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Guo S, Zhang S. The Cysteine Protease CfAtg4 Interacts with CfAtg8 to Govern the Growth, Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:431. [PMID: 38921417 PMCID: PMC11204552 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is a native woody oil plant in southern China and is infected with anthracnose wherever it is grown. We previously identified Colletotrichum fructicola as the major causal agent of anthracnose on C. oleifera and found that CfAtg8 regulates the pathogenicity and development of C. fructicola. Here, we revealed that CfAtg4 interacts with CfAtg8, contributing to the formation of autophagosomes. The CfAtg81-160 allele, which only contains 1-160 amino acids of the CfAtg8, partially recovered the autophagosome numbers and autophagy defects of the ΔCfatg4 mutant. Consequently, these recoveries resulted in the restoration of the defects of the ΔCfatg4 mutant in growth and responses to different external stresses, albeit to an extent. Importantly, we illustrated the critical roles of CfAtg81-160 in appressoria formation, and pathogenicity. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the importance of the interaction between CfAtg8 and CfAtg4 in the growth, autophagy and pathogenicity of the phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Guo
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Shengpei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha 410004, China
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Zhang X, Zong Y, Zhang F, Liu Q, Gong D, Bi Y, Sionov E, Prusky D. The small GTPase Ypt7 of Penicillium expansum is required for growth, patulin biosynthesis and virulence. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104434. [PMID: 38225046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ypt GTPases are the largest subfamily of small GTPases involved in membrane transport. Here, a PeYpt7 gene deletion mutant of P. expansum was constructed. The ΔPeYpt7 mutant showed reduced colony growth with abnormal mycelial growth, reduced conidiation, and insufficient spore development. The mutation rendered the pathogen susceptible to osmotic stress and cell wall stressors. In addition, the absence of PeYpt7 reduced patulin production in P. expansum and significantly limited gene expression (PatG, PatH, PatI, PatD, PatF, and PatL). In addition, the mutant showed attenuated virulence in infected fruit and reduced expression of pathogenic factors was (PMG, PG, PL, and GH1). Thus, PeYpt7 modulates the growth, morphology, patulin accumulation, and pathogenicity of P. expansum by limiting the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qili Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
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Mao X, Li L, Abubakar YS, Li Y, Luo Z, Chen M, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zheng H. Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase FgNdpk Is Required for DON Production and Pathogenicity by Regulating the Growth and Toxisome Formation of Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9637-9646. [PMID: 38642053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) are nucleotide metabolism enzymes that play different physiological functions in different species. However, the roles of NDPK in phytopathogen and mycotoxin production are not well understood. In this study, we showed that Fusarium graminearum FgNdpk is important for vegetative growth, conidiation, sexual development, and pathogenicity. Furthermore, FgNdpk is required for deoxynivalenol (DON) production; deletion of FgNDPK downregulates the expression of DON biosynthesis genes and disrupts the formation of FgTri4-GFP-labeled toxisomes, while overexpression of FgNDPK significantly increases DON production. Interestingly, FgNdpk colocalizes with the DON biosynthesis proteins FgTri1 and FgTri4 in the toxisome, and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays show that FgNdpk associates with FgTri1 and FgTri4 in vivo and regulates their localizations and expressions, respectively. Taken together, these data demonstrate that FgNdpk is important for vegetative growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity and acts as a key protein that regulates toxisome formation and DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhao Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810281, Nigeria
| | - Yulong Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zenghong Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meilian Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Liu L, Wang Z, Fang Y, Yang R, Pu Y, Meng X, Liu W. Small GTPase Rab7 is involved in stress adaptation to carbon starvation to ensure the induced cellulase biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:55. [PMID: 38643207 PMCID: PMC11032611 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The saprophytic filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei represents one of the most prolific cellulase producers. The bulk production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by T. reesei not only relies on the efficient transcription of cellulase genes but also their efficient secretion after being translated. However, little attention has been paid to the functional roles of the involved secretory pathway in the high-level production of cellulases in T. reesei. Rab GTPases are key regulators in coordinating various vesicle trafficking associated with the eukaryotic secretory pathway. Specifically, Rab7 is a representative GTPase regulating the transition of the early endosome to the late endosome followed by its fusion to the vacuole as well as homotypic vacuole fusion. Although crosstalk between the endosomal/vacuolar pathway and the secretion pathway has been reported, the functional role of Rab7 in cellulase production in T. reesei remains unknown. RESULTS A TrRab7 was identified and characterized in T. reesei. TrRab7 was shown to play important roles in T. reesei vegetative growth and vacuole morphology. Whereas knock-down of Trrab7 significantly compromised the induced production of T. reesei cellulases, overexpression of the key transcriptional activator, Xyr1, restored the production of cellulases in the Trrab7 knock-down strain (Ptcu-rab7KD) on glucose, indicating that the observed defective cellulase biosynthesis results from the compromised cellulase gene transcription. Down-regulation of Trrab7 was also found to make T. reesei more sensitive to various stresses including carbon starvation. Interestingly, overexpression of Snf1, a serine/threonine protein kinase known as an energetic sensor, partially restored the cellulase production of Ptcu-rab7KD on Avicel, implicating that TrRab7 is involved in an energetic adaptation to carbon starvation which contributes to the successful cellulase gene expression when T. reesei is transferred from glucose to cellulose. CONCLUSIONS TrRab7 was shown to play important roles in T. reesei development and a stress response to carbon starvation resulting from nutrient shift. This adaptation may allow T. reesei to successfully initiate the inducing process leading to efficient cellulase production. The present study provides useful insights into the functional involvement of the endosomal/vacuolar pathway in T. reesei development and hydrolytic enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu Y, Yang X, Bai N, Liu Q, Yang J. AoRab7A interacts with AoVps35 and AoVps41 to regulate vacuole assembly, trap formation, conidiation, and functions of proteasomes and ribosomes in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127573. [PMID: 38103468 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Rab GTPases regulate vesicle trafficking in organisms and play crucial roles in growth and development. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a ubiquitous nematode-trapping (NT) fungus, it can form elaborate traps to capture nematodes. Our previous study found that deletion of Aorab7A abolished the trap formation and sporulation. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of AoRab7A using transcriptomic, biochemical, and phenotypic comparisons. Transcriptome analysis, yeast library screening, and yeast two-hybrid assay identified two vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins, AoVps41 and AoVps35, as putative targets of AoRab7A. The deletion of Aovps41 and Aovps35 caused considerable defects in multiple phenotypic traits, such as conidiation and trap formation. We further found a close connection between AoRab7A and Vps proteins in vesicle-vacuole fusion, which triggered vacuolar fragmentation. Further transcriptome analysis showed that AoRab7A and AoVps35 play essential roles in many cellular processes and components including proteasomes, autophagy, fatty acid degradation, and ribosomes in A. oligospora. Furthermore, we verified that AoRab7A, AoVps41, and AoVps35 are involved in ribosome and proteasome functions. The absence of these proteins inhibited the biosynthesis of nascent proteins and enhanced ubiquitination. Our findings suggest that AoRab7A interacts with AoVps41 and AoVps35 to mediate vacuolar fusion and influence lipid droplet accumulation, autophagy, and stress response. These proteins are especially required for the conidiation and trap development of A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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6
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Chen S, Li P, Abubakar YS, Lü P, Li Y, Mao X, Zhang C, Zheng W, Wang Z, Lu GD, Zheng H. A feedback regulation of FgHtf1-FgCon7 loop in conidiogenesis and development of Fusarium graminearum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129841. [PMID: 38309401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor FgHtf1 is important for conidiogenesis in Fusarium graminearum and it positively regulates the expression of the sporulation-related gene FgCON7. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying its functions is still unclear. The present study intends to uncover the functional mechanism of FgHtf1 in relation to FgCon7 in F. graminearum. We demonstrated that FgCON7 serves as a target gene for FgHtf1. Interestingly, FgCon7 also binds the promoter region of FgHTF1 to negatively regulate its expression, thus forming a negative-feedback loop. We demonstrated that FgHtf1 and FgCon7 have functional redundancy in fungal development. FgCon7 localizes in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. Deletion of FgCON7 significantly reduces conidia production. 4444 genes were regulated by FgCon7 in ChIP-Seq, and RNA-Seq revealed 4430 differentially expressed genes in FgCON7 deletion mutant, with CCAAT serving as a consensus binding motif of FgCon7 to the target genes. FgCon7 directly binds the promoter regions of FgMSN2, FgABAA, FgVEA and FgSMT3 genes and regulates their expression. These genes were found to be important for conidiogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study that unveiled the mutual regulatory functions of FgCON7 and FgHTF1 to form a negative-feedback loop, and how the loop mediates sporulation in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Pengfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810281, Nigeria
| | - Peitao Lü
- College of Horticulture, Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia lnstitute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xuzhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Chengkang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Huawei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Zhu JZ, Qiu ZL, Gao BD, Li XG, Zhong J. A novel partitivirus conferring hypovirulence by affecting vesicle transport in the fungus Colletotrichum. mBio 2024; 15:e0253023. [PMID: 38193704 PMCID: PMC10865989 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02530-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum spp. are economically important phytopathogenic fungi that cause anthracnose in a variety of plant species worldwide. Hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses provide new options for the biological control of plant fungal diseases. Here, we found a novel partitivirus from Colletotrichum alienum and named it Colletotrichum alienum partitivirus 1 (CaPV1). CaPV1 contained two dsRNA segments encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a capsid protein and was classified under the genus Gammapartitivirus of the family Partitiviridae. CaPV1 significantly decreased host virulence, mycelial growth, appressorial development, and appressorium turgor but increased conidial production with abnormal morphology. In addition, CaPV1 could be successfully transfected into other Colletotrichum species, including C. fructicola, C. spaethianum, and C. gloeosporioides, and caused hypovirulence, indicating the broad application potential of this virus. CaPV1 caused significant transcriptional rewiring of the host fungus C. alienum. Notably, some genes related to vesicle transport in the CaPV1-infected strain were downregulated, consistent with the impaired endocytosis pathway in this fungus. When the Rab gene CaRab7, which is associated with endocytosis in vesicle transport, was knocked out, the virulence of the mutants was reduced. Overall, our findings demonstrated that CaPV1 has the potential to control anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum, and the mechanism by which Colletotrichum induces hypovirulence is caused by affecting vesicle transport.IMPORTANCEColletotrichum is a kind of economically important phytopathogenic fungi that cause anthracnose disease in a variety of plant species worldwide. We found a novel mycovirus of the Gammapartitivirus genus and Partitiviridae family from the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum alienum and named it CaPV1. This study revealed that CaPV1 infection significantly decreased host virulence and fitness by affecting mycelial growth, appressorial development, and appressorium turgor. In addition, CaPV1 could also infect other Colletotrichum species, including C. fructicola, C. spaethianum, and C. gloeosporioides, by viral particle transfection and resulting in hypovirulence of these Colletotrichum species. Transcriptomic analysis showed that CaPV1 caused significant transcriptional rewiring of the host fungus C. alienum, especially the genes involved in vesicle transport. Moreover, endocytosis and gene knockout assays demonstrated that the mechanism underlying CaPV1-induced hypovirulence is, at least in part, caused by affecting the vesicle transport of the host fungus. This study provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Colletotrichum species and mycovirus-fungus interactions, linking the role of mycovirus and fungus vesicle transport systems in shaping fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zi Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ze Lan Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bi Da Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Gang Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Dautt-Castro M, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Estrada-Rivera M, Islas-Osuna MA, Jijón-Moreno S, Casas-Flores S. Trichoderma virens Big Ras GTPase-1, a molecular switch for transforming a mutualistic fungus to plants in a deleterious microbe. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127508. [PMID: 37864916 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are ascomycete filamentous fungi widely distributed worldwide that establish mutualistic relationships with plants by antagonizing phytopathogens in the rhizosphere and colonizing the plant roots, hence, promoting plant growth and triggering the systemic resistance against phytopathogens. During the first stages of root colonization by Trichoderma, plants recognize the fungus as an invader by inducing the plant defense system, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some members of the small Ras GTPases regulate NADPH oxidases and, therefore, ROS production. However, their role in mutualistic microorganisms that colonize plant roots is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that Trichoderma virens strains lacking TBRG-1, a member of a new family of the Ras GTPases, impair their biocontrol capability and behave like a pathogen on tomato seeds and seedlings. Here, we found that TBRG-1 is essential in T. virens to maintain the mutualistic relationship with plants because a mutant-lacking tbrg-1 gen could not induce plant growth in Arabidopsis and tomatoes. Furthermore, treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with Δtbrg-1 induced strongly PR-1a, the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) marker gene at early times of the interaction, which correlated with enhanced foliar damage by Botrytis cinerea, resembling the behavior of a biotrophic phytopathogen. Additionally, leaves of plants treated with either T. virens wild-type (wt) or Δtbrg-1 and challenged or not with Botrytis showed ROS production to a different extent, as well as differential expression of cell detoxification-related genes, CAT1, and APX1. Root colonization assays of sid-2 and jar1 mutant lines affected in SAR and induced systemic resistance (ISR) by Δtbrg-1 and the wt strain, suggest an important role of both pathways in the recognition of the fungus and that TBRG-1 plays a pivotal role in root colonization. Furthermore, we found that TBRG-1 is a negative regulator of NoxR expression, which may impact the mutualistic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Oscar G Rebolledo-Prudencio
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Magnolia Estrada-Rivera
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - María A Islas-Osuna
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Saúl Jijón-Moreno
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.
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9
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Abubakar YS, Sadiq IZ, Aarti A, Wang Z, Zheng W. Interplay of transport vesicles during plant-fungal pathogen interaction. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:35. [PMID: 37676627 PMCID: PMC10442309 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking is an essential cellular process upon which many physiological processes of eukaryotic cells rely. It is usually the 'language' of communication among the components of the endomembrane system within a cell, between cells and between a cell and its external environment. Generally, cells have the potential to internalize membrane-bound vesicles from external sources by endocytosis. Plants constantly interact with both mutualistic and pathogenic microbes. A large part of this interaction involves the exchange of transport vesicles between the plant cells and the microbes. Usually, in a pathogenic interaction, the pathogen releases vesicles containing bioactive molecules that can modulate the host immunity when absorbed by the host cells. In response to this attack, the host cells similarly mobilize some vesicles containing pathogenesis-related compounds to the pathogen infection site to destroy the pathogen, prevent it from penetrating the host cell or annul its influence. In fact, vesicle trafficking is involved in nearly all the strategies of phytopathogen attack subsequent plant immune responses. However, this field of plant-pathogen interaction is still at its infancy when narrowed down to plant-fungal pathogen interaction in relation to exchange of transport vesicles. Herein, we summarized some recent and novel findings unveiling the involvement of transport vesicles as a crosstalk in plant-fungal phytopathogen interaction, discussed their significance and identified some knowledge gaps to direct future research in the field. The roles of vesicles trafficking in the development of both organisms are also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Idris Zubair Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aarti Aarti
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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10
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Liu N, Huang M, Liang X, Cao M, Lun Z, Zhang Y, Yang J, Bhadauria V, Zhao W, Yan J, Peng YL, Lu X. Magnaporthe oryzae endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex regulates the biogenesis of membrane proteins for pathogenicity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1163-1181. [PMID: 36772852 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the majority of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane before transferred to their functional sites. The conserved ER membrane complex (EMC) takes part in the insertion process for tail-anchored membrane proteins. However, the function of EMC in phytopathogenic fungi has not been characterized. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of two EMC subunits MoEmc5 and MoEmc2 in Magnaporthe oryzae. The knockout mutants ΔMoemc5 and ΔMoemc2 exhibit substantial defect in autophagy, pathogenicity, cell wall integrity, and magnesium ion sensitivity. We demonstrate that the autophagy process was severely impaired in the ΔMoemc5 and ΔMoemc2 mutants because of the low-protein steady-state level of Atg9, the sole membrane-associated autophagy protein. Furthermore, the protein level of membrane proteins Chs4, Fks1, and MoMnr2 is also significantly reduced in the ΔMoemc5 and ΔMoemc2 strains, leading to their supersensitivity to Calcofluor white, Congo red, and magnesium. In addition, MoEmc5, but not MoEmc2, acts as a magnesium transporter independent of its EMC function. Magnaporthe oryzae EMC regulates the biogenesis of membrane proteins for autophagy and virulence; therefore, EMC subunits could be potential targets for fungicide design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Manna Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Miao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiye Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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11
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Miao P, Mao X, Chen S, Abubakar YS, Li Y, Zheng W, Zhou J, Wang Z, Zheng H. The mitotic exit mediated by small GTPase Tem1 is essential for the pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011255. [PMID: 36928713 PMCID: PMC10047555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitotic exit is a key step in cell cycle, but the mechanism of mitotic exit network in the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum remains unclear. F. graminearum infects wheat spikelets and colonizes the entire head by growing through the rachis node at the bottom of each spikelet. In this study, we found that a small GTPase FgTem1 plays an important role in F. graminearum pathogenicity and functions in regulating the formation of infection structures and invasive hyphal growth on wheat spikelets and wheat coleoptiles, but plays only little roles in vegetative growth and conidiation of the phytopathogen. FgTem1 localizes to both the inner nuclear periphery and the spindle pole bodies, and negatively regulates mitotic exit in F. graminearum. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanisms of FgTem1 have been further investigated by high-throughput co-immunoprecipitation and genetic strategies. The septins FgCdc10 and FgCdc11 were demonstrated to interact with the dominant negative form of FgTem1, and FgCdc11 was found to regulate the localization of FgTem1. The cell cycle arrest protein FgBub2-FgBfa1 complex was shown to act as the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for FgTem1. We further demonstrated that a direct interaction exists between FgBub2 and FgBfa1 which crucially promotes conidiation, pathogenicity and DON production, and negatively regulates septum formation and nuclear division in F. graminearum. Deletions of FgBUB2 and FgBFA1 genes caused fewer perithecia and immature asci formations, and dramatically down-regulated trichothecene biosynthesis (TRI) gene expressions. Double deletion of FgBUB2/FgBFA1 genes showed that FgBUB2 and FgBFA1 have little functional redundancy in F. graminearum. In summary, we systemically demonstrated that FgTem1 and its GAP FgBub2-FgBfa1 complex are required for fungal development and pathogenicity in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Miao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuzhao Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Yulong Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Cai YY, Li L, Zhu XM, Lu JP, Liu XH, Lin FC. The crucial role of the regulatory mechanism of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in fungi. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019543. [PMID: 36386635 PMCID: PMC9643702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway in eukaryotes, is hierarchically regulated by autophagy-related genes (Atgs). The Atg1/ULK1 complex is the most upstream factor involved in autophagy initiation. Here,we summarize the recent studies on the structure and molecular mechanism of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in autophagy initiation, with a special focus on upstream regulation and downstream effectors of Atg1/ULK1. The roles of pathogenicity and autophagy aspects in Atg1/ULK1 complexes of various pathogenic hosts, including plants, insects, and humans, are also discussed in this work based on recent research findings. We establish a framework to study how the Atg1/ULK1 complex integrates the signals that induce autophagy in accordance with fungus to mammalian autophagy regulation pathways. This framework lays the foundation for studying the deeper molecular mechanisms of the Atg1 complex in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Cheng Lin,
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13
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Proteomic Profiling of Plant and Pathogen Interaction on the Leaf Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012171. [PMID: 36293025 PMCID: PMC9603099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant epidermis is the first line of plant defense against pathogen invasion, and likely contains important regulatory proteins related to the plant–pathogen interaction. This study aims to identify the candidates of these regulatory proteins expressed in the plant epidermis. We performed comparative proteomic studies to identify rapidly and locally expressed proteins in the leaf epidermis inoculated with fungal phytopathogen. The conidia solutions were dropped onto the Arabidopsis leaf surface, and then, we collected the epidermal tissues from inoculated and mock-treated leaves at 4 and 24 hpi. The label-free quantification methods showed that expressions of Arabidopsis proteins, which are related to defense signals, such as BAK1, MKK5, receptor-like protein kinases, transcription factors, and stomatal functions, were rapidly induced in the epidermal tissues of inoculated leaves. In contrast, most of them were not differentially regulated by fugal inoculation in the whole leaves. These findings clearly indicate that epidermal proteomics can monitor locally expressed proteins in inoculated areas of plant tissues. We also identified the 61 fungal proteins, including effector-like proteins specifically expressed on the Arabidopsis epidermis. Our new findings suggested that epidermal proteomics is useful for understanding the local expressions of plant and fungal proteins related to their interactions.
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14
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The CfSnt2-Dependent Deacetylation of Histone H3 Mediates Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090974. [PMID: 36135699 PMCID: PMC9506038 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is one of the most valuable woody edible-oil crops, and anthracnose seriously afflicts its yield and quality. We recently showed that the CfSnt2 regulates the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola, the dominant causal agent of anthracnose on C. oleifera. However, the molecular mechanisms of CfSnt2-mediated pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we found that CfSnt2 is localized to the nucleus to regulate the deacetylation of histone H3. The further transcriptomic analysis revealed that CfSnt2 mediates the expression of global genes, including most autophagy-related genes. Furthermore, we provided evidence showing that CfSnt2 negatively regulates autophagy and is involved in the responses to host-derived ROS and ER stresses. These combined functions contribute to the pivotal roles of CfSnt2 on pathogenicity. Taken together, our studies not only illustrate how CfSnt2 functions in the nucleus, but also link its roles on the autophagy and responses to host-derived stresses with pathogenicity in C. fructicola.
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15
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Histone Acetyltransferase CfGcn5-Mediated Autophagy Governs the Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola. mBio 2022; 13:e0195622. [PMID: 35975920 PMCID: PMC9600425 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01956-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is a woody edible-oil plant in China, and anthracnose occurs wherever it is grown, causing serious losses each year. We previously identified that the histone acetyltransferase CfGcn5 orchestrates growth, development, and pathogenicity in Colletotrichum fructicola, the major causal agent of anthracnose on C. oleifera. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we conducted a transcriptome analysis and found that CfGcn5 is mainly involved in ribosomes, catalytic and metabolic processes, primary metabolism, and autophagy. In addition, we provided evidence showing that CfGcn5 serves as an autophagy repressor to mediate the expression of many autophagy-related genes (ATG) and undergoes degradation during autophagy. Moreover, we found that the CfATG8 and CfATG9 gene-deletion mutants had defects in mitosis and autophagy, resulting in their decreased appressoria formation rates and lower turgor pressure. These combined effects caused the failure of their appressoria functions and caused defects on their pathogenicity, revealing the importance of autophagy in pathogenicity. Taken together, our study illustrates that the autophagy repressor CfGcn5 undergoes degradation in order to regulate autophagy-dependent pathogenicity in C. fructicola.
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16
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Tang L, Chu T, Shang J, Yang R, Song C, Bao D, Tan Q, Jian H. Oxidative Stress and Autophagy Are Important Processes in Post Ripeness and Brown Film Formation in Mycelium of Lentinula edodes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:811673. [PMID: 35283832 PMCID: PMC8908433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.811673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, the shiitake mushroom, is one of the most important mushrooms in the global mushroom industry. Although mycelium post ripeness and brown film (BF) formation are crucial for fruiting body initiation, the underlying molecular mechanisms of BF formation are largely unknown. In this study, proteomic quantification (relative and absolute) and metabolomic profiling of L. edodes were performed using isobaric tags and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, respectively. A total of 2,474 proteins were identified, which included 239 differentially expressed proteins. Notably, several proteins associated with autophagy were upregulated, including RPD3, TOR1, VAC8, VPS1, and VPS27. Transmission electron microscopy also indicated that autophagy occurred in post ripeness and BF formation. In time-dependent analysis of the metabolome, metabolites associated with oxidative stress and autophagy changed significantly, including mannitol, trehalose, myo-inositol, glucose, leucine, valine, glutamine, and 4-aminobutyric acid. Thus, oxidative stress and autophagy were important processes in post ripeness and BF formation in L. edodes, and new insights were gained into molecular mechanisms at proteome and metabolome levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Tang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Chu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,School of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Shang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiheng Yang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Huahua Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Yuan Y, Zhang M, Li J, Yang C, Abubakar YS, Chen X, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zheng H, Zhou J. The Small GTPase FgRab1 Plays Indispensable Roles in the Vegetative Growth, Vesicle Fusion, Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020895. [PMID: 35055095 PMCID: PMC8776137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are key regulators of membrane and intracellular vesicle transports. However, the biological functions of FgRab1 are still unclear in the devastating wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we generated constitutively active (CA) and dominant-negative (DN) forms of FgRAB1 from the wild-type PH-1 background for functional analyses. Phenotypic analyses of these mutants showed that FgRab1 is important for vegetative growth, cell wall integrity and hyphal branching. Compared to the PH-1 strain, the number of spores produced by the Fgrab1DN strain was significantly reduced, with obviously abnormal conidial morphology. The number of septa in the conidia of the Fgrab1DN mutant was fewer than that observed in the PH-1 conidia. Fgrab1DN was dramatically reduced in its ability to cause Fusarium head blight symptoms on wheat heads. GFP-FgRab1 was observed to partly localize to the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and Spitzenkörper. Furthermore, we found that FgRab1 inactivation blocks not only the transport of the v-SNARE protein FgSnc1 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane but also the fusion of endocytic vesicles with their target membranes and general autophagy. In summary, our results indicate that FgRab1 plays vital roles in vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity, autophagy, vesicle fusion and trafficking in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yuan
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jingjing Li
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chengdong Yang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-15880036549 (H.Z.); +86-13860626041 (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-15880036549 (H.Z.); +86-13860626041 (J.Z.)
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18
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Yu W, Ke X, Li M, Ye P, Peng J, Li H. Downregulation of RAB7 and Caveolin-1 increases MMP-2 activity in renal tubular epithelial cells under hypoxic conditions. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:1428-1437. [PMID: 34676302 PMCID: PMC8483063 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis leads to tubular basement membrane thickening and accumulation of interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM). Matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) is involved in the breakdown of ECM. Chronic hypoxia often occurs in the kidney tissues of patients with chronic kidney disease. Our previous study reported the effect of autophagy and endocytosis on MMP-2 activity in hypoxia-treated HK-2 cells. In this study, the relationship between the Ras-related protein Rab-7a (RAB7) and MMP-2 activity was further investigated. RAB7 overexpression decreased MMP-2 activity. In contrast, the results for RAB7 knockdown displayed the opposite pattern. Short hairpin RNA technology was used to knockdown Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) or Beclin-1 (Bec-1) in HK-2 cells. The two genes displayed differential effects on MMP-2 activity. Cav-1 and RAB7 interference increased MMP-2 activity. This study suggested that autophagy and endocytosis, RAB7, Cav-1, and Bec-1 may serve as potential mediators for altered MMP-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Yu
- The School of Basic Medical Science, Jiujiang University, 320 XunYang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Ke
- The School of Basic Medical Science, Jiujiang University, 320 XunYang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiren Li
- Jiujiang University Clinic College/Hospital, Jiujiang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Ye
- Jiujiang University Clinic College/Hospital, Jiujiang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Peng
- Jiujiang University Clinic College/Hospital, Jiujiang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Li
- The School of Basic Medical Science, Jiujiang University, 320 XunYang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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19
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Hu Y, Yu Q, Chen Y, Zhang L, Fu X, Ding L, Liu Y, Guan Z, Fang W, Chen F, Song A. Labour-saving construction of a target protein interaction network by selective culture and high-throughput sequencing. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100204. [PMID: 34328672 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) is a classic method of screening for protein-protein interactions. However, the operation process is labor intensive and time consuming, and there is a high possibility of false positives and false negatives. Combined with wet lab operation and bioinformatics analysis, we developed a novel method of Y2H library screening using Chrysanthemum morifolium CmMPK3 as an example. The protocol can not only greatly simplify the steps of traditional Y2H library screening but also identify as many interacting proteins as possible. Furthermore, this protocol is applicable to any species, even if no genomic information is available yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianrong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Jin X, Wang K, Wang L, Liu W, Zhang C, Qiu Y, Liu W, Zhang H, Zhang D, Yang Z, Wu T, Li J. RAB7 activity is required for the regulation of mitophagy in oocyte meiosis and oocyte quality control during ovarian aging. Autophagy 2021; 18:643-660. [PMID: 34229552 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1946739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy to degrade and clear long-lived or damaged mitochondria, is impaired in aging and age-related disease. Previous study has demonstrated the obesity-exposed oocytes accumulate and transmit damaged mitochondria due to an inability to activate mitophagy. However, it remains unknown whether mitophagy functions in oocyte and what's the regulatory mechanism in oocyte aging. In the study, when fully grown oocytes were treated with CCCP, an uncoupling agent to induce mitophagy, we found the activation of the PRKN-mediated mitophagy pathway accompanied the blockage of meiosis at metaphase I stage. Our result then demonstrated its association with the decreased activity of RAB7 and all the observed defects in CCCP treated oocytes could be effectively rescued by microinjection of mRNA encoding active RAB7Q67L or treatment with the RAB7 activator ML098. Further study indicated PRKN protein level as a rate-limiting factor to facilitate degradation of RAB7 and its GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) complex CCZ1-MON1 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In GV oocytes collected during ovarian aging, we found the age-related increase of PINK1 and PRKN proteins and a significant decrease of RAB7 which resulted in defects of mitophagosome formation and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. The age-related retardation of female fertility was improved after in vivo treatment of ML098. Thus, RAB7 activity is required to maintain the balance between mitophagy and chromosome stability and RAB7 activator is a good candidate to ameliorate age-related deterioration of oocyte quality.Abbreviations: ATG9: autophagy related 9A; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; CCZ1: CCZ1 vacuolar protein trafficking and biogenesis associated; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GAPs: GTPase-activating proteins; GEF: guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GV: germinal vesicle; GVBD: germinal vesicle breakdown; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MI: metaphase I stage of meiosis; MII: metaphase II stage of meiosis; Mito: MitoTracker; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MON1: MON1 homolog, secretory trafficking associated; OPTN: optineurin; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RAB7: RAB7, member RAS oncogene family; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TOMM20/TOM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUBB: tubulin, beta; UB: ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kehan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuexin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tinghe Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institutes of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Dautt-Castro M, Rosendo-Vargas M, Casas-Flores S. The Small GTPases in Fungal Signaling Conservation and Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051039. [PMID: 33924947 PMCID: PMC8146680 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomeric GTPases, which belong to the Ras superfamily, are small proteins involved in many biological processes. They are fine-tuned regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Several families have been identified in organisms from different kingdoms. Overall, the most studied families are Ras, Rho, Rab, Ran, Arf, and Miro. Recently, a new family named Big Ras GTPases was reported. As a general rule, the proteins of all families have five characteristic motifs (G1–G5), and some specific features for each family have been described. Here, we present an exhaustive analysis of these small GTPase families in fungi, using 56 different genomes belonging to different phyla. For this purpose, we used distinct approaches such as phylogenetics and sequences analysis. The main functions described for monomeric GTPases in fungi include morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, vesicle trafficking, and virulence, which are discussed here. Their participation during fungus–plant interactions is reviewed as well.
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22
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Zheng Q, Yu Z, Yuan Y, Sun D, Abubakar YS, Zhou J, Wang Z, Zheng H. The GTPase-Activating Protein FgGyp1 Is Important for Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, and Virulence and Negatively Regulates DON Biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearium. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:621519. [PMID: 33552040 PMCID: PMC7858271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.621519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ypt1 is a small Rab GTPase in yeast, Gyp1 functions at the Golgi as a negative regulator of Ypt1. Gyp1 homologs are conserved in filamentous fungi. However, the roles of Gyp1 in phytopathogenic fungi are still unclear. Herein, we investigated the functions of FgGyp1 in the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum by live-cell imaging, genetic, and pathological analyses. Targeted gene replacement method was used to delete FgGYP1 in F. graminearum. Phenotypic analyses showed that FgGyp1 is critically important not only for the vegetative growth of F. graminearum but also its conidiation. The mutant’s vegetative growth was significantly reduced by 70% compared to the wild type PH-1. The virulence of FgGYP1 deletion mutant was significantly decreased when compared with the wild type PH-1. We further found that FgGyp1 negatively regulates DON production of the fungus. Live-cell imaging clearly demonstrated that FgGyp1 mainly localizes to the Golgi apparatus. Moreover, the TBC domain, C-terminal, and N-terminal regions of FgGyp1 are found to be indispensable for its biological functions and normal localization. The Arg357 residue of FgGyp1 is essential for its functions but dispensable for the normal localization of the protein, while the Arg284 residue is not required for both the functions and normal localization of the protein. Furthermore, we showed that FgGyp1 essentially hydrolyzes the GTP-bound FgRab1 (activated form) to its corresponding GDP-bound (inactive) form in vitro, suggesting that FgGyp1 is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for FgRab1. Finally, FgGyp1 was found to be important for FgSnc1-mediated fusion of secretory vesicles from the Golgi with the plasma membrane in F. graminearum. Put together, these data demonstrate that FgGyp1 functions as a GAP for FgRab1 and is important for vegetative growth, conidiation and virulence, and negatively regulates DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojia Zheng
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanping Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Danli Sun
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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23
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Zheng H, Li L, Yu Z, Yuan Y, Zheng Q, Xie Q, Li G, Abubakar YS, Zhou J, Wang Z, Zheng W. FgSpa2 recruits FgMsb3, a Rab8 GAP, to the polarisome to regulate polarized trafficking, growth and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1665-1683. [PMID: 32978966 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, hyphal growth depends on the continuous delivery of vesicles to the growing tips. It is unclear how fast-growing hyphae coordinate simultaneous cell extension and expansion in the tip cells. We have functionally characterized 12 TBC (Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16) domain-containing proteins in Fusarium graminearum. Among them, FgMsb3 is found to regulate hyphal tip expansion and to be required for pathogenicity. The regulatory mechanism of FgMsb3 has been further investigated by genetic, high-resolution microscopy and high-throughput co-immunoprecipitation strategies. The FgMsb3 protein localizes at the polarisome and the hyphal apical dome (HAD) where it acts as a GTPase-activating protein for FgRab8 which is required for apical secretion-mediated growth and pathogenicity. Deletion of FgMSB3 causes excessive polarized trafficking but blocks the fusion of FgSnc1-associated vesicles to the plasma membrane. Moreover, we establish that FgSpa2 interacts with FgMsb3, enabling FgMsb3 tethering to the polarisome. Loss of FgSpa2 or other polarisome components (FgBud6 and FgPea2) causes complete shifting of FgMsb3 to the HAD and this affects the polarized growth and pathogenicity of the fungus. In summary, we conclude that FgSpa2 regulates FgMsb3-FgRab8 cascade and this is crucial for creating a steady-state equilibrium that maintains continuous polarized growth and contributes to the pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zheng
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yanping Yuan
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiaojia Zheng
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 810211, Nigeria
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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24
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Zhu XM, Li L, Cai YY, Wu XY, Shi HB, Liang S, Qu YM, Naqvi NI, Del Poeta M, Dong B, Lin FC, Liu XH. A VASt-domain protein regulates autophagy, membrane tension, and sterol homeostasis in rice blast fungus. Autophagy 2020; 17:2939-2961. [PMID: 33176558 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1848129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols are a class of lipids critical for fundamental biological processes and membrane dynamics. These molecules are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are transported bi-directionally between the ER and plasma membrane (PM). However, the trafficking mechanism of sterols and their relationship with macroautophagy/autophagy are still poorly understood in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we identified the VAD1 Analog of StAR-related lipid transfer (VASt) domain-containing protein MoVast1 via co-immunoprecipitation in M. oryzae. Loss of MoVAST1 resulted in conidial defects, impaired appressorium development, and reduced pathogenicity. The MoTor (target of rapamycin in M. oryzae) activity is inhibited because MoVast1 deletion leads to high levels of sterol accumulation in the PM. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the 902 T site is essential for localization and function of MoVast1. Through filipin or Flipper-TR staining, autophagic flux detection, MoAtg8 lipidation, and drug sensitivity assays, we uncovered that MoVast1 acts as a novel autophagy inhibition factor that monitors tension in the PM by regulating the sterol content, which in turn modulates the activity of MoTor. Lipidomics and transcriptomics analyses further confirmed that MoVast1 is an important regulator of lipid metabolism and the autophagy pathway. Our results revealed and characterized a novel sterol transfer protein important for M. oryzae pathogenicity.Abbreviations: AmB: amphotericin B; ATMT: Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation; CM: complete medium; dpi: days post-inoculation; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; Flipper-TR: fluorescent lipid tension reporter; GO: Gene ontology; hpi: hours post-inoculation; IH: invasive hyphae; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; MoTor: target of rapamycin in Magnaporthe oryzae; PalmC: palmitoylcarnitine; PM: plasma membrane; SD-N: synthetic defined medium without amino acids and ammonium sulfate; TOR: target of rapamycin; VASt: VAD1 Analog of StAR-related lipid transfer; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Cai
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Min Qu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA
| | - Bo Dong
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Sweetman C, Khassanova G, Miller TK, Booth NJ, Kurishbayev A, Jatayev S, Gupta NK, Langridge P, Jenkins CLD, Soole KL, Day DA, Shavrukov Y. Salt-induced expression of intracellular vesicle trafficking genes, CaRab-GTP, and their association with Na + accumulation in leaves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:183. [PMID: 33050887 PMCID: PMC7557026 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickpea is an important legume and is moderately tolerant to salinity stress during the growing season. However, the level and mechanisms for salinity tolerance can vary among accessions and cultivars. A large family of CaRab-GTP genes, previously identified in chickpea, is homologous to intracellular vesicle trafficking superfamily genes that play essential roles in response to salinity stress in plants. RESULTS To determine which of the gene family members are involved in the chickpea salt response, plants from six selected chickpea accessions (Genesis 836, Hattrick, ICC12726, Rupali, Slasher and Yubileiny) were exposed to salinity stress and expression profiles resolved for the major CaRab-GTP gene clades after 5, 9 and 15 days of salt exposure. Gene clade expression profiles (using degenerate primers targeting all members of each clade) were tested for their relationship to salinity tolerance measures, namely plant biomass and Na+ accumulation. Transcripts representing 11 out of the 13 CaRab clades could be detected by RT-PCR, but only six (CaRabA2, -B, -C, -D, -E and -H) could be quantified using qRT-PCR due to low expression levels or poor amplification efficiency of the degenerate primers for clades containing several gene members. Expression profiles of three gene clades, CaRabB, -D and -E, were very similar across all six chickpea accessions, showing a strongly coordinated network. Salt-induced enhancement of CaRabA2 expression at 15 days showed a very strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.905) with Na+ accumulation in leaves. However, salinity tolerance estimated as relative plant biomass production compared to controls, did not correlate with Na+ accumulation in leaves, nor with expression profiles of any of the investigated CaRab-GTP genes. CONCLUSION A coordinated network of CaRab-GTP genes, which are likely involved in intracellular trafficking, are important for the salinity stress response of chickpea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gulmira Khassanova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Troy K Miller
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Booth
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Akhylbek Kurishbayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Satyvaldy Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Narendra K Gupta
- College of Agriculture, SKN Agriculture University, Jobner, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Colin L D Jenkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kathleen L Soole
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David A Day
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Life Science, AgriBio, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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26
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The ADP-ribosylation factor-like small GTPase FgArl1 participates in growth, pathogenicity and DON production in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:969-980. [PMID: 33059848 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and related species, which causes serious production decreases and economic losses and produces toxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), which endangers the health of humans and livestock. Vesicle transport is a basic physiological process required for cell survival in eukaryotes. Many regulators of vesicle transport are reported to be involved in the pathogenicity of fungi. In yeast and mammalian cells, the ADP-ribosylation factor-like small GTPase Arl1 and its orthologs are involved in regulating vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization and other significant biological processes. However, the role of Arl1 in F. graminearum is not well understood. In this study, we characterized the Arl1-homologous protein FgArl1 in F. graminearum and showed that FgArl1 is located in the trans-Golgi apparatus. The deletion of FgARL1 resulted in a significant decrease in vegetative growth and pathogenicity. Further analyses of the ΔFgarl1 mutant revealed defects in the production of DON. Taken together, these results indicate that FgArl1 is important in the development and pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
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27
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The type II phosphoinositide 4-kinase FgLsb6 is important for the development and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103443. [PMID: 32800918 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is a wheat disease with a worldwide prevalence. In eukaryotes, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), which participates in many physiological processes, is located primarily in different organelles, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN), plasma membrane and endosomes. Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) are involved in regulating the production of PI4P in yeast, plants and mammalian cells. However, the role of these proteins in phytopathogenic fungi is not well understood. In this study, we characterized the type II PI4K protein FgLsb6 in F. graminearum, a homolog of Lsb6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unlike Lsb6, FgLsb6 localizes to the vacuoles and endosomes. The ΔFglsb6 mutant displayed defects in vegetative growth, deoxynivalenol (DON) production and pathogenicity. Furthermore, the ΔFglsb6 deletion mutant also exhibited increased resistance to osmotic, oxidative and cell wall stresses. Further analyses of the ΔFglsb6 mutant showed that it was defective in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis. Collectively, our data suggest that the decreased vegetative growth and pathogenicity of ΔFglsb6 was due to the conservative roles of FgLsb6 in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis.
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Yang C, Li J, Chen X, Zhang X, Liao D, Yun Y, Zheng W, Abubakar YS, Li G, Wang Z, Zhou J. FgVps9, a Rab5 GEF, Is Critical for DON Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1714. [PMID: 32849361 PMCID: PMC7418515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases play an important role in vesicle-mediated membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Previous studies have demonstrated that deletion of RAB5/VPS21 reduces endocytosis and virulence of fungal phytopathogens in their host plants. However, Rab5 GTPase cycle regulators have not been characterized in Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head scab disease in cereal crops. In this study, we have identified and characterized a Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), the Vps9 homolog FgVps9, in F. graminearum. Yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assays have shown that FgVps9 specifically interacts with the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound (inactive) forms of FgRab51 and FgRab52, the Rab5 isoforms in F. graminearum. Deletion of FgVPS9 shows impaired fungal growth and conidiation. Pathogenicity assays indicate that deletion of FgVPS9 can significantly decrease the virulence of F. graminearum in wheat. Cytological analyses have indicated that FgVps9 colocalizes with FgRab51 and FgRab52 on early endosomes and regulates endocytosis and autophagy processes. Gene expression and cytological examination have shown that FgVps9 and FgRab51 or FgRab52 function in concert to control deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis by regulating the expression of trichothecene biosynthesis-related genes and toxisome biogenesis. Taken together, FgVps9 functions as a GEF for FgRab51 and FgRab52 to regulate endocytosis, which, as a basic cellular function, has significant impact on the vegetative growth, asexual development, autophagy, DON production, and plant infection in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Yang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingzhi Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Danhua Liao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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FgHtf1 Regulates Global Gene Expression towards Aerial Mycelium and Conidiophore Formation in the Cereal Fungal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.03024-19. [PMID: 32086302 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03024-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeobox gene family of transcription factors (HTF) controls many developmental pathways and physiological processes in eukaryotes. We previously showed that a conserved HTF in the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, Htf1 (FgHtf1), regulates conidium morphology in that organism. This study investigated the mechanism of FgHtf1-mediated regulation and identified putative FgHtf1 target genes by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay combined with parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA sequencing. A total of 186 potential binding peaks, including 142 genes directly regulated by FgHtf1, were identified. Subsequent motif prediction analysis identified two DNA-binding motifs, TAAT and CTTGT. Among the FgHtf1 target genes were FgHTF1 itself and several important conidiation-related genes (e.g., FgCON7), the chitin synthase pathway genes, and the aurofusarin biosynthetic pathway genes. In addition, FgHtf1 may regulate the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-Msn2/4 and Ca2+-calcineurin-Crz1 pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that, in addition to autoregulation, FgHtf1 also controls global gene expression and promotes a shift to aerial growth and conidiation in F. graminearum by activation of FgCON7 or other conidiation-related genes.IMPORTANCE The homeobox gene family of transcription factors is known to be involved in the development and conidiation of filamentous fungi. However, the regulatory mechanisms and downstream targets of homeobox genes remain unclear. FgHtf1 is a homeobox transcription factor that is required for phialide development and conidiogenesis in the plant pathogen F. graminearum In this study, we identified FgHtf1-controlled target genes and binding motifs. We found that, besides autoregulation, FgHtf1 also controls global gene expression and promotes conidiation in F. graminearum by activation of genes necessary for aerial growth, FgCON7, and other conidiation-related genes.
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Papandreou ME, Tavernarakis N. Crosstalk between Endo/Exocytosis and Autophagy in Health and Disease. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900267. [PMID: 32143239 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Imbalance between the main intracellular degradative, trafficking and intercellular shuttling pathways has been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Autophagy controls degradation of cellular components, while vesicular trafficking permits transport of material in and out of the cell. Emerging evidence has uncovered the extensive interconnectivity between these pathways, which is crucial to maintain organismal homeostasis. Thus, therapeutic intervention and drug development strategies targeting these processes, particularly in neurodegeneration, should account for this broad crosstalk, to maximize effectiveness. Here, recent findings underlining the highly dynamic nature of the crosstalk between autophagy, endosomal transport, and secretion is reviewed. Synergy of autophagy and endosomes for degradation, as well as, competition of autophagy and secretion are discussed. Perturbation of this crosstalk triggers pathology especially neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita-Elena Papandreou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71500, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71500, Greece
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31
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Li B, Mao HY, Zhang ZY, Chen XJ, Ouyang SQ. FolVps9, a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor for FolVps21, Is Essential for Fungal Development and Pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2658. [PMID: 31798569 PMCID: PMC6868059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne, asexual fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of tomato wilt disease. Autophagy plays a crucial role in the development and virulence of Fol. The Fol endosomal system is highly dynamic and has been shown to be associated with conidiogenesis and pathogenicity. Rab GTPases and the regulators are highly conserved in regulating autophagy and endocytosis in most eukaryotes. Identification and characterization of additional Rab regulators in fungal pathogens should facilitate the understanding of the autophagy and endocytosis in different filamentous fungi. Here, we have identified and characterized the yeast VPS9 homolog FolVPS9 in Fol. Targeted gene deletion showed that FolVPS9 is important for growth, conidiation and virulence in Fol. Cytological examination revealed that FolVps9 co-localized with FolVps21 (a marker of early endosome) and played a critical role in endocytosis and autophagosome degradation. Pull-down assays showed that FolVps9 interacted with FolVps21, which was also important for development and plant infection in Fol. Yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that FolVps9 specifically interacts with the GDP-bound form of FolVps21. Furthermore, a constitutively active form of FolVps21 (Q72L) was able to rescue defects of ΔFolvps9 and ΔFolvps21 mutants. In summary, our study provides solid evidence that FolVps9 acts as a FolVps21 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEFs) to modulate endocytosis and autophagy, thereby controlling vegetative growth, asexual development and pathogenicity in Fol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ying Mao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Qiang Ouyang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Gabriel AF, Costa MC, Enguita FJ, Leitão AL. Si vis pacem para bellum: A prospective in silico analysis of miRNA-based plant defenses against fungal infections. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110241. [PMID: 31521215 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are an important threat for plant crops, being responsible for important reductions of production yields and a consequent economic impact. Among the molecular mediators of fungal infections of plant crops, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been described as relevant players either in the plant immune responses and mechanism of defense or in the colonization of plant tissues by fungi. Acting as a mechanism of defense, some plant small ncRNAs such as miRNAs and tasiRNAs can be secreted by cells and directed to target the transcriptome of pathogenic fungi, triggering an RNAi-like interference mechanism able to silence the expression of specific fungal genes. The detailed knowledge of this mechanism of defense against fungal pathogens could open new possibilities for the protection of human important crops. To infer putative functional relationships mediated by ncRNA communication, we performed a prospective analysis to determine potential plant miRNAs able to target the genome of fungal pathogens, which resulted in the description of enriched specific plant miRNA families and their putative fungal targets that could be further studied in the context of plant-fungi interactions. The expression profile of specific members of the enriched miRNAs families showed an infection-dependent behavior in laboratory models of infection. Plant miRNAs showed sequence complementarity with coding genes of their cognate fungal pathogens. Plant miRNAs could potentially target fungal genes belonging to functional families related to stress response, membrane architecture, vacuolar transport, membrane traffic, and anabolic processes. Families of specific infection-responsive miRNAs are included in the putative plant defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Gabriel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marina C Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Lúcia Leitão
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; MEtRICs, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal.
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R-SNARE FgSec22 is essential for growth, pathogenicity and DON production of Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 66:421-435. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Adnan M, Islam W, Zhang J, Zheng W, Lu GD. Diverse Role of SNARE Protein Sec22 in Vesicle Trafficking, Membrane Fusion, and Autophagy. Cells 2019; 8:E337. [PMID: 30974782 PMCID: PMC6523435 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis begins at free ribosomes or ribosomes attached with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Newly synthesized proteins are transported to the plasma membrane for secretion through conventional or unconventional pathways. In conventional protein secretion, proteins are transported from the ER lumen to Golgi lumen and through various other compartments to be secreted at the plasma membrane, while unconventional protein secretion bypasses the Golgi apparatus. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) proteins are involved in cargo vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion. The ER localized vesicle associated SNARE (v-SNARE) protein Sec22 plays a major role during anterograde and retrograde transport by promoting efficient membrane fusion and assisting in the assembly of higher order complexes by homodimer formation. Sec22 is not only confined to ER-Golgi intermediate compartments (ERGIC) but also facilitates formation of contact sites between ER and plasma membranes. Sec22 mutation is responsible for the development of atherosclerosis and symptoms in the brain in Alzheimer's disease and aging in humans. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Sec22 is essential for photoreceptor morphogenesis, the wingless signaling pathway, and normal ER, Golgi, and endosome morphology. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it is involved in development, and in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, it is in involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. In filamentous fungi, it affects cell wall integrity, growth, reproduction, pathogenicity, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), expression of extracellular enzymes, and transcriptional regulation of many development related genes. This review provides a detailed account of Sec22 function, summarizes its domain structure, discusses its genetic redundancy with Ykt6, discusses what is known about its localization to discrete membranes, its contributions in conventional and unconventional autophagy, and a variety of other roles across different cellular systems ranging from higher to lower eukaryotes, and highlights some of the surprises that have originated from research on Sec22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Waqar Islam
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Abstract
The interaction between pathogens and their host plants is a ubiquitous process. Some plant fungal pathogens can form a specific infection structure, such as an appressorium, which is formed by the accumulation of a large amount of glycerin and thereby the creation of an extremely high intracellular turgor pressure, which allows the penetration peg of the appressorium to puncture the leaf cuticle of the host. Previous studies have shown that autophagy energizes the accumulation of pressure by appressoria, which induces its pathogenesis. Similar to other eukaryotic organisms, autophagy processes are highly conserved pathways that play important roles in filamentous fungal pathogenicity. This review aims to demonstrate how the autophagy process affects the pathogenicity of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhu
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Lin Li
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Min Wu
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Shuang Liang
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- a State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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Zheng H, Li L, Miao P, Wu C, Chen X, Yuan M, Fang T, Norvienyeku J, Li G, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zhou J. FgSec2A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of FgRab8, is important for polarized growth, pathogenicity and deoxynivalenol production in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3378-3392. [PMID: 30105886 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sec4/Rab8 is one of the well-studied members of the Rab GTPase family, previous studies have shown that Sec4/Rab8 crucially promotes the pathogenesis of phytopathogens, but the upstream regulators of Rab8 are still unknown. Here, we have identified two Sec2 homologues FgSec2A and FgSec2B in devastating fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum and investigated their functions and interactions with FgRab8 by live-cell imaging, genetic and functional analyses. Yeast two-hybrid assay shows that FgSec2A specifically interacts with FgRab8DN(N123I) and itself. Importantly, FgSec2A is required for growth, conidiation, DON production and virulence of F. graminearum. Live-cell imaging shows that FgSec2A and FgSec2B are both localized to the tip region of hyphae and conidia. Both N-terminal region and Sec2 domain of FgSec2A are essential for its function, but not for localization, whereas the C-terminal region is important for its polarized localization. Furthermore, constitutively active FgRab8CA(Q69L) partially rescues the defects of ΔFgsec2A. Consistently, FgSec2A is required for the polarized localization of FgRab8. Finally, FgSec2A and FgSec2B show partial functions, but FgSec2A does not interact and co-localize with FgSec2B. Taken together, these results indicate that FgSec2A acts as a FgRab8 guanine nucleotide exchange factor and is necessary for polarized growth, DON production and pathogenicity in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Pengfei Miao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Congxian Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,College of Ocean Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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