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Trudel G, Stratis D, Rocheleau L, Pelchat M, Laneuville O. Transcriptomic evidence of erythropoietic adaptation from the International Space Station and from an Earth-based space analog. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38740795 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Space anemia affects astronauts and the underlying molecular alterations remain unknown. We evaluated the response of erythropoiesis-modulating genes to spaceflight through the analysis of leukocyte transcriptomes from astronauts during long-duration spaceflight and from an Earth model of microgravity. Differential expression analysis identified 50 genes encoding ribosomal proteins with reduced expression at the transition to bed rest and increased during the bed rest phase; a similar trend was observed in astronauts. Additional genes associated with anemia (15 genes), erythrocyte maturation (3 genes), and hemoglobin (6 genes) were down-regulated during bed rest and increased during reambulation. Transcript levels of the erythropoiesis transcription factor GATA1 and nine of most enriched erythrocyte proteins increased at reambulation after bed rest and at return to Earth from space. Dynamic changes of the leukocyte transcriptome composition while in microgravity and during reambulation supported an erythropoietic modulation accompanying the hemolysis of space anemia and of immobility-induced anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Trudel
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 505 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M2, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Daniel Stratis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Lynda Rocheleau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Martin Pelchat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Odette Laneuville
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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2
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Quotti Tubi L, Canovas Nunes S, Mandato E, Pizzi M, Vitulo N, D’Agnolo M, Colombatti R, Martella M, Boaro MP, Doriguzzi Breatta E, Fregnani A, Spinello Z, Nabergoj M, Filhol O, Boldyreff B, Albiero M, Fadini GP, Gurrieri C, Vianello F, Semenzato G, Manni S, Trentin L, Piazza F. CK2β Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology and Erythropoiesis. Hemasphere 2023; 7:e978. [PMID: 38026791 PMCID: PMC10673422 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ser-Thr kinase CK2 plays important roles in sustaining cell survival and resistance to stress and these functions are exploited by different types of blood tumors. Yet, the physiological involvement of CK2 in normal blood cell development is poorly known. Here, we discovered that the β regulatory subunit of CK2 is critical for normal hematopoiesis in the mouse. Fetal livers of conditional CK2β knockout embryos showed increased numbers of hematopoietic stem cells associated to a higher proliferation rate compared to control animals. Both hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) displayed alterations in the expression of transcription factors involved in cell quiescence, self-renewal, and lineage commitment. HSPCs lacking CK2β were functionally impaired in supporting both in vitro and in vivo hematopoiesis as demonstrated by transplantation assays. Furthermore, KO mice developed anemia due to a reduced number of mature erythroid cells. This compartment was characterized by dysplasia, proliferative defects at early precursor stage, and apoptosis at late-stage erythroblasts. Erythroid cells exhibited a marked compromise of signaling cascades downstream of the cKit and erythropoietin receptor, with a defective activation of ERK/JNK, JAK/STAT5, and PI3K/AKT pathways and perturbations of several transcriptional programs as demonstrated by RNA-Seq analysis. Moreover, we unraveled an unforeseen molecular mechanism whereby CK2 sustains GATA1 stability and transcriptional proficiency. Thus, our work demonstrates new and crucial functions of CK2 in HSPC biology and in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quotti Tubi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Canovas Nunes
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisa Mandato
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Department of Medicine, Cytopathology and Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Mirco D’Agnolo
- Department of Women’s and Child’s Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Paola Boaro
- Department of Women’s and Child’s Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Doriguzzi Breatta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Fregnani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Zaira Spinello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Mitja Nabergoj
- Hematology Service, Institut Central des Hôpitaux (ICH), Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1036, Institute de Reserches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Biologie du Cancer et de l’Infection, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Experimental Diabetology Lab, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Experimental Diabetology Lab, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Carmela Gurrieri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vianello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Manni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis and Pathobiology of Myeloma and Lymphoma. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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3
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Liao R, Babatunde A, Qiu S, Harikumar H, Coon JJ, Overmyer KA, Hannun YA, Luberto C, Bresnick EH. A transcriptional network governing ceramide homeostasis establishes a cytokine-dependent developmental process. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7262. [PMID: 37945603 PMCID: PMC10636182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional mechanisms controlling developmental processes establish and maintain proteomic networks, which can govern the levels of intracellular small molecules. Although dynamic changes in bioactive small molecules can link transcription factor and genome activity with cell state transitions, many mechanistic questions are unresolved. Using quantitative lipidomics and multiomics, we discover that the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA1 establishes ceramide homeostasis during erythroid differentiation by regulating genes encoding sphingolipid metabolic enzymes. Inhibiting a GATA1-induced sphingolipid biosynthetic enzyme, delta(4)-desaturase, or disrupting ceramide homeostasis with cell-permeable dihydroceramide or ceramide is detrimental to erythroid, but not myeloid, progenitor activity. Coupled with genetic editing-based rewiring of the regulatory circuitry, we demonstrate that ceramide homeostasis commissions vital stem cell factor and erythropoietin signaling by opposing an inhibitory protein phosphatase 2A-dependent, dual-component mechanism. Integrating bioactive lipids as essential components of GATA factor mechanisms to control cell state transitions has implications for diverse cell and tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liao
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Abiola Babatunde
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stephanie Qiu
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hamsini Harikumar
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Daniels DE, Ferrer-Vicens I, Hawksworth J, Andrienko TN, Finnie EM, Bretherton NS, Ferguson DCJ, Oliveira ASF, Szeto JYA, Wilson MC, Brewin JN, Frayne J. Human cellular model systems of β-thalassemia enable in-depth analysis of disease phenotype. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6260. [PMID: 37803026 PMCID: PMC10558456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemia is a prevalent genetic disorder causing severe anemia due to defective erythropoiesis, with few treatment options. Studying the underlying molecular defects is impeded by paucity of suitable patient material. In this study we create human disease cellular model systems for β-thalassemia by gene editing the erythroid line BEL-A, which accurately recapitulate the phenotype of patient erythroid cells. We also develop a high throughput compatible fluorometric-based assay for evaluating severity of disease phenotype and utilize the assay to demonstrate that the lines respond appropriately to verified reagents. We next use the lines to perform extensive analysis of the altered molecular mechanisms in β-thalassemia erythroid cells, revealing upregulation of a wide range of biological pathways and processes along with potential novel targets for therapeutic investigation. Overall, the lines provide a sustainable supply of disease cells as research tools for identifying therapeutic targets and as screening platforms for new drugs and reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jenn-Yeu A Szeto
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - John N Brewin
- Haematology Department, King's college Hospital NHS Foundation, London, SE5 9RS, UK
- Red Cell Biology Group, Kings College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Jan Frayne
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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5
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Chen C, Xie T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yu F, Lin L, Zhang W, Brown BC, Zhang X, Kellems RE, D'Alessandro A, Xia Y. Erythrocyte ENT1-AMPD3 Axis is an Essential Purinergic Hypoxia Sensor and Energy Regulator Combating CKD in a Mouse Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1647-1671. [PMID: 37725437 PMCID: PMC10561773 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hypoxia drives kidney damage and progression of CKD. Although erythrocytes respond rapidly to hypoxia, their role and the specific molecules sensing and responding to hypoxia in CKD remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated in a mouse model that erythrocyte ENT1-AMPD3 is a master energy regulator of the intracellular purinergic hypoxic compensatory response that promotes rapid energy supply from extracellular adenosine, eAMPK-dependent metabolic reprogramming, and O 2 delivery, which combat renal hypoxia and progression of CKD. ENT1-AMPD3-AMPK-BPGM comprise a group of circulating erythroid-specific biomarkers, providing early diagnostic and novel therapeutic targets for CKD. BACKGROUND Hypoxia drives kidney damage and progression of CKD. Although erythrocytes respond rapidly to hypoxia, their role and the specific molecules sensing and responding to hypoxia in CKD remain unclear. METHODS Mice with an erythrocyte-specific deficiency in equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 ( eEnt1-/- ) and a global deficiency in AMP deaminase 3 ( Ampd3-/- ) were generated to define their function in two independent CKD models, including angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Unbiased metabolomics, isotopic adenosine flux, and various biochemical and cell culture analyses coupled with genetic studies were performed. Translational studies in patients with CKD and cultured human erythrocytes examined the role of ENT1 and AMPD3 in erythrocyte function and metabolism. RESULTS eEnt1-/- mice display severe renal hypoxia, kidney damage, and fibrosis in both CKD models. The loss of eENT1-mediated adenosine uptake reduces intracellular AMP and thus abolishes the activation of AMPK α and bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM). This results in reduced 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and glutathione, leading to overwhelming oxidative stress in eEnt1-/- mice. Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) activates AMPD3, resulting in metabolic reprogramming and reduced O 2 delivery, leading to severe renal hypoxia in eEnt1-/- mice. By contrast, genetic ablation of AMPD3 preserves the erythrocyte adenine nucleotide pool, inducing AMPK-BPGM activation, O 2 delivery, and antioxidative stress capacity, which protect against Ang II-induced renal hypoxia, damage, and CKD progression. Translational studies recapitulated the findings in mice. CONCLUSION eENT1-AMPD3, two highly enriched erythrocyte purinergic components that sense hypoxia, promote eAMPK-BPGM-dependent metabolic reprogramming, O 2 delivery, energy supply, and antioxidative stress capacity, which mitigates renal hypoxia and CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Chen
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - TingTing Xie
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujin Zhang
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Yu
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weiru Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Benjamin C. Brown
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rodney E. Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yang Xia
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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6
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Koehl B, Claude L, Reminy K, Tarer V, Baccini V, Romana M, Colin-Aronovicz Y, Damaraju VL, Sawyer M, Peyrard T, Etienne-Julan M, Le Van Kim C, Azouzi S, Reininger L. Erythrocyte type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter expression in sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait. Br J Haematol 2023; 200:812-820. [PMID: 36464247 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-mediated red blood cell (RBC) sickling is central to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD). The signalling nucleoside adenosine is thought to play a significant role in this process. This study investigated expression of the erythrocyte type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1), a key regulator of plasma adenosine, in adult patients with SCD and carriers of sickle cell trait (SCT). Relative quantitative expression analysis of erythrocyte ENT1 was carried out by Western blot and flow cytometry. Patients with SCD with steady state conditions, either with SS or SC genotype, untreated or under hydroxycarbamide (HC) treatment, exhibited a relatively high variability of erythrocyte ENT1, but with levels not significantly different from normal controls. Most strikingly, expression of erythrocyte ENT1 was found to be significantly decreased in patients with SCD undergoing painful vaso-occlusive episode and, unexpectedly, also in healthy SCT carriers. Promoting hypoxia-induced adenosine signalling, the reduced expression of erythrocyte ENT1 might contribute to the pathophysiology of SCD and to the susceptibility of SCT individuals to altitude hypoxia or exercise to exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Koehl
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
| | - Livia Claude
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
| | - Karen Reminy
- Université des Antilles, Laboratoire ACTES EA3596, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Vanessa Tarer
- Unité Transversale de la Drépanocytose, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares pour la Drépanocytose aux Antilles-Guyane, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Véronique Baccini
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Marc Romana
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
| | - Yves Colin-Aronovicz
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
| | - Vijaya L Damaraju
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Thierry Peyrard
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France.,Département Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Etienne-Julan
- Unité Transversale de la Drépanocytose, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares pour la Drépanocytose aux Antilles-Guyane, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
| | - Slim Azouzi
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France.,Département Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins, Paris, France
| | - Luc Reininger
- Université de Paris and Université des Antilles, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
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7
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Pastor-Anglada M, Mata-Ventosa A, Pérez-Torras S. Inborn Errors of Nucleoside Transporter (NT)-Encoding Genes ( SLC28 and SLC29). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8770. [PMID: 35955904 PMCID: PMC9369021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper regulation of nucleotide pools is essential for all types of cellular functions and depends on de novo nucleotide biosynthesis, salvage, and degradation pathways. Despite the apparent essentiality of these processes, a significant number of rare diseases associated with mutations in genes encoding various enzymes of these pathways have been already identified, and others are likely yet to come. However, knowledge on genetic alterations impacting on nucleoside and nucleobase transporters is still limited. At this moment three gene-encoding nucleoside and nucleobase transporter proteins have been reported to be mutated in humans, SLC29A1, SLC29A3, and SLC28A1, impacting on the expression and function of ENT1, ENT3, and CNT1, respectively. ENT1 alterations determine Augustine-null blood type and cause ectopic calcification during aging. ENT3 deficiency translates into various clinical manifestations and syndromes, altogether listed in the OMIM catalog as histiocytosis-lymphoadenopathy plus syndrome (OMIM#602782). CNT1 deficiency causes uridine-cytidineuria (URCTU) (OMIM#618477), a unique type of pyrimidineuria with an as yet not well-known clinical impact. Increasing knowledge on the physiological, molecular and structural features of these transporter proteins is helping us to better understand the biological basis behind the biochemical and clinical manifestations caused by these deficiencies. Moreover, they also support the view that some metabolic compensation might occur in these disturbances, because they do not seem to significantly impact nucleotide homeostasis, but rather other biological events associated with particular subtypes of transporter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Mata-Ventosa
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Liao R, Bresnick EH. Heme as a differentiation-regulatory transcriptional cofactor. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:174-181. [PMID: 35776402 PMCID: PMC10170499 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic transcription factor GATA1 induces heme accumulation during erythropoiesis by directly activating genes mediating heme biosynthesis. In addition to its canonical functions as a hemoglobin prosthetic group and enzyme cofactor, heme regulates gene expression in erythroid cells both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Heme binding to the transcriptional repressor BACH1 triggers its proteolytic degradation. In heme-deficient cells, BACH1 accumulates and represses transcription of target genes, including α- and β-like globin genes, preventing the accumulation of cytotoxic free globin chains. A recently described BACH1-independent mechanism of heme-dependent transcriptional regulation is associated with a DNA motif termed heme-regulated motif (HERM), which resides at the majority of loci harboring heme-regulated chromatin accessibility sites. Progress on these problems has led to a paradigm in which cell type-specific transcriptional mechanisms determine the expression of enzymes mediating the synthesis of small molecules, which generate feedback loops, converging upon the transcription factor itself and the genome. This marriage between transcription factors and the small molecules that they control is predicted to be a canonical attribute of regulatory networks governing cell state transitions such as differentiation in the hematopoietic system and more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liao
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4009 WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4009 WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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9
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Johnson KD, Soukup AA, Bresnick EH. GATA2 deficiency elevates interferon regulatory factor-8 to subvert a progenitor cell differentiation program. Blood Adv 2022; 6:1464-1473. [PMID: 35008108 PMCID: PMC8905696 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific transcription factors control stem and progenitor cell transitions by establishing networks containing hundreds of genes and proteins. Network complexity renders it challenging to discover essential versus modulatory or redundant components. This scenario is exemplified by GATA2 regulation of hematopoiesis during embryogenesis. Loss of a far upstream Gata2 enhancer (-77) disrupts the GATA2-dependent transcriptome governing hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. The aberrant transcriptome includes the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) and a host of innate immune regulators. Mutant progenitors lose the capacity to balance production of diverse hematopoietic progeny. To elucidate mechanisms, we asked if IRF8 is essential, contributory, or not required. Reducing Irf8, in the context of the -77 mutant allele, reversed granulocytic deficiencies and the excessive accumulation of dendritic cell committed progenitors. Despite many dysregulated components that control vital transcriptional, signaling, and immune processes, the aberrant elevation of a single transcription factor deconstructed the differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra A. Soukup
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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10
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Daniels G. Augustine Blood Group System and Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1. Transfus Med Hemother 2022; 49:25-29. [PMID: 35221865 PMCID: PMC8832251 DOI: 10.1159/000520596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Augustine (AUG) is a blood group system comprising four antigens: AUG1, AUG2 (Ata), and AUG4 are of very high frequency; AUG3 is of very low frequency. These antigens are located on ENT1, an equilibrative nucleoside transporter encoded by SLC19A1. AUG antibodies are of clinical relevance in blood transfusion and pregnancy: anti-AUG2 have caused haemolytic transfusion reactions; the only anti-AUG3 was associated with severe haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. ENT1 is present in almost all human tissues. It facilitates the transfer of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and is responsible for the majority of adenosine transport across plasma membranes. Adenosine transport appears to be an important factor in the regulation of bone metabolism. The AUGnull phenotype (AUG:-1,-2,-3,-4) has been found in three siblings, who are homozygous for an inactivating splice-site mutation in SLC29A1. Although ENT1 is very likely to be absent from all cells in these three individuals, they were apparently healthy with normal lifestyles. However, they suffered frequent attacks of pseudogout, a form of arthritis, in various joints with multiple calcifications around their hand joints. Ectopic calcification in the hips, pubic symphysis, and lumbar discs was present in the propositus. The three AUGnull individuals had misshapen red cells with deregulated protein phosphorylation, but no anaemia or shortening of red cell lifespan. Defective in vitro erythropoiesis in the absence of ENT1 was confirmed by shRNA-mediated knockdown of ENT1 during in vitro erythropoiesis of CD34+ progenitor cells from individuals with normal ENT1. Nucleoside transporters, such as ENT1, are vital in the uptake of synthetic nucleoside analogue drugs, used in cancer and viral chemotherapy. It is feasible that the efficacy of these drugs would be compromised in patients with the extremely rare AUGnull phenotype.
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11
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Nucleoside ENTry modulates erythropoiesis. Blood 2021; 137:3468-3469. [PMID: 34165544 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Mikdar M, González-Menéndez P, Cai X, Zhang Y, Serra M, Dembele AK, Boschat AC, Sanquer S, Chhuon C, Guerrera IC, Sitbon M, Hermine O, Colin Y, Le Van Kim C, Kinet S, Mohandas N, Xia Y, Peyrard T, Taylor N, Azouzi S. The equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1 is critical for nucleotide homeostasis and optimal erythropoiesis. Blood 2021; 137:3548-3562. [PMID: 33690842 PMCID: PMC8225918 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight regulation of intracellular nucleotides is critical for the self-renewal and lineage specification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nucleosides are major metabolite precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis and their availability in HSCs is dependent on their transport through specific membrane transporters. However, the role of nucleoside transporters in the differentiation of HSCs to the erythroid lineage and in red cell biology remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that the absence of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) in human red blood cells with a rare Augustine-null blood type is associated with macrocytosis, anisopoikilocytosis, an abnormal nucleotide metabolome, and deregulated protein phosphorylation. A specific role for ENT1 in human erythropoiesis was demonstrated by a defective erythropoiesis of human CD34+ progenitors following short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of ENT1. Furthermore, genetic deletion of ENT1 in mice was associated with reduced erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow, anemia, and macrocytosis. Mechanistically, we found that ENT1-mediated adenosine transport is critical for cyclic adenosine monophosphate homeostasis and the regulation of erythroid transcription factors. Notably, genetic investigation of 2 ENT1null individuals demonstrated a compensation by a loss-of-function variant in the ABCC4 cyclic nucleotide exporter. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of ABCC4 in Ent1-/- mice rescued erythropoiesis. Overall, our results highlight the importance of ENT1-mediated nucleotide metabolism in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mikdar
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Pedro González-Menéndez
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaoli Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Marion Serra
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Abdoul K Dembele
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvia Sanquer
- INSERM UMR S1124, Université de Paris, Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Université de Paris, UMR 8147, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Yves Colin
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Sandrina Kinet
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Thierry Peyrard
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Slim Azouzi
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
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13
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Mehta C, Fraga de Andrade I, Matson DR, Dewey CN, Bresnick EH. RNA-regulatory exosome complex confers cellular survival to promote erythropoiesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9007-9025. [PMID: 34059908 PMCID: PMC8450083 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation requires vast remodeling of transcriptomes, and therefore machinery mediating remodeling controls differentiation. Relative to transcriptional mechanisms governing differentiation, post-transcriptional processes are less well understood. As an important post-transcriptional determinant of transcriptomes, the RNA exosome complex (EC) mediates processing and/or degradation of select RNAs. During erythropoiesis, the erythroid transcription factor GATA1 represses EC subunit genes. Depleting EC structural subunits prior to GATA1-mediated repression is deleterious to erythroid progenitor cells. To assess the importance of the EC catalytic subunits Dis3 and Exosc10 in this dynamic process, we asked if these subunits function non-redundantly to control erythropoiesis. Dis3 or Exosc10 depletion in primary murine hematopoietic progenitor cells reduced erythroid progenitors and their progeny, while sparing myeloid cells. Dis3 loss severely compromised erythroid progenitor and erythroblast survival, rendered erythroblasts hypersensitive to apoptosis-inducing stimuli and induced γ-H2AX, indicative of DNA double-stranded breaks. Dis3 loss-of-function phenotypes were more severe than those caused by Exosc10 depletion. We innovated a genetic rescue system to compare human Dis3 with multiple myeloma-associated Dis3 mutants S447R and R750K, and only wild type Dis3 was competent to rescue progenitors. Thus, Dis3 establishes a disease mutation-sensitive, cell type-specific survival mechanism to enable a differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Mehta
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Isabela Fraga de Andrade
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Daniel R Matson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Colin N Dewey
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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14
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Proteome of Stored RBC Membrane and Vesicles from Heterozygous Beta Thalassemia Donors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073369. [PMID: 33806028 PMCID: PMC8037027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic characteristics of blood donors may impact the storability of blood products. Despite higher basal stress, red blood cells (RBCs) from eligible donors that are heterozygous for beta-thalassemia traits (βThal+) possess a differential nitrogen-related metabolism, and cope better with storage stress compared to the control. Nevertheless, not much is known about how storage impacts the proteome of membrane and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in βThal+. For this purpose, RBC units from twelve βThal+ donors were studied through proteomics, immunoblotting, electron microscopy, and functional ELISA assays, versus units from sex- and aged-matched controls. βThal+ RBCs exhibited less irreversible shape modifications. Their membrane proteome was characterized by different levels of structural, lipid raft, transport, chaperoning, redox, and enzyme components. The most prominent findings include the upregulation of myosin proteoforms, arginase-1, heat shock proteins, and protein kinases, but the downregulation of nitrogen-related transporters. The unique membrane proteome was also mirrored, in part, to that of βThal+ EVs. Network analysis revealed interesting connections of membrane vesiculation with storage and stress hemolysis, along with proteome control modulators of the RBC membrane. Our findings, which are in line with the mild but consistent oxidative stress these cells experience in vivo, provide insight into the physiology and aging of stored βThal+ RBCs.
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