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Zheng M, D'Souza NJ, Atkins L, Ghobadi S, Laws R, Szymlek-Gay EA, Grimes C, Baker P, He QQ, Campbell KJ. Breastfeeding and the Longitudinal Changes of Body Mass Index in Childhood and Adulthood: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100152. [PMID: 37977327 PMCID: PMC10714232 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the beneficial role of breastfeeding in lowering obesity risk, but the enduring impact of breastfeeding on longitudinal changes in body mass index (BMI) (i.e., BMI trajectories) remains unclear. This systematic review summarized evidence on how breastfeeding influenced the longitudinal trajectories of BMI later in life. Literature searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect to identify studies that assessed how breastfeeding (versus other feeding types or duration) was associated with longitudinal trajectories of BMI or BMI z-score. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 24 longitudinal cohort studies were included. Two-thirds (18/27) of studies were rated as acceptable or high quality. Most cohort studies (9/11) showed that children who continued to breastfeed at 3 to 12 mo of age had a lower BMI trajectory or lower odds of following a high BMI trajectory than those who were formula-fed or mixed-fed. The BMI differences between breastfeeding and other feeding groups were evident from age 7 mo and remained up to 8 y, and the magnitude of between-group BMI differences increased with age. For breastfeeding duration, 12 out of 15 cohort studies found that longer breastfeeding duration was associated with lower BMI trajectories up to age 18 y. Moreover, beneficial associations were observed for both exclusive and any breastfeeding with BMI trajectory. In contrast, mixed findings were reported from 3 RCTs that compared BMI trajectories from birth to ages 12 to 24 mo between breastfeeding promotion versus control or breastfeeding versus formula-feeding groups. The current review provides further longitudinal evidence from cohort studies that breastfeeding versus formula/mixed feeding or longer breastfeeding duration was associated with lower BMI trajectories. Such associations initiated in early childhood became more apparent with age and were sustained into early adulthood. The existing evidence substantiates the importance of breastfeeding promotion and continuation to support obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaobing Zheng
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Ninoshka J D'Souza
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Linda Atkins
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Saeed Ghobadi
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rachel Laws
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Carley Grimes
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Philip Baker
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Qi-Qiang He
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Republic of China
| | - Karen J Campbell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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2
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Caba-Flores MD, Ramos-Ligonio A, Camacho-Morales A, Martínez-Valenzuela C, Viveros-Contreras R, Caba M. Breast Milk and the Importance of Chrononutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:867507. [PMID: 35634367 PMCID: PMC9133889 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.867507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy the human fetus receives timed cues from the circadian rhythms of temperature, metabolites, and hormones from the mother. This influence is interrupted after parturition, the infant does not secrete melatonin and their circadian rhythms are still immature. However, evolution provided the solution to this problem. The newborn can continue receiving the mother's timed cues through breastmilk. Colostrum, transitional, and mature human milk are extraordinary complex biofluids that besides nutrients, contain an array of other non-nutritive components. Upon birth the first milk, colostrum, is rich in bioactive, immunological factors, and in complex oligosaccharides which help the proper establishment of the microbiome in the gut, which is crucial for the infants' health. Hormones, such as glucocorticoids and melatonin, transfer from the mother's plasma to milk, and then the infant is exposed to circadian cues from their mother. Also, milk components of fat, proteins, amino acids, and endogenous cannabinoids, among others, have a markedly different concentration between day and night. In the present review, we give an overview of nutritive and non-nutritive components and their daily rhythms in human milk and explore their physiological importance for the infant. Finally, we highlight some interventions with a circadian approach that emphasize the importance of circadian rhythms in the newborn for their survival, proper growth, and development. It is estimated that ~600,000 deaths/year are due to suboptimal breastfeeding. It is advisable to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding, during the day and night, as was established by the evolution of our species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Ramos-Ligonio
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Unidad de Neurometabolismo, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | | | | | - Mario Caba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Mario Caba
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3
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Infant feeding practices associated with adiposity peak and rebound in the EDEN mother-child cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:809-816. [PMID: 34980907 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE High magnitude of adiposity peak and early adiposity rebound are early risk markers of later obesity. Infant diet represents one of the main modifiable determinants of early growth. This study aimed to investigate the association between infant feeding practices and age and magnitude of adiposity peak and rebound. SUBJECTS/METHODS Analyses were based on data from the French EDEN mother-child cohort. Data on breastfeeding and complementary feeding were collected at birth and 4, 8, and 12 months. From clinical examinations and measurements collected in the child's health booklet up to 12 years, individual growth curves were modeled, and ages and magnitudes of adiposity peak and rebound were estimated. Associations between infant feeding practices and growth were investigated by multivariable linear regression in children after testing a child-sex interaction. RESULTS In the studied population (n = 1225), adiposity peak occurred at a mean of 9.9 ± 2 months and adiposity rebound at 5.5 ± 1.4 years. Associations between infant feeding practices and adiposity peak or rebound were moderated by child sex. For girls, each additional month of breastfeeding was related to a 2-day increase in the age at adiposity peak (p < 0.001), and an 18-day increase in the age at adiposity peak (p = 0.004). Whereas for boys, each additional month for the age at complementary food introduction was associated with a 29-day increase in the age at adiposity rebound (p = 0.02). For boys, long breastfeeding duration was only related to reduced body mass index at adiposity peak. CONCLUSIONS Child sex has a moderating effect on the association between infant feeding practices and adiposity peak or rebound. The well-known association between breastfeeding duration and early growth seems stronger in girls than boys. The association found for complementary feeding in boys may give new insights into preventing obesity.
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Briollais L, Rustand D, Allard C, Wu Y, Xu J, Rajan SG, Hivert MF, Doyon M, Bouchard L, McGowan PO, Matthews S, Lye S. DNA methylation mediates the association between breastfeeding and early-life growth trajectories. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:231. [PMID: 34937578 PMCID: PMC8697471 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of breastfeeding in modulating epigenetic factors has been suggested as a possible mechanism conferring its benefits on child development but it lacks evidence. Using extensive DNA methylation data from the ALSPAC child cohort, we characterized the genome-wide landscape of DNA methylation variations associated with the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and assessed whether these variations mediate the association between exclusive breastfeeding and BMI over different epochs of child growth.
Results Exclusive breastfeeding elicits more substantial DNA methylation variations during infancy than at other periods of child growth. At the genome-wide level, 13 CpG sites in girls (miR-21, SNAPC3, ATP6V0A1, DHX15/PPARGC1A, LINC00398/ALOX5AP, FAM238C, NATP/NAT2, CUX1, TRAPPC9, OSBPL1A, ZNF185, FAM84A, PDPK1) and 2 CpG sites in boys (IL16 and NREP), mediate the association between exclusive breastfeeding and longitudinal BMI. We found enrichment of CpG sites located within miRNAs and key pathways (AMPK signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, endocytosis). Overall DNA methylation variation corresponding to 3 to 5 months of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with slower BMI growth the first 6 years of life compared to no breastfeeding and in a dose–response manner with exclusive breastfeeding duration. Conclusions Our study confirmed the early postnatal period as a critical developmental period associated with substantial DNA methylation variations, which in turn could mitigate the development of overweight and obesity from infancy to early childhood. Since an accelerated growth during these developmental periods has been linked to the development of sustained obesity later in life, exclusive breastfeeding could have a major role in preventing the risks of overweight/obesity and children and adults through DNA methylation mechanisms occurring early in life. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01209-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Briollais
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60, Murray street - Room 5-237, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Denis Rustand
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60, Murray street - Room 5-237, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada.,Biostatistics Team, Bordeaux Population Health Center, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jingxiong Xu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60, Murray street - Room 5-237, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | | | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Life Course, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Myriam Doyon
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Medical Biology, CIUSSS Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Hôpital Universitaire de Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 5H6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Patrick O McGowan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto - Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Matthews
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60, Murray street - Room 5-237, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Lye
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60, Murray street - Room 5-237, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
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5
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Wang CA, Attia JR, Lye SJ, Oddy WH, Beilin L, Mori TA, Meyerkort C, Pennell CE. The interactions between genetics and early childhood nutrition influence adult cardiometabolic risk factors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14826. [PMID: 34290306 PMCID: PMC8295375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that genetics, environment, and interplay between them play a crucial role in adult disease. We aimed to evaluate the role of genetics, early life nutrition, and the interaction between them, on optimal adult health. As part of a large international consortium (n ~ 154,000), we identified 60 SNPs associated with both birthweight and adult disease. Utilising the Raine Study, we developed a birthweight polygenic score (BW-PGS) based on the 60 SNPs and examined relationships between BW-PGS and adulthood cardiovascular risk factors, specifically evaluating interactions with early life nutrition. Healthy nutrition was beneficial for all individuals; longer duration of any breastfeeding was particularly associated with lower BMI and lower Systolic Blood Pressure in those with higher BW-PGS. Optimal breastfeeding offers the greatest benefit to reduce adult obesity and hypertension in those genetically predisposed to high birthweight. This provides an example of how precision medicine in early life can improve adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Alliance for Human Development, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Lawrence Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Liang J, Zheng S, Li X, Xiao D, Wang P. Associations of community, famliy and early individual factors with body mass index z-scores trajectories among Chinese children and adolescents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14535. [PMID: 34267304 PMCID: PMC8282779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is increasing. This study aimed to examine trajectories of BMI z-scores among Chinese children and the potential determinants including early individual, family and community factors. Group-based trajectory modeling was employed to identify BMI z-scores trajectories of children aged 2-18 years using the five waves data (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018) of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine the association between early individual, family, community factors and BMI z-scores trajectories of children. We identified three trajectories for boys and girls, named Class 1 as "not-overweight", Class 2 as "persistent rapid descending but overweight during pre-school age", and Class 3 as "rapid rising up to school age and then become-overweight" class. Macrosomia (OR 1.772; 95% CI 1.188-2.644) and being a single child (OR 2.038; 95% CI 1.453-2.859) were more likely to belong in Class 3 among boys. Girls living in the advantaged communities (OR 1.539; 95% CI 1.052-2.252), rural-living (OR 1.558; 95% CI 1.133-2.142) and with none social integration (OR 1.496; 95% CI 1.07-2.091) were more likely to belong in Class 2. There are heterogeneous BMI z-scores trajectories of children aged 2-18, and pre-school age is a critical window that could predict the long-term growth patterns. BMI z-scores trends need to be monitored during pre-school age, focusing on those at higher risk of later overweight obesity status, and targeted interventions at the early individual, family, community levels are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Si Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xuyang Li
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dianmin Xiao
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Peigang Wang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Wuhan University Center for Population and Health Research, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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7
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Lin D, Chen D, Huang J, Li Y, Wen X, Wang L, Shi H. Pre-Birth and Early-Life Factors Associated With the Timing of Adiposity Peak and Rebound: A Large Population-Based Longitudinal Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:742551. [PMID: 35004537 PMCID: PMC8727998 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.742551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The late occurrence of adiposity peak (AP) and the early occurrence of adiposity rebound (AR) are considered the earliest indicators for obesity and its related health conditions later in life. However, there is still limited information for their upstream factors. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify the parental and child factors associated with the timing of AP and AR in the early stage of life. Methods: This is a population-based longitudinal study conducted in Shanghai, China. The BMI data of children born between September 2010 and October 2013 were followed from birth to 80 months. Subject-specific body mass index trajectories were fitted by non-linear mixed-effect models with natural cubic spline functions, and the individual's age at AP and AR was estimated. The generalized linear regression models were applied to identify the upstream factors of late occurrence of AP and early occurrence AR. Results: For 7,292 children with estimated AP, boys were less likely to have a late AP [adjusted risk ratio (RR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77-0.90, p < 0.001], but preterm born children had a higher risk of a late AP (adjusted RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.07-1.47, p < 0.01). For 10,985 children with estimated AR, children with breastfeeding longer than 4 months were less likely to have an early AR (adjusted RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73-0.87, p < 0.001), but children who were born to advanced-age mothers and who were born small for gestational age had a higher risk of having an early AR (adjusted RR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07-1.36, p < 0.01; adjusted RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Modifiable pre-birth or early-life factors associated with the timing of AP or AR were found. Our findings may help develop prevention and intervention strategies at the earliest stage of life to control later obesity and the health conditions and diseases linked to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lin
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Didi Chen
- Department of School Health, Minhang District Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Child Care, Minhang Maternal and Child Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Child Care, Minhang Maternal and Child Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosa Wen
- Department of School Health, Minhang District Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Baldassarre ME, Di Mauro A, Caroli M, Schettini F, Rizzo V, Panza R, De Giorgi A, Capozza M, Fanelli M, Laforgia N. Premature Birth is an Independent Risk Factor for Early Adiposity Rebound: Longitudinal Analysis of BMI Data from Birth to 7 Years. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123654. [PMID: 33261215 PMCID: PMC7760942 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiposity rebound (AR) refers to the second rise of the body mass index (BMI) curve that usually occurs physiologically between five and seven years of age. AR timing has a great impact on patients’ health, since early adiposity rebound (EAR) is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome later in life. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of EAR in a cohort of inborn preterm infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Section of the Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy. Secondarily, we assessed whether some determinants such as (1) gender; (2) delivery mode; (3) birth weight and classification into small, normal, or large for gestational age; (4) type of feeding; (5) breastfeeding duration; (6) timing of introduction of solid food; (7) parental education; and (8) parental pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) influenced EAR in this cohort. The tertiary aim was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity or being overweight at seven years of age in children according to early versus timely AR. This is a prospective, population-based longitudinal study conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Section of the Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy. Inborn preterm infants admitted to the neonatal ward between 2009 and 2011 were eligible. Enrolled preterm infants were evaluated at birth and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 months and 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years of age. Weight and height data were analyzed, and BMI was calculated. AR was assessed in the growth trajectory in a body mass index (BMI) plot. Of the 250 preterm newborns included, 100 completed the seven-year follow-up and entered the final analysis, 138 were lost during the seven-year follow-up, and in 12 cases parents withdrew over the course of the study. The prevalence of EAR in our cohort of preterm newborns was 54% at seven years of age. Early adiposity rebound was associated with being large for gestational age (LGA) at birth. No other factors were associated with EAR. Early adiposity rebounders had a significantly higher BMI at seven years compared to children with timely AR (17.2 ± 2.7 vs. 15.6 ± 2.05, p = 0.021). No significant differences were found in the prevalence of obesity or being overweight at seven years of age in children with early or timely AR (29% vs. 14%, p = 0.202). Ex-preterm infants have an increased risk of EAR. Since EAR may lead to long-term detrimental health effects with the onset of various chronic diseases (e.g., obesity, metabolic syndrome, etc.), healthcare providers should be prepared to counteract its occurrence, especially in delicate sub-populations of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | | | - Federico Schettini
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Valentina Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Raffaella Panza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Alessia De Giorgi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Manuela Capozza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Margherita Fanelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
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9
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Alvarez-Pitti J, de Blas A, Lurbe E. Innovations in Infant Feeding: Future Challenges and Opportunities in Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113508. [PMID: 33202614 PMCID: PMC7697724 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of nutrition in early life, as an effective tool to prevent and treat chronic diseases, has attracted a large amount of interest over recent years. The vital roles of food products and nutrients on the body’s molecular mechanisms have been demonstrated. The knowledge of the mechanisms and the possibility of controlling them via what we eat has opened up the field of precision nutrition, which aims to set dietary strategies in order to improve health with the greatest effectiveness. However, this objective is achieved only if the genetic profile of individuals and their living conditions are also considered. The relevance of this topic is strengthened considering the importance of nutrition during childhood and the impact on the development of obesity. In fact, the prevalence of global childhood obesity has increased substantially from 1990 and has now reached epidemic proportions. The current narrative review presents recent research on precision nutrition and its role on the prevention and treatment of obesity during pediatric years, a novel and promising area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alvarez-Pitti
- Department of Pediatrics, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (A.d.B.); (E.L.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-1820772
| | - Ana de Blas
- Department of Pediatrics, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (A.d.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Empar Lurbe
- Department of Pediatrics, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (A.d.B.); (E.L.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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