully understand how Wnt proteins travel between cells, but recent work revealed an unexpected mechanism – cells seem to hand-deliver their messages. Finger-like structures called cytonemes grow out of the cell membrane and carry Wnt proteins to their destination. If the cytonemes do not form properly the target cells do not behave correctly, which can lead to severe tissue malformation. Mattes et al. have now investigated how cytonemes form using a combination of state-of-the-art genetic and high-resolution imaging techniques. In initial experiments involving zebrafish cells that were grown in the laboratory, Mattes et al. found that the Wnt proteins kick start their own transport; before they travel to their destination, they act on the cells that made them. A Wnt protein called Wnt8a activates the receptor Ror2 on the surface of the signal-producing cell. Ror2 then triggers signals inside the cell that begin the assembly of the cytonemes. The more Ror2 is activated, the more cytonemes the cell makes, and the more Wnt signals it can send out. This mechanism operates in various tissues: Ror2 also controls the cytoneme transport process in living zebrafish embryos, the mouse intestine and human stomach tumors. This knowledge will help researchers to develop new ways to control Wnt signaling, which could help to produce new treatments for diseases ranging from cancers (for example in the stomach and bowel) to degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mattes
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yonglong Dang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gediminas Greicius
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Benedikt Prunsche
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jakob Rosenbauer
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing, Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Mikut
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre of Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Alexander Schug
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing, Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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26
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Hamer G, de Rooij DG. Mutations causing specific arrests in the development of mouse primordial germ cells and gonocytes. Biol Reprod 2018; 99:75-86. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geert Hamer
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam Research Institute Reproduction and Development, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam Research Institute Reproduction and Development, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Butler AM, Owens DA, Wang L, King ML. A novel role for sox7 in Xenopus early primordial germ cell development: mining the PGC transcriptome. Development 2018; 145:dev.155978. [PMID: 29158442 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus primordial germ cells (PGCs) are determined by the presence of maternally derived germ plasm. Germ plasm components both protect PGCs from somatic differentiation and begin a unique gene expression program. Segregation of the germline from the endodermal lineage occurs during gastrulation, and PGCs subsequently initiate zygotic transcription. However, the gene network(s) that operate to both preserve and promote germline differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we utilized RNA-sequencing analysis to comprehensively interrogate PGC and neighboring endoderm cell mRNAs after lineage segregation. We identified 1865 transcripts enriched in PGCs compared with endoderm cells. We next compared the PGC-enriched transcripts with previously identified maternal, vegetally enriched transcripts and found that ∼38% of maternal transcripts were enriched in PGCs, including sox7 PGC-directed sox7 knockdown and overexpression studies revealed an early requirement for sox7 in germ plasm localization, zygotic transcription and PGC number. We identified pou5f3.3 as the most highly expressed and enriched POU5F1 homolog in PGCs. We compared the Xenopus PGC transcriptome with human PGC transcripts and showed that 80% of genes are conserved, underscoring the potential usefulness of Xenopus for understanding human germline specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Butler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dawn A Owens
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
| | - Mary Lou King
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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28
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Susman MW, Karuna EP, Kunz RC, Gujral TS, Cantú AV, Choi SS, Jong BY, Okada K, Scales MK, Hum J, Hu LS, Kirschner MW, Nishinakamura R, Yamada S, Laird DJ, Jao LE, Gygi SP, Greenberg ME, Ho HYH. Kinesin superfamily protein Kif26b links Wnt5a-Ror signaling to the control of cell and tissue behaviors in vertebrates. eLife 2017; 6:e26509. [PMID: 28885975 PMCID: PMC5590807 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a-Ror signaling constitutes a developmental pathway crucial for embryonic tissue morphogenesis, reproduction and adult tissue regeneration, yet the molecular mechanisms by which the Wnt5a-Ror pathway mediates these processes are largely unknown. Using a proteomic screen, we identify the kinesin superfamily protein Kif26b as a downstream target of the Wnt5a-Ror pathway. Wnt5a-Ror, through a process independent of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin-dependent pathway, regulates the cellular stability of Kif26b by inducing its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Through this mechanism, Kif26b modulates the migratory behavior of cultured mesenchymal cells in a Wnt5a-dependent manner. Genetic perturbation of Kif26b function in vivo caused embryonic axis malformations and depletion of primordial germ cells in the developing gonad, two phenotypes characteristic of disrupted Wnt5a-Ror signaling. These findings indicate that Kif26b links Wnt5a-Ror signaling to the control of morphogenetic cell and tissue behaviors in vertebrates and reveal a new role for regulated proteolysis in noncanonical Wnt5a-Ror signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Susman
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Edith P Karuna
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Ryan C Kunz
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Taranjit S Gujral
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Division of Human BiologyFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Andrea V Cantú
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesCenter for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Shannon S Choi
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Brigette Y Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Kyoko Okada
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Michael K Scales
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Jennie Hum
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Linda S Hu
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Marc W Kirschner
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney DevelopmentInstitute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Soichiro Yamada
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisUnited States
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesCenter for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Li-En Jao
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
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29
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Kamizaki K, Doi R, Hayashi M, Saji T, Kanagawa M, Toda T, Fukada SI, Ho HYH, Greenberg ME, Endo M, Minami Y. The Ror1 receptor tyrosine kinase plays a critical role in regulating satellite cell proliferation during regeneration of injured muscle. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15939-15951. [PMID: 28790171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.785709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ror family receptor tyrosine kinases, Ror1 and Ror2, play important roles in regulating developmental morphogenesis and tissue- and organogenesis, but their roles in tissue regeneration in adult animals remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the expression and function of Ror1 and Ror2 during skeletal muscle regeneration. Using an in vivo skeletal muscle injury model, we show that expression of Ror1 and Ror2 in skeletal muscles is induced transiently by the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, after injury and that inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β by neutralizing antibodies suppresses expression of Ror1 and Ror2 in injured muscles. Importantly, expression of Ror1, but not Ror2, was induced primarily in Pax7-positive satellite cells (SCs) after muscle injury, and administration of neutralizing antibodies decreased the proportion of Pax7-positive proliferative SCs after muscle injury. We also found that stimulation of a mouse myogenic cell line, C2C12 cells, with TNF-α or IL-1β induced expression of Ror1 via NF-κB activation and that suppressed expression of Ror1 inhibited their proliferative responses in SCs. Intriguingly, SC-specific depletion of Ror1 decreased the number of Pax7-positive SCs after muscle injury. Collectively, these findings indicate for the first time that Ror1 has a critical role in regulating SC proliferation during skeletal muscle regeneration. We conclude that Ror1 might be a suitable target in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to manage muscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kamizaki
- From the Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and
| | - Ryosuke Doi
- From the Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- From the Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and
| | - Takeshi Saji
- From the Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and
| | - Motoi Kanagawa
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - So-Ichiro Fukada
- the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- the Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Mitsuharu Endo
- From the Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- From the Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and
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30
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A pilgrim's progress: Seeking meaning in primordial germ cell migration. Stem Cell Res 2017; 24:181-187. [PMID: 28754603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies of primordial germ cell (PGC) development across organisms in many phyla reveal surprising diversity in the route of migration, timing and underlying molecular mechanisms, suggesting that the process of migration itself is conserved. However, beyond the perfunctory transport of cellular precursors to their later arising home of the gonads, does PGC migration serve a function? Here we propose that the process of migration plays an additional role in quality control, by eliminating PGCs incapable of completing migration as well as through mechanisms that favor PGCs capable of responding appropriately to migration cues. Focusing on PGCs in mice, we explore evidence for a selective capacity of migration, considering the tandem regulation of proliferation and migration, cell-intrinsic and extrinsic control, the potential for tumors derived from failed PGC migrants, the potential mechanisms by which migratory PGCs vary in their cellular behaviors, and corresponding effects on development. We discuss the implications of a selective role of PGC migration for in vitro gametogenesis.
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31
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Whitaker AT, Berthet E, Cantu A, Laird DJ, Alliston T. Smad4 regulates growth plate matrix production and chondrocyte polarity. Biol Open 2017; 6:358-364. [PMID: 28167493 PMCID: PMC5374397 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad4 is an intracellular effector of the TGFβ family that has been implicated in Myhre syndrome, a skeletal dysplasia characterized by short stature, brachydactyly and stiff joints. The TGFβ pathway also plays a critical role in the development, organization and proliferation of the growth plate, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Skeletal phenotypes in Myhre syndrome overlap with processes regulated by the TGFβ pathway, including organization and proliferation of the growth plate and polarity of the chondrocyte. We used in vitro and in vivo models of Smad4 deficiency in chondrocytes to test the hypothesis that deregulated TGFβ signaling leads to aberrant extracellular matrix production and loss of chondrocyte polarity. Specifically, we evaluated growth plate chondrocyte polarity in tibiae of Col2-Cre+/−;Smad4fl/fl mice and in chondrocyte pellet cultures. In vitro and in vivo, Smad4 deficiency decreased aggrecan expression and increased MMP13 expression. Smad4 deficiency disrupted the balance of cartilage matrix synthesis and degradation, even though the sequential expression of growth plate chondrocyte markers was intact. Chondrocytes in Smad4-deficient growth plates also showed evidence of polarity defects, with impaired proliferation and ability to undergo the characteristic changes in shape, size and orientation as they differentiated from resting to hypertrophic chondrocytes. Therefore, we show that Smad4 controls chondrocyte proliferation, orientation, and hypertrophy and is important in regulating the extracellular matrix composition of the growth plate. Summary: Smad4 is a key regulator of extracellular matrix production and chondrocyte proliferation, shape and orientation in the growth plate. Smad4 dysregulation results in skeletal dysplasias, such as Myhre syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda T Whitaker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Ellora Berthet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrea Cantu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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32
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation is required for proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34510. [PMID: 27687983 PMCID: PMC5062643 DOI: 10.1038/srep34510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) in vitro. We confirmed the expression of Wnt signaling pathway-related genes and the localization of β-catenin in the nucleus, revealing that this pathway is potentially activated in chicken PGCs. Then, using the single-cell pick-up assay, we examined the proliferative capacity of cultured PGCs in response to Wnt ligands, a β-catenin-mediated Wnt signaling activator (6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime [BIO]) or inhibitor (JW74), in the presence or absence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). WNT1, WNT3A, and BIO promoted the proliferation of chicken PGCs similarly to bFGF, whereas JW74 inhibited this proliferation. Meanwhile, such treatments in combination with bFGF did not show a synergistic effect. bFGF treatment could not rescue PGC proliferation in the presence of JW74. In addition, we confirmed the translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus by the addition of bFGF after JW74 treatment. These results indicate that there is signaling crosstalk between FGF and Wnt, and that β-catenin acts on PGC proliferation downstream of bFGF. In conclusion, our study suggests that Wnt signaling enhances the proliferation of chicken PGCs via the stabilization of β-catenin and activation of its downstream genes.
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33
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Barton LJ, LeBlanc MG, Lehmann R. Finding their way: themes in germ cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:128-137. [PMID: 27484857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic germ cell migration is a vital component of the germline lifecycle. The translocation of germ cells from the place of origin to the developing somatic gonad involves several processes including passive movements with underlying tissues, transepithelial migration, cell adhesion dynamics, the establishment of environmental guidance cues and the ability to sustain directed migration. How germ cells accomplish these feats in established model organisms will be discussed in this review, with a focus on recent discoveries and themes conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Michelle G LeBlanc
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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34
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Msx1 and Msx2 function together in the regulation of primordial germ cell migration in the mouse. Dev Biol 2016; 417:11-24. [PMID: 27435625 PMCID: PMC5407493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are a highly migratory cell population that gives rise to eggs and sperm. Much is known about PGC specification, but less about the processes that control PGC migration. In this study, we document a deficiency in PGC development in embryos carrying global homozygous null mutations in Msx1 and Msx2, both immediate downstream effectors of Bmp signaling pathway. We show that Msx1−/−;Msx2−/− mutant embryos have defects in PGC migration as well as a reduced number of PGCs. These phenotypes are also evident in a Mesp1-Cre-mediated mesoderm-specific mutant line of Msx1 and Msx2. Since PGCs are not marked in Mesp1-lineage tracing, our results suggest that Msx1 and Msx2 function cell non-autonomously in directing PGC migration. Consistent with this hypothesis, we noted an upregulation of fibronectin, well known as a mediator of cell migration, in tissues through which PGCs migrate. We also noted a reduction in the expression of Wnt5a and an increase in the expression in Bmp4 in such tissues in Msx1−/−;Msx2−/− mutants, both known effectors of PGC development.
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35
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Cantú AV, Altshuler-Keylin S, Laird DJ. Discrete somatic niches coordinate proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells via Wnt signaling. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:215-29. [PMID: 27402951 PMCID: PMC4949447 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inheritance depends on the expansion of a small number of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the early embryo. Proliferation of mammalian PGCs is concurrent with their movement through changing microenvironments; however, mechanisms coordinating these conflicting processes remain unclear. Here, we find that PGC proliferation varies by location rather than embryonic age. Ror2 and Wnt5a mutants with mislocalized PGCs corroborate the microenvironmental regulation of the cell cycle, except in the hindgut, where Wnt5a is highly expressed. Molecular and genetic evidence suggests that Wnt5a acts via Ror2 to suppress β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling in PGCs and limit their proliferation in specific locations, which we validate by overactivating β-catenin in PGCs. Our results suggest that the balance between expansion and movement of migratory PGCs is fine-tuned in different niches by the opposing β-catenin-dependent and Ror2-mediated pathways through Wnt5a This could serve as a selective mechanism to favor early and efficient migrators with clonal dominance in the ensuing germ cell pool while penalizing stragglers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V Cantú
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94043
| | - Svetlana Altshuler-Keylin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94043
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94043
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Does murine spermatogenesis require WNT signalling? A lesson from Gpr177 conditional knockout mouse models. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2281. [PMID: 27362799 PMCID: PMC5108341 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT) proteins and several other components of the WNT signalling pathway are expressed in the murine testes. However, mice mutant for WNT signalling effector β-catenin using different Cre drivers have phenotypes that are inconsistent with each other. The complexity and overlapping expression of WNT signalling cascades have prevented researchers from dissecting their function in spermatogenesis. Depletion of the Gpr177 gene (the mouse orthologue of Drosophila Wntless), which is required for the secretion of various WNTs, makes it possible to genetically dissect the overall effect of WNTs in testis development. In this study, the Gpr177 gene was conditionally depleted in germ cells (Gpr177flox/flox, Mvh-Cre; Gpr177flox/flox, Stra8-Cre) and Sertoli cells (Gpr177flox/flox, Amh-Cre). No obvious defects in fertility and spermatogenesis were observed in these three Gpr177 conditional knockout (cKO) mice at 8 weeks. However, late-onset testicular atrophy and fertility decline in two germ cell-specific Gpr177 deletion mice were noted at 8 months. In contrast, we did not observe any abnormalities of spermatogenesis and fertility, even in 8-month-old Gpr177flox/flox, Amh-Cre mice. Elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in Gpr177 cKO germ cells and Sertoli cells and exhibited an age-dependent manner. However, significant increase in the activity of Caspase 3 was only observed in germ cells from 8-month-old germ cell-specific Gpr177 knockout mice. In conclusion, GPR177 in Sertoli cells had no apparent influence on spermatogenesis, whereas loss of GPR177 in germ cells disrupted spermatogenesis in an age-dependent manner via elevating ROS levels and triggering germ cell apoptosis.
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Arora R, Abby E, Ross ADJ, Cantu AV, Kissner MD, Castro V, Ho HYH, Livera G, Laird DJ. Meiotic onset is reliant on spatial distribution but independent of germ cell number in the mouse ovary. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2493-9. [PMID: 27199373 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.189910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse ovarian germ cells enter meiosis in a wave that propagates from anterior to posterior, but little is known about contribution of germ cells to initiation or propagation of meiosis. In a Ror2 mutant with diminished germ cell number and migration, we find that overall timing of meiotic initiation is delayed at the population level. We use chemotherapeutic depletion to exclude a profoundly reduced number of germ cells as a cause for meiotic delay. We rule out sex reversal or failure to specify somatic support cells as contributors to the meiotic phenotype. Instead, we find that anomalies in the distribution of germ cells as well as gonad shape in mutants contribute to aberrant initiation of meiosis. Our analysis supports a model of meiotic initiation via diffusible signal(s), excludes a role for germ cells in commencing the meiotic wave and furnishes the first phenotypic demonstration of the wave of meiotic entry. Finally, our studies underscore the importance of considering germ cell migration defects while studying meiosis to discern secondary effects resulting from positioning versus primary meiotic entry phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripla Arora
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emilie Abby
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads; CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG; INSERM, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem cells and Radiation, UMR-967; University Paris-Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses F-92265, France
| | - Adam D J Ross
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrea V Cantu
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Kissner
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vianca Castro
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4422 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gabriel Livera
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads; CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG; INSERM, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem cells and Radiation, UMR-967; University Paris-Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses F-92265, France
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Kumar M, Syed SM, Taketo MM, Tanwar PS. Epithelial Wnt/βcatenin signalling is essential for epididymal coiling. Dev Biol 2016; 412:234-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Rella L, Fernandes Póvoa EE, Korswagen HC. The Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblasts: A powerful system to study cell migration at single-cell resolution in vivo. Genesis 2016; 54:198-211. [PMID: 26934462 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During development, cell migration plays a central role in the formation of tissues and organs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive and control these migrations is a key challenge in developmental biology that will provide important insights into disease processes, including cancer cell metastasis. In this article, we discuss the Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblasts and their descendants as a tool to study cell migration at single-cell resolution in vivo. The highly stereotypical migration of these cells provides a powerful system to study the dynamic cytoskeletal processes that drive migration as well as the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways (including different Wnt signaling cascades) that guide the cells along their specific trajectories. Here, we provide an overview of what is currently known about Q neuroblast migration and highlight the live-cell imaging, genome editing, and quantitative gene expression techniques that have been developed to study this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rella
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Euclides E Fernandes Póvoa
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik C Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Windley SP, Wilhelm D. Signaling Pathways Involved in Mammalian Sex Determination and Gonad Development. Sex Dev 2016; 9:297-315. [PMID: 26905731 DOI: 10.1159/000444065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of any organ system requires a complex interplay of cellular signals to initiate the differentiation and development of the heterogeneous cell and tissue types required to carry out the organs' functions. In this way, an extracellular stimulus is transmitted to an intracellular target through an array of interacting protein intermediaries, ultimately enabling the target cell to elicit a response. Surprisingly, only a small number of signaling pathways are implicated throughout embryogenesis and are used over and over again. Gonadogenesis is a unique process in that 2 morphologically distinct organs, the testes and ovaries, arise from a common precursor, the bipotential genital ridge. Accordingly, most of the signaling pathways observed throughout embryogenesis also have been shown to be important for mammalian sex determination and gonad development. Here, we review the mechanisms of signal transduction within these pathways and the importance of these pathways throughout mammalian gonad development, mainly concentrating on data obtained in mouse but including other species where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Windley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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De Felici M. The Formation and Migration of Primordial Germ Cells in Mouse and Man. Results Probl Cell Differ 2016; 58:23-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31973-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Sargent KM, Clopton DT, Lu N, Pohlmeier WE, Cupp AS. VEGFA splicing: divergent isoforms regulate spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:31-45. [PMID: 26553653 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite being well-known for regulating angiogenesis in both normal and tumorigenic environments, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) has been recently implicated in male fertility, namely in the maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC). The VEGFA gene can be spliced into multiple distinct isoforms that are either angiogenic or antiangiogenic in nature. Although studies have demonstrated the alternative splicing of VEGFA, including the divergent roles of the two isoform family types, many investigations do not differentiate between them. Data concerning VEGFA in the mammalian testis are limited, but the various angiogenic isoforms appear to promote seminiferous cord formation and to form a gradient across which cells may migrate. Treatment with either antiangiogenic isoforms of VEGFA or with inhibitors to angiogenic signaling impair these processes. Serendipitously, expression of KDR, the primary receptor for both types of VEGFA isoforms, was observed on male germ cells. These findings led to further investigation of the way that VEGFA elicits avascular functions within testes. Following treatment of donor perinatal male mice with either antiangiogenic VEGFA165b or angiogenic VEGFA164 isoforms, seminiferous tubules were less colonized following transplantation with cells from VEGFA165b-treated donors. Thus, VEGFA165b and possibly other antiangiogenic isoforms of VEGFA reduce SSC number either by promoting premature differentiation, inducing cell death, or by preventing SSC formation. Thus, angiogenic isoforms of VEGFA are hypothesized to promote SSC self-renewal, and the divergent isoforms are thought to balance one another to maintain SSC homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Sargent
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, A224i Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Debra T Clopton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, A224i Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Ningxia Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, A224i Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - William E Pohlmeier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, A224i Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Andrea S Cupp
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, A224i Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA.
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Debebe Z, Rathmell WK. Ror2 as a therapeutic target in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:143-8. [PMID: 25614331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ror2 is a signaling receptor for Wnt ligands that is known to play important roles in limb development, but having no essential roles known in adult tissues. Recent evidence has implicated Ror2 in mediating both canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. Ror2 was initially found to be highly expressed in osteosarcoma and renal cell carcinomas, and has recently been found in an increasingly long list of cancers currently including melanoma, colon cancer, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and breast cancer. In the majority of these cancer types, Ror2 expression is associated with more aggressive disease states, consistent with a role mediating Wnt signaling regardless of the canonical or noncanonical signal. Because of the pattern of tissue distribution, the association with high-risk diseases, and the cell surface localization of this receptor, Ror2 has been identified as a potential high value target for therapeutic development. However, the recent discovery that Ror2 may function through non-kinase activities challenges this strategy and opens up opportunities to target this important molecule through alternative means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufan Debebe
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Urology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Genetics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Ossipova O, Chuykin I, Chu CW, Sokol SY. Vangl2 cooperates with Rab11 and Myosin V to regulate apical constriction during vertebrate gastrulation. Development 2014; 142:99-107. [PMID: 25480917 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins are well known to regulate polarity in Drosophila and vertebrate epithelia; however, their functions in vertebrate morphogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe a role for PCP signaling in the process of apical constriction during Xenopus gastrulation. The core PCP protein Vangl2 is detected at the apical surfaces of cells at the blastopore lip, and it functions during blastopore formation and closure. Further experiments show that Vangl2, as well as Daam1 and Rho-associated kinase (Rock), regulate apical constriction of bottle cells at the blastopore and ectopic constriction of ectoderm cells triggered by the actin-binding protein Shroom3. At the blastopore lip, Vangl2 is required for the apical accumulation of the recycling endosome marker Rab11. We also show that Rab11 and the associated motor protein Myosin V play essential roles in both endogenous and ectopic apical constriction, and might be involved in Vangl2 trafficking to the cell surface. Overexpression of Rab11 RNA was sufficient to partly restore normal blastopore formation in Vangl2-deficient embryos. These observations suggest that Vangl2 affects Rab11 to regulate apical constriction during blastopore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ilya Chuykin
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Ding N, Ping L, Feng L, Zheng X, Song Y, Zhu J. Histone deacetylase 6 activity is critical for the metastasis of Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:139. [PMID: 25546298 PMCID: PMC4276069 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkitt’s lymphoma is an aggressive malignancy with high risk of metastasis to extranodal sites, such as bone marrow and central nervous system. The prognosis of metastatic Burkitt’s lymphoma is poor. Here we sought to identify a role of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in the metastasis of Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. Methods Burkitt’s lymphoma cells were pharmacologically treated with niltubacin, tubacin or sodium butyrate (NaB) or transfected with siRNAs to knock down the expression of HDAC6. Cell migration and invasion ability were measured by transwell assay, and cell cycle progression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell adhesion and proliferation was determined by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay kit. Cell morphological alteration and microtubule stability were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Effect of niltubacin, tubacin and NaB on acetylated tubulin and siRNA efficacy were measured by western blotting. Results Suppression of histone deacetylase 6 activity significantly compromised the migration and invasion of Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, without affecting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Mechanistic study revealed that HDAC6 modulated chemokine induced cell shape elongation and cell adhesion probably through its action on microtubule dynamics. Conclusions We identified a critical role of HDAC6 in the metastasis of Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 could be a promising strategy for the management of metastatic Burkitt’s lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Lixia Feng
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
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Endo M, Nishita M, Fujii M, Minami Y. Insight into the role of Wnt5a-induced signaling in normal and cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 314:117-48. [PMID: 25619716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnt5a is involved in the activation of noncanonical Wnt signaling, including planar cell polarity (PCP) and Wnt-Ca(2+) pathways. The Ror-family of receptor tyrosine kinases is composed of Ror1 and Ror2 in mammals. Ror2 acts as a receptor or coreceptor for Wnt5a and regulates Wnt5a-induced activation of PCP pathway, and Wnt5a-Ror2 axis indeed plays critical roles in the developmental morphogenesis by regulating cell polarity and migration. Furthermore, Wnt5a-Ror2 axis is constitutively activated in cancer cells and confers highly motile and invasive properties on cancer cells through the expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes and enhanced formation of invadopodia. Meanwhile, Wnt5a also exhibits a tumor-suppressive function in certain cancers, including breast and colorectal carcinomas. Thus, it is of great importance to understand the respective molecular mechanisms governing Wnt5a-mediated tumor-progressive and tumor-suppressive functions, in order to develop novel and proper diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting Wnt5a signaling for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Endo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujii
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
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Abstract
Current dogma is that mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) segregate within the allantois, or source of the umbilical cord, and translocate to the gonads, differentiating there into sperm and eggs. In light of emerging data on the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface, and the poorly studied but vital fetal-umbilical connection, we have reviewed the past century of experiments on mammalian PGCs and their relation to the allantois. We demonstrate that, despite best efforts and valuable data on the pluripotent state, what is and is not a PGC in vivo is obscure. Furthermore, sufficient experimental evidence has yet to be provided either for an extragonadal origin of mammalian PGCs or for their segregation within the posterior region. Rather, most evidence points to an alternative hypothesis that PGCs in the mouse allantois are part of a stem/progenitor cell pool that exhibits all known PGC "markers" and that builds/reinforces the fetal-umbilical interface, common to amniotes. We conclude by suggesting experiments to distinguish the mammalian germ line from the soma.
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Guan S, Wang Z, Xin F, Xin H. Wnt5a is associated with the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vascular calcification by connecting with different receptors. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1985-91. [PMID: 25109262 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification significantly affects the health of the elderly. Increasing evidence proved that vascular calcification is an actively regulated osteogenic process. The osteochondrocytic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a significant step of osteogenic processes. The Wnt pathways has been identified as contributing to the regulation of osteogenic mineralization during development and disease. However, it remains unknown whether these MSCs in the vascular calcification differentiate into normal vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vivo in order to treat damaged vascular tissue or into calcified VSMCs to aggravate calcification correlated to the Wnt pathways. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the mechanisms of MSC differentiation in detail. In the present study a cell‑cell co‑culturing in vitro system was used to observe MSCs that directly interact with normal or calcified VSMCs during calcification and to investigate the gene expression of the Wnt pathways during the process. Direct co‑cultures were established by seeding two different cell types, VSMCs or calcified VSMCs, or a mixture of both at ratios of 5,000:5,000 cells/1.7 cm2 onto either gelatin‑coated 1.7‑cm2 chamber slides for immunohistochemical analysis or gelatin‑coated 75‑cm2 tissue culture flasks for protein or RNA isolation. Osteoblastic differentiation was evaluated by examining the cell morphology and assessing the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the cell lysates by alkaline phosphatase staining. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of the genes encoding for proteins involved in the Wnt signaling proteins, Wnt5A, LRP6, Ror2, c‑Jun‑N‑terminal kinase and β‑catenin, were assessed in each group. The present study demonstrated that Wnts are expressed in the progress of differentiation of MSCs during calcification. MSCs can differentiate into different cell phenotypes when there is direct cell‑cell contact with VSMCs or calcified VSMCs, and the Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling pathway may be associated with the determination of differentiation of MSCs in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318020, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xin
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Huaping Xin
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318020, P.R. China
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Role of Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling in morphogenesis of the metanephric mesenchyme during ureteric budding. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3096-105. [PMID: 24891614 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00491-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the metanephric kidney begins with the induction of a single ureteric bud (UB) on the caudal Wolffian duct (WD) in response to GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) produced by the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme (MM). Mutual interaction between the UB and MM maintains expression of GDNF in the MM, thereby supporting further outgrowth and branching morphogenesis of the UB, while the MM also grows and aggregates around the branched tips of the UB. Ror2, a member of the Ror family of receptor tyrosine kinases, has been shown to act as a receptor for Wnt5a to mediate noncanonical Wnt signaling. We show that Ror2 is predominantly expressed in the MM during UB induction and that Ror2- and Wnt5a-deficient mice exhibit duplicated ureters and kidneys due to ectopic UB induction. During initial UB formation, these mutant embryos show dysregulated positioning of the MM, resulting in spatiotemporally aberrant interaction between the MM and WD, which provides the WD with inappropriate GDNF signaling. Furthermore, the numbers of proliferating cells in the mutant MM are markedly reduced compared to the wild-type MM. These results indicate an important role of Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling in morphogenesis of the MM to ensure proper epithelial tubular formation of the UB required for kidney development.
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Arora R, Altman E, Tran ND, Laird DJ. Novel domains of expression for orphan receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 in the human and mouse reproductive system. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1037-45. [PMID: 24753105 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The noncanonical Wnt receptor and tyrosine kinase Ror2 has been associated with recessive Robinow syndrome (RRS) and dominant brachydactyly type B1. The phenotypes of mouse mutants implicate Ror2 in the development of the heart, lungs, bone, and craniofacial structures, which are affected in RRS. Following a recently identified role of Ror2 in the migration of mouse primordial germ cells, we extensively characterized its expression throughout the fetal internal reproductive system and the postnatal ductal system. RESULTS We show that Ror2 gene products are present in the germ cells and somatic cells of the testis and the ovary of both the mouse and human fetus. In reproductive tract structures, we find that Ror2 is expressed in the mesonephros, developing Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, and later in their derivatives, the epididymal epithelium and uterine epithelium. CONCLUSIONS This study sets the stage to explore function for this tyrosine kinase receptor in novel regions of expression in the developing reproductive system in both mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripla Arora
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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