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Jaykumar AB, Binns D, Taylor CA, Anselmo A, Birnbaum SG, Huber KM, Cobb MH. WNKs regulate mouse behavior and alter central nervous system glucose uptake and insulin signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.09.598125. [PMID: 38915673 PMCID: PMC11195145 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.09.598125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Certain areas of the brain involved in episodic memory and behavior, such as the hippocampus, express high levels of insulin receptors and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and are responsive to insulin. Insulin and neuronal glucose metabolism improve cognitive functions and regulate mood in humans. Insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking has been extensively studied in muscle and adipose tissue, but little work has demonstrated either how it is controlled in insulin-responsive brain regions or its mechanistic connection to cognitive functions. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of WNK (With-No-lysine (K)) kinases improves learning and memory in mice. Neuronal inhibition of WNK enhances in vivo hippocampal glucose uptake. Inhibition of WNK enhances insulin signaling output and insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane in mice primary neuronal cultures and hippocampal slices. Therefore, we propose that the extent of neuronal WNK kinase activity has an important influence on learning, memory and anxiety-related behaviors, in part, by modulation of neuronal insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita B. Jaykumar
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Derk Binns
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Clinton A. Taylor
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Anthony Anselmo
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Shari G. Birnbaum
- Departments of Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | | | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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2
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Liu X, Chen J, Xu X, Liu J, Zhang J, Cheng H, Ahmed Z, Huang B, Lei C. A missense mutation of the WNK1 gene affects cold tolerance in Chinese domestic cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4803-4808. [PMID: 37079337 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2196316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Inclement weather conditions, especially cold stress, have threatened the cattle industry. Cattle exposed to cold environments for a longer time suffer developmental delay, immunity decline, and eventually death. WNK1 is a member of With-no-lysine kinases (WNKs), widely expressed in animal organs and tissues. WNK1 and WNK4 are expressed in adipose tissue, and WNK4 promotes adipogenesis. WNK1 does not directly affect adipogenesis but has been shown to promote WNK4 expression in several tissues or organs. One missense mutation NC_037346.1:g.107692244, A > G, rs208265410 in the WNK1 gene was detected from the database of bovine genomic variation (BGVD). Here, we collected 328 individuals of 17 breeds representing four groups of Chinese cattle, northern group cattle, southern group cattle, central group cattle, and special group cattle (Tibetan cattle). We also collected the temperature and humidity data records from their relative locations. The frequencies of the G allele in Chinese breeds increased from northern China to southern China, and the frequencies of the A allele showed an opposite trend. Our results indicate that the WNK1 gene might be a candidate gene marker associated with cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jialei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Haijian Cheng
- Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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3
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Sapio MR, King DM, Staedtler ES, Maric D, Jahanipour J, Kurochkina NA, Manalo AP, Ghetti A, Mannes AJ, Iadarola MJ. Expression pattern analysis and characterization of the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 2 A (HSAN2A) gene with no lysine kinase (WNK1) in human dorsal root ganglion. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114552. [PMID: 37793538 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Inherited painless neuropathies arise due to genetic insults that either block the normal signaling of or destroy the sensory afferent neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) responsible for transducing noxious stimuli. Complete loss of these neurons leads to profound insensitivity to all sensory modalities including pain. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2 (HSNAII) is a rare genetic neuropathy characterized by a progressive distal early onset sensory loss. This syndrome is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the with-no-lysine protein kinase 1 (WNK1) serine-threonine kinase gene. Of interest, disease-associated mutations are found in the large exon, termed "HSN2," which encodes a 498 amino acid domain C-terminal to the kinase domain. These mutations lead to truncation of the HSN2-containing proteins through the addition of an early stop codon (nonsense mutation) leading to loss of the C-terminal domains of this large protein. The present study evaluates the transcripts, gene structure, and protein structure of HSN2-containing WNK1 splice variants in DRG and spinal cord in order to establish the basal expression patterns of WNK1 and HSN2-containing WNK1 splice variants using multiplex fluorescent situ hybridization. We hypothesized that these transcripts would be enriched in pain-sensing DRG neurons, and, potentially, that enrichment in nociceptive neurons was responsible for the painless phenotypes observed. However, our in-depth analyses revealed that the HSN2-WNK1 splice variants were ubiquitously expressed but were not enriched in tachykinin 1-expressing C-fiber neurons, a class of neurons with a highly nociceptive character. We subsequently identified other subpopulations of DRG neurons with higher levels of HSN2-WNK1 expression, including mechanosensory large fibers. These data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that this transcript is enriched in nociceptive fibers, and instead suggest it may be related to general axon maintenance, or that nociceptive fibers are more sensitive to the genetic insult. These findings clarify the molecular and cellular expression pattern of this painless neuropathy gene in human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana M King
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen S Staedtler
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Allison P Manalo
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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4
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Yarikipati P, Jonusaite S, Pleinis JM, Dominicci Cotto C, Sanchez-Hernandez D, Morrison DE, Goyal S, Schellinger J, Pénalva C, Curtiss J, Rodan AR, Jenny A. Unanticipated domain requirements for Drosophila Wnk kinase in vivo. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010975. [PMID: 37819975 PMCID: PMC10593226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
WNK (With no Lysine [K]) kinases have critical roles in the maintenance of ion homeostasis and the regulation of cell volume. Their overactivation leads to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (Gordon syndrome) characterized by hyperkalemia and high blood pressure. More recently, WNK family members have been shown to be required for the development of the nervous system in mice, zebrafish, and flies, and the cardiovascular system of mice and fish. Furthermore, human WNK2 and Drosophila Wnk modulate canonical Wnt signaling. In addition to a well-conserved kinase domain, animal WNKs have a large, poorly conserved C-terminal domain whose function has been largely mysterious. In most but not all cases, WNKs bind and activate downstream kinases OSR1/SPAK, which in turn regulate the activity of various ion transporters and channels. Here, we show that Drosophila Wnk regulates Wnt signaling and cell size during the development of the wing in a manner dependent on Fray, the fly homolog of OSR1/SPAK. We show that the only canonical RF(X)V/I motif of Wnk, thought to be essential for WNK interactions with OSR1/SPAK, is required to interact with Fray in vitro. However, this motif is unexpectedly dispensable for Fray-dependent Wnk functions in vivo during fly development and fluid secretion in the Malpighian (renal) tubules. In contrast, a structure function analysis of Wnk revealed that the less-conserved C-terminus of Wnk, that recently has been shown to promote phase transitions in cell culture, is required for viability in vivo. Our data thus provide novel insights into unexpected in vivo roles of specific WNK domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Yarikipati
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Sima Jonusaite
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John M. Pleinis
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carihann Dominicci Cotto
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - David Sanchez-Hernandez
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Daryl E. Morrison
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Suhani Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Schellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clothilde Pénalva
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Curtiss
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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5
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Shimizu M, Shibuya H. WNK1/HSN2 mediates neurite outgrowth and differentiation via a OSR1/GSK3β-LHX8 pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15858. [PMID: 36151370 PMCID: PMC9508073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) phosphorylates and activates STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) to regulate ion homeostasis in the kidney. Mutations in WNK1 result in dysregulation of the WNK1-SPAK/OSR1 pathway and cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a form of hypertension. WNK1 is also involved in the autosomal recessive neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II (HSANII). Mutations in a neural-specific splice variant of WNK1 (HSN2) cause HSANII. However, the mechanisms underlying HSN2 regulation in neurons and effects of HSN2 mutants remain unclear. Here, we found that HSN2 regulated neurite outgrowth through OSR1 activation and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Moreover, HSN2-OSR1 and HSN2-GSK3β signalling induced expression of LIM homeobox 8 (Lhx8), which is a key regulator of cholinergic neural function. The HSN2-OSR1/GSK3β-LHX8 pathway is therefore important for neurite outgrowth. Consistently, HSN2 mutants reported in HSANII patients suppressed SPAK and OSR1 activation and LHX8 induction. Interestingly, HSN2 mutants also suppressed neurite outgrowth by preventing interaction of between wild-type HSN2 and GSK3β. These results indicate that HSN2 mutants cause dysregulation of neurite outgrowth via GSK3β in the HSN2 and/or WNK1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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Ghosh S, Tourtellotte WG. The Complex Clinical and Genetic Landscape of Hereditary Peripheral Neuropathy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:487-509. [PMID: 33497257 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-030320-100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary peripheral neuropathy (HPN) is a complex group of neurological disorders caused by mutations in genes expressed by neurons and Schwann cells. The inheritance of a single mutation or multiple mutations in several genes leads to disease phenotype. Patients exhibit symptoms during development, at an early age or later in adulthood. Most of the mechanistic understanding about these neuropathies comes from animal models and histopathological analyses of postmortem human tissues. Diagnosis is often very complex due to the heterogeneity and overlap in symptoms and the frequent overlap between various genes and different mutations they possess. Some symptoms in HPN are common through different subtypes such as axonal degeneration, demyelination, and loss of motor and sensory neurons, leading to similar physiologic abnormalities. Recent advances in gene-targeted therapies, genetic engineering, and next-generation sequencing have augmented our understanding of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of HPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA;
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA;
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7
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Rahmani B, Fekrmandi F, Ahadi K, Ahadi T, Alavi A, Ahmadiani A, Asadi S. A novel nonsense mutation in WNK1/HSN2 associated with sensory neuropathy and limb destruction in four siblings of a large Iranian pedigree. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:195. [PMID: 30497409 PMCID: PMC6262971 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2 (HSAN2) is an autosomal recessive disorder with predominant sensory dysfunction and severe complications such as limb destruction. There are different subtypes of HSAN2, including HSAN2A, which is caused by mutations in WNK1/HSN2 gene. Methods An Iranian family with four siblings and autosomal recessive inheritance pattern whom initially diagnosed with HSAN2 underwent whole exome sequencing (WES) followed by segregation analysis. Results According to the filtering criteria of the WES data, a novel candidate variation, c.3718C > A in WNK1/HSN2 gene that causes p.Tyr1025* was identified. This variation results in a truncated protein with 1025 amino acids instead of the wild-type product with 2645 amino acids. Sanger sequencing revealed that the mutation segregates with disease status in the pedigree. Conclusions The identified novel nonsense mutation in WNK1/HSN2 in an Iranian HSAN2 pedigree presents allelic heterogeneity of this gene in different populations. The result of current study expands the spectrum of mutations of the HSN2 gene as the genetic background of HSAN2A as well as further supports the hypothesis that HSN2 is a causative gene for HSAN2A. However, it seems that more research is required to determine the exact effects of this product in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Rahmani
- Section of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fekrmandi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Keivan Ahadi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Ahadi
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Centre, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afagh Alavi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Asadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Theisen U, Hey S, Hennig CD, Schnabel R, Köster RW. Glycine is able to induce both a motility speed in- and decrease during zebrafish neuronal migration. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-7. [PMID: 30214676 PMCID: PMC6132429 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1493324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neurotransmitters influence neuronal migration in the developing zebrafish hindbrain. Migrating tegmental hindbrain nuclei neurons (THNs) are governed by depolarizing neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and glutamate), and glycine. In mature neurons, glycine binds to its receptor to hyperpolarize cells. This effect depends on the co-expression of the solute carrier KCC2. Immature precursors, however, typically express NKCC1 instead of KCC2, leading to membrane depolarization upon glycine receptor activation. As neuronal migration occurs in neurons after leaving the cell cycle and before terminal differentiation, we hypothesized that the switch from NKCC1 to KCC2 expression could alter the effect of glycine on THN migration. We tested this notion using in vivo cell tracking, overexpression of glycine receptor mutations and whole mount in situ hybridization. We summarize our findings in a speculative model, combining developmental age, glycine receptor strength and solute carrier expression to describe the effect of glycine on the migration of THNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Theisen
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Hey
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Schnabel
- TU Braunschweig, Institute for Genetics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Theisen U, Hennig C, Ring T, Schnabel R, Köster RW. Neurotransmitter-mediated activity spatially controls neuronal migration in the zebrafish cerebellum. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002226. [PMID: 29300740 PMCID: PMC5754045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration during embryonic development contributes to functional brain circuitry. Many neurons migrate in morphologically distinct stages that coincide with differentiation, requiring tight spatial regulation. It had been proposed that neurotransmitter-mediated activity could exert this control. Here, we demonstrate that intracellular calcium transients occur in cerebellar neurons of zebrafish embryos during migration. We show that depolarization increases and hyperpolarization reduces the speed of tegmental hindbrain neurons using optogenetic tools and advanced track analysis optimized for in vivo migration. Finally, we introduce a compound screening assay to identify acetylcholine (ACh), glutamate, and glycine as regulators of migration, which act regionally along the neurons’ route. We summarize our findings in a model describing how different neurotransmitters spatially interact to control neuronal migration. The high evolutionary conservation of the cerebellum and hindbrain makes it likely that polarization state-driven motility constitutes an important principle in building a functional brain. Postmitotic neurons migrate from their site of origin to their final destination in the developing brain to form functional structures. These neurons typically follow defined routes through the tissue. Previous studies investigating progress along such route have identified neurotransmitters—chemicals that transmit the signals between neurons—as important regulators in neuronal migration using mostly rodent brain slice cultures and cultivated neurons. In this study, we use live zebrafish embryos to test the influence of neurotransmitters on migrating hindbrain neurons. First, we demonstrate that calcium transients can be measured in these neurons using genetically encoded reporters. Next, we use optogenetic channels to specifically de- or hyperpolarize the plasma membrane of the neurons to show that the polarization state is linked to migratory speed. Finally, we use a screening method to identify the neurotransmitter systems involved in migration progress control. We summarize these findings in a model that suggests that there are regions of influence for different neurotransmitters that act successively on the neurons to ensure their timely arrival at their destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Theisen
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Hennig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Genetics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Ring
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Engineering Design, Vibroacoustics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Genetics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard W. Köster
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Yuan JH, Hashiguchi A, Yoshimura A, Sakai N, Takahashi M, Ueda T, Taniguchi A, Okamoto S, Kanazawa N, Yamamoto Y, Saigoh K, Kusunoki S, Ando M, Hiramatsu Y, Okamoto Y, Takashima H. WNK1/HSN2founder mutation in patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy: A Japanese cohort study. Clin Genet 2017; 92:659-663. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-H. Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - A. Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - A. Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - N. Sakai
- Child Healthcare and Genetic Science Laboratory, Division of Health Science; Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - M.P. Takahashi
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Division of Health Science; Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - T. Ueda
- Division of Neurology; Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - A. Taniguchi
- Department of Neurology; Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine; Mie Japan
| | - S. Okamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Fujita Health University, Nanakuri Memorial Hospital; Mie Japan
| | - N. Kanazawa
- Department of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Y. Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - K. Saigoh
- Department of Neurology; Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - S. Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology; Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - M. Ando
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Y. Hiramatsu
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Y. Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - H. Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
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11
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Abstract
WNK (With-No-Lysine (K)) kinases are serine-threonine kinases characterized by an atypical placement of a catalytic lysine within the kinase domain. Mutations in human WNK1 or WNK4 cause an autosomal dominant syndrome of hypertension and hyperkalemia, reflecting the fact that WNK kinases are critical regulators of renal ion transport processes. Here, the role of WNKs in the regulation of ion transport processes in vertebrate and invertebrate renal function, cellular and organismal osmoregulation, and cell migration and cerebral edema will be reviewed, along with emerging literature demonstrating roles for WNKs in cardiovascular and neural development, Wnt signaling, and cancer. Conserved roles for these kinases across phyla are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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12
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Tang BL. (WNK)ing at death: With-no-lysine (Wnk) kinases in neuropathies and neuronal survival. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:92-8. [PMID: 27131446 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of With-no-lysine (WNK) family of serine-threonine kinase are key regulators of chloride ion transport in diverse cell types, controlling the activity and the surface expression of cation-chloride (Na(+)/K(+)-Cl(-)) co-transporters. Mutations in WNK1 and WNK4 are linked to a hereditary form of hypertension, and WNKs have been extensively investigated pertaining to their roles in renal epithelial ion homeostasis. However, some members of the WNK family and their splice isoforms are also expressed in the mammalian brain, and have been implicated in aspects of hereditary neuropathy as well as neuronal and glial survival. WNK2, which is exclusively enriched in neurons, is well known as an anti-proliferative tumor suppressor. WNK3, on the other hand, appears to promote cell survival as its inhibition enhances neuronal apoptosis. However, loss of WNK3 has been recently shown to reduce ischemia-associated brain damage. In this review, I surveyed the potentially context-dependent roles of WNKs in neurological disorders and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Friedel P, Kahle KT, Zhang J, Hertz N, Pisella LI, Buhler E, Schaller F, Duan J, Khanna AR, Bishop PN, Shokat KM, Medina I. WNK1-regulated inhibitory phosphorylation of the KCC2 cotransporter maintains the depolarizing action of GABA in immature neurons. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra65. [PMID: 26126716 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Cl(-)-permeable γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors elicits synaptic inhibition in mature neurons but excitation in immature neurons. This developmental "switch" in the GABA function depends on a postnatal decrease in intraneuronal Cl(-) concentration mediated by KCC2, a Cl(-)-extruding K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter. We showed that the serine-threonine kinase WNK1 [with no lysine (K)] forms a physical complex with KCC2 in the developing mouse brain. Dominant-negative mutation, genetic depletion, or chemical inhibition of WNK1 in immature neurons triggered a hyperpolarizing shift in GABA activity by enhancing KCC2-mediated Cl(-) extrusion. This increase in KCC2 activity resulted from reduced inhibitory phosphorylation of KCC2 at two C-terminal threonines, Thr(906) and Thr(1007). Phosphorylation of both Thr(906) and Thr(1007) was increased in immature versus mature neurons. Together, these data provide insight into the mechanism regulating Cl(-) homeostasis in immature neurons, and suggest that WNK1-regulated changes in KCC2 phosphorylation contribute to the developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory GABA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Friedel
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), INSERM Unité 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- UK Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nicholas Hertz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450, USA
| | - Lucie I Pisella
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), INSERM Unité 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Plateforme Post-Génomique, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Schaller
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Plateforme Post-Génomique, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - JingJing Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul N Bishop
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450, USA
| | - Igor Medina
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), INSERM Unité 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France.
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14
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Pathogenesis of spinal cord injury induced edema and neuropathic pain: expression of multiple isoforms of wnk1. Ann Neurosci 2014; 21:97-103. [PMID: 25206073 PMCID: PMC4158783 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.210305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common occurrence following spinal cord injury (SCI). Identification of specific molecular pathways that are involved in pain syndromes has become a major priority in current SCI research. We have investigated the role of a cation-dependent chloride transporter, Cl-regulatory protein Na+-K+-Cl- 1 (NKCC1), phosphorylation profile of NKCC1 and its specific involvement in neuropathic pain following contusion SCI (cSCI) using a rat model. Administration of the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide (BU) increases the mean hindpaw withdrawal latency time (WLT), thermal hyperalgesia (TH) following cSCI. These results demonstrate implication of NKCC1 co-transporter and BUin SCI-induced neuropathic pain. The with-no-lysine (K)–1 (WNK1) kinase has been shown to be an important regulator of NKCC1 phosphorylation in many systems, including nocioception. Mutations in a neuronal-specific exon of WNK1 (HSN2) was identified in patients that have hereditary sensory neuropathy type II (HSANII) also implicates WNK1 in nocioception, such that these patients have loss of perception to pain, touch and heat. In our ongoing research we proposed two studies utilizing our contusion SCI (cSCI) NP model of rat. Purpose Study 1 aimed at NKCC1 expression and activity is up-regulated following cSCI in the early edema and chronic neuropathic pain phases. Study 2 aimed at identifying the expression profile of alternatively spliced WNK1 isoforms in animals exhibiting thermal hyperalgesia (TH) following cSCI. Methods Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (275–300 g) following laminectomy received cSCI at T9 with the NYU impactor-device II by dropping 10 g weight from the height of 12.5 mm. Control rats obtained laminectomy but no impaction. Following injury, functional recovery was assessed by BBB locomotor scores on day 1, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 42 and development of thermal hyperalgesia on day 21, 28, 35, and 42 day of injury by monitoring hind paw withdraw latency time (WLT) in seconds compared with the baseline data before injury. Results Increased NKCC1 may explain observed increase in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2, exhibiting NKCC1 localization in neurons. This data supports NKCC1’s role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic phases of injury, namely spinal cord edema and chronic phase neuropathic pain. NKCC1 dependent chloride influx requires the phosphorylation at specific residues. Probing for the HSN2 exon of WNK1 reveals two key findings: i) the HSN2 exon is found in alternatively spliced neuronal isoforms found at 250 kDa and 230 kDa; ii) the 250 kDa isoform is found only in tissue that is injured. Conclusions This data implicates the NKCC1/WNK1/WNK1HSN2 involvement in post-injury response that contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. Targeting this system may have therapeutic benefit.
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15
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Alessi DR, Zhang J, Khanna A, Hochdörfer T, Shang Y, Kahle KT. The WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway: master regulator of cation-chloride cotransporters. Sci Signal 2014; 7:re3. [PMID: 25028718 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The WNK-SPAK/OSR1 kinase complex is composed of the kinases WNK (with no lysine) and SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) or the SPAK homolog OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1). The WNK family senses changes in intracellular Cl(-) concentration, extracellular osmolarity, and cell volume and transduces this information to sodium (Na(+)), potassium (K(+)), and chloride (Cl(-)) cotransporters [collectively referred to as CCCs (cation-chloride cotransporters)] and ion channels to maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis and affect cellular morphology and behavior. Several genes encoding proteins in this pathway are mutated in human disease, and the cotransporters are targets of commonly used drugs. WNKs stimulate the kinases SPAK and OSR1, which directly phosphorylate and stimulate Cl(-)-importing, Na(+)-driven CCCs or inhibit the Cl(-)-extruding, K(+)-driven CCCs. These coordinated and reciprocal actions on the CCCs are triggered by an interaction between RFXV/I motifs within the WNKs and CCCs and a conserved carboxyl-terminal docking domain in SPAK and OSR1. This interaction site represents a potentially druggable node that could be more effective than targeting the cotransporters directly. In the kidney, WNK-SPAK/OSR1 inhibition decreases epithelial NaCl reabsorption and K(+) secretion to lower blood pressure while maintaining serum K(+). In neurons, WNK-SPAK/OSR1 inhibition could facilitate Cl(-) extrusion and promote γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) inhibition. Such drugs could have efficacy as K(+)-sparing blood pressure-lowering agents in essential hypertension, nonaddictive analgesics in neuropathic pain, and promoters of GABAergic inhibition in diseases associated with neuronal hyperactivity, such as epilepsy, spasticity, neuropathic pain, schizophrenia, and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Arjun Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Hochdörfer
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Yuze Shang
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Kahle KT, Deeb TZ, Puskarjov M, Silayeva L, Liang B, Kaila K, Moss SJ. Modulation of neuronal activity by phosphorylation of the K-Cl cotransporter KCC2. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:726-737. [PMID: 24139641 PMCID: PMC4381966 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 establishes the low intraneuronal Cl- levels required for the hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials mediated by ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs) and glycine receptors (GlyRs). Decreased KCC2-mediated Cl- extrusion and impaired hyperpolarizing GABAAR- and/or GlyR-mediated currents have been implicated in epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and spasticity. Recent evidence suggests that the intrinsic ion transport rate, cell surface stability, and plasmalemmal trafficking of KCC2 are rapidly and reversibly modulated by the (de)phosphorylation of critical serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues in the C terminus of this protein. Alterations in KCC2 phosphorylation have been associated with impaired KCC2 function in several neurological diseases. Targeting KCC2 phosphorylation directly or indirectly via upstream regulatory kinases might be a novel strategy to modulate GABA- and/or glycinergic signaling for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tarek Z Deeb
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Martin Puskarjov
- Department of Biosciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liliya Silayeva
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kai Kaila
- Department of Biosciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephen J Moss
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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17
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Siew K, O'Shaughnessy KM. Extrarenal roles of the with-no-lysine[K] kinases (WNKs). Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:885-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Siew
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit; Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Kevin M O'Shaughnessy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit; Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekatherina Serysheva
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY USA
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Department of Genetics; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
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19
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Cabo R, Zichichi R, Viña E, Guerrera MC, Vázquez G, García-Suárez O, Vega JA, Germanà A. Calcium-activated potassium channel SK1 is widely expressed in the peripheral nervous system and sensory organs of adult zebrafish. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:62-7. [PMID: 24060674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensory cells contain ion channels involved in the organ-specific transduction mechanisms that convert different types of stimuli into electric energy. Here we focus on small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 1 (SK1) which plays an important role in all excitable cells acting as feedback regulators in after-hyperpolarization. This study was undertaken to analyze the pattern of expression of SK1 in the zebrafish peripheral nervous system and sensory organs using RT-PRC, Westernblot and immunohistochemistry. Expression of SK1 mRNA was observed at all developmental stages analyzed (from 10 to 100 days post fertilization, dpf), and the antibody used identified a protein with a molecular weight of 70kDa, at 100dpf (regarded to be adult). Cell expressing SK1 in adult animals were neurons of dorsal root and cranial nerve sensory ganglia, sympathetic neurons, sensory cells in neuromasts of the lateral line system and taste buds, crypt olfactory neurons and photoreceptors. Present results report for the first time the expression and the distribution of SK1 in the peripheral nervous system and sensory organs of adult zebrafish, and may contribute to set zebrafish as an interesting experimental model for calcium-activated potassium channels research. Moreover these findings are of potential interest because the potential role of SK as targets for the treatment of neurological diseases and sensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cabo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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