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Zhang ZY, Yang ZH, Wang S, Feng SL, Wang XL, Mao JY. Regulation of optimized new Shengmai powder on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in ischemic heart failure rats: The mediating role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/tumor protein 53 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118264. [PMID: 38692417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Optimized New Shengmai Powder (ONSMP) is a sophisticated traditional Chinese medicinal formula renowned for bolstering vital energy, optimizing blood circulation, and mitigating fluid retention. After years of clinical application, ONSMP has shown a significant impact in improving myocardial injury and cardiac function and has a positive effect on treating heart failure. However, many unknowns exist about the molecular biological mechanisms of how ONSMP exerts its therapeutic effects, which require further research and exploration. AIM OF THE STUDY Exploring the potential molecular biological mechanisms by which ONSMP ameliorates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in ischemic heart failure (IHF). MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we constructed a rat model of IHF by inducing acute myocardial infarction through surgery and using echocardiography, organ coefficients, markers of heart failure, antioxidant markers, and histopathological examination to assess the effects of ONSMP on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in IHF rats. Next, we used bioinformatics analysis techniques to analyze the active components, signaling pathways, and core targets of ONSMP and calculated the interactions between core targets and corresponding elements. Finally, we detected the positive expression of apoptosis and ferroptosis markers and core indicators of signaling pathways by immunohistochemistry; detected the mean fluorescence intensity of core indicators of signaling pathways by immunofluorescence; detected the protein expression of signaling pathways and downstream effector molecules by western blotting; and detected the mRNA levels of p53 and downstream effector molecules by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS ONSMP can activate the Ser83 site of ASK by promoting the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT axis, thereby inhibiting the MKK3/6-p38 axis and the MKK4/7-JNK axis signaling to reduce p53 expression, and can also directly target and inhibit the activity of p53, ultimately inhibiting p53-mediated mRNA and protein increases in PUMA, SAT1, PIG3, and TFR1, as well as mRNA and protein decreases in SLC7A11, thereby inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis, effectively improving cardiac function and ventricular remodeling in IHF rat models. CONCLUSION ONSMP can inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis through the PI3K/AKT/p53 signaling pathway, delaying the development of IHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Shao-Ling Feng
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Xian-Liang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Jing-Yuan Mao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
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2
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Esteban-Collado J, Fernández-Mañas M, Fernández-Moreno M, Maeso I, Corominas M, Serras F. Reactive oxygen species activate the Drosophila TNF receptor Wengen for damage-induced regeneration. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00155-9. [PMID: 39020149 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) control pleiotropic pro-inflammatory functions that range from apoptosis to cell survival. The ability to trigger a particular function will depend on the upstream cues, association with regulatory complexes, and downstream pathways. In Drosophila melanogaster, two TNFRs have been identified, Wengen (Wgn) and Grindelwald (Grnd). Although several reports associate these receptors with JNK-dependent apoptosis, it has recently been found that Wgn activates a variety of other functions. We demonstrate that Wgn is required for survival by protecting cells from apoptosis. This is mediated by dTRAF1 and results in the activation of p38 MAP kinase. Remarkably, Wgn is required for apoptosis-induced regeneration and is activated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced following apoptosis. This ROS activation is exclusive for Wgn, but not for Grnd, and can occur after knocking down Eiger/TNFα. The extracellular cysteine-rich domain of Grnd is much more divergent than that of Wgn, which is more similar to TNFRs from other animals, including humans. Our results show a novel TNFR function that responds to stressors by ensuring p38-dependent regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Esteban-Collado
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Fernández-Mañas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Moreno
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Maeso
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corominas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florenci Serras
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Maurya D, Rai G, Mandal D, Mondal BC. Transient caspase-mediated activation of caspase-activated DNase causes DNA damage required for phagocytic macrophage differentiation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114251. [PMID: 38761374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic macrophages are crucial for innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Most tissue-resident macrophages develop from embryonic precursors that populate every organ before birth to lifelong self-renew. However, the mechanisms for versatile macrophage differentiation remain unknown. Here, we use in vivo genetic and cell biological analysis of the Drosophila larval hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland that produces macrophages. We show that the developmentally regulated transient activation of caspase-activated DNase (CAD)-mediated DNA strand breaks in intermediate progenitors is essential for macrophage differentiation. Insulin receptor-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling regulates the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1)/c-Jun kinase (JNK) axis to control sublethal levels of caspase activation, causing DNA strand breaks during macrophage development. Furthermore, caspase activity is also required for embryonic-origin macrophage development and efficient phagocytosis. Our study provides insights into developmental signaling and CAD-mediated DNA strand breaks associated with multifunctional and heterogeneous macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Maurya
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gayatri Rai
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Debleena Mandal
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bama Charan Mondal
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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4
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Zhang XS, Wei L, Zhang W, Zhang FX, Li L, Li L, Wen Y, Zhang JH, Liu S, Yuan D, Liu Y, Ren C, Li S. ERK-activated CK-2 triggers blastema formation during appendage regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8331. [PMID: 38507478 PMCID: PMC10954200 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Appendage regeneration relies on the formation of blastema, a heterogeneous cellular structure formed at the injury site. However, little is known about the early injury-activated signaling pathways that trigger blastema formation during appendage regeneration. Here, we provide compelling evidence that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-activated casein kinase 2 (CK-2), which has not been previously implicated in appendage regeneration, triggers blastema formation during leg regeneration in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. After amputation, CK-2 undergoes rapid activation through ERK-induced phosphorylation within blastema cells. RNAi knockdown of CK-2 severely impairs blastema formation by repressing cell proliferation through down-regulating mitosis-related genes. Evolutionarily, the regenerative role of CK-2 is conserved in zebrafish caudal fin regeneration via promoting blastema cell proliferation. Together, we find and demonstrate that the ERK-activated CK-2 triggers blastema formation in both cockroach and zebrafish, helping explore initiation factors during appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Fei-Xue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yejie Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Suning Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Dongwei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chonghua Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
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5
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Pandita S, Singh S, Bajpai SK, Mishra G, Saxena G, Verma PC. Molecular aspects of regeneration in insects. Dev Biol 2024; 507:64-72. [PMID: 38160963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Regeneration is a fascinating phenomenon observed in various organisms across the animal kingdom. Different orders of class Insecta are reported to possess comprehensive regeneration abilities. Several signalling molecules, such as morphogens, growth factors, and others trigger a cascade of events that promote wound healing, blastema formation, growth, and repatterning. Furthermore, epigenetic regulation has emerged as a critical player in regulating the process of regeneration. This report highlights the major breakthrough research on wound healing and tissue regeneration. Exploring and reviewing the molecular basis of regeneration can be helpful in the area of regenerative medicine advancements. The understanding gathered from this framework can potentially contribute to hypothesis designing with implications in the field of synthetic biology and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Pandita
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India; Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
| | - Sanchita Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India; Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bajpai
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Geetanjali Mishra
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
| | - Gauri Saxena
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
| | - Praveen C Verma
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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6
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Mitchell DG, Edgar A, Mateu JR, Ryan JF, Martindale MQ. The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi deploys a rapid injury response dating back to the last common animal ancestor. Commun Biol 2024; 7:203. [PMID: 38374160 PMCID: PMC10876535 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Regenerative potential is widespread but unevenly distributed across animals. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying regenerative processes is limited to a handful of model organisms, restricting robust comparative analyses. Here, we conduct a time course of RNA-seq during whole body regeneration in Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora) to uncover gene expression changes that correspond with key events during the regenerative timeline of this species. We identified several genes highly enriched in this dataset beginning as early as 10 minutes after surgical bisection including transcription factors in the early timepoints, peptidases in the middle timepoints, and cytoskeletal genes in the later timepoints. We validated the expression of early response transcription factors by whole mount in situ hybridization, showing that these genes exhibited high expression in tissues surrounding the wound site. These genes exhibit a pattern of transient upregulation as seen in a variety of other organisms, suggesting that they may be initiators of an ancient gene regulatory network linking wound healing to the initiation of a regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy G Mitchell
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Allison Edgar
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Júlia Ramon Mateu
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Joseph F Ryan
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, FL, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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7
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Liu C, Liu X, He Z, Zhang J, Tan X, Yang W, Zhang Y, Yu T, Liao S, Dai L, Xu Z, Li F, Huang Y, Zhao J. Proenkephalin-A secreted by renal proximal tubules functions as a brake in kidney regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7167. [PMID: 37935684 PMCID: PMC10630464 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ regeneration necessitates precise coordination of accelerators and brakes to restore organ function. However, the mechanisms underlying this intricate molecular crosstalk remain elusive. In this study, the level of proenkephalin-A (PENK-A), expressed by renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, decreases significantly with the loss of renal proximal tubules and increased at the termination phase of zebrafish kidney regeneration. Notably, this change contrasts with the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which acts as an accelerator in kidney regeneration. Through experiments with penka mutants and pharmaceutical treatments, we demonstrate that PENK-A inhibits H2O2 production in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting its involvement in regulating the rate and termination of regeneration. Furthermore, H2O2 influences the expression of tcf21, a vital factor in the formation of renal progenitor cell aggregates, by remodeling H3K4me3 in renal cells. Overall, our findings highlight the regulatory role of PENK-A as a brake in kidney regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwei He
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jiangping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Tan
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wenmin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shuyi Liao
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Furong Li
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China.
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8
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Xueqing S, Delong L, Guizhi W, Yunhan F, Liuxu Y, Tianle C. Effect of fluvalinate on the expression profile of circular RNA in brain tissue of Apis mellifera ligustica workers. Front Genet 2023; 14:1185952. [PMID: 37252656 PMCID: PMC10213878 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1185952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluvalinate is widely used in apiculture as an acaricide for removing Varroa mites, but there have been growing concerns about the negative effects of fluvalinate on honeybees in recent years. Previous research revealed changes in the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles of Apis mellifera ligustica brain tissues during fluvalinate exposure, as well as key genes and pathways. The role of circRNAs in this process, however, is unknown. The goal of this study was to discover the fluvalinate-induced changes in circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles of brain tissue of A. mellifera ligustica workers. A total of 10,780 circRNAs were detected in A. mellifera ligustica brain tissue, of which eight were differentially expressed between at least two of the four time periods before and after fluvalinate administration, and six circRNAs were experimentally verified to be structurally correct, and their expression patterns were consistent with transcriptome sequencing results. Furthermore, ceRNA analysis revealed that five differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) (novel_circ_012139, novel_circ_011690, novel_circ_002628, novel_circ_004765, and novel_circ_010008) were primarily involved in apoptosis-related functions by competitive binding with miRNAs. This study discovered changes in the circRNA expression profile of A. mellifera ligustica brain tissue caused by fluvalinate exposure, and it provides a useful reference for the biological function study of circRNAs in A. mellifera ligustica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xueqing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Lou Delong
- Comprehensive Testing and Inspection Center, Shandong Provincial Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wang Guizhi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Yunhan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Liuxu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Tianle
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
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9
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Zhong J, Jing A, Zheng S, Li S, Zhang X, Ren C. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of insect appendage regeneration. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:9. [PMID: 36859631 PMCID: PMC9978051 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration, as a fascinating scientific field, refers to the ability of animals replacing lost tissue or body parts. Many metazoan organisms have been reported with the regeneration phenomena, but showing evolutionarily variable abilities. As the most diverse metazoan taxon, hundreds of insects show strong appendage regeneration ability. The regeneration process and ability are dependent on many factors, including macroscopic physiological conditions and microscopic molecular mechanisms. This article reviews research progress on the physiological conditions and internal underlying mechanisms controlling appendage regeneration in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Zhong
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Andi Jing
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Shaojuan Zheng
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Sheng Li
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China ,grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, 514779 China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Chonghua Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China. .,Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, 514779, China.
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10
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Harris RE. Investigating Tissue Regeneration Using the DUAL Control Genetic Ablation System. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2599:255-270. [PMID: 36427155 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2847-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic ablation is a highly efficient method to study regeneration in vivo by stimulating tissue-specific cell death that subsequently induces regrowth and repair in a developing organism. This approach has been particularly successful in Drosophila, for which various temperature-based genetic ablation tools have been developed to explore the complexities of regeneration in larval imaginal discs. Here, we describe the use of a recently established ablation system called DUAL Control, which can be used to both characterize the damage response and genetically manipulate blastema cells to identify novel regulators of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Harris
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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11
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Tursch A, Holstein TW. From injury to patterning—MAPKs and Wnt signaling in Hydra. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:381-417. [PMID: 36967201 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydra has a regenerative capacity that is not limited to individual organs but encompasses the entire body. Various global and integrative genome, transcriptome and proteome approaches have shown that many of the signaling pathways and transcription factors present in vertebrates are already present in Cnidaria, the sister group of Bilateria, and are also activated in regeneration. It is now possible to investigate one of the central questions of regeneration biology, i.e., how does the patterning system become activated by the injury signals that initiate regeneration. This review will present the current data obtained in Hydra and draw parallels with regeneration in Bilateria. Important findings of this global analysis are that the Wnt signaling pathway has a dual function in the regeneration process. In the early phase Wnt is activated generically and in a second phase of pattern formation it is activated in a position specific manner. Thus, Wnt signaling is part of the generic injury response, in which mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are initially activated via calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The MAPKs, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) are essential for Wnt activation in Hydra head and foot regenerates. Furthermore, the antagonism between the ERK signaling pathway and stress-induced MAPKs results in a balanced induction of apoptosis and mitosis. However, the early Wnt genes are activated by MAPK signaling rather than apoptosis. Early Wnt gene activity is differentially integrated with a stable, β-Catenin-based gradient along the primary body axis maintaining axial polarity and activating further Wnts in the regenerating head. Because MAPKs and Wnts are highly evolutionarily conserved, we hypothesize that this mechanism is also present in vertebrates but may be activated to different degrees at the level of early Wnt gene integration.
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12
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Actin remodeling mediates ROS production and JNK activation to drive apoptosis-induced proliferation. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010533. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced cell death, mainly apoptosis, and its subsequent tissue repair is interlinked although our knowledge of this connection is still very limited. An intriguing finding is apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP), an evolutionary conserved mechanism employed by apoptotic cells to trigger compensatory proliferation of their neighboring cells. Studies using Drosophila as a model organism have revealed that apoptotic caspases and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling play critical roles to activate AiP. For example, the initiator caspase Dronc, the caspase-9 ortholog in Drosophila, promotes activation of JNK leading to release of mitogenic signals and AiP. Recent studies further revealed that Dronc relocates to the cell cortex via Myo1D, an unconventional myosin, and stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to trigger AiP. During this process, ROS can attract hemocytes, the Drosophila macrophages, which further amplify JNK signaling cell non-autonomously. However, the intrinsic components connecting Dronc, ROS and JNK within the stressed signal-producing cells remain elusive. Here, we identified LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1), a kinase promoting cellular F-actin polymerization, as a novel regulator of AiP. F-actin accumulates in a Dronc-dependent manner in response to apoptotic stress. Suppression of F-actin polymerization in stressed cells by knocking down LIMK1 or expressing Cofilin, an inhibitor of F-actin elongation, blocks ROS production and JNK activation, hence AiP. Furthermore, Dronc and LIMK1 genetically interact. Co-expression of Dronc and LIMK1 drives F-actin accumulation, ROS production and JNK activation. Interestingly, these synergistic effects between Dronc and LIMK1 depend on Myo1D. Therefore, F-actin remodeling plays an important role mediating caspase-driven ROS production and JNK activation in the process of AiP.
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13
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Serras F. The sooner, the better: ROS, kinases and nutrients at the onset of the damage response in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1047823. [PMID: 36353511 PMCID: PMC9637634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1047823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main topics in regeneration biology is the nature of the early signals that trigger the damage response. Recent advances in Drosophila point to the MAP3 kinase Ask1 as a molecular hub that integrates several signals at the onset of regeneration. It has been discovered that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in damaged imaginal discs and gut epithelia will activate the MAP3 kinase Ask1. Severely damaged and apoptotic cells produce an enormous amount of ROS, which ensures their elimination by activating Ask1 and in turn the pro-apoptotic function of JNK. However, this creates an oxidative stress environment with beneficial effects that is sensed by neighboring healthy cells. This environment, in addition to the Pi3K/Akt nutrient sensing pathway, can be integrated into Ask1 to launch regeneration. Ultimately the activity of Ask1 depends on these and other inputs and modulates its signaling to achieve moderate levels of p38 and low JNK signaling and thus promote survival and regeneration. This model based on the dual function of Ask1 for early response to damage is discussed here.
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14
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Klemm J, Stinchfield MJ, Harris RE. Necrosis-induced apoptosis promotes regeneration in Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Genetics 2021; 219:6365941. [PMID: 34740246 PMCID: PMC8570793 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is a complex process that requires a coordinated genetic response to tissue loss. Signals from dying cells are crucial to this process and are best understood in the context of regeneration following programmed cell death, like apoptosis. Conversely, regeneration following unregulated forms of death, such as necrosis, have yet to be fully explored. Here, we have developed a method to investigate regeneration following necrosis using the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. We show that necrosis stimulates regeneration at an equivalent level to that of apoptosis-mediated cell death and activates a similar response at the wound edge involving localized JNK signaling. Unexpectedly, however, necrosis also results in significant apoptosis far from the site of ablation, which we have termed necrosis-induced apoptosis (NiA). This apoptosis occurs independent of changes at the wound edge and importantly does not rely on JNK signaling. Furthermore, we find that blocking NiA limits proliferation and subsequently inhibits regeneration, suggesting that tissues damaged by necrosis can activate programmed cell death at a distance from the injury to promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Klemm
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85728, USA
| | | | - Robin E Harris
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85728, USA
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15
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Scepanovic G, Hunter MV, Kafri R, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. p38-mediated cell growth and survival drive rapid embryonic wound repair. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109874. [PMID: 34686334 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryos repair wounds rapidly, with no inflammation or scarring, in a process that involves polarization of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Actomyosin polarization results in the assembly of a contractile cable around the wound that drives wound closure. Here, we demonstrate that a contractile actomyosin cable is not sufficient for rapid wound repair in Drosophila embryos. We show that wounding causes activation of the serine/threonine kinase p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the cells adjacent to the wound. p38 activation reduces the levels of wound-induced reactive oxygen species in the cells around the wound, limiting wound size. In addition, p38 promotes an increase in volume in the cells around the wound, thus facilitating the collective cell movements that drive rapid wound healing. Our data indicate that p38 regulates cell volumes through the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter NKCC1. Our work reveals cell growth and cell survival as cell behaviors critical for embryonic wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Scepanovic
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Miranda Victoria Hunter
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Ran Kafri
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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16
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Carbonell M B, Zapata Cardona J, Delgado JP. Hydrogen peroxide is necessary during tail regeneration in juvenile axolotl. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1054-1076. [PMID: 34129260 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a key reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during appendage regeneration among vertebrates. However, its role during tail regeneration in axolotl as redox signaling molecule is unclear. RESULTS Treatment with exogenous H2 O2 rescues inhibitory effects of apocynin-induced growth suppression in tail blastema cells leading to cell proliferation. H2 O2 also promotes recruitment of immune cells, regulate the activation of AKT kinase and Agr2 expression during blastema formation. Additionally, ROS/H2 O2 regulates the expression and transcriptional activity of Yap1 and its target genes Ctgf and Areg. CONCLUSIONS These results show that H2 O2 is necessary and sufficient to promote tail regeneration in axolotls. Additionally, Akt signaling and Agr2 were identified as ROS targets, suggesting that ROS/H2 O2 is likely to regulate epimorphic regeneration through these signaling pathways. In addition, ROS/H2 O2 -dependent-Yap1 activity is required during tail regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belfran Carbonell M
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juliana Zapata Cardona
- Grupo de Investigación en Patobiología Quirón, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean Paul Delgado
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
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17
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Esteban-Collado J, Corominas M, Serras F. Nutrition and PI3K/Akt signaling are required for p38-dependent regeneration. Development 2021; 148:258580. [PMID: 33913483 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration after damage requires early signals to trigger the tissue repair machinery. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as early signals that are sensed by the MAP3 kinase Ask1, which in turn activates by phosphorylation the MAP kinases p38 and JNK. The sustained or high activation of these kinases can result in apoptosis, whereas short or low activation can promote regeneration. Using the Ask1-dependent regeneration program, we demonstrate in Drosophila wing that PI3K/Akt signaling is necessary for Ask1 to activate p38, but not JNK. In addition, nutrient restriction or mutations that target Ser83 of the Drosophila Ask1 protein, a PI3K/Akt-sensitive residue, block regeneration. However, these effects can be reversed by the ectopic activation of p38, but not of JNK. Our results demonstrate that Ask1 controls the activation of p38 through Ser83, and that the phosphorylation of p38 during regeneration is nutrient sensitive. This mechanism is important for discriminating between p38 and JNK in the cells involved in tissue repair and regenerative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Esteban-Collado
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corominas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florenci Serras
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Liu Y, Lou WPK, Fei JF. The engine initiating tissue regeneration: does a common mechanism exist during evolution? CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:12. [PMID: 33817749 PMCID: PMC8019671 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A successful tissue regeneration is a very complex process that requires a precise coordination of many molecular, cellular and physiological events. One of the critical steps is to convert the injury signals into regeneration signals to initiate tissue regeneration. Although many efforts have been made to investigate the mechanisms triggering tissue regeneration, the fundamental questions remain unresolved. One of the major obstacles is that the injury and the initiation of regeneration are two highly coupled processes and hard to separate from one another. In this article, we review the major events occurring at the early injury/regeneration stage in a range of species, and discuss the possible common mechanisms during initiation of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wilson Pak-Kin Lou
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
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19
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Best KT, Korcari A, Mora KE, Nichols AE, Muscat SN, Knapp E, Buckley MR, Loiselle AE. Scleraxis-lineage cell depletion improves tendon healing and disrupts adult tendon homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:62203. [PMID: 33480357 PMCID: PMC7850622 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the requirement for Scleraxis-lineage (ScxLin) cells during tendon development, the function of ScxLin cells during adult tendon repair, post-natal growth, and adult homeostasis have not been defined. Therefore, we inducibly depleted ScxLin cells (ScxLinDTR) prior to tendon injury and repair surgery and hypothesized that ScxLinDTR mice would exhibit functionally deficient healing compared to wild-type littermates. Surprisingly, depletion of ScxLin cells resulted in increased biomechanical properties without impairments in gliding function at 28 days post-repair, indicative of regeneration. RNA sequencing of day 28 post-repair tendons highlighted differences in matrix-related genes, cell motility, cytoskeletal organization, and metabolism. We also utilized ScxLinDTR mice to define the effects on post-natal tendon growth and adult tendon homeostasis and discovered that adult ScxLin cell depletion resulted in altered tendon collagen fibril diameter, density, and dispersion. Collectively, these findings enhance our fundamental understanding of tendon cell localization, function, and fate during healing, growth, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Best
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Antonion Korcari
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Keshia E Mora
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Anne Ec Nichols
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Samantha N Muscat
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Emma Knapp
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Mark R Buckley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York, United States
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20
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Huang D, Siaw-Debrah F, Wang H, Ye S, Wang K, Wu K, Zhang Y, Wang H, Yao C, Chen J, Yan L, Zhang CL, Zhuge Q, Yang J. Transplanting Rac1-silenced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote neurological function recovery in TBI mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2822-2850. [PMID: 33411679 PMCID: PMC7880331 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs)-based therapy has emerged as a promising novel therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). However, the therapeutic quantity of viable implanted BMMSCs necessary to initiate efficacy is still undetermined. Increased oxidative stress following TBI, which leads to the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase signaling pathway, has been implicated in accounting for the diminished graft survival and therapeutic effect. To prove this assertion, we silenced the expression of NADPH subunits (p22-phox, p47-phox, and p67-phox) and small GTPase Rac1 in BMMSCs using shRNA. Our results showed that silencing these proteins significantly reduced oxidative stress and cell death/apoptosis, and promoted implanted BMMSCs proliferation after TBI. The most significant result was however seen with Rac1 silencing, which demonstrated decreased expression of apoptotic proteins, enhanced in vitro survival ratio, reduction in TBI lesional volume and significant improvement in neurological function post shRac1-BMMSCs transplantation. Additionally, two RNA-seq hub genes (VEGFA and MMP-2) were identified to play critical roles in shRac1-mediated cell survival. In summary, we propose that knockdown of Rac1 gene could significantly boost cell survival and promote the recovery of neurological functions after BMMSCs transplantation in TBI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Felix Siaw-Debrah
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Kankai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Chaojie Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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21
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Amcheslavsky A, Lindblad JL, Bergmann A. Transiently "Undead" Enterocytes Mediate Homeostatic Tissue Turnover in the Adult Drosophila Midgut. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108408. [PMID: 33238125 PMCID: PMC7754855 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We reveal surprising similarities between homeostatic cell turnover in adult Drosophila midguts and "undead" apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AiP) in imaginal discs. During undead AiP, immortalized cells signal for AiP, allowing its analysis. Critical for undead AiP is the Myo1D-dependent localization of the initiator caspase Dronc to the plasma membrane. Here, we show that Myo1D functions in mature enterocytes (ECs) to control mitotic activity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In Myo1D mutant midguts, many signaling events involved in AiP (ROS generation, hemocyte recruitment, and JNK signaling) are affected. Importantly, similar to AiP, Myo1D is required for membrane localization of Dronc in ECs. We propose that ECs destined to die transiently enter an undead-like state through Myo1D-dependent membrane localization of Dronc, which enables them to generate signals for ISC activity and their replacement. The concept of transiently "undead" cells may be relevant for other stem cell models in flies and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Amcheslavsky
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jillian L Lindblad
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has historically been a workhorse model organism for studying developmental biology. In addition, Drosophila is an excellent model for studying how damaged tissues and organs can regenerate. Recently, new precision approaches that enable both highly targeted injury and genetic manipulation have accelerated progress in this field. Here, we highlight these techniques and review examples of recently discovered mechanisms that regulate regeneration in Drosophila larval and adult tissues. We also discuss how, by applying these powerful approaches, studies of Drosophila can continue to guide the future of regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel Smith-Bolton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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23
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La Marca JE, Richardson HE. Two-Faced: Roles of JNK Signalling During Tumourigenesis in the Drosophila Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:42. [PMID: 32117973 PMCID: PMC7012784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signalling pathway has many functions, regulating a diversity of processes: from cell movement during embryogenesis to the stress response of cells after environmental insults. Studies modelling cancer using the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have identified both pro- and anti-tumourigenic roles for JNK signalling, depending on context. As a tumour suppressor, JNK signalling commonly is activated by conserved Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) signalling, which promotes the caspase-mediated death of tumourigenic cells. JNK pathway activation can also occur via actin cytoskeleton alterations, and after cellular damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, JNK signalling frequently acts in concert with Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) signalling – either upstream of or parallel to this potent growth-suppressing pathway. As a tumour promoter, JNK signalling is co-opted by cells expressing activated Ras-MAPK signalling (among other pathways), and used to drive cell morphological changes, induce invasive behaviours, block differentiation, and enable persistent cell proliferation. Furthermore, JNK is capable of non-autonomous influences within tumour microenvironments by effecting the transcription of various cell growth- and proliferation-promoting molecules. In this review, we discuss these aspects of JNK signalling in Drosophila tumourigenesis models, and highlight recent publications that have expanded our knowledge of this important and versatile pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E La Marca
- Richardson Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Richardson Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Chromatin dynamics in regeneration epithelia: Lessons from Drosophila imaginal discs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 97:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist WIN55,212-2 Ameliorates Hippocampal Neuronal Damage After Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Possibly Through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and ASK1-p38 Signaling. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:847-856. [PMID: 31808139 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a major contributor to cognitive decline and degenerative processes leading to Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and aging. However, the delicate mechanism of CCH-induced neuronal damage, and therefore proper treatment, remains unclear. WIN55,212-2 (WIN) is a nonselective cannabinoid receptor agonist that has been shown to have effects on hippocampal neuron survival. In this study, we investigated the potential roles of WIN, as well as its underlying mechanism in a rat CCH model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Hippocampal morphological changes and mitochondrial ultrastructure were detected using hematoxylin and eosin staining and electron microscopy, respectively. Various biomarkers, such as reactive oxidative species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were used to assess the level of oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the expression levels of neuronal nuclei (NeuN), apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-p38 signaling proteins, cleaved Caspase-9 and -3, and cytochrome-c (Cyt-C) were accessed by western blotting. CCH decreased the levels of NeuN, Cyt-C (mitochondrial), SOD, and CAT, and increased the levels of MDA, phosphorylated ASK1 and phosphorylated p38, cleaved Caspase-9 and -3, and Cyt-C (cytoplasm), which were reversed by WIN treatment. Chronic treatment with WIN also improved CCH-induced neuronal degeneration and mitochondrial fragmentation. These findings indicated that WIN may be a potential therapeutic agent for ischemic neuronal damage, involving a mechanism associated with the suppression of oxidative stress and ASK1-p38 signaling.
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Patel PH, Pénalva C, Kardorff M, Roca M, Pavlović B, Thiel A, Teleman AA, Edgar BA. Damage sensing by a Nox-Ask1-MKK3-p38 signaling pathway mediates regeneration in the adult Drosophila midgut. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4365. [PMID: 31554796 PMCID: PMC6761285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are exposed to diverse types of stress and damage from pathogens and the environment, and respond by regenerating. Yet, the proximal mechanisms that sense epithelial damage remain poorly understood. Here we report that p38 signaling is activated in adult Drosophila midgut enterocytes in response to diverse stresses including pathogenic bacterial infection and chemical and mechanical insult. Two upstream kinases, Ask1 and Licorne (MKK3), are required for p38 activation following infection, oxidative stress, detergent exposure and wounding. Ask1-p38 signaling in enterocytes is required upon infection to promote full intestinal stem cell (ISC) activation and regeneration, partly through Upd3/Jak-Stat signaling. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the NADPH oxidase Nox in enterocytes, are required for p38 activation in enterocytes following infection or wounding, and for ISC activation upon infection or detergent exposure. We propose that Nox-ROS-Ask1-MKK3-p38 signaling in enterocytes integrates multiple different stresses to induce regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthive H Patel
- Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UH, UK.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Clothilde Pénalva
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Michael Kardorff
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianne Roca
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bojana Pavlović
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Thiel
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Redox regulation of development and regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Camilleri-Robles C, Serras F, Corominas M. Role of D-GADD45 in JNK-Dependent Apoptosis and Regeneration in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E378. [PMID: 31109086 PMCID: PMC6562583 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GADD45 proteins are induced in response to stress and have been implicated in the regulation of several cellular functions, including DNA repair, cell cycle control, senescence, and apoptosis. In this study, we investigate the role of D-GADD45 during Drosophila development and regeneration of the wing imaginal discs. We find that higher expression of D-GADD45 results in JNK-dependent apoptosis, while its temporary expression does not have harmful effects. Moreover, D-GADD45 is required for proper regeneration of wing imaginal discs. Our findings demonstrate that a tight regulation of D-GADD45 levels is required for its correct function both, in development and during the stress response after cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Camilleri-Robles
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Florenci Serras
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Corominas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Two Sides of the Same Coin - Compensatory Proliferation in Regeneration and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:65-85. [PMID: 31520349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has long been regarded as a tumor suppressor mechanism and evasion from apoptosis is considered to be one hallmark of cancer. However, this principle is not always consistent with clinical data which often illustrate a correlation between apoptosis and poor prognosis. Work in the last 15 years has provided an explanation for this apparent paradox. Apoptotic cells communicate with their environment and can produce signals which promote compensatory proliferation of surviving cells. This behavior of apoptotic cells is important for tissue regeneration in several model organisms, ranging from hydra to mammals. However, it may also play an important feature for tumorigenesis and tumor relapse. Several distinct forms of apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AiP) have been identified, many of which involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immune cells. One type of AiP, "undead" AiP, in which apoptotic cells are kept in an immortalized state and continuously divide, may have particular relevance for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, given that chemo- and radiotherapy often aim to kill tumor cells, an improved understanding of the effects of apoptotic cells on the tumor and the tumor environment is of critical importance for the well-being of the patient. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AiP and focus our attention on recent findings obtained in Drosophila and other model organisms, and relate them to tumorigenesis.
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