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James K, Oluwole OG. Leveraging human-mouse studies to advance the genetics of hearing impairment in Africa. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3714. [PMID: 38949079 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are used extensively to understand human pathobiology and mechanistic functions of disease-associated loci. However, in this review, we investigate the potential of using genetic mouse models to identify genetic markers that can disrupt hearing thresholds in mice and then target the hearing-enriched orthologues and loci in humans. Currently, little is known about the real prevalence of genes that cause hearing impairment (HI) in Africa. Pre-screening mouse cell lines to identify orthologues of interest has the potential to improve the genetic diagnosis for HI in Africa to a significant percentage, for example, 10-20%. Furthermore, the functionality of a candidate gene derived from mouse screening with heterogeneous genetic backgrounds and multi-omic approaches can shed light on the molecular, genetic heterogeneity and plausible mode of inheritance of a gene in hearing-impaired individuals especially in the absence of large families to investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kili James
- Department of Pathology, Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi G Oluwole
- Department of Pathology, Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zainul Abidin FN, Scelsi MA, Dawson SJ, Altmann A. Glucose hypometabolism in the Auditory Pathway in Age Related Hearing Loss in the ADNI cohort. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 32:102823. [PMID: 34624637 PMCID: PMC8503577 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common age-related diseases. Here, we investigate the central auditory correlates of HL in people with normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and test their association with genetic markers with the aim of revealing pathogenic mechanisms. METHODS Brain glucose metabolism based on FDG-PET, self-reported HL status, and genetic data were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. FDG-PET data was analysed from 742 control subjects (non-HL with normal cognition or MCI) and 162 cases (HL with normal cognition or MCI) with age ranges of 72.2 ± 7.1 and 77.4 ± 6.4, respectively. Voxel-wise statistics of FDG uptake differences between cases and controls were computed using the generalised linear model in SPM12. An additional 1515 FDG-PET scans of 618 participants were analysed using linear mixed effect models to assess longitudinal HL effects. Furthermore, a quantitative trait genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on the glucose uptake within regions of interest (ROIs), which were defined by the voxel-wise comparison, using genotyping data with 5,082,878 variants available for HL cases and HL controls (N = 817). RESULTS The HL group exhibited hypometabolism in the bilateral Heschl's gyrus (kleft = 323; kright = 151; Tleft = 4.55; Tright = 4.14; peak Puncorr < 0.001), the inferior colliculus (k = 219;T = 3.53; peak Puncorr < 0.001) and cochlear nucleus (k = 18;T = 3.55; peak Puncorr < 0.001) after age correction and using a cluster forming height threshold P < 0.005 (FWE-uncorrected). Moreover, in an age-matched subset, the cluster comprising the left Heschl's gyrus survived the FWE-correction (kleft = 1903; Tleft = 4.39; cluster PFWE-corr = 0.001). The quantitative trait GWAS identified no genome-wide significant locus in the three HL ROIs. However, various loci were associated at the suggestive threshold (p < 1e-05). CONCLUSION Compared to the non-HL group, glucose metabolism in the HL group was lower in the auditory cortex, the inferior colliculus, and the cochlear nucleus although the effect sizes were small. The GWAS identified candidate genes that might influence FDG uptake in these regions. However, the specific biological pathway(s) underlying the role of these genes in FDG-hypometabolism in the auditory pathway requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin N Zainul Abidin
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marzia A Scelsi
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sally J Dawson
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andre Altmann
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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De Vincenti AP, Alsina FC, Ferrero Restelli F, Hedman H, Ledda F, Paratcha G. Lrig1 and Lrig3 cooperate to control Ret receptor signaling, sensory axonal growth and epidermal innervation. Development 2021; 148:271159. [PMID: 34338291 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Negative feedback loops represent a regulatory mechanism that guarantees that signaling thresholds are compatible with a physiological response. Previously, we established that Lrig1 acts through this mechanism to inhibit Ret activity. However, it is unclear whether other Lrig family members play similar roles. Here, we show that Lrig1 and Lrig3 are co-expressed in Ret-positive mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Lrig3, like Lrig1, interacts with Ret and inhibits GDNF/Ret signaling. Treatment of DRG neurons with GDNF ligands induces a significant increase in the expression of Lrig1 and Lrig3. Our findings show that, whereas a single deletion of either Lrig1 or Lrig3 fails to promote Ret-mediated axonal growth, haploinsufficiency of Lrig1 in Lrig3 mutants significantly potentiates Ret signaling and axonal growth of DRG neurons in response to GDNF ligands. We observe that Lrig1 and Lrig3 act redundantly to ensure proper cutaneous innervation of nonpeptidergic axons and behavioral sensitivity to cold, which correlates with a significant increase in the expression of the cold-responsive channel TrpA1. Together, our findings provide insights into the in vivo functions through which Lrig genes control morphology, connectivity and function in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula De Vincenti
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - Fernando C Alsina
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - Facundo Ferrero Restelli
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - Håkan Hedman
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1405, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
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Hita FJ, Bekinschtein P, Ledda F, Paratcha G. Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 deficiency affects hippocampal dendrite complexity and impairs cognitive function. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:774-785. [PMID: 34114331 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) transmembrane proteins have been directly linked to neurodevelopmental and cognitive disorders. We have previously shown that the LRR transmembrane protein, leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1), is a physiological regulator of dendrite complexity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and social behavior. In this study, we performed a battery of behavioral tests to evaluate spatial memory and cognitive capabilities in Lrig1 mutant mice. The cognitive assessment demonstrated deficits in recognition and spatial memory, evaluated by novel object recognition and object location tests. Moreover, we found that Lrig1-deficient mice present specific impairments in the processing of similar but not dissimilar locations in a spatial pattern separation task, which was correlated with an enhanced dendritic growth and branching of Doublecortin-positive immature granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Altogether, these findings indicate that Lrig1 plays an essential role in controlling morphological and functional plasticity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Hita
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis"(IBCN)- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Bekinschtein
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis"(IBCN)- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis"(IBCN)- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Medicina, I° U.A. Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Netrin-1 functions as a suppressor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8585. [PMID: 33883596 PMCID: PMC8060280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 is a secreted protein that is well known for its involvement in axonal guidance during embryonic development and as an enhancer of cancer cell metastasis. Despite extensive efforts, the molecular mechanisms behind many of the physiological functions of netrin-1 have remained elusive. Here, we show that netrin-1 functions as a suppressor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in various cellular systems, including a mutually inhibitory interaction with the BMP-promoting function of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) proteins. The BMP inhibitory function of netrin-1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts was dependent on the netrin receptor neogenin, with the expression level regulated by both netrin-1 and LRIG proteins. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized function of netrin-1 that may help to explain several of the developmental, physiological, and cancer-promoting functions of netrins at the signal transduction level.
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LRIG proteins regulate lipid metabolism via BMP signaling and affect the risk of type 2 diabetes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:90. [PMID: 33469151 PMCID: PMC7815736 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) proteins have been implicated as regulators of growth factor signaling; however, the possible redundancy among mammalian LRIG1, LRIG2, and LRIG3 has hindered detailed elucidation of their physiological functions. Here, we show that Lrig-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are deficient in adipogenesis and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. In contrast, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling appeared unaltered in Lrig-null cells. The BMP signaling defect was rescued by ectopic expression of LRIG1 or LRIG3 but not by expression of LRIG2. Caenorhabditis elegans with mutant LRIG/sma-10 variants also exhibited a lipid storage defect. Human LRIG1 variants were strongly associated with increased body mass index (BMI) yet protected against type 2 diabetes; these effects were likely mediated by altered adipocyte morphology. These results demonstrate that LRIG proteins function as evolutionarily conserved regulators of lipid metabolism and BMP signaling and have implications for human disease.
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Pinhal MAS, Melo CM, Nader HB. The Good and Bad Sides of Heparanase-1 and Heparanase-2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:821-845. [PMID: 32274740 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will emphasize the importance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in controlling various physiological and pathological molecular mechanisms and discuss how the heparanase enzyme can modulate the effects triggered by HSPG. Additionally, we will also navigate about the existing knowledge of the possible role of heparanase-2 in biological events. Heparan sulfate is widely distributed and evolutionarily conserved, evidencing its vital importance in cell development and functions such as cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, and angiogenesis. During remodeling of the extracellular matrix, the breakdown of heparan sulfate by heparanase results in the release of molecules containing anchored glycosaminoglycan chains of great interest in heparanase-mediated cell signaling pathways in various physiological states, tumor development, inflammation, and other diseases. Taken together, it appears that heparanase plays a key role in the maintenance of the pathology of cancer and inflammatory diseases and is a potential target for anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, heparanase inhibitors are currently being examined in clinical trials as novel cancer therapeutics. Heparanase-2 has no enzymatic activity, displays higher affinity for heparan sulfate and the coding region alignment shows 40% identity with the heparanase gene. Heparanase-2 plays an important role in embryogenic development however its mode of action and biological function remain to be elucidated. Heparanase-2 functions as an inhibitor of the heparanase-1 enzyme and also inhibits neovascularization mediated by VEGF. The HPSE2 gene is repressed by the Polycomb complex, together suggesting a role as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Mucciolo Melo
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Nam HS, Capecchi MR. Lrig1 expression prospectively identifies stem cells in the ventricular-subventricular zone that are neurogenic throughout adult life. Neural Dev 2020; 15:3. [PMID: 32183906 PMCID: PMC7077007 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1) regulates stem cell quiescence. As a marker, it identifies stem cells in multiple organs of the mouse. We had detected Lrig1 expression in cultured Id1high neural stem cells obtained from the lateral walls lining the lateral ventricles of the adult mouse brain. Thus, we investigated whether Lrig1 expression also identifies stem cells in that region in vivo. METHODS Publicly available single cell RNA sequencing datasets were analyzed with Seurat and Monocle. The Lrig1+ cells were lineage traced in vivo with a novel non-disruptive co-translational Lrig1T2A-iCreERT2 reporter mouse line. RESULTS Analysis of single cell RNA sequencing datasets suggested Lrig1 was highly expressed in the most primitive stem cells of the neurogenic lineage in the lateral wall of the adult mouse brain. In support of their neurogenic stem cell identity, cell cycle entry was only observed in two morphologically distinguishable Lrig1+ cells that could also be induced into activation by Ara-C infusion. The Lrig1+ neurogenic stem cells were observed throughout the lateral wall. Neuroblasts and neurons were lineage traced from Lrig1+ neurogenic stem cells at 1 year after labeling. CONCLUSIONS We identified Lrig1 as a marker of long-term neurogenic stem cells in the lateral wall of the mouse brain. Lrig1 expression revealed two morphotypes of the Lrig1+ cells that function as long-term neurogenic stem cells. The spatial distribution of the Lrig1+ neurogenic stem cells suggested all subtypes of the adult neurogenic stem cells were labeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Song Nam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5331, USA.
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5331, USA
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Roberts NA, Hilton EN, Lopes FM, Singh S, Randles MJ, Gardiner NJ, Chopra K, Coletta R, Bajwa Z, Hall RJ, Yue WW, Schaefer F, Weber S, Henriksson R, Stuart HM, Hedman H, Newman WG, Woolf AS. Lrig2 and Hpse2, mutated in urofacial syndrome, pattern nerves in the urinary bladder. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1138-1152. [PMID: 30885509 PMCID: PMC6481288 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich-repeats and immunoglobulin-like-domains 2 (LRIG2) or in heparanase 2 (HPSE2) cause urofacial syndrome, a devastating autosomal recessive disease of functional bladder outlet obstruction. It has been speculated that urofacial syndrome has a neural basis, but it is unknown whether defects in urinary bladder innervation are present. We hypothesized that urofacial syndrome features a peripheral neuropathy of the bladder. Mice with homozygous targeted Lrig2 mutations had urinary defects resembling those found in urofacial syndrome. There was no anatomical blockage of the outflow tract, consistent with a functional bladder outlet obstruction. Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of 12 known transcripts in addition to Lrig2, including 8 with established roles in neurobiology. Mice with homozygous mutations in either Lrig2 or Hpse2 had increased nerve density within the body of the urinary bladder and decreased nerve density around the urinary outflow tract. In a sample of 155 children with chronic kidney disease and urinary symptoms, we discovered novel homozygous missense LRIG2 variants that were predicted to be pathogenic in 2 individuals with non-syndromic bladder outlet obstruction. These observations provide evidence that a peripheral neuropathy is central to the pathobiology of functional bladder outlet obstruction in urofacial syndrome, and emphasize the importance of LRIG2 and heparanase 2 for nerve patterning in the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Roberts
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Emma N Hilton
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Filipa M Lopes
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Subir Singh
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Randles
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Natalie J Gardiner
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karl Chopra
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Riccardo Coletta
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Zunera Bajwa
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert J Hall
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Weber
- Pediatric Nephrology, University-Children's Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Roger Henriksson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Regional Cancer Center Stockholm/Gotland, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen M Stuart
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Håkan Hedman
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - William G Newman
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Chen Y, Wang Q, Wang M, Li M. Overexpressed LRIG3 gene ameliorates prostate cancer through suppression of cell invasion and migration. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Warchol ME, Massoodnia R, Pujol R, Cox BC, Stone JS. Development of hair cell phenotype and calyx nerve terminals in the neonatal mouse utricle. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1913-1928. [PMID: 30724338 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The vestibular organs of reptiles, birds, and mammals possess Type I and Type II sensory hair cells, which have distinct morphologies, physiology, and innervation. Little is known about how vestibular hair cells adopt a Type I or Type II identity or acquire proper innervation. One distinguishing marker is the transcription factor Sox2, which is expressed in all developing hair cells but persists only in Type II hair cells in maturity. We examined Sox2 expression and formation of afferent nerve terminals in mouse utricles between postnatal days 0 (P0) and P17. Between P3 and P14, many hair cells lost Sox2 immunoreactivity and the density of calyceal afferent nerve terminals (specific to Type I hair cells) increased in all regions of the utricle. At early time points, many calyces enclosed Sox2-labeled hair cells, while some Sox2-negative hair cells within the striola had not yet developed a calyx. These observations indicate that calyx maturation is not temporally correlated with loss of Sox2 expression in Type I hair cells. To determine which type(s) of hair cells are formed postnatally, we fate-mapped neonatal supporting cells by injecting Plp-CreER T2 :Rosa26 tdTomato mice with tamoxifen at P2 and P3. At P9, tdTomato-positive hair cells were immature and not classifiable by type. At P30, tdTomato-positive hair cells increased 1.8-fold compared to P9, and 91% of tdTomato-labeled hair cells were Type II. Our findings show that most neonatally-derived hair cells become Type II, and many Type I hair cells (formed before P2) downregulate Sox2 and acquire calyces between P0 and P14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Warchol
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Roxanna Massoodnia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Remy Pujol
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,INSERM Unit 1051, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brandon C Cox
- Departments of Pharmacology and Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Jennifer S Stone
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Ledda F, Paratcha G. Assembly of Neuronal Connectivity by Neurotrophic Factors and Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:199. [PMID: 27555809 PMCID: PMC4977320 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper function of the nervous system critically relies on sophisticated neuronal networks interconnected in a highly specific pattern. The architecture of these connections arises from sequential developmental steps such as axonal growth and guidance, dendrite development, target determination, synapse formation and plasticity. Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) transmembrane proteins have been involved in cell-type specific signaling pathways that underlie these developmental processes. The members of this superfamily of proteins execute their functions acting as trans-synaptic cell adhesion molecules involved in target specificity and synapse formation or working in cis as cell-intrinsic modulators of neurotrophic factor receptor trafficking and signaling. In this review, we will focus on novel physiological mechanisms through which LRR proteins regulate neurotrophic factor receptor signaling, highlighting the importance of these modulatory events for proper axonal extension and guidance, tissue innervation and dendrite morphogenesis. Additionally, we discuss few examples linking this set of LRR proteins to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine-University of Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine-University of Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hellström M, Ericsson M, Johansson B, Faraz M, Anderson F, Henriksson R, Nilsson SK, Hedman H. Cardiac hypertrophy and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Lrig3-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1045-52. [PMID: 27009049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00309.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors confer risk for cardiovascular disease. Recently, large genome-wide population studies have shown associations between genomic loci close to LRIG3 and heart failure and plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level. Here, we ablated Lrig3 in mice and investigated the importance of Lrig3 for heart function and plasma lipid levels. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze Lrig3 expression in the hearts of wild-type and Lrig3-deficient mice. In addition, molecular, physiological, and functional parameters such as organ weights, heart rate, blood pressure, heart structure and function, gene expression in the heart, and plasma insulin, glucose, and lipid levels were evaluated. The Lrig3-deficient mice were smaller than the wild-type mice but otherwise appeared grossly normal. Lrig3 was expressed at detectable but relatively low levels in adult mouse hearts. At 9 mo of age, ad libitum-fed Lrig3-deficient mice had lower insulin levels than wild-type mice. At 12 mo of age, Lrig3-deficient mice exhibited increased blood pressure, and the Lrig3-deficient female mice displayed signs of cardiac hypertrophy as assessed by echocardiography, heart-to-body weight ratio, and expression of the cardiac hypertrophy marker gene Nppa. Additionally, Lrig3-deficient mice had reduced plasma HDL cholesterol and free glycerol. These findings in mice complement the human epidemiological results and suggest that Lrig3 may influence heart function and plasma lipid levels in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hellström
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Madelene Ericsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bengt Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; and
| | - Mahmood Faraz
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrick Anderson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger Henriksson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Regional Cancer Center Stockholm/Gotland, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Håkan Hedman
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Alsina FC, Hita FJ, Fontanet PA, Irala D, Hedman H, Ledda F, Paratcha G. Lrig1 is a cell-intrinsic modulator of hippocampal dendrite complexity and BDNF signaling. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:601-16. [PMID: 26935556 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though many extracellular factors have been identified as promoters of general dendritic growth and branching, little is known about the cell-intrinsic modulators that allow neurons to sculpt distinctive patterns of dendrite arborization. Here, we identify Lrig1, a nervous system-enriched LRR protein, as a key physiological regulator of dendrite complexity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Lrig1-deficient mice display morphological changes in proximal dendrite arborization and defects in social interaction. Specifically, knockdown of Lrig1 enhances both primary dendrite formation and proximal dendritic branching of hippocampal neurons, two phenotypes that resemble the effect of BDNF on these neurons. In addition, we show that Lrig1 physically interacts with TrkB and attenuates BDNF signaling. Gain and loss of function assays indicate that Lrig1 restricts BDNF-induced dendrite morphology. Together, our findings reveal a novel and essential role of Lrig1 in regulating morphogenic events that shape the hippocampal circuits and establish that the assembly of TrkB with Lrig1 represents a key mechanism for understanding how specific neuronal populations expand the repertoire of responses to BDNF during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cruz Alsina
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Javier Hita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Aldana Fontanet
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dolores Irala
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Håkan Hedman
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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van Erp S, van den Heuvel DMA, Fujita Y, Robinson RA, Hellemons AJCGM, Adolfs Y, Van Battum EY, Blokhuis AM, Kuijpers M, Demmers JAA, Hedman H, Hoogenraad CC, Siebold C, Yamashita T, Pasterkamp RJ. Lrig2 Negatively Regulates Ectodomain Shedding of Axon Guidance Receptors by ADAM Proteases. Dev Cell 2015; 35:537-552. [PMID: 26651291 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many guidance receptors are proteolytically cleaved by membrane-associated metalloproteases of the ADAM family, leading to the shedding of their ectodomains. Ectodomain shedding is crucial for receptor signaling and function, but how this process is controlled in neurons remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the transmembrane protein Lrig2 negatively regulates ADAM-mediated guidance receptor proteolysis in neurons. Lrig2 binds Neogenin, a receptor for repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs), and prevents premature Neogenin shedding by ADAM17 (TACE). RGMa reduces Lrig2-Neogenin interactions, providing ADAM17 access to Neogenin and allowing this protease to induce ectodomain shedding. Regulation of ADAM17-mediated Neogenin cleavage by Lrig2 is required for neurite growth inhibition by RGMa in vitro and for cortical neuron migration in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of Lrig2 significantly improves CNS axon regeneration. Together, our data identify a unique ligand-gated mechanism to control receptor shedding by ADAMs and reveal functions for Lrigs in neuron migration and regenerative failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan van Erp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dianne M A van den Heuvel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ross A Robinson
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anita J C G M Hellemons
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eljo Y Van Battum
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna M Blokhuis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijn Kuijpers
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A A Demmers
- Proteomics Centre and Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Håkan Hedman
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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16
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Bergeron KF, Cardinal T, Touré AM, Béland M, Raiwet DL, Silversides DW, Pilon N. Male-biased aganglionic megacolon in the TashT mouse line due to perturbation of silencer elements in a large gene desert of chromosome 10. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005093. [PMID: 25786024 PMCID: PMC4364714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient migratory cell population that generates diverse cell types such as neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Via an insertional mutation screen for loci affecting NCC development in mice, we identified one line—named TashT—that displays a partially penetrant aganglionic megacolon phenotype in a strong male-biased manner. Interestingly, this phenotype is highly reminiscent of human Hirschsprung’s disease, a neurocristopathy with a still unexplained male sex bias. In contrast to the megacolon phenotype, colonic aganglionosis is almost fully penetrant in homozygous TashT animals. The sex bias in megacolon expressivity can be explained by the fact that the male ENS ends, on average, around a “tipping point” of minimal colonic ganglionosis while the female ENS ends, on average, just beyond it. Detailed analysis of embryonic intestines revealed that aganglionosis in homozygous TashT animals is due to slower migration of enteric NCC. The TashT insertional mutation is localized in a gene desert containing multiple highly conserved elements that exhibit repressive activity in reporter assays. RNAseq analyses and 3C assays revealed that the TashT insertion results, at least in part, in NCC-specific relief of repression of the uncharacterized gene Fam162b; an outcome independently confirmed via transient transgenesis. The transcriptional signature of enteric NCC from homozygous TashT embryos is also characterized by the deregulation of genes encoding members of the most important signaling pathways for ENS formation—Gdnf/Ret and Edn3/Ednrb—and, intriguingly, the downregulation of specific subsets of X-linked genes. In conclusion, this study not only allowed the identification of Fam162b coding and regulatory sequences as novel candidate loci for Hirschsprung’s disease but also provides important new insights into its male sex bias. Hirschsprung’s disease (also known as aganglionic megacolon) is a severe congenital defect of the enteric nervous system (ENS) resulting in complete failure to pass stools. It is characterized by the absence of neural ganglia (aganglionosis) in the distal gut due to incomplete colonization of the embryonic intestines by neural crest cells (NCC), the ENS precursors. Hirschsprung’s disease has an incidence of 1 in 5000 newborns and a 4:1 male sex bias. Although many genes have been associated with this complex genetic disease, most of its heritability as well as its male sex bias remain unexplained. Here, we describe an insertional mutant mouse line (“TashT”) in which virtually all homozygotes display colonic aganglionosis due to defective migration of enteric NCC, but in which only a subset of homozygotes develops megacolon. Surprisingly, this group is almost exclusively male. The TashT ENS defect stems, at least in part, from the disruption of long-range interactions between evolutionarily conserved elements with silencer activity and Fam162b, resulting in NCC-specific upregulation of this uncharacterized protein coding gene. Global analysis of gene expression further revealed that several hundreds of genes are significantly deregulated in TashT enteric NCC. Interestingly, this dataset includes multiple X-linked candidate genes potentially underlying the male sex bias. Taken together, our data pave the way for a clearer understanding of the intriguing male sex bias of Hirschsprung’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-F. Bergeron
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Tatiana Cardinal
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Aboubacrine M. Touré
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Béland
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Diana L. Raiwet
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David W. Silversides
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pilon
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Guo C, Kaneko S, Sun Y, Huang Y, Vlodavsky I, Li X, Li ZR, Li X. A mouse model of urofacial syndrome with dysfunctional urination. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1991-9. [PMID: 25510506 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urofacial syndrome (UFS) is an autosomal recessive disease with severe dysfunctional urination including urinary incontinence (UI). Biallelic mutations of HPSE2 are discovered from UFS patients, suggesting that HPSE2 is a candidate disease gene. Here, we show that deletion of Hpse2 is sufficient to cause the UFS-like phenotype in mice. Hpse2 knockout mutants display a distended bladder (megacystis) phenotype and abnormal voiding behavior similar to that found in patients. While Hpse2 is largely dispensable for detrusor smooth muscle and urothelial cell fate determination, the mutants have significantly lower rates of cell proliferation than wild-type littermate controls. All Hpse2 mutants have a growth retardation phenotype and die within a month after birth. Comprehensive blood chemistry and urinalysis indicate that Hpse2 mutants have renal dysfunction and malnutrition. We provide evidence that transforming growth factor beta (Tgfβ) signaling is attenuated at birth. However, Tgfβ activity is significantly enhanced at later stages when the urological phenotype is severe, and the mutant bladders have accumulated excessive amount of fibrotic tissue. Together, these findings strongly suggest that Hpse2 is a causative gene of human UFS and further uncover unexpected roles of Hpse2 in bladder physiology, tissue remodeling and Tgfβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Guo
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yichen Huang
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel and
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Rong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
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18
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Lu CC, Cao XJ, Wright S, Ma L, Oertel D, Goodrich LV. Mutation of Npr2 leads to blurred tonotopic organization of central auditory circuits in mice. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004823. [PMID: 25473838 PMCID: PMC4256264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonotopy is a fundamental organizational feature of the auditory system. Sounds are encoded by the spatial and temporal patterns of electrical activity in spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and are transmitted via tonotopically ordered processes from the cochlea through the eighth nerve to the cochlear nuclei. Upon reaching the brainstem, SGN axons bifurcate in a stereotyped pattern, innervating target neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (aVCN) with one branch and in the posteroventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei (pVCN and DCN) with the other. Each branch is tonotopically organized, thereby distributing acoustic information systematically along multiple parallel pathways for processing in the brainstem. In mice with a mutation in the receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2, this spatial organization is disrupted. Peripheral SGN processes appear normal, but central SGN processes fail to bifurcate and are disorganized as they exit the auditory nerve. Within the cochlear nuclei, the tonotopic organization of the SGN terminal arbors is blurred and the aVCN is underinnervated with a reduced convergence of SGN inputs onto target neurons. The tonotopy of circuitry within the cochlear nuclei is also degraded, as revealed by changes in the topographic mapping of tuberculoventral cell projections from DCN to VCN. Nonetheless, Npr2 mutant SGN axons are able to transmit acoustic information with normal sensitivity and timing, as revealed by auditory brainstem responses and electrophysiological recordings from VCN neurons. Although most features of signal transmission are normal, intermittent failures were observed in responses to trains of shocks, likely due to a failure in action potential conduction at branch points in Npr2 mutant afferent fibers. Our results show that Npr2 is necessary for the precise spatial organization typical of central auditory circuits, but that signals are still transmitted with normal timing, and that mutant mice can hear even with these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C. Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jie Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Samantha Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Donata Oertel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lisa V. Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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19
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Pujol R, Pickett SB, Nguyen TB, Stone JS. Large basolateral processes on type II hair cells are novel processing units in mammalian vestibular organs. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3141-59. [PMID: 24825750 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensory receptors in the vestibular system (hair cells) encode head movements and drive central motor reflexes that control gaze, body movements, and body orientation. In mammals, type I and II vestibular hair cells are defined by their shape, contacts with vestibular afferent nerves, and membrane conductance. Here we describe unique morphological features of type II vestibular hair cells in mature rodents (mice and gerbils) and bats. These features are cytoplasmic processes that extend laterally from the hair cell base and project under type I hair cells. Closer analysis of adult mouse utricles demonstrated that the basolateral processes of type II hair cells vary in shape, size, and branching, with the longest processes extending three to four hair cell widths. The hair cell basolateral processes synapse upon vestibular afferent nerves and receive inputs from vestibular efferent nerves. Furthermore, some basolateral processes make physical contacts with the processes of other type II hair cells, forming some sort of network among type II hair cells. Basolateral processes are rare in perinatal mice and do not attain their mature form until 3-6 weeks of age. These observations demonstrate that basolateral processes are significant signaling regions of type II vestibular hair cells and suggest that type II hair cells may directly communicate with each other, which has not been described in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pujol
- The Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, and the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-7923; INSERM Unit 1051, Institute of Neuroscience, 34091, Montpellier, France
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20
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Roberts NA, Woolf AS, Stuart HM, Thuret R, McKenzie EA, Newman WG, Hilton EN. Heparanase 2, mutated in urofacial syndrome, mediates peripheral neural development in Xenopus. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4302-14. [PMID: 24691552 PMCID: PMC4103677 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urofacial syndrome (UFS; previously Ochoa syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by incomplete bladder emptying during micturition. This is associated with a dyssynergia in which the urethral walls contract at the same time as the detrusor smooth muscle in the body of the bladder. UFS is also characterized by an abnormal facial expression upon smiling, and bilateral weakness in the distribution of the facial nerve has been reported. Biallelic mutations in HPSE2 occur in UFS. This gene encodes heparanase 2, a protein which inhibits the activity of heparanase. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, an in vivo developmental role for heparanase 2. We identified the Xenopus orthologue of heparanase 2 and showed that the protein is localized to the embryonic ventrolateral neural tube where motor neurons arise. Morpholino-induced loss of heparanase 2 caused embryonic skeletal muscle paralysis, and morphant motor neurons had aberrant morphology including less linear paths and less compactly-bundled axons than normal. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that loss of heparanase 2 led to upregulation of fibroblast growth factor 2/phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase signalling and to alterations in levels of transcripts encoding neural- and muscle-associated molecules. Thus, a key role of heparanase 2 is to buffer growth factor signalling in motor neuron development. These results shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning the clinical features of UFS and support the contention that congenital peripheral neuropathy is a key feature of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Roberts
- Centre for Genomic Medicine and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences
| | | | | | - Edward A McKenzie
- Protein Expression Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Emma N Hilton
- Centre for Genomic Medicine and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences,
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21
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Simion C, Cedano-Prieto ME, Sweeney C. The LRIG family: enigmatic regulators of growth factor receptor signaling. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R431-43. [PMID: 25183430 PMCID: PMC4182143 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) family of transmembrane proteins contains three vertebrate members (LRIG1, LRIG2 and LRIG3) and one member each in flies (Lambik) and worms (Sma-10). LRIGs have stepped into the spotlight as essential regulators of growth factor receptors, including receptor tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases. LRIGs have been found to both negatively (LRIG1 and LRIG3) and positively (Sma-10 and LRIG3) regulate growth factor receptor expression and signaling, although the precise molecular mechanisms by which LRIGs function are not yet understood. The most is known about LRIG1, which was recently demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor. Indeed, in vivo experiments reinforce the essential link between LRIG1 and repression of its targets for tissue homeostasis. LRIG1 has also been identified as a stem cell marker and regulator of stem cell quiescence in a variety of tissues, discussed within. Comparably, less is known about LRIG2 and LRIG3, although studies to date suggest that their functions are largely distinct from that of LRIG1 and that they likely do not serve as growth/tumor suppressors. Finally, the translational applications of expressing soluble forms of LRIG1 in LRIG1-deficient tumors are being explored and hold tremendous promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Simion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of Medicine, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Maria Elvira Cedano-Prieto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of Medicine, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Colleen Sweeney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of Medicine, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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