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Yang H, Huang J, Ye Y, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Chen Z, Li X, Ma Y, Lu T, Rao Y. Research Progress on Mechanical Strength of Rice Stalks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1726. [PMID: 38999566 PMCID: PMC11243543 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most important food crops in the world, rice yield is directly related to national food security. Lodging is one of the most important factors restricting rice production, and the cultivation of rice varieties with lodging resistance is of great significance in rice breeding. The lodging resistance of rice is directly related to the mechanical strength of the stalks. In this paper, we reviewed the cell wall structure, its components, and its genetic regulatory mechanism, which improved the regulatory network of rice stalk mechanical strength. Meanwhile, we analyzed the new progress in genetic breeding and put forward some scientific problems that need to be solved in this field in order to provide theoretical support for the improvement and application of rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuhan Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuqing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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2
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Ren P, Ma L, Bao W, Wang J. Genome-Wide Identification and Hormone Response Analysis of the COBL Gene Family in Barley. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:612. [PMID: 38790240 PMCID: PMC11121046 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a diverse cereal crop, exhibits remarkable versatility in its applications, ranging from food and fodder to industrial uses. The content of cellulose in barley is significantly influenced by the COBRA genes, which encode the plant glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein (GAP) that plays a pivotal role in the deposition of cellulose within the cell wall. The COBL (COBRA-Like) gene family has been discovered across numerous species, yet the specific members of this family in barley remain undetermined. In this study, we discovered 13 COBL genes within the barley genome using bioinformatics methods, subcellular localization, and protein structure analysis, finding that most of the barley COBL proteins have a signal peptide structure and are localized on the plasma membrane. Simultaneously, we constructed a phylogenetic tree and undertook a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary relationships. Other characteristics of HvCOBL family members, including intraspecific collinearity, gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements, were thoroughly characterized in detail. The assessment of HvCOBL gene expression in barley under various hormone treatments was conducted through qRT-PCR analysis, revealing jasmonic acid (JA) as the predominant hormonal regulator of HvCOBL gene expression. In summary, this study comprehensively identified and analyzed the barley COBL gene family, aiming to provide basic information for exploring the members of the HvCOBL gene family and to propose directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panrong Ren
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China; (L.M.); (W.B.)
| | - Liang Ma
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China; (L.M.); (W.B.)
| | - Wei Bao
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China; (L.M.); (W.B.)
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
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3
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Villalobos JA, Cahoon RE, Cahoon EB, Wallace IS. Glucosylceramides impact cellulose deposition and cellulose synthase complex motility in Arabidopsis. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae035. [PMID: 38690785 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant component of plant cell wall matrices, and this para-crystalline polysaccharide is synthesized at the plasma membrane by motile Cellulose Synthase Complexes (CSCs). However, the factors that control CSC activity and motility are not fully resolved. In a targeted chemical screen, we identified the alkylated nojirimycin analog N-Dodecyl Deoxynojirimycin (ND-DNJ) as a small molecule that severely impacts Arabidopsis seedling growth. Previous work suggests that ND-DNJ-related compounds inhibit the biosynthesis of glucosylceramides (GlcCers), a class of glycosphingolipid associated with plant membranes. Our work uncovered major changes in the sphingolipidome of plants treated with ND-DNJ, including reductions in GlcCer abundance and altered acyl chain length distributions. Crystalline cellulose content was also reduced in ND-DNJ-treated plants as well as plants treated with the known GlcCer biosynthesis inhibitor N-[2-hydroxy-1-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-2-phenyl ethyl]-decanamide (PDMP) or plants containing a genetic disruption in GLUCOSYLCERAMIDE SYNTHASE (GCS), the enzyme responsible for sphingolipid glucosylation that results in GlcCer synthesis. Live-cell imaging revealed that CSC speed distributions were reduced upon treatment with ND-DNJ or PDMP, further suggesting an important relationship between glycosylated sphingolipid composition and CSC motility across the plasma membrane. These results indicate that multiple interventions compromising GlcCer biosynthesis disrupt cellulose deposition and CSC motility, suggesting that GlcCers regulate cellulose biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villalobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Rebecca E Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry & Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine St. Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry & Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine St. Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd. Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, B122 Life Science Building Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Gao W, Nie J, Yao J, Wang J, Wang S, Zhang X, Liu Y, Liu Y. Genomic survey and expression analysis of cellulose synthase superfamily and COBRA-like gene family in Zanthoxylum bungeanum stipule thorns. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:369-382. [PMID: 38633272 PMCID: PMC11018584 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The Cellulose Synthase gene (CS) superfamily and COBRA-like (COBL) gene family are essential for synthesizing cellulose and hemicellulose, which play a crucial role in cell wall biosynthesis and the hardening of plant tissues. Our study identified 126 ZbCS and 31 ZbCOBL genes from the Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Zb) genome. Phylogenetic analysis and conservative domain analysis unfolded that ZbCS and ZbCOBL genes were divided into seven and two subfamilies, respectively. Gene duplication data suggested that more than 75% of these genes had tandem and fragment duplications. Codon usage patterns analysis indicated that the ZbCS and ZbCOBL genes prefer ending with A/T base, with weak codon preference. Furthermore, seven key ZbCS and five key ZbCOBL genes were identified based on the content of cellulose and hemicellulose and the expression characteristics of ZbCS and ZbCOBL genes in various stages of stipule thorns. Altogether, these results improve the understanding of CS and COBL genes and provide valuable reference data for cultivating Zb with soft thorns. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01432-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Jiangbo Nie
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Jia Yao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Shengshu Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Yulin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
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5
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Ishida K. Reciprocal regulation of cellulose and lignin biosynthesis by the transcription factor OsTCP19. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5-8. [PMID: 38128900 PMCID: PMC10735464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on:Lv S, Lin Z, Shen J, Luo L, Xu Q, Li L, Gui J. 2024. OsTCP19 coordinates inhibition of lignin biosynthesis and promotion of cellulose biosynthesis to modify lodging resistance in rice. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 123–136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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6
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Ge S, Sun P, Wu W, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang M, Huang J, Liang YK. COBL7 is required for stomatal formation via regulation of cellulose deposition in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:227-242. [PMID: 37853545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
As a key regulator of plant photosynthesis, water use efficiency and immunity, stomata are specialized cellular structures that adopt defined shapes. However, our knowledge about the genetic players of stomatal pore formation and stomatal morphogenesis remains limited. Forward genetic screening, positional cloning, confocal and electron microscopy, physiological and pharmacological assays were employed for isolation and characterization of mutants and genes. We identified a mutant, dsm1, with impaired cytokinesis and deformed stomata. DSM1 is highly expressed in guard mother cells and guard cells, and encodes COBRA-LIKE 7 (COBL7), a plant-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. COBRA-LIKE 7 and its closest homologue, COBL8, are first enriched on the forming cell plates during cytokinesis, and then their subcellular distribution and abundance change are correlated with the progressive stages of stomatal pore formation. Both COBL7 and COBL8 possess an ability to bind cellulose. Perturbing the expression of COBL7 and COBL8 leads to a decrease in cellulose content and inhibition of stomatal pore development. Moreover, we found that COBL7, COBL8 and CSLD5 have synergistic effects on stomatal development and plant growth. Our findings reveal that COBL7 plays a predominant and functionally redundant role with COBL8 in stomatal formation through regulating cellulose deposition and ventral wall modification in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xinhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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7
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Li W, Lin YCJ, Chen YL, Zhou C, Li S, De Ridder N, Oliveira DM, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wang JP, Xu C, Fu X, Luo K, Wu AM, Demura T, Lu MZ, Zhou Y, Li L, Umezawa T, Boerjan W, Chiang VL. Woody plant cell walls: Fundamentals and utilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:112-140. [PMID: 38102833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls in plants, particularly forest trees, are the major carbon sink of the terrestrial ecosystem. Chemical and biosynthetic features of plant cell walls were revealed early on, focusing mostly on herbaceous model species. Recent developments in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, transgenesis, and associated analytical techniques are enabling novel insights into formation of woody cell walls. Here, we review multilevel regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in forest tree species. We highlight current approaches to engineering cell walls as potential feedstock for materials and energy and survey reported field tests of such engineered transgenic trees. We outline opportunities and challenges in future research to better understand cell type biogenesis for more efficient wood cell wall modification and utilization for biomaterials or for enhanced carbon capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | - Ying-Lan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Nette De Ridder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Science of Forest Plants and Microorganisms, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Quinn O, Kumar M, Turner S. The role of lipid-modified proteins in cell wall synthesis and signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:51-66. [PMID: 37682865 PMCID: PMC10756762 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic extracellular matrix. Plant primary cell walls are the first line of defense against pathogens and regulate cell expansion. Specialized cells deposit a secondary cell wall that provides support and permits water transport. The composition and organization of the cell wall varies between cell types and species, contributing to the extensibility, stiffness, and hydrophobicity required for its proper function. Recently, many of the proteins involved in the biosynthesis, maintenance, and remodeling of the cell wall have been identified as being post-translationally modified with lipids. These modifications exhibit diverse structures and attach to proteins at different sites, which defines the specific role played by each lipid modification. The introduction of relatively hydrophobic lipid moieties promotes the interaction of proteins with membranes and can act as sorting signals, allowing targeted delivery to the plasma membrane regions and secretion into the apoplast. Disruption of lipid modification results in aberrant deposition of cell wall components and defective cell wall remodeling in response to stresses, demonstrating the essential nature of these modifications. Although much is known about which proteins bear lipid modifications, many questions remain regarding the contribution of lipid-driven membrane domain localization and lipid heterogeneity to protein function in cell wall metabolism. In this update, we highlight the contribution of lipid modifications to proteins involved in the formation and maintenance of plant cell walls, with a focus on the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, N-myristoylation, prenylation, and S-acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quinn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Li H, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li C, Du P, Bi M, Chen T, Qian D, Niu Y, Ren H, An L, Xiang Y. The Arabidopsis GPI-anchored protein COBL11 is necessary for regulating pollen tube integrity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113353. [PMID: 38007687 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen tube integrity is required for achieving double fertilization in angiosperms. The rapid alkalinization factor4/19-ANXUR1/2-Buddha's paper seal 1/2 (RALF4/19-ANX1/2-BUPS1/2)-complex-mediated signaling pathway is critical to maintain pollen tube integrity, but the underlying mechanisms regulating the polar localization and distribution of these complex members at the pollen tube tip remain unclear. Here, we find that COBRA-like protein 11 (COBL11) loss-of-function mutants display a low pollen germination ratio, premature pollen tube burst, and seed abortion in Arabidopsis. COBL11 could interact with RALF4/19, ANX1/2, and BUPS1/2, and COBL11 functional deficiency could result in the disrupted distribution of RALF4 and ANX1, altered cell wall composition, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species in pollen tubes. In conclusion, COBL11 is a regulator of pollen tube integrity during polar growth, which is conducted by a direct interaction that ensures the correct localization and polar distribution of RALF4 and ANX1 at the pollen tube tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pingzhou Du
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Zhuhai-Macao Biotechnology Joint Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Mengmeng Bi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Zhuhai-Macao Biotechnology Joint Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Sajjad M, Ahmad A, Riaz MW, Hussain Q, Yasir M, Lu M. Recent genome resequencing paraded COBRA- Like gene family roles in abiotic stress and wood formation in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1242836. [PMID: 37780503 PMCID: PMC10540467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A cell wall determines the mechanical properties of a cell, serves as a barrier against plant stresses, and allows cell division and growth processes. The COBRA-Like (COBL) gene family encodes a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that controls cellulose deposition and cell progression in plants by contributing to the microfibril orientation of a cell wall. Despite being studied in different plant species, there is a dearth of the comprehensive global analysis of COBL genes in poplar. Poplar is employed as a model woody plant to study abiotic stresses and biomass production in tree research. Improved genome resequencing has enabled the comprehensive exploration of the evolution and functional capacities of PtrCOBLs (Poplar COBRA-Like genes) in poplar. Phylogeny analysis has discerned and classified PtrCOBLs into two groups resembling the Arabidopsis COBL family, and group I genes possess longer proteins but have fewer exons than group II. Analysis of gene structure and motifs revealed PtrCOBLs maintained a rather stable motif and exon-intron pattern across members of the same group. Synteny and collinearity analyses exhibited that the evolution of the COBL gene family was heavily influenced by gene duplication events. PtrCOBL genes have undergone both segmental duplication and tandem duplication, followed by purifying selection. Promotor analysis flaunted various phytohormone-, growth- and stress-related cis-elements (e.g., MYB, ABA, MeJA, SA, AuxR, and ATBP1). Likewise, 29 Ptr-miRNAs of 20 families were found targeting 11 PtrCOBL genes. PtrCOBLs were found localized at the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix, while gene ontology analysis showed their involvement in plant development, plant growth, stress response, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall biogenesis. RNA-seq datasets depicted the bulk of PtrCOBL genes expression being found in plant stem tissues and leaves, rendering mechanical strength and rejoinders to environmental cues. PtrCOBL2, 3, 10, and 11 manifested the highest expression in vasculature and abiotic stress, and resemblant expression trends were upheld by qRT-PCR. Co-expression network analysis identified PtrCOBL2 and PtrCOBL3 as hub genes across all abiotic stresses and wood developing tissues. The current study reports regulating roles of PtrCOBLs in xylem differentiating tissues, tension wood formation, and abiotic stress latency that lay the groundwork for future functional studies of the PtrCOBL genes in poplar breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resource Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quaid Hussain
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng‐Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Xu W, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Diao Y, Wang Q, Yu J, Jiang E, Zhang Y, Liu B. Identification of ZmBK2 Gene Variation Involved in Regulating Maize Brittleness. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1126. [PMID: 37372306 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize stalk strength is a crucial agronomic trait that affects lodging resistance. We used map-based cloning and allelic tests to identify a maize mutant associated with decreased stalk strength and confirmed that the mutated gene, ZmBK2, is a homolog of Arabidopsis AtCOBL4, which encodes a COBRA-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. The bk2 mutant exhibited lower cellulose content and whole-plant brittleness. Microscopic observations showed that sclerenchymatous cells were reduced in number and had thinner cell walls, suggesting that ZmBK2 affects the development of cell walls. Transcriptome sequencing of differentially expressed genes in the leaves and stalks revealed substantial changes in the genes associated with cell wall development. We constructed a cell wall regulatory network using these differentially expressed genes, which revealed that abnormal cellulose synthesis may be a reason for brittleness. These results reinforce our understanding of cell wall development and provide a foundation for studying the mechanisms underlying maize lodging resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qingzhi Liu
- Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Yuqiang Diao
- Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Qingkang Wang
- Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Jiamin Yu
- Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Enjun Jiang
- Taian Denghai Wuyue Taishan Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Yongzhong Zhang
- Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Baoshen Liu
- Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
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12
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Dai X, Wang Y, Yu K, Zhao Y, Xiong L, Wang R, Li S. OsNPR1 Enhances Rice Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Upregulating Rice Defense Genes and Repressing Bacteria Virulence Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108687. [PMID: 37240026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacteria pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infects rice and causes the severe disease of rice bacteria blight. As the central regulator of the salic acid (SA) signaling pathway, NPR1 is responsible for sensing SA and inducing the expression of pathogen-related (PR) genes in plants. Overexpression of OsNPR1 significantly increases rice resistance to Xoo. Although some downstream rice genes were found to be regulated by OsNPR1, how OsNPR1 affects the interaction of rice-Xoo and alters Xoo gene expression remains unknown. In this study, we challenged the wild-type and OsNPR1-OE rice materials with Xoo and performed dual RNA-seq analyses for the rice and Xoo genomes simultaneously. In Xoo-infected OsNPR1-OE plants, rice genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and SA signaling pathways, as well as PR genes and nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes, were significantly upregulated compared to rice variety TP309. On the other hand, Xoo genes involved in energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolism, and transportation were repressed. Many virulence genes of Xoo, including genes encoding components of type III and other secretion systems, were downregulated by OsNPR1 overexpression. Our results suggest that OsNPR1 enhances rice resistance to Xoo by bidirectionally regulating gene expression in rice and Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yankai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Langyu Xiong
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Ruozhong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shengben Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Qiu C, Chen J, Wu W, Liao B, Zheng X, Li Y, Huang J, Shi J, Hao Z. Genome-Wide Analysis and Abiotic Stress-Responsive Patterns of COBRA-like Gene Family in Liriodendron chinense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1616. [PMID: 37111840 PMCID: PMC10143436 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The COBRA gene encodes a plant-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein (GAP), which plays an important role in cell wall cellulose deposition. In this study, a total of 7 COBRA-like (COBL) genes were identified in the genome of the rare and endangered woody plant Liriodendron chinense (L. chinense). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these LcCOBL genes can be divided into two subfamilies, i.e., SF I and II. In the conserved motif analysis of two subfamilies, SF I contained 10 predicted motifs, while SF II contained 4-6 motifs. The tissue-specific expression patterns showed that LcCOBL5 was highly expressed in the phloem and xylem, indicating its potential role in cellulose biosynthesis. In addition, the cis-element analysis and abiotic stress transcriptomes showed that three LcCOBLs, LcCOBL3, LcCOBL4 and LcCOBL5, transcriptionally responded to abiotic stresses, including cold, drought and heat stress. In particular, the quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis further confirmed that the LcCOBL3 gene was significantly upregulated in response to cold stress and peaked at 24-48 h, hinting at its potential role in the mechanism of cold resistance in L. chinense. Moreover, GFP-fused LcCOBL2, LcCOBL4 and LcCOBL5 were found to be localized in the cytomembrane. In summary, we expect these results to be beneficial for research on both the functions of LcCOBL genes and resistance breeding in L. chinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weihuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bojun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xueyan Zheng
- National Germplasm Bank of Chinese Fir at Fujian Yangkou Forest Farm, Nanping 353211, China
| | - Yong Li
- National Germplasm Bank of Chinese Fir at Fujian Yangkou Forest Farm, Nanping 353211, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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14
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Tian R, Jiang J, Bo S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Hearne SJ, Tang J, Ding D, Fu Z. Multi-omic characterization of the maize GPI synthesis mutant gwt1 with defects in kernel development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:191. [PMID: 37038106 PMCID: PMC10084604 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and GPI-anchored proteins (GAPs) are important for cell wall formation and reproductive development in Arabidopsis. However, monocot counterparts that function in kernel endosperm development have yet to be discovered. Here, we performed a multi-omic analysis to explore the function of GPI related genes on kernel development in maize. RESULTS In maize, 48 counterparts of human GPI synthesis and lipid remodeling genes were identified, in which null mutation of the glucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol O-acyltransferase1 gene, ZmGWT1, caused a kernel mutant (named gwt1) with defects in the basal endosperm transport layer (BETL). We performed plasma membrane (PM) proteomics to characterize the potential GAPs involved in kernel development. In total, 4,981 proteins were successfully identified in 10-DAP gwt1 kernels of mutant and wild-type (WT), including 1,638 membrane-anchored proteins with different posttranslational modifications. Forty-seven of the 256 predicted GAPs were differentially accumulated between gwt1 and WT. Two predicted BETL-specific GAPs (Zm00001d018837 and Zm00001d049834), which kept similar abundance at general proteome but with significantly decreased abundance at membrane proteome in gwt1 were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the importance of GPI and GAPs for endosperm development and provide candidate genes for further investigation of the regulatory network in which ZmGWT1 participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shirong Bo
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Sarah Jane Hearne
- CIMMYT, KM 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Edo. De Mexico, 56237, Mexico
| | - Jihua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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15
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Liu FF, Wan YX, Cao WX, Zhang QQ, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang PZ, Si HQ. Novel function of a putative TaCOBL ortholog associated with cold response. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4375-4384. [PMID: 36944863 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant COBRA protein family plays an important role in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and the orientation of cell expansion. The COBRA gene family has been well studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, maize, rice, etc., but no systematic studies were conducted in wheat. In this study, the full-length sequence of TaCOBLs was obtained by homology cloning from wheat, and a conserved motif analysis confirmed that TaCOBLs belonged to the COBRA protein family. qRT-PCR results showed that the TaCOBL transcripts were induced by abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, salinity, and abscisic acid (ABA). Two haplotypes of TaCOBL-5B (Hap5B-a and Hap5B-b), harboring one indel (----/TATA) in the 5' flanking region (- 550 bp), were found on chromosome 5BS. A co-dominant marker, Ta5BF/Ta5BR, was developed based on the polymorphism of the two TaCOBL-5B haplotypes. Significant correlations between the two TaCOBL-5B haplotypes and cold resistance were observed under four environmental conditions. Hap5B-a, a favored haplotype acquired during wheat polyploidization, may positively contribute to enhanced cold resistance in wheat. Based on the promoter activity analysis, the Hap5B-a promoter containing a TATA-box was more active than that of Hap5B-b without the TATA-box under low temperature. Our study provides valuable information indicating that the TaCOBL genes are associated with cold response in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ying-Xiu Wan
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wen-Xin Cao
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Qi-Qi Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yao Li
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yan Li
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ping-Zhi Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Hong-Qi Si
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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16
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Wang S, Robertz S, Seven M, Kraemer F, Kuhn BM, Liu L, Lunde C, Pauly M, Ramírez V. A large-scale forward genetic screen for maize mutants with altered lignocellulosic properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099009. [PMID: 36959947 PMCID: PMC10028098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient pipelines for the bioconversion of grass lignocellulosic feedstocks is challenging due to the limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis, deposition, and degradation of the varying polymers unique to grass cell walls. Here, we describe a large-scale forward genetic approach resulting in the identification of a collection of chemically mutagenized maize mutants with diverse alterations in their cell wall attributes such as crystalline cellulose content or hemicellulose composition. Saccharification yield, i.e. the amount of lignocellulosic glucose (Glc) released by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, is increased in two of the mutants and decreased in the remaining six. These mutants, termed candy-leaf (cal), show no obvious plant growth or developmental defects despite associated differences in their lignocellulosic composition. The identified cal mutants are a valuable tool not only to understand recalcitrance of grass lignocellulosics to enzymatic deconstruction but also to decipher grass-specific aspects of cell wall biology once the genetic basis, i.e. the location of the mutation, has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogan Wang
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Robertz
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Merve Seven
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Kraemer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Kuhn
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - China Lunde
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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17
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Pedersen GB, Blaschek L, Frandsen KEH, Noack LC, Persson S. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:206-231. [PMID: 36564945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion, protection, and a means of directional growth to plants. Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls. The biosynthesis of cellulose, which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth's most abundant biopolymer, is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues. Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in, for example, structural biology and microscopy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors. We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field, and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Liao K, Han L, Yang Z, Huang Y, Du S, Lyu Q, Shi Z, Shi S. A novel in-situ quantitative profiling approach for visualizing changes in lignin and cellulose by stained micrographs. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:119997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Natural variation of DROT1 confers drought adaptation in upland rice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4265. [PMID: 35871266 PMCID: PMC9308802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractUpland rice is a distinct ecotype that grows in aerobic environments and tolerates drought stress. However, the genetic basis of its drought resistance is unclear. Here, using an integrative approach combining a genome-wide association study with analyses of introgression lines and transcriptomic profiles, we identify a gene, DROUGHT1 (DROT1), encoding a COBRA-like protein that confers drought resistance in rice. DROT1 is specifically expressed in vascular bundles and is directly repressed by ERF3 and activated by ERF71, both drought-responsive transcription factors. DROT1 improves drought resistance by adjusting cell wall structure by increasing cellulose content and maintaining cellulose crystallinity. A C-to-T single-nucleotide variation in the promoter increases DROT1 expression and drought resistance in upland rice. The potential elite haplotype of DROT1 in upland rice could originate in wild rice (O. rufipogon) and may be beneficial for breeding upland rice varieties.
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20
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Gorelova V. Assembling chimeras: BC16 helps to reshape protein GPI lipid anchors, thereby tuning cell wall mechanics in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4671-4672. [PMID: 36102826 PMCID: PMC9709972 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists, USA
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708WE, The Netherlands
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21
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Xu Z, Gao Y, Gao C, Mei J, Wang S, Ma J, Yang H, Cao S, Wang Y, Zhang F, Liu X, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor lipid remodeling directs proteins to the plasma membrane and governs cell wall mechanics. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4778-4794. [PMID: 35976113 PMCID: PMC9709986 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring is a common protein modification that targets proteins to the plasma membrane (PM). Knowledge about the GPI lipid tail, which guides the secretion of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), is limited in plants. Here, we report that rice (Oryza sativa) BRITTLE CULM16 (BC16), a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) remodels GPI lipid tails and governs cell wall biomechanics. The bc16 mutant exhibits fragile internodes, resulting from reduced cell wall thickness and cellulose content. BC16 is the only MBOAT in rice and is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Yeast gup1Δ mutant restoring assay and GPI lipid composition analysis demonstrated BC16 as a GPI lipid remodelase. Loss of BC16 alters GPI lipid structure and disturbs the targeting of BC1, a GPI-AP for cellulose biosynthesis, to the PM lipid nanodomains. Atomic force microscopy revealed compromised deposition of cellulosic nanofibers in bc16, leading to an increased Young's modulus and abnormal mechanical properties. Therefore, BC16-mediated lipid remodeling directs the GPI-APs, such as BC1, to the cell surface to fulfill multiple functions, including cellulose organization. Our work unravels a mechanism by which GPI lipids are remodeled in plants and provides insights into the control of cell wall biomechanics, offering a tool for breeding elite crops with improved support strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiasong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaogan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hanlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Ma Y, Stafford L, Ratcliffe J, Bacic A, Johnson KL. WAKL8 Regulates Arabidopsis Stem Secondary Wall Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2297. [PMID: 36079678 PMCID: PMC9460275 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wall-associated kinases/kinase-likes (WAKs/WAKLs) are plant cell surface sensors. A variety of studies have revealed the important functions of WAKs/WAKLs in regulating cell expansion and defense in cells with primary cell walls. Less is known about their roles during the development of the secondary cell walls (SCWs) that are present in xylem vessel (XV) and interfascicular fiber (IF) cells. In this study, we used RNA-seq data to screen Arabidopsis thaliana WAKs/WAKLs members that may be involved in SCW development and identified WAKL8 as a candidate. We obtained T-DNA insertion mutants wakl8-1 (inserted at the promoter region) and wakl8-2 (inserted at the first exon) and compared the phenotypes to wild-type (WT) plants. Decreased WAKL8 transcript levels in stems were found in the wakl8-2 mutant plants, and the phenotypes observed included reduced stem length and thinner walls in XV and IFs compared with those in the WT plants. Cell wall analysis showed no significant changes in the crystalline cellulose or lignin content in mutant stems compared with those in the WT. We found that WAKL8 had alternative spliced versions predicted to have only extracellular regions, which may interfere with the function of the full-length version of WAKL8. Our results suggest WAKL8 can regulate SCW thickening in Arabidopsis stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Luke Stafford
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Julian Ratcliffe
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
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23
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Zhou K. The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:904714. [PMID: 36036018 PMCID: PMC9412048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.904714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A polysaccharides-based cell wall covers the plant cell, shaping it and protecting it from the harsh environment. Cellulose microfibrils constitute the cell wall backbone and are embedded in a matrix of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Various environmental and developmental cues can regulate the plant cell wall, and diverse glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins participate in these regulations. GPI is a common lipid modification on eukaryotic proteins, which covalently tethers the proteins to the membrane lipid bilayer. Catalyzed by a series of enzymic complexes, protein precursors are post-translationally modified at their hydrophobic carboxyl-terminus in the endomembrane system and anchored to the lipid bilayer through an oligosaccharidic GPI modification. Ultimately, mature proteins reach the plasma membrane via the secretory pathway facing toward the apoplast and cell wall in plants. In Arabidopsis, more than three hundred GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) have been predicted, and many are reported to be involved in diverse regulations of the cell wall. In this review, we summarize GPI-APs involved in cell wall regulation. GPI-APs are proposed to act as structural components of the cell wall, organize cellulose microfibrils at the cell surface, and during cell wall integrity signaling transduction. Besides regulating protein trafficking, the GPI modification is potentially governed by a GPI shedding system that cleaves and releases the GPI-anchored proteins from the plasma membrane into the cell wall.
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24
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Wang P, Yamaji N, Ma JF. A Golgi-localized glycosyltransferase, OsGT14;1, is required for growth of both roots and shoots in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:923-935. [PMID: 35791277 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) form a large family in plants and are important enzymes for the synthesis of various polysaccharides, but only a few members have been functionally characterized. Here, through mutant screening with gene mapping, we found that an Oryza sativa (rice) mutant with a short-root phenotype was caused by a frame-shift mutation of a gene (OsGT14;1) belonging to the glycosyltransferase gene family 14. Further analysis indicated that the mutant also had a brittle culm and produced lower grain yield compared with wild-type rice, but the roots showed similar root structure and function in terms of the uptake of mineral nutrients. OsGT14;1 was broadly expressed in all organs throughout the entire growth period, with a relatively high expression in the roots, stems, node I and husk. Furthermore, OsGT14;1 was expressed in all tissues of these organs. Subcellular observation revealed that OsGT14;1 encoded a Golgi-localized protein. Mutation of OsGT14;1 resulted in decreased cellulose content and increased hemicellulose, but did not alter pectin in the cell wall of roots and shoots. The knockout of OsGT14;1 did not affect the tolerance to toxic mineral elements, including Al, As, Cd and salt stress, but did increase the sensitivity to low pH. Taken together, OsGT14;1 located at the Golgi is required for growth of both roots and shoots in rice through affecting cellulose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitong Wang
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
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25
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Zhao Y, Su X, Wang X, Wang M, Feng X, Aamir Manzoor M, Cai Y. Comparative genomic analysis of the COBRA genes in six Rosaceae species and expression analysis in Chinese white pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13723. [PMID: 35873912 PMCID: PMC9306554 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
COBRA-Like (COBL) genes encode a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring protein unique to plants. In current study, 87 COBRA genes were identified in 6 Rosaceae species, including Pyrus bretschneideri (16 genes), Malus domestica (22 genes), Fragaria vesca (13 genes), Prunus mume (11 genes), Rubus occidentalis (13 genes) and Prunus avium (12 genes). We revealed the evolution of the COBRA gene in six Rosaceae species by phylogeny, gene structure, conservative sequence, hydrophobicity analysis, gene replication events and sliding window analysis. In addition, based on the analysis of expression patterns in pear fruit combined with bioinformatics, we identified PbCOBL12 and PbCOBL13 as potential genes regulating secondary cell wall (SCW) formation during pear stone cell development. This study aimed to understand the evolutionary relationship of the COBRA gene in Rosaceae species, clarify the potential function of COBRA in pear fruit development, and provide essential theoretical basis and gene resources for improving pear fruit quality through genetical modification mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueqiang Su
- Institute of Sericulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, HeFei, China
| | - Xinya Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengna Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Feng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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26
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Cosgrove DJ. Building an extensible cell wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1246-1277. [PMID: 35460252 PMCID: PMC9237729 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls. Updates of the structures, physical interactions, and roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins are presented. This leads to an example of how a conceptual depiction of wall structure can be translated into an explicit quantitative model based on molecular dynamics methods. Comparison of the model's mechanical behavior with experimental results provides insights into the molecular basis of complex mechanical behaviors of primary cell wall and uncovers the dominant role of cellulose-cellulose interactions in forming a strong yet extensible network.
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27
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Bres C, Petit J, Reynoud N, Brocard L, Marion D, Lahaye M, Bakan B, Rothan C. The SlSHN2 transcription factor contributes to cuticle formation and epidermal patterning in tomato fruit. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:14. [PMID: 37789465 PMCID: PMC10515250 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an established model for studying plant cuticle because of its thick cuticle covering and embedding the epidermal cells of the fruit. In this study, we screened an EMS mutant collection of the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for fruit cracking mutants and found a mutant displaying a glossy fruit phenotype. By using an established mapping-by-sequencing strategy, we identified the causal mutation in the SlSHN2 transcription factor that is specifically expressed in outer epidermis of growing fruit. The point mutation in the shn2 mutant introduces a K to N amino acid change in the highly conserved 'mm' domain of SHN proteins. The cuticle from shn2 fruit showed a ~ fivefold reduction in cutin while abundance and composition of waxes were barely affected. In addition to alterations in cuticle thickness and properties, epidermal patterning and polysaccharide composition of the cuticle were changed. RNAseq analysis further highlighted the altered expression of hundreds of genes in the fruit exocarp of shn2, including genes associated with cuticle and cell wall formation, hormone signaling and response, and transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, we showed that a point mutation in the transcriptional regulator SlSHN2 causes major changes in fruit cuticle formation and its coordination with epidermal patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bres
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Johann Petit
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoud
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit Et Pathologie, 71 Av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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28
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Nibbering P, Castilleux R, Wingsle G, Niittylä T. CAGEs are Golgi-localized GT31 enzymes involved in cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1271-1285. [PMID: 35289007 PMCID: PMC9321575 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the main structural component in the plant cell walls. We show that two glycosyltransferase family 31 (GT31) enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana, here named cellulose synthesis associated glycosyltransferases 1 and 2 (CAGE1 and 2), influence both primary and secondary cell wall cellulose biosynthesis. cage1cage2 mutants show primary cell wall defects manifesting as impaired growth and cell expansion in seedlings and etiolated hypocotyls, along with secondary cell wall defects, apparent as collapsed xylem vessels and reduced xylem wall thickness in the inflorescence stem. Single and double cage mutants also show increased sensitivity to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben. The cage1cage2 phenotypes were associated with an approximately 30% reduction in cellulose content, an approximately 50% reduction in secondary cell wall CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) protein levels in stems and reduced cellulose biosynthesis rate in seedlings. CESA transcript levels were not significantly altered in cage1cage2 mutants, suggesting that the reduction in CESA levels was caused by a post-transcriptional mechanism. Both CAGE1 and 2 localize to the Golgi apparatus and are predicted to synthesize β-1,3-galactans on arabinogalactan proteins. In line with this, the cage1cage2 mutants exhibit reduced levels of β-Yariv binding to arabinogalactan protein linked β-1,3-galactan. This leads us to hypothesize that defects in arabinogalactan biosynthesis underlie the cellulose deficiency of the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Nibbering
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
| | - Romain Castilleux
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
| | - Gunnar Wingsle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
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29
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Veronico P, Rosso LC, Melillo MT, Fanelli E, De Luca F, Ciancio A, Colagiero M, Pentimone I. Water Stress Differentially Modulates the Expression of Tomato Cell Wall Metabolism-Related Genes in Meloidogyne incognita Feeding Sites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817185. [PMID: 35498686 PMCID: PMC9051518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic observations and transcriptomic RNA-Seq analyses were applied to investigate the effect of water stress during the formation of tomato galls formation 1 and 2 weeks after inoculation with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Water stress affected root growth and the nematode ability to mount an efficient parasitism. The effects of water stress on the feeding site development were already observed at 1 week after nematode inoculation, with smaller giant cells, delayed development, and thinner cell walls. These features suggested changes in the expression levels of genes involved in the feeding site formation and maintenance. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and expression patterns were used to characterize differentially expressed genes. Water stress modified the expression profile of genes involved in the synthesis, degradation, and remodeling of the cell wall during the development of nematode feeding site. A comparison of gene expression with unstressed galls revealed that water stress intensified the up or downregulation of most genes. However, it particularly influenced the expression pattern of expansin A11 (Solyc04g081870.4.1), expansin-like B1(Solyc08g077910.3.1), a pectin acetylesterase (Solyc08g005800.4.1), and the pectin methylesterase pmeu1 (Solyc03g123630.4.1) which were upregulated in unstressed galls and repressed by water stress, at both sampling times. The expression of most members of the genes involved in cell wall metabolism, i.e., those coding for Csl, fasciclin, and COBRA proteins, were negatively influenced. Interestingly, alteration in the expression profiles of most dirigent protein genes (DIRs) and upregulation of five gene coding for Casparian strip domain protein (CASP)-like proteins were found. Gene expression analysis of galls from water stressed plants allowed us to better understand the molecular basis of M. incognita parasitism in tomato. Specific genes, including those involved in regulation of cellulose synthesis and lignification process, require further study to develop defense strategies against root-knot nematodes.
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30
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Panahabadi R, Ahmadikhah A, McKee LS, Ingvarsson PK, Farrokhi N. Genome-wide association study for lignocellulosic compounds and fermentable sugar in rice straw. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20174. [PMID: 34806838 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose and lignin are the two main components of secondary plant cell walls with substantial impact on stalk in the field and on straw during industrial processing. The amount of fermentable sugar that can be accessed is another important parameter affecting various industrial applications. In the present study, genetic variability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for cellulose, lignin, and fermentable sugars contents was analyzed in rice straw. A genome-wide association study of 33,484 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a minor allele frequency (MAF) >0.05 was performed. The genome-wide association study identified seven, three, and three genomic regions to be significantly associated with cellulose, lignin, and fermentable sugar contents, respectively. Candidate genes in the associated genomic regions were enzymes mainly involved in cell wall metabolism. Novel SNP markers associated with cellulose were tagged to GH16, peroxidase, GT6, GT8, and CSLD2. For lignin content, Villin protein, OsWAK1/50/52/53, and GH16 were identified. For fermentable sugar content, UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1, and receptor-like protein kinase 5 were found. The results of this study should improve our understanding of the genetic basis of the factors that might be involved in biosynthesis, turnover, and modification of major cell wall components and saccharides in rice straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Panahabadi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti Univ., Tehran, Iran
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | | | - Lauren S McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Dep. of Plant Biology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naser Farrokhi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti Univ., Tehran, Iran
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31
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Wang H, Yang H, Wen Z, Gao C, Gao Y, Tian Y, Xu Z, Liu X, Persson S, Zhang B, Zhou Y. Xylan-based nanocompartments orchestrate plant vessel wall patterning. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:295-306. [PMID: 35318447 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclustering of biomacromolecules allows cells to efficiently orchestrate biological processes. The plant cell wall is a highly organized polysaccharide network but is heterogeneous in chemistry and structure. However, polysaccharide-based nanocompartments remain ill-defined. Here, we identify a xylan-rich nanodomain at pit borders of xylem vessels. We show that these nanocompartments maintain distinct wall patterns by anchoring cellulosic nanofibrils at the pit borders, critically supporting vessel robustness, water transport and leaf transpiration. The nanocompartments are produced by the activity of IRREGULAR XYLEM (IRX)10 and its homologues, which we show are de novo xylan synthases. Our study hence outlines a mechanism of how xylans are synthesized, how they assemble into nanocompartments and how the nanocompartments sustain cell wall pit patterning to support efficient water transport throughout the plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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32
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Ma Y, MacMillan CP, de Vries L, Mansfield SD, Hao P, Ratcliffe J, Bacic A, Johnson KL. FLA11 and FLA12 glycoproteins fine-tune stem secondary wall properties in response to mechanical stresses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1750-1767. [PMID: 34862967 PMCID: PMC9302641 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell walls (SCWs) in stem xylem vessel and fibre cells enable plants to withstand the enormous compressive forces associated with upright growth. It remains unclear if xylem vessel and fibre cells can directly sense mechanical stimuli and modify their SCW during development. We provide evidence that Arabidopsis SCW-specific Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-proteins 11 (FLA11) and 12 (FLA12) are possible cell surface sensors regulating SCW development in response to mechanical stimuli. Plants overexpressing FLA11 (OE-FLA11) showed earlier SCW development compared to the wild-type (WT) and altered SCW properties that phenocopy WT plants under compression stress. By contrast, OE-FLA12 stems showed higher cellulose content compared to WT plants, similar to plants experiencing tensile stress. fla11, OE-FLA11, fla12, and OE-FLA12 plants showed altered SCW responses to mechanical stress compared to the WT. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and RNA-seq analysis revealed the up-regulation of genes and pathways involved in stress responses and SCW synthesis and regulation. Analysis of OE-FLA11 nst1 nst3 plants suggests that FLA11 regulation of SCWs is reliant on classical transcriptional networks. Our data support the involvement of FLA11 and FLA12 in SCW sensing complexes to fine-tune both the initiation of SCW development and the balance of lignin and cellulose synthesis/deposition in SCWs during development and in response to mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.3052Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Agriculture & FoodLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVic.3086Australia
| | - Colleen P. MacMillan
- Agriculture and FoodCSIROCSIRO Black Mountain Science and Innovation ParkCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Lisanne de Vries
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Agriculture & FoodLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVic.3086Australia
| | - Julian Ratcliffe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Agriculture & FoodLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVic.3086Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Agriculture & FoodLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVic.3086Australia
- College of Forestry and BiotechnologySino‐Australia Plant Cell Wall Research CentreZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry UniversityLin'anHangzhou311300China
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Agriculture & FoodLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVic.3086Australia
- College of Forestry and BiotechnologySino‐Australia Plant Cell Wall Research CentreZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry UniversityLin'anHangzhou311300China
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Zeng Z, Zhu S, Wang Y, Bai X, Liu C, Chen J, Zhang T, Wei Y, Li F, Bao Z, Yan L, Wang H, Liu T. Resequencing of 301 ramie accessions identifies genetic loci and breeding selection for fibre yield traits. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:323-334. [PMID: 34558775 PMCID: PMC8753365 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ramie is an important fibre-producing crop in China; however, the genetic basis of its agronomic traits remains poorly understood. We produced a comprehensive map of genomic variation in ramie based on resequencing of 301 landraces and cultivars. Genetic analysis produced 129 signals significantly associated with six fibre yield-related traits, and several genes were identified as candidate genes for respective traits. Furthermore, we found that natural variations in the promoter region of Bnt14G019616 were associated with extremely low fibre abundance, providing the first evidence for the role of pectin methylesterase in fibre growth of plants. Additionally, nucleotide diversity analysis revealed that breeding selection has been markedly focussed on chromosome 9 in which ~ 39.6% sequence underwent selection, where one gibberellin-signalling-repressed DELLA gene showed distinct selection signatures in the cultivars. This study provides insights into the genetic architecture and breeding history of fibre yield traits in ramie. Moreover, the identification of fibre yield-related genetic loci and large-scale genomic variation represent valuable resources for genomics-assisted breeding of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zeng
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Siyuan Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Xuehua Bai
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Chan Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental EngineeringChangsha UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Shanghai OE Biotech. Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Yiping Wei
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Fu Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Zhigui Bao
- Shanghai OE Biotech. Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Li Yan
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | | | - Touming Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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35
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An Y, Lu W, Li W, Pan L, Lu M, Cesarino I, Li Z, Zeng W. Dietary Fiber in Plant Cell Walls—The Healthy Carbohydrates. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is one of the major classes of nutrients for humans. It is widely distributed in the edible parts of natural plants, with the cell wall being the main DF-containing structure. The DF content varies significantly in different plant species and organs, and the processing procedure can have a dramatic effect on the DF composition of plant-based foods. Given the considerable nutritional value of DF, a deeper understanding of DF in food plants, including its composition and biosynthesis, is fundamental to the establishment of a daily intake reference of DF and is also critical to molecular breeding programs for modifying DF content. In the past decades, plant cell wall biology has seen dramatic progress, and such knowledge is of great potential to be translated into DF-related food science research and may provide future research directions for improving the health benefits of food crops. In this review, to spark interdisciplinary discussions between food science researchers and plant cell wall biologists, we focus on a specific category of DF—cell wall carbohydrates. We first summarize the content and composition of carbohydrate DF in various plant-based foods, and then discuss the structure and biosynthesis mechanism of each carbohydrate DF category, in particular the respective biosynthetic enzymes. Health impacts of DF are highlighted, and finally, future directions of DF research are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bernat-Silvestre C, Sánchez-Simarro J, Ma Y, Montero-Pau J, Johnson K, Aniento F, Marcote MJ. AtPGAP1 functions as a GPI inositol-deacylase required for efficient transport of GPI-anchored proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2156-2173. [PMID: 34618080 PMCID: PMC8644293 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play an important role in a variety of plant biological processes including growth, stress response, morphogenesis, signaling, and cell wall biosynthesis. The GPI anchor contains a lipid-linked glycan backbone that is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it is subsequently transferred to the C-terminus of proteins containing a GPI signal peptide by a GPI transamidase. Once the GPI anchor is attached to the protein, the glycan and lipid moieties are remodeled. In mammals and yeast, this remodeling is required for GPI-APs to be included in Coat Protein II-coated vesicles for their ER export and subsequent transport to the cell surface. The first reaction of lipid remodeling is the removal of the acyl chain from the inositol group by Bst1p (yeast) and Post-GPI Attachment to Proteins Inositol Deacylase 1 (PGAP1, mammals). In this work, we have used a loss-of-function approach to study the role of PGAP1/Bst1 like genes in plants. We have found that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PGAP1 localizes to the ER and likely functions as the GPI inositol-deacylase that cleaves the acyl chain from the inositol ring of the GPI anchor. In addition, we show that PGAP1 function is required for efficient ER export and transport to the cell surface of GPI-APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Bernat-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Judit Sánchez-Simarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Javier Montero-Pau
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Kim Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
- Author for communication: (M.J.M), (F.A)
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
- Author for communication: (M.J.M), (F.A)
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Ma X, Li C, Huang R, Zhang K, Wang Q, Fu C, Liu W, Sun C, Wang P, Wang F, Deng X. Rice Brittle Culm19 Encoding Cellulose Synthase Subunit CESA4 Causes Dominant Brittle Phenotype But has No Distinct Influence on Growth and Grain Yield. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:95. [PMID: 34822039 PMCID: PMC8617145 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical strength is a crucial agronomic trait in rice (Oryza sativa), and brittle mutants are thought suitable materials to investigate the mechanism of cell wall formation. So far, almost all brittle mutants are recessive, and most of them are defected in multiple morphologies and/or grain yield, limiting their application in hybrid breeding and in rice straw recycling. RESULTS We identified a semi-dominant brittle mutant Brittle culm19 (Bc19) isolated from the japonica variety Nipponbare through chemical mutagenesis. The mutant showed the same apparent morphologies and grain yield to the wild type plant except for its weak mechanical strength. Its development of secondary cell wall in sclerenchyma cells was affected, along with reduced contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and sugars in culms and leaves. Positional cloning suggested that the Bc19 gene was allelic to OsCESA4, encoding one of the cellulose synthase A (CESA) catalytic subunits. In this mutant, a C-to-T substitution occurred in the coding sequence of BC19, causing the P507S missense mutation in its encoded product, which was located in the second cytoplasmic region of the OsCESA4 protein. Furthermore, introducing mutant gene Bc19 into the wild-type plant resulted in brittle plants, confirming that the P507S point mutation in OsCESA4 protein was responsible for the semi-dominant brittle phenotype of Bc19 mutant. Reverse correlation was revealed between cellulose contents and expression levels of mutant gene Bc19 among the homozygous mutant, the hybrid F1 plant, and the Bc19 overexpression transgenic plants, implying that gene Bc19 might affect cellulose synthesis in a dosage-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Bc19, a semi-dominant brittle mutant allele of gene OsCESA4, was identified using map-based cloning approach. The mutated protein of Bc19 possessing the P507S missense mutation behaved in a dosage-dependent semi-dominant manner. Unique brittle effect on phenotype and semi-dominant genetic quality of gene Bc19 indicated its potential application in grain-straw dual-purpose hybrid rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chongyun Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wuge Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Changhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pingrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xiaojian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Zaheer M, Rehman SU, Khan SH, Shahid S, Rasheed A, Naz R, Sajjad M. Characterization of new COBRA like (COBL) genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and their expression analysis under drought stress. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1379-1387. [PMID: 34800231 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COBL genes encode a plant-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. Recently identified COBRA genes are supposed as a key regulator of the orientation of cell expansion in the root indicating that COBRA gene family members are likely to be important players at the plasma membrane-cell wall interface. METHODS AND RESULTS Five COBL gene namely, TaCOBL 1, TaCOBL 2, TaCOBL 3, TaCOBL 4 and TaCOBL 5 were identified using database search and domain predictions. Chromosomal location of each gene was mapped on karyotype. Structure of genes, promoter analysis and phylogenetic analysis were performed using different bioinformatics tools. Set of novel SNPs were also predicted. Gene ontologies were analyzed, and the processes and pathways were identified in which COBRA genes were involved. The molecular weight all the cobra proteins was in range of 50-75 KDa with 429-461 amino acid residues. The COBL genes were mapped on homeologous groups 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Gene ontology analysis revealed that TaCOBL genes were involved in cellulose microfibril organization, mucilage biosynthetic process involved in seed coat development, plant-type cell wall biogenesis plant-type cell wall cellulose biosynthetic process, seed coat development and seed development. Three drought responsive cis-elements (WRKY, ABRE and DRE) were found nearby COBL genes The qRT-PCR revealed TaCOBL genes are drought responsive and can be further explored to understand their role in drought tolerance in wheat. CONCLUSION The comprehensive annotation and expression profiling of COBL genes revealed that all five COBL genes are drought response. The promoter cis-regulatory element analysis revealed that COBL genes had stress related WRKY, ABRE and DRE cis-regulatory elements. This evidence suggest that TaCOBL genes are involved in drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaheer
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ur Rehman
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shahmeer Shahid
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Awais Rasheed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Naz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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Wu B, Li Y, Li J, Xie Z, Luan M, Gao C, Shi Y, Chen S. Genome-Wide Analysis of Alternative Splicing and Non-Coding RNAs Reveal Complicated Transcriptional Regulation in Cannabis sativa L. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111989. [PMID: 34769433 PMCID: PMC8584933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of significance to mine the structural genes related to the biosynthetic pathway of fatty acid (FA) and cellulose as well as explore the regulatory mechanism of alternative splicing (AS), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, FA and cellulose, which would enhance the knowledge of gene expression and regulation at post-transcriptional level in Cannabis sativa L. In this study, transcriptome, small RNA and degradome libraries of hemp 'Yunma No.1' were established, and comprehensive analysis was performed. As a result, a total of 154, 32 and 331 transcripts encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, FA and cellulose were predicted, respectively, among which AS occurred in 368 transcripts. Moreover, 183 conserved miRNAs, 380 C. sativa-specific miRNAs and 7783 lncRNAs were predicted. Among them, 70 miRNAs and 17 lncRNAs potentially targeted 13 and 17 transcripts, respectively, encoding key enzymes or transporters involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, cellulose or FA. Finally, the crosstalk between AS and miRNAs or lncRNAs involved in cannabinoids and cellulose was also predicted. In summary, all these results provided insights into the complicated network of gene expression and regulation in C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yanni Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Jishuang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Mingbao Luan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (M.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (M.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
- Correspondence:
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Julius BT, McCubbin TJ, Mertz RA, Baert N, Knoblauch J, Grant DG, Conner K, Bihmidine S, Chomet P, Wagner R, Woessner J, Grote K, Peevers J, Slewinski TL, McCann MC, Carpita NC, Knoblauch M, Braun DM. Maize Brittle Stalk2-Like3, encoding a COBRA protein, functions in cell wall formation and carbohydrate partitioning. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3348-3366. [PMID: 34323976 PMCID: PMC8505866 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate partitioning from leaves to sink tissues is essential for plant growth and development. The maize (Zea mays) recessive carbohydrate partitioning defective28 (cpd28) and cpd47 mutants exhibit leaf chlorosis and accumulation of starch and soluble sugars. Transport studies with 14C-sucrose (Suc) found drastically decreased export from mature leaves in cpd28 and cpd47 mutants relative to wild-type siblings. Consistent with decreased Suc export, cpd28 mutants exhibited decreased phloem pressure in mature leaves, and altered phloem cell wall ultrastructure in immature and mature leaves. We identified the causative mutations in the Brittle Stalk2-Like3 (Bk2L3) gene, a member of the COBRA family, which is involved in cell wall development across angiosperms. None of the previously characterized COBRA genes are reported to affect carbohydrate export. Consistent with other characterized COBRA members, the BK2L3 protein localized to the plasma membrane, and the mutants condition a dwarf phenotype in dark-grown shoots and primary roots, as well as the loss of anisotropic cell elongation in the root elongation zone. Likewise, both mutants exhibit a significant cellulose deficiency in mature leaves. Therefore, Bk2L3 functions in tissue growth and cell wall development, and this work elucidates a unique connection between cellulose deposition in the phloem and whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Julius
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Tyler J McCubbin
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Rachel A Mertz
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Present address: Inari Agriculture, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
| | - Nick Baert
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - DeAna G Grant
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Kyle Conner
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Saadia Bihmidine
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Paul Chomet
- NRGene Inc., 8910 University Center Lane, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Ruth Wagner
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Jeff Woessner
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Karen Grote
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | | | | | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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Vilela RMIF, Kuster VC, Magalhães TA, Moraes CA, de Paula Filho AC, de Oliveira DC. Impact of Meloidogyne incognita (nematode) infection on root tissues and cell wall composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench, Malvaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:979-990. [PMID: 33532872 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are endoparasites whose mature females lodge and grow inside the root of some cultivated plants, leading to losses in productivity. Herein, we investigated if the infection of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae), promoted by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Meloidogynidae) changes some agronomic traits of the host plant, as well as the cell wall composition of the root tissues. The okra Santa Cruz 47® cultivar was infected with a suspension of 5000 M. incognita juveniles. The inoculated and non-inoculated okra plants were then submitted to morphological analysis at the end of experiment, as well as histological (at 4, 11, 18, 39, ad 66 days after inoculation) and immunocytochemical analysis (control and 66 days after inoculation). Root-knot nematode infection reduced the dry weight of the stem system but, unexpectedly, the number and weight of fruits increased. At 11 days after inoculation, we detected the presence of giant cells that increased in number and size until the end of the experiment, at 66 days after inoculation. These cells came from the xylem parenchyma and showed intense and moderate labeling for epitopes recognized by JIM5 and JIM7. The presence of homogalacturonans (HGs) with different degrees of methyl esterification seems to be related to the injuries caused by the nematode feeding activity and to the processes of giant cell hypertrophy. In addition, the presence of HGs with high methyl-esterified groups can increase the cell wall porosity and facilitate the flux of nutrients for the root-knot nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Campus Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal de Jataí (UFJ), Jataí, Goiás, CEP 75801-615, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia, Lavras, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Araújo Moraes
- Centro Universitário de Goiatuba (UniCerrado), Goiatuba, Goiás, CEP 75600-000, Brazil
| | | | - Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Campus Umuarama, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP 38402-020, Brazil.
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Menna A, Dora S, Sancho-Andrés G, Kashyap A, Meena MK, Sklodowski K, Gasperini D, Coll NS, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. A primary cell wall cellulose-dependent defense mechanism against vascular pathogens revealed by time-resolved dual transcriptomics. BMC Biol 2021; 19:161. [PMID: 34404410 PMCID: PMC8371875 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell walls (CWs) are protein-rich polysaccharide matrices essential for plant growth and environmental acclimation. The CW constitutes the first physical barrier as well as a primary source of nutrients for microbes interacting with plants, such as the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo). Fo colonizes roots, advancing through the plant primary CWs towards the vasculature, where it grows causing devastation in many crops. The pathogenicity of Fo and other vascular microbes relies on their capacity to reach and colonize the xylem. However, little is known about the root-microbe interaction before the pathogen reaches the vasculature and the role of the plant CW during this process. RESULTS Using the pathosystem Arabidopsis-Fo5176, we show dynamic transcriptional changes in both fungus and root during their interaction. One of the earliest plant responses to Fo5176 was the downregulation of primary CW synthesis genes. We observed enhanced resistance to Fo5176 in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in primary CW cellulose synthesis. We confirmed that Arabidopsis roots deposit lignin in response to Fo5176 infection, but we show that lignin-deficient mutants were as susceptible as wildtype plants to Fo5176. Genetic impairment of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling did not alter Arabidopsis response to Fo5176, whereas impairment of ethylene signaling did increase vasculature colonization by Fo5176. Abolishing ethylene signaling attenuated the observed resistance while maintaining the dwarfism observed in primary CW cellulose-deficient mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides significant insights on the dynamic root-vascular pathogen interaction at the transcriptome level and the vital role of primary CW cellulose during defense response to these pathogens. These findings represent an essential resource for the generation of plant resistance to Fo that can be transferred to other vascular pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Menna
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meena
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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TRANVIA (TVA) facilitates cellulose synthase trafficking and delivery to the plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021790118. [PMID: 34290139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021790118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the Golgi and secreted to the plasma membrane through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment. However, the molecular mechanisms that guide CSCs through the secretory system and deliver them to the plasma membrane are poorly understood. Here, we identified an uncharacterized gene, TRANVIA (TVA), that is transcriptionally coregulated with the CESA genes required for primary cell wall synthesis. The tva mutant exhibits enhanced sensitivity to cellulose synthesis inhibitors; reduced cellulose content; and defective dynamics, density, and secretion of CSCs to the plasma membrane as compared to wild type. TVA is a plant-specific protein of unknown function that is detected in at least two different intracellular compartments: organelles labeled by markers for the TGN and smaller compartments that deliver CSCs to the plasma membrane. Together, our data suggest that TVA promotes trafficking of CSCs to the plasma membrane by facilitating exit from the TGN and/or interaction of CSC secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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Fernández-Piñán S, Boher P, Soler M, Figueras M, Serra O. Transcriptomic analysis of cork during seasonal growth highlights regulatory and developmental processes from phellogen to phellem formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12053. [PMID: 34103550 PMCID: PMC8187341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The phellogen or cork cambium stem cells that divide periclinally and outwardly specify phellem or cork. Despite the vital importance of phellem in protecting the radially-growing plant organs and wounded tissues, practically only the suberin biosynthetic process has been studied molecularly so far. Since cork oak (Quercus suber) phellogen is seasonally activated and its proliferation and specification to phellem cells is a continuous developmental process, the differentially expressed genes during the cork seasonal growth served us to identify molecular processes embracing from phellogen to mature differentiated phellem cell. At the beginning of cork growth (April), cell cycle regulation, meristem proliferation and maintenance and processes triggering cell differentiation were upregulated, showing an enrichment of phellogenic cells from which phellem cells are specified. Instead, at maximum (June) and advanced (July) cork growth, metabolic processes paralleling the phellem cell chemical composition, such as the biosynthesis of suberin, lignin, triterpenes and soluble aromatic compounds, were upregulated. Particularly in July, polysaccharides- and lignin-related secondary cell wall processes presented a maximal expression, indicating a cell wall reinforcement in the later stages of cork formation, presumably related with the initiation of latecork development. The putative function of relevant genes identified are discussed in the context of phellem ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernández-Piñán
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pau Boher
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Genome-Wide Analysis of the COBRA-Like Gene Family Supports Gene Expansion through Whole-Genome Duplication in Soybean ( Glycine max). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010167. [PMID: 33467151 PMCID: PMC7830662 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The COBRA-like (COBL) gene family has been associated with the regulation of cell wall expansion and cellulose deposition. COBL mutants result in reduced levels and disorganized deposition of cellulose causing defects in the cell wall and inhibiting plant development. In this study, we report the identification of 24 COBL genes (GmCOBL) in the soybean genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the COBL proteins are divided into two groups, which differ by about 170 amino acids in the N-terminal region. The GmCOBL genes were heterogeneously distributed in 14 of the 20 soybean chromosomes. This study showed that segmental duplication has contributed significantly to the expansion of the COBL family in soybean during all Glycine-specific whole-genome duplication events. The expression profile revealed that the expression of the paralogous genes is highly variable between organs and tissues of the plant. Only 20% of the paralogous gene pairs showed similar expression patterns. The high expression levels of some GmCOBLs suggest they are likely essential for regulating cell expansion during the whole soybean life cycle. Our comprehensive overview of the COBL gene family in soybean provides useful information for further understanding the evolution and diversification of COBL genes in soybean.
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Allen H, Wei D, Gu Y, Li S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhang B, Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhou Y. The plant cell wall: Biosynthesis, construction, and functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:251-272. [PMID: 33325153 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a natural masterpiece. However, the plant cell wall is the least understood cellular structure in plants. Due to great progress in plant functional genomics, many achievements have been made in uncovering cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture, as well as cell wall regulation and signaling. Such information has significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of the cell wall in many biological and physiological processes and has enhanced our utilization of cell wall materials. The use of cutting-edge technologies such as single-molecule imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy has provided much insight into the plant cell wall as an intricate nanoscale network, opening up unprecedented possibilities for cell wall research. In this review, we summarize the major advances made in understanding the cell wall in this era of functional genomics, including the latest findings on the biosynthesis, construction, and functions of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Sato-Izawa K, Nakamura SI, Matsumoto T. Mutation of rice bc1 gene affects internode elongation and induces delayed cell wall deposition in developing internodes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1749786. [PMID: 32299283 PMCID: PMC7238885 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1749786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rice COBRA-like gene, BRITTLE CULM1 (BC1) has been shown to be involved in assembling cell wall components and cellulose crystallinity, which determines mechanical strength in above ground organs. However, the detailed roles of BC1 in rice development are poorly understood. In this study, we found that, unlike the known brittle culm mutants, the internode length of the bc1 mutant was ~1.27 times longer than that of wild type in rice. In order to analyze the effects of bc1 mutation on internode development, we compared the deposition of cell wall components among each developmental stage of the elongating second internodes from wild type, Kinmaze, and the bc1 mutant. In wild type, histochemical observations of lignin revealed that lignin deposition was gradually increased after the cell elongation stage of the internodes. Cellulose and p-coumaric acid (pCA) content also gradually increased along with the progress of the developmental stage. The ferulic acid (FA) content rapidly increased in the cell elongation stage and decreased at the late secondary cell wall formation stage. In the bc1 mutant, the contents of cell wall components were lower than those of wild type from the cell elongation stage, in which the BC1 started to express at this stage in wild type. In the bc1 mutant, the deposition patterns of cell wall components, especially phenolic components including lignin, pCA, and FA, were delayed compared with those of wild type. These results suggest that the BC1 gene plays a role in synthesizing appropriate cell walls at each stage in the developing internode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Sato-Izawa
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang K, Li MQ, Chang YP, Zhang B, Zhao QZ, Zhao WL. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor OsBLR1 regulates leaf angle in rice via brassinosteroid signalling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:589-602. [PMID: 32026326 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf angle is a key factor in plant architecture and crop yield. Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate many developmental processes, especially the leaf angle in monocots. However, the BR signalling pathway is complex and includes many unknown members. Here, we propose that Oryza sativa BRASSINOSTEROID-RESPONSIVE LEAF ANGLE REGULATOR 1 (OsBLR1) encodes a bHLH transcription factor, and positively regulates BR signalling to increase the leaf angle and grain length in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Lines overexpressing OsBLR1 (blr1-D and BLR1-OE-1/2/3) had similar traits, with increased leaf angle and grain length. Conversely, OsBLR1-knockout mutants (blr1-1/2/3) had erect leaves and shorter grains. Lamina joint inclination, coleoptile elongation, and root elongation assay results indicated that these overexpression lines were more sensitive to BR, while the knockout mutants were less sensitive. There was no significant difference in the endogenous BR contents of blr1-1/2 and wild-type plants. These results suggest that OsBLR1 is involved in BR signal transduction. The blr1-D mutant, with increased cell growth in the lamina joint and smaller leaf midrib, showed significant changes in gene expression related to the cell wall and leaf development compared with wild-type plants; furthermore, the cellulose and protopectin contents in blr1-D were reduced, which resulted in the increased leaf angle and bent leaves. As the potential downstream target gene of OsBLR1, the REGULATOR OF LEAF INCLINATION1 (OsRLI1) gene expression was up-regulated in OsBLR1-overexpression lines and down-regulated in OsBLR1-knockout mutants. Moreover, we screened OsRACK1A as an interaction protein of OsBLR1 using a yeast two-hybrid assay and glutathione-S-transferase pull-down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Meng-Qi Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Peng Chang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Quan-Zhi Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
| | - Wen-Li Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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Brandon AG, Scheller HV. Engineering of Bioenergy Crops: Dominant Genetic Approaches to Improve Polysaccharide Properties and Composition in Biomass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:282. [PMID: 32218797 PMCID: PMC7078332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, sustainable production of lignocellulosic bioenergy from biomass will depend on a variety of dedicated bioenergy crops. Despite their great genetic diversity, prospective bioenergy crops share many similarities in the polysaccharide composition of their cell walls, and the changes needed to optimize them for conversion are largely universal. Therefore, biomass modification strategies that do not depend on genetic background or require mutant varieties are extremely valuable. Due to their preferential fermentation and conversion by microorganisms downstream, the ideal bioenergy crop should contain a high proportion of C6-sugars in polysaccharides like cellulose, callose, galactan, and mixed-linkage glucans. In addition, the biomass should be reduced in inhibitors of fermentation like pentoses and acetate. Finally, the overall complexity of the plant cell wall should be modified to reduce its recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction in ways that do no compromise plant health or come at a yield penalty. This review will focus on progress in the use of a variety of genetically dominant strategies to reach these ideals. Due to the breadth and volume of research in the field of lignin bioengineering, this review will instead focus on approaches to improve polysaccharide component plant biomass. Carbohydrate content can be dramatically increased by transgenic overexpression of enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Additionally, the recalcitrance of the cell wall can be reduced via the overexpression of native or non-native carbohydrate active enzymes like glycosyl hydrolases or carbohydrate esterases. Some research in this area has focused on engineering plants that accumulate cell wall-degrading enzymes that are sequestered to organelles or only active at very high temperatures. The rationale being that, in order to avoid potential negative effects of cell wall modification during plant growth, the enzymes could be activated post-harvest, and post-maturation of the cell wall. A potentially significant limitation of this approach is that at harvest, the cell wall is heavily lignified, making the substrates for these enzymes inaccessible and their activity ineffective. Therefore, this review will only include research employing enzymes that are at least partially active under the ambient conditions of plant growth and cell wall development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Brandon
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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