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Zhao L, Wang H, Chen X, Wang L, Abulaizi W, Yang Y, Li B, Wang C, Bai X. Agarose Hydrogel-Boosted One-Tube RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a Assay for Robust Point-of-Care Detection of Zoonotic Nematode Anisakis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8257-8268. [PMID: 38530904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of the zoonotic nematode Anisakis is poised to control its epidemic. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas-associated assay shows great potential in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. The one-tube method integrated the CRISPR system with the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) system to avoid the risk of aerosol pollution; however, it suffers from low sensitivity due to the incompatibility of the two systems and additional manual operations. Therefore, in the present study, the agarose hydrogel boosted one-tube RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay was constructed by adding the CRISPR system to the agarose hydrogel, which avoided the initially low amplification efficiency of RPA caused by the cleavage of Cas12a and achieved reaction continuity. The sensitivity was 10-fold higher than that of the one-tube RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a system. This method was used for Anisakis detection within 80 min from the sample to result, achieving point-of-care testing (POCT) through a smartphone and a portable device. This study provided a novel toolbox for POCT with significant application value in preventing Anisakis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Jiashi County Hospitalof Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830057, China
| | - Wulamujiang Abulaizi
- Jiashi County Hospitalof Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830057, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, China
| | - Benfu Li
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, China
| | - Cunzhou Wang
- Jiashi County Hospitalof Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830057, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Verma N, Prajapati P, Singh V, Pandya A. An introduction to microfluidics and their applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:1-14. [PMID: 35033280 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, microfluidics and lab-on-chip are rapidly growing area. It has been used for number of biology to biotechnology and medicine applications. It has the potential to reduce cost of reagent and time of experiment. It has been used integrated with automation for extraction and detection of protein, nucleic acids, enzymes, metabolites and delivery of drug to target location. It has been used for drug discovery, high throughput screening of potent drug and used for delivery. Paper based microfluidics was used for point-of-care diagnosis for accurate treatment of diseases. In this chapter, we highlight advances of microfluidics devices for number of biological and translational science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Verma
- Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Parth Prajapati
- Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Pandya
- Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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Wang C, Wu Z, Liu B, Zhang P, Lu J, Li J, Zou P, Li T, Fu Y, Chen R, Zhang L, Fu Q, Li C. Track-etched membrane microplate and smartphone immunosensing for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113550. [PMID: 34391066 PMCID: PMC8349359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The level of neutralizing antibody (NAb) to SARS-CoV-2 could be used to evaluate the acquired protective immunity of COVID-19 patients or vaccinees. Here we develop a track-etched microporous membrane filtration microplate (TEM) and optical fibers transmitted immunosensing smartphone platform (TEMFIS) based surrogate virus neutralization test (TEMFIS-sVNT) for rapid one-step testing of NAb to SARS-CoV-2. Coefficient variation (CV) of intra-assay and inter-assay precisions of TEMFIS-sVNT varied below 9% or 14%, respectively. By agreement with pseudovirus neutralization test (pVNT) and ELISA-sVNT for testing of serum samples from 41 COVID-19 patients, 50 COVID-19 vaccinees and 320 healthy blood donors (P = 0.895), TEMFIS-sVNT detected the NAb positivity (sensitivity) in 92.68% COVID-19 patients and 76% vaccinees, but the NAb negativity (specificity) in 100% blood donors. In conclusion, TEMFIS-sVNT can be used for quantitatively point-of-care testing of neutralizing antibody to SARS-CoV-2 in blood samples from COVID-19 patients and vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze Wu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bochao Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Bai Rui Kang (BRK) Biological Science and Technology Limited Company, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panli Zhang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Lu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ruiai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chengyao Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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The effects of a 12-week exercise programme for people living with HIV in Ethiopia. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Alhassan RK, Ketor CE, Ashinyo A, Ashinyo ME, Nutor JJ, Adjadeh C, Sarkodie E. Quality of antiretroviral therapy services in Ghana: Implications for the HIV response in resource-constrained settings. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211036142. [PMID: 34377475 PMCID: PMC8326618 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211036142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Number of People Living with Human Immune-deficiency Virus in Ghana is over 300,000 and unmet need for antiretroviral therapy is approximately 60%. This study sought to determine the quality of antiretroviral therapy services in selected ART sites in Ghana using the input-process-outcome approach. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional case study that employed modified normative evaluation to assess quality of antiretroviral therapy services in the Oti and Volta regions of Ghana among People Living with HIV (n = 384) and healthcare providers (n = 16). The study was conducted from 11 March to 9 May 2019. Results Resources for managing HIV clients were largely available with the exception of viral load machines, reagents for CD4 counts, and antifungals such as Fluconazole and Cotrimoxazole. Patients enrolled on antiretroviral therapy within 2 weeks was 71% and clients retained in care within 2 weeks of enrolment was 90%. Approximately 26% of enrolled clients recorded viral load suppression; 33% of People Living with HIV who were not insured with the National Health Insurance Scheme paid for some antiretrovirals and cotrimoxazole. Adherence to ART and Cotrimoxazole were 95% and 88%, respectively, using pill count on their last three visits. Time spent with clinical team was among the worst rated (mean = 2.98, standard deviation = 0.54) quality indicators by patients contrary to interpersonal relationship with health provider which was among the best rated (mean = 3.25, standard deviation = 0.41) indicators. Conclusion Observed quality care gaps could potentially reverse gains made in HIV prevention and control in Ghana if not addressed timely; an important value addition of this study is the novel application of input-process-outcome approach in the context of antiretroviral therapy services in Ghana. There is also the need for policy dialogue on inclusion of medications for prophylaxis in antiretroviral therapy on the National Health Insurance Scheme to promote adherence and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kaba Alhassan
- Centre for Health Policy and Implementation Research, Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Courage Edem Ketor
- Pharmacy Department, Jasikan District Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Jasikan, Ghana
| | - Anthony Ashinyo
- National AIDS/STI Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mary Eyram Ashinyo
- Department of Quality Assurance and Safety, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jerry John Nutor
- Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Conrad Adjadeh
- Pharmacy Department, Margaret Marquart Catholic Hospital Kpando, Kpando, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Sarkodie
- Pharmacy Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
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Immunovirological Assessment of HIV-Infected Patients and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Virus in Northeast of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The reliable laboratory tests, co-infection with other tumor viruses, and determining the genetic types are very important for therapy and monitoring of the clinical status of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects. Objectives: This study evaluated the co-infection of HIV with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the viral load, the progression of infection, and its correlation with the clinical status. Methods: Twenty HIV-infected cases were assessed for T cell subpopulations, HBV, HCV, and HTLV-1 co-infection, as well as the viral load. For phylogenetic relationships analysis, the HIV-c2-v5 fragment and p17 of gag were amplified, sequenced, and then clustered using phylogenetic analysis by MEGA software with maximum-likelihood. Results: The quantity of HIV viral load by qRT-PCR (TaqMan) and Cobas-Amplicor monitor test had a very strong correlation (R = 0.881, P < 0.0001). A significant negative correlation was also found between CD4+ cell count and Cobas-Amplicor (R = -0.41, P = 0.06). A significant negative correlation was also found between CD4+ cell count and Cobas-Amplicor (R = -0.41, P = 0.06) with HIV monitor test results (R = -0.41, P = 0.06). The phylogenetic analysis for p17 regions in gag and c2-v5 in env genes showed that all subjects had AD genotype. The co-infection of the HIV subjects with HBV, HCV, and HTLV-1 was 75%, 75%, and 15%, respectively. A direct correlation was observed between CD8+ and HIV-HTLV-1 co-infection. Conclusions: The results showed that HIV CRF35-AD, (M group) is more frequent in the northeast of Iran, and both real-time quantification methods were reliable for monitoring the HIV-1 viral load. In addition, the transmission rate of HTLV-1 is lower than HBV and HCV among drug abusers.
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Fu Y, Zhang Y, Khoo BL. Liquid biopsy technologies for hematological diseases. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:246-274. [PMID: 32929726 DOI: 10.1002/med.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of circulating tumor cells in 1869, technological advances in studying circulating biomarkers from patients' blood have made the diagnosis of nonhematologic cancers less invasive. Technological advances in the detection and analysis of biomarkers provide new opportunities for the characterization of other disease types. When compared with traditional biopsies, liquid biopsy markers, such as exfoliated bladder cancer cells, circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EV), are considered more convenient than conventional biopsies. Liquid biopsy markers undoubtedly have the potential to influence disease management and treatment dynamics. Our main focuses of this review will be the cell-based, gene-based, and protein-based key liquid biopsy markers (including EV and cfDNA) in disease detection, and discuss the research progress of these biomarkers used in conjunction with liquid biopsy. First, we highlighted the key technologies that have been broadly adopted used in hematological diseases. Second, we introduced the latest technological developments for the specific detection of cardiovascular disease, leukemia, and coronavirus disease. Finally, we concluded with perspectives on these research areas, focusing on the role of microfluidic technology and artificial intelligence in point-of-care medical applications. We believe that the noninvasive capabilities of these technologies have great potential in the development of diagnostics and can influence treatment options, thereby advancing precision disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatian Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Kim S, Imran JH, Shourav MK, Kim JK. Improved Enumeration of Weakly Fluorescent CD4+ T-lymphocytes by Confining Cells in a Spinning Sample Cartridge with a Helical Minichannel. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060618. [PMID: 32630535 PMCID: PMC7345180 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) counting method is used to measure the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes per microliter of blood and to evaluate the timing of the initiation of antiretroviral therapy as well as the effectiveness of treatment in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. We developed a three-dimensional helical minichannel-based sample cartridge in which a thread-like microgroove formed in the cylindrical surface and configured a particle-positioning and imaging system equipped with a single DC (direct current) motor that can be controlled by a smartphone application. Confinement and enrichment of CD4 cells within a sharp focal depth along the helical minichannel is accomplished by spinning the cylindrical sample cartridge at high speed before acquiring cell images and thus CD4+ cells with weak fluorescence intensity can be detected even in a channel much deeper than existing two-dimensional flat chambers without an autofocusing module. By detecting more cells in a larger sample volume, the accuracy of the CD4 cell count is improved by a factor of 5.8 with a channel of 500 μm depth and the precision is enhanced by a factor of 1.5 with a coefficient of variation of 2.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea; (S.K.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Jakir Hossain Imran
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Mohiuddin Khan Shourav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea; (S.K.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Jung Kyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea; (S.K.); (M.K.S.)
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea;
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-910-4767
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9
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Bystryak S, Acharya C, Dobiszewski K, Zhu H, Bandwar RP. Preclinical Assessment of a Cartridge-Based Flow-Through Assay for Determination of Adult CD4 T-Cell Count. Open AIDS J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874613602014010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Despite the emphasis on viral load testing, current HIV testing guidelines consider CD4 T-cell count measurement as an important criterion for assessing disease progression, making decisions about anti-retroviral therapy regime changes, and treating HIV infected individuals with opportunistic infections. The CD4 counting by established methods (e.g., flow cytometry) presents challenges not only in resource-scarce settings due to cost and lack of skilled technicians but also in resource-rich areas where it is limited to centralized facilities.
Objective:
Current options for Point-Of-Care (POC) CD4 enumeration are few and labor-intensive, prompting the need for newer technological methods that can overcome the aforementioned challenges.
Methods:
The novel and patented flow-through cell counting assay (FTCA) described previously (Bystryak et al., 2019) was developed further into a point-of-care CD4 testing system using a disposable cartridge device and a portable imaging instrument. A pilot study with ~100 samples using this device was conducted to assess the validity of FTCA as a POC test for the measurement of CD4 count.
Results:
The FTCA signal was found to be linear over a wide range (17 - 1540 cells/μL) of CD4 T-cell concentration. The FTCA method also exhibits a strong agreement with flow cytometry, with very low bias (− 7 cells/μL) towards CD4 count measurement.
Conclusion:
The cartridge-based FTCA method has great potential to be a fully quantitative method with low complexity, portability, low-cost, and wide applicability in clinical practice.
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Li J, Liu Y, Ren J, Tay BZ, Luo T, Fan L, Sun D, Luo G, Lau D, Lam RHW. Antibody-coated microstructures for selective isolation of immune cells in blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1072-1082. [PMID: 32100806 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell isolation from blood is an important process for diagnosing immune diseases. There are still demands for a user-friendly approach to achieve high cell extraction efficiency and purity of a target immune cell subtype for more promising diagnosis and monitoring. For selective immune cell isolation, we developed a microstructured device, which consists of antibody-coated micropillars and micro-sieve arrays, for isolating a target immune cell subtype from bovine blood samples. The focusing micropillars can guide immune cells flowing to the subsequent micro-sieves based on deterministic lateral shifts of the cells. The arrangement of these microstructures is characterized and configured for the maximal cell capture rate. Surface modification with a selected antibody offers selective cell capture in the micro-sieves based on the antigen-antibody reaction. We prepare a cell mixture of human CD14-expressing leukemia cells (THP-1) and epithelial cells (MDA-MB-231) in diluted blood to characterize the cell isolation operation, with a selective cell isolation yield of >80%, cell purity of ∼100% and cell viability of >93%. Together, this microstructured device strategy can achieve high-yield selective isolation of immune cells from blood samples and support downstream genetic and biochemical cell analyses, contributing to the medical diagnosis of a broad range of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Jifeng Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Benjamin Zikai Tay
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guannan Luo
- Department of Economics and Finance, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Denvid Lau
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Baron U, Werner J, Schildknecht K, Schulze JJ, Mulu A, Liebert UG, Sack U, Speckmann C, Gossen M, Wong RJ, Stevenson DK, Babel N, Schürmann D, Baldinger T, Bacchetta R, Grützkau A, Borte S, Olek S. Epigenetic immune cell counting in human blood samples for immunodiagnostics. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/452/eaan3508. [PMID: 30068569 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell profiles provide valuable diagnostic information for hematologic and immunologic diseases. Although it is the most widely applied analytical approach, flow cytometry is limited to liquid blood. Moreover, either analysis must be performed with fresh samples or cell integrity needs to be guaranteed during storage and transport. We developed epigenetic real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for analysis of human leukocyte subpopulations. After method establishment, whole blood from 25 healthy donors and 97 HIV+ patients as well as dried spots from 250 healthy newborns and 24 newborns with primary immunodeficiencies were analyzed. Concordance between flow cytometric and epigenetic data for neutrophils and B, natural killer, CD3+ T, CD8+ T, CD4+ T, and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells was evaluated, demonstrating substantial equivalence between epigenetic qPCR analysis and flow cytometry. Epigenetic qPCR achieves both relative and absolute quantifications. Applied to dried blood spots, epigenetic immune cell quantification was shown to identify newborns suffering from various primary immunodeficiencies. Using epigenetic qPCR not only provides a precise means for immune cell counting in fresh-frozen blood but also extends applicability to dried blood spots. This method could expand the ability for screening immune defects and facilitates diagnostics of unobservantly collected samples, for example, in underdeveloped areas, where logistics are major barriers to screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Baron
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeannette Werner
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schildknecht
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janika J Schulze
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andargaschew Mulu
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Leipzig, 04009 Leipzig, Germany.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, 1005 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe-Gerd Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Leipzig, 04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Leipzig, 04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency and Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald J Wong
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David K Stevenson
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nina Babel
- Marienhospital Herne, Medizinische Klinik I, Universität Bochum, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Dirk Schürmann
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina Baldinger
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Immune Monitoring Core Facility, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Borte
- ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig, Municipal Hospital St. Georg Leipzig, 04129 Leipzig, Germany. .,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge at Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Olek
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Bystryak S, Bandwar RP, Santockyte R. A flow-through cell counting assay for point-of-care enumeration of CD4 T-cells. J Virol Methods 2019; 271:113672. [PMID: 31145920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T-cell count is a priority for staging HIV disease and guiding clinical management as part of HIV care. Conventional CD4 T-cell enumeration methods based on flow cytometry are expensive, require well-trained personnel, and are challenging to use in rural, resource-scarce areas. A simple CD4 T-cell count test that can be used at point-of care, the Flow-Through cell Counting Assay (FTCA), is described in this article. The FTCA is based on the use of: 1) a special membrane that selectively retains white blood cells (WBCs); 2) a sample delivery system; and 3) optical signal detection. To show the feasibility of the FTCA, a proof-of-concept prototype of the FTCA cassette and digital camera or handheld reflectance meter were used for obtaining quantitative assay results within 30 min. The results show that the FTCA allows for quantitative enumeration of CD4 T-cells in the clinically relevant range of CD4 T-cell concentrations. The advantages of the FTCA technology, including simplicity, short analysis time, and portability, suggest that FTCA has great potential for use in clinical practice and wide applicability for other cell-based diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bystryak
- Allied Innovative Systems, 13 Watchung Avenue, Suite 102, Chatham, New Jersey 07928, USA.
| | - Rajiv P Bandwar
- Allied Innovative Systems, 13 Watchung Avenue, Suite 102, Chatham, New Jersey 07928, USA
| | - Rasa Santockyte
- Allied Innovative Systems, 13 Watchung Avenue, Suite 102, Chatham, New Jersey 07928, USA
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13
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Christodoulides N, McRae MP, Simmons GW, Modak SS, McDevitt JT. Sensors that Learn: The Evolution from Taste Fingerprints to Patterns of Early Disease Detection. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E251. [PMID: 30995728 PMCID: PMC6523560 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The McDevitt group has sustained efforts to develop a programmable sensing platform that offers advanced, multiplexed/multiclass chem-/bio-detection capabilities. This scalable chip-based platform has been optimized to service real-world biological specimens and validated for analytical performance. Fashioned as a sensor that learns, the platform can host new content for the application at hand. Identification of biomarker-based fingerprints from complex mixtures has a direct linkage to e-nose and e-tongue research. Recently, we have moved to the point of big data acquisition alongside the linkage to machine learning and artificial intelligence. Here, exciting opportunities are afforded by multiparameter sensing that mimics the sense of taste, overcoming the limitations of salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and glutamate sensing and moving into fingerprints of health and wellness. This article summarizes developments related to the electronic taste chip system evolving into a platform that digitizes biology and affords clinical decision support tools. A dynamic body of literature and key review articles that have contributed to the shaping of these activities are also highlighted. This fully integrated sensor promises more rapid transition of biomarker panels into wide-spread clinical practice yielding valuable new insights into health diagnostics, benefiting early disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Michael P McRae
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Glennon W Simmons
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Sayli S Modak
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - John T McDevitt
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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14
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Cho MO, Kim S, Lee JY, Oh JH, Kim JY, Bong SR, Chung C, Kim JK. Performance evaluation of an automated image-based fluorescence CD4+ cell analyzer. Technol Health Care 2019; 26:867-871. [PMID: 30040773 DOI: 10.3233/thc-181354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although AIDS-related mortality has declined since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV/ AIDS patients are predominantly present in developing countries that lack high-cost diagnostic devices and human expertise. OBJECTIVE New methods for counting CD4+ cells cost-effectively are needed to replace conventional flow cytometry-based diagnosis. METHODS We developed a CD4+ cell analyzer, ADAMII, which is a benchtop fluorescence image-based CD3+/4+ cell counting analyzer. It bears a three-channel light source and performs CD3+/4+ counting assays. The automatic 3D stage captures a maximum of 136 images that are subsequently processed and analyzed using a software integrated into the system. RESULTS Results obtained using ADAMII were compared with data obtained by conventional methods using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer and the point-of-care PIMA CD4 analyzer. Both comparisons between ADAMII vs. FACS and ADAMII vs. PIMA data yielded a strong correlation with an R2 value of 0.98, which ensures the feasibility of CD4 test by ADAMII. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method using ADAMII can be easily employed in resource-limited areas to replace conventional flow cytometers, which are expensive and require highly trained staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Ock Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jung Kyung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Integrative Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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15
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Wasserberg D, Zhang X, Breukers C, Connell BJ, Baeten E, van den Blink D, S O L À Benet È, Bloem AC, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Terstappen LWMM, Beck M. All-printed cell counting chambers with on-chip sample preparation for point-of-care CD4 counting. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:659-668. [PMID: 30005387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of fully printed microfluidic CD4 counting chips with complete on-chip sample preparation and their applicability as a CD4 counting assay using samples from healthy donors and HIV-infected patients. CD4 counting in low-income and resource-limited point-of-care settings is only practical and affordable, if disposable tests can be fabricated at very low cost and all manual sample preparation is avoided, while operation as well as quantification is fully automated and independent of the skills of the operator. Here, we show the successful use of (inkjet) printing methods both to fabricate microfluidic cell counting chambers with controlled heights, and to deposit hydrogel layers with embedded fluorophore-labeled antibodies for on-chip sample preparation and reagent storage. The maturation process of gelatin after deposition prevents antibody wash-off during blood inflow very well, while temperature-controlled dissolution of the matrix ensures complete antibody release for immunostaining after the inflow has stopped. The prevention of antibody wash-off together with the subsequent complete antibody release guarantees a homogeneous fluorescence background, making rapid and accurate CD4 counting possible. We show the successful application of our fully printed CD4 counting chips on samples from healthy donors as well as from HIV-infected patients and find an excellent agreement between results from our method and from the gold standard, flow cytometry, in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wasserberg
- Medical Cell Biophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Medical Cell Biophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Breukers
- Medical Cell Biophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bridgette J Connell
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Baeten
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Section Diagnostics, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorine van den Blink
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Section Diagnostics, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Èlia S O L À Benet
- Medical Cell Biophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries C Bloem
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Section Diagnostics, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Medical Cell Biophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Beck
- Medical Cell Biophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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16
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Hassan U, Zhu R, Bashir R. Multivariate computational analysis of biosensor's data for improved CD64 quantification for sepsis diagnosis. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1231-1240. [PMID: 29564463 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, as a leading cause of death worldwide, relies on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria for its diagnosis. SIRS is highly non-specific as it relies on monitoring of patients' vitals for sepsis diagnosis, which are known to change with many confounding factors. Changes in leukocyte counts and CD64 expression levels are known specific biomarkers of pro-inflammatory host response at the onset of sepsis. Recently, we have developed a biosensor chip that can enumerate the leukocyte counts and quantify the neutrophil CD64 expression levels from a drop of blood. We were able to show improved sepsis diagnosis and prognosis in clinical studies by measuring these parameters during different times of the patients' stay in hospital. In this paper, we investigated the rate of cell capture with CD64 expression levels and used this in a multivariate computational model using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and showed improved accuracy of quantifying CD64 expression levels from the biosensor (n = 106 whole blood experiments). We found a high coefficient of determination and low error between biosensor- and flow cytometry-based neutrophil CD64 expression levels using multiple ANN training methods in comparison to those of univariate regression commonly employed. This approach can find many applications in biosensor data analytics by utilizing multiple features of the biosensor's data for output determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hassan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, 1304 W. Springfield Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. and Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Stevens Family Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - R Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Illini Hall, 725S Wright St. 101, 61820, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - R Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, 1304 W. Springfield Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. and Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Stevens Family Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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17
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A point-of-care microfluidic biochip for quantification of CD64 expression from whole blood for sepsis stratification. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15949. [PMID: 28671185 PMCID: PMC5500847 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection, has the highest burden of death and medical expenses in hospitals worldwide. Leukocyte count and CD64 expression on neutrophils (nCD64) are known to correlate strongly with improved sensitivity and specificity of sepsis diagnosis at its onset. A major challenge is the lack of a rapid and accurate point-of-care (PoC) device that can perform these measurements from a minute blood sample. Here, we report a PoC microfluidic biochip to enumerate leukocytes and quantify nCD64 levels from 10 μl of whole blood without any manual processing. Biochip measurements have shown excellent correlation with the results from flow cytometer. In clinical studies, we have used PoC biochip to monitor leukocyte counts and nCD64 levels from patients’ blood at different times of their stay in the hospital. Furthermore, we have shown the biochip’s utility for improved sepsis diagnosis by combining these measurements with electronic medical record (EMR). Sepsis is a potentially life–threatening complication of infection and diagnosis depends on rapid assessment of leukocyte count and CD64 expression. Here the authors present a microfluidic chip that can quantify these parameters from minimal amounts of whole blood with no manual processing.
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18
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Christodoulides NJ, McRae MP, Abram TJ, Simmons GW, McDevitt JT. Innovative Programmable Bio-Nano-Chip Digitizes Biology Using Sensors That Learn Bridging Biomarker Discovery and Clinical Implementation. Front Public Health 2017; 5:110. [PMID: 28589118 PMCID: PMC5441161 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of standard tools and methodologies and the absence of a streamlined multimarker approval process have hindered the translation rate of new biomarkers into clinical practice for a variety of diseases afflicting humankind. Advanced novel technologies with superior analytical performance and reduced reagent costs, like the programmable bio-nano-chip system featured in this article, have potential to change the delivery of healthcare. This universal platform system has the capacity to digitize biology, resulting in a sensor modality with a capacity to learn. With well-planned device design, development, and distribution plans, there is an opportunity to translate benchtop discoveries in the genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics fields by transforming the information content of key biomarkers into actionable signatures that can empower physicians and patients for a better management of healthcare. While the process is complicated and will take some time, showcased here are three application areas for this flexible platform that combines biomarker content with minimally invasive or non-invasive sampling, such as brush biopsy for oral cancer risk assessment; serum, plasma, and small volumes of blood for the assessment of cardiac risk and wellness; and oral fluid sampling for drugs of abuse testing at the point of need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaos J. Christodoulides
- Department of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. McRae
- Department of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Glennon W. Simmons
- Department of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Safavi A, Emamzadeh R, Nazari M, Ehsani M, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Rahgozar S. Super RLuc8-sFv; a new luciferase-labeled probe for detection of human CD4+ cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:470-475. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00652c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A probe has been designed, produced and assayed for the detection of T-helper cells. The sFv fragment fused to the C-terminus of super Renilla luciferase 8 (Super RLuc8) and the probe successfully used for detection of human CD4+ cells using luminometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Safavi
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - R. Emamzadeh
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - M. Nazari
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center
- Avicenna Research Institute
- ACECR
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - M. Ehsani
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | | | - S. Rahgozar
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
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20
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Abram TJ, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, James R, Kerr AR, Thornhill MH, Redding SW, Vigneswaran N, Speight PM, Vick J, Murdoch C, Freeman C, Hegarty AM, D'Apice K, Phelan JA, Corby PM, Khouly I, Bouquot J, Demian NM, Weinstock YE, Rowan S, Yeh CK, McGuff HS, Miller FR, Gaur S, Karthikeyan K, Taylor L, Le C, Nguyen M, Talavera H, Raja R, Wong J, McDevitt JT. 'Cytology-on-a-chip' based sensors for monitoring of potentially malignant oral lesions. Oral Oncol 2016; 60:103-11. [PMID: 27531880 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite significant advances in surgical procedures and treatment, long-term prognosis for patients with oral cancer remains poor, with survival rates among the lowest of major cancers. Better methods are desperately needed to identify potential malignancies early when treatments are more effective. OBJECTIVE To develop robust classification models from cytology-on-a-chip measurements that mirror diagnostic performance of gold standard approach involving tissue biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurements were recorded from 714 prospectively recruited patients with suspicious lesions across 6 diagnostic categories (each confirmed by tissue biopsy -histopathology) using a powerful new 'cytology-on-a-chip' approach capable of executing high content analysis at a single cell level. Over 200 cellular features related to biomarker expression, nuclear parameters and cellular morphology were recorded per cell. By cataloging an average of 2000 cells per patient, these efforts resulted in nearly 13 million indexed objects. RESULTS Binary "low-risk"/"high-risk" models yielded AUC values of 0.88 and 0.84 for training and validation models, respectively, with an accompanying difference in sensitivity+specificity of 6.2%. In terms of accuracy, this model accurately predicted the correct diagnosis approximately 70% of the time, compared to the 69% initial agreement rate of the pool of expert pathologists. Key parameters identified in these models included cell circularity, Ki67 and EGFR expression, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear area, and cell area. CONCLUSIONS This chip-based approach yields objective data that can be leveraged for diagnosis and management of patients with PMOL as well as uncovering new molecular-level insights behind cytological differences across the OED spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Abram
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - A Ross Kerr
- New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology & Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin H Thornhill
- Academic Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, University of Sheffield School of Clinical Dentistry, Sheffield, UK
| | - Spencer W Redding
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nadarajah Vigneswaran
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul M Speight
- Academic Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, University of Sheffield School of Clinical Dentistry, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Craig Murdoch
- Academic Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, University of Sheffield School of Clinical Dentistry, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christine Freeman
- Academic Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, University of Sheffield School of Clinical Dentistry, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anne M Hegarty
- Unit of Oral Medicine, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Katy D'Apice
- Unit of Oral Medicine, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joan A Phelan
- New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology & Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia M Corby
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health and Radiation Oncology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ismael Khouly
- New York University College of Dentistry, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry Bouquot
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nagi M Demian
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Etan Weinstock
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Rowan
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Ko Yeh
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H Stan McGuff
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Pathology, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Frank R Miller
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Surabhi Gaur
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Leander Taylor
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cathy Le
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rameez Raja
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jorge Wong
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John T McDevitt
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA; Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA; New York University, Department of Biomaterials, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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McRae MP, Bozkurt B, Ballantyne CM, Sanchez X, Christodoulides N, Simmons G, Nambi V, Misra A, Miller CS, Ebersole JL, Campbell C, McDevitt JT. Cardiac ScoreCard: A Diagnostic Multivariate Index Assay System for Predicting a Spectrum of Cardiovascular Disease. EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2016; 54:136-147. [PMID: 31467464 PMCID: PMC6715313 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have the potential to save lives and reduce unnecessary costs through early detection and frequent monitoring of both traditional risk factors and novel biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the widespread adoption of CDSSs for the identification of heart diseases has been limited, likely due to the poor interpretability of clinically relevant results and the lack of seamless integration between measurements and disease predictions. In this paper we present the Cardiac ScoreCard-a multivariate index assay system with the potential to assist in the diagnosis and prognosis of a spectrum of CVD. The Cardiac ScoreCard system is based on lasso logistic regression techniques which utilize both patient demographics and novel biomarker data for the prediction of heart failure (HF) and cardiac wellness. Lasso logistic regression models were trained on a merged clinical dataset comprising 579 patients with 6 traditional risk factors and 14 biomarker measurements. The prediction performance of the Cardiac ScoreCard was assessed with 5-fold cross-validation and compared with reference methods. The experimental results reveal that the ScoreCard models improved performance in discriminating disease versus non-case (AUC = 0.8403 and 0.9412 for cardiac wellness and HF, respectively), and the models exhibit good calibration. Clinical insights to the prediction of HF and cardiac wellness are provided in the form of logistic regression coefficients which suggest that augmenting the traditional risk factors with a multimarker panel spanning a diverse cardiovascular pathophysiology provides improved performance over reference methods. Additionally, a framework is provided for seamless integration with biomarker measurements from point-of-care medical microdevices, and a lasso-based feature selection process is described for the down-selection of biomarkers in multimarker panels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biykem Bozkurt
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ximena Sanchez
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Glennon Simmons
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vijay Nambi
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Craig S. Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Ebersole
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charles Campbell
- Department of Cardiology, Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Rahmanian N, Bozorgmehr M, Torabi M, Akbari A, Zarnani AH. Cell separation: Potentials and pitfalls. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 47:38-51. [PMID: 27045194 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1163579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell separation techniques play an indispensable part in numerous basic biological studies and even clinical settings. Although various cell isolation methods with diverse applications have been devised so far, not all of them have been able to gain widespread popularity among researchers and clinicians. There is not a single method known to be advantageous over all cell isolation techniques, and in fact, it is the researcher's aim in performing a study that determines the most suitable method. A perfect method for one study might not be necessarily a proper choice for another and likewise, expensive and complex isolation methods might not always be the best choices. There are several criteria such as cell purity, viability, activation status, and frequency that need to be given serious thought before selecting an isolation technique. Moreover, time and cost are two of the key elements that should be taken into consideration before implementing a project. Hence, here we provide a succinct description of six more popular cell separation methods with respect to their principles, advantages, and disadvantages as well as their most common applications. We further provide several key features of each technique so that it helps the researchers to take the first step toward opting for the best method that fits well into their projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Rahmanian
- a Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohmood Bozorgmehr
- b Oncopathology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Monir Torabi
- c Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- d Colorectal Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- e Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,f Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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23
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Gebauer A, Schmidt S, Hoffmann W. Status and perspective of lab-on-a-chip systems for common diseases: a systematic review from 2003 to 2013. Per Med 2016; 13:71-91. [PMID: 29749869 DOI: 10.2217/pme.15.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lab-on-a-chip systems (LOCs) are a useful aid for the individualization of therapeutic algorithms at the point-of-care. MATERIALS & METHODS We performed a systematic literature review on LOCs for diseases with a global impact for healthcare. RESULTS A total of 1007 articles matched the previously specified search criteria, thereof 65 studies could be included in this review. A total of 55 different LOCs were evaluated, most for diagnosis or monitoring of cancer (n = 24). For other diseases we found considerably less analyzed LOCs. The analytical performance of the LOCs was usually very good, 37 (67%) LOCs had a sensitivity higher than 90%. CONCLUSION Although LOC systems performance has been positively evaluated in the great majority of studies, the testing was mostly limited to the research laboratory setting rather than real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gebauer
- Institute for Community Medicine, Section Epidemiology of Healthcare & Community Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, Section Epidemiology of Healthcare & Community Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, Section Epidemiology of Healthcare & Community Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Li W, Gao Y, Pappas D. A complementary method to CD4 counting: measurement of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio in a tandem affinity microfluidic system. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:113. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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McRae MP, Simmons GW, Wong J, Shadfan B, Gopalkrishnan S, Christodoulides N, McDevitt JT. Programmable bio-nano-chip system: a flexible point-of-care platform for bioscience and clinical measurements. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4020-31. [PMID: 26308851 PMCID: PMC4589532 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00636h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of integrated instrumentation for universal bioassay systems serves as a key goal for the lab-on-a-chip community. The programmable bio-nano-chip (p-BNC) system is a versatile multiplexed and multiclass chemical- and bio-sensing system for bioscience and clinical measurements. The system is comprised of two main components, a disposable cartridge and a portable analyzer. The customizable single-use plastic cartridges, which now can be manufactured in high volumes using injection molding, are designed for analytical performance, ease of use, reproducibility, and low cost. These labcard devices implement high surface area nano-structured biomarker capture elements that enable high performance signaling and are index-matched to real-world biological specimens. This detection modality, along with the convenience of on-chip fluid storage in blisters and self-contained waste, represents a standard process to digitize biological signatures at the point-of-care. A companion portable analyzer prototype has been developed to integrate fluid motivation, optical detection, and automated data analysis, and it serves as the human interface for complete assay automation. In this report, we provide a systems-level perspective of the p-BNC universal biosensing platform with an emphasis on flow control, device integration, and automation. To demonstrate the flexibility of the p-BNC, we distinguish diseased and non-case patients across three significant disease applications: prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and acute myocardial infarction. Progress towards developing a rapid 7 minute myoglobin assay is presented using the fully automated p-BNC system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glennon. W. Simmons
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Jorge Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Basil Shadfan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | | | - Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, U.S.A
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26
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Christodoulides N, De La Garza R, Simmons GW, McRae MP, Wong J, Newton TF, Smith R, Mahoney JJ, Hohenstein J, Gomez S, Floriano PN, Talavera H, Sloan DJ, Moody DE, Andrenyak DM, Kosten TR, Haque A, McDevitt JT. Application of programmable bio-nano-chip system for the quantitative detection of drugs of abuse in oral fluids. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:306-13. [PMID: 26048639 PMCID: PMC4509839 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is currently a gap in on-site drug of abuse monitoring. Current detection methods involve invasive sampling of blood and urine specimens, or collection of oral fluid, followed by qualitative screening tests using immunochromatographic cartridges. While remote laboratories then may provide confirmation and quantitative assessment of a presumptive positive, this instrumentation is expensive and decoupled from the initial sampling making the current drug-screening program inefficient and costly. The authors applied a noninvasive oral fluid sampling approach integrated with the in-development chip-based Programmable bio-nano-chip (p-BNC) platform for the detection of drugs of abuse. METHOD The p-BNC assay methodology was applied for the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol, morphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, methadone and benzodiazepines, initially using spiked buffered samples and, ultimately, using oral fluid specimen collected from consented volunteers. RESULTS Rapid (∼10min), sensitive detection (∼ng/mL) and quantitation of 12 drugs of abuse was demonstrated on the p-BNC platform. Furthermore, the system provided visibility to time-course of select drug and metabolite profiles in oral fluids; for the drug cocaine, three regions of slope were observed that, when combined with concentration measurements from this and prior impairment studies, information about cocaine-induced impairment may be revealed. CONCLUSIONS This chip-based p-BNC detection modality has significant potential to be used in the future by law enforcement officers for roadside drug testing and to serve a variety of other settings, including outpatient and inpatient drug rehabilitation centers, emergency rooms, prisons, schools, and in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston TX
| | - Richard De La Garza
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX.,Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Glennon W. Simmons
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston TX
| | | | - Jorge Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston TX
| | - Thomas F. Newton
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX.,Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Regina Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX
| | - James J. Mahoney
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | | | - Sobeyda Gomez
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX
| | - Pierre N. Floriano
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston TX
| | | | | | - David E. Moody
- Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - David M. Andrenyak
- Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX.,Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ahmed Haque
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston TX.,Department Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, 433 First Avenue, Room 820, New York, NY 10010-4086, USA,Send correspondence to: John T. McDevitt, Chair, Department Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, 433 First Avenue, Room 820, New York, NY 10010-4086, USA, , Phone: 212-998-9204
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27
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Liu C, Xue C, Chen X, Shan L, Tian Y, Hu G. Size-Based Separation of Particles and Cells Utilizing Viscoelastic Effects in Straight Microchannels. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6041-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered
Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chundong Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered
Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered
Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Shan
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered
Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Laboratory and field evaluation of the Partec CyFlow miniPOC for absolute and relative CD4 T-cell enumeration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116663. [PMID: 25688553 PMCID: PMC4331543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new CD4 point-of-care instrument, the CyFlow miniPOC, which provides absolute and percentage CD4 T-cells, used for screening and monitoring of HIV-infected patients in resource-limited settings, was introduced recently. We assessed the performance of this novel instrument in a reference laboratory and in a field setting in Senegal. Methodology A total of 321 blood samples were obtained from 297 adults and 24 children, all HIV-patients attending university hospitals in Dakar, or health centers in Ziguinchor. Samples were analyzed in parallel on CyFlow miniPOC, FACSCount CD4 and FACSCalibur to assess CyFlow miniPOC precision and accuracy. Results At the reference lab, CyFlow miniPOC, compared to FACSCalibur, showed an absolute mean bias of -12.6 cells/mm3 and a corresponding relative mean bias of -2.3% for absolute CD4 counts. For CD4 percentages, the absolute mean bias was -0.1%. Compared to FACSCount CD4, the absolute and relative mean biases were -31.2 cells/mm3 and -4.7%, respectively, for CD4 counts, whereas the absolute mean bias for CD4 percentages was 1.3%. The CyFlow miniPOC was able to classify HIV-patients eligible for ART with a sensitivity of ≥ 95% at the different ART-initiation thresholds (200, 350 and 500 CD4 cells/mm3). In the field lab, the room temperature ranged from 30 to 35°C during the working hours. At those temperatures, the CyFlow miniPOC, compared to FACSCount CD4, had an absolute and relative mean bias of 7.6 cells/mm3 and 2.8%, respectively, for absolute CD4 counts, and an absolute mean bias of 0.4% for CD4 percentages. The CyFlow miniPOC showed sensitivity equal or greater than 94%. Conclusion The CyFlow miniPOC showed high agreement with FACSCalibur and FACSCount CD4. The CyFlow miniPOC provides both reliable absolute CD4 counts and CD4 percentages even under the field conditions, and is suitable for monitoring HIV-infected patients in resource-limited settings.
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29
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Ehsani M, Emamzadeh R, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Nazari M. CD4 D3-binding probe: a novel fluorescence tool for detection and enumeration of CD4+ cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05333a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new and advanced CD4-binding reporter has been designed, produced and functionally assayed for the detection of T-helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ehsani
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - R. Emamzadeh
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | | | - M. Nazari
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center
- Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR
- Tehran
- Iran
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30
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Shafiee H, Wang S, Inci F, Toy M, Henrich TJ, Kuritzkes DR, Demirci U. Emerging technologies for point-of-care management of HIV infection. Annu Rev Med 2014; 66:387-405. [PMID: 25423597 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-092112-143017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The global HIV/AIDS pandemic has resulted in 39 million deaths to date, and there are currently more than 35 million people living with HIV worldwide. Prevention, screening, and treatment strategies have led to major progress in addressing this disease globally. Diagnostics is critical for HIV prevention, screening and disease staging, and monitoring antiretroviral therapy (ART). Currently available diagnostic assays, which include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blot (WB), are complex, expensive, and time consuming. These diagnostic technologies are ill suited for use in low- and middle-income countries, where the challenge of the HIV/AIDS pandemic is most severe. Therefore, innovative, inexpensive, disposable, and rapid diagnostic platform technologies are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss challenges associated with HIV management in resource-constrained settings and review the state-of-the-art HIV diagnostic technologies for CD4(+) T lymphocyte count, viral load measurement, and drug resistance testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Shafiee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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31
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Simple and rapid CD4 testing based on large-field imaging system composed of microcavity array and two-dimensional photosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:350-5. [PMID: 25192872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a novel method for CD4 testing based on one-shot large-field imaging. The large-field imaging system was fabricated by a microcavity array and a two-dimensional (2D) photosensor within the desk-top-sized instrument. The microcavity array was employed to separate leukocytes from whole blood based on differences in the size of leukocytes and other blood cells. The large-field imaging system with lower side irradiation enabled acquisition of cell signatures with high signal-to-noise ratio, because the metallic substrate of the microcavity array obstructed excessive excitation light. In this setting, dual-color imaging of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was achieved within the entire image area (64 mm(2)) in 2s. The practical performance of the large-field imaging system was demonstrated by determining the CD4/CD8 ratio in a few microliter of control whole blood as small as those obtained by a finger prick. The CD4/CD8 ratios measured using the large-field imaging system correlated well with those measured by microscopic analysis. These results indicate that our proposed system provides a simple and rapid CD4 testing for the application of HIV/AIDS treatment.
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32
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WHO multicenter evaluation of FACSCount CD4 and Pima CD4 T-cell count systems: instrument performance and misclassification of HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66:e98-107. [PMID: 24853304 PMCID: PMC4149645 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4⁺ T-cell counts are used to screen and follow-up HIV-infected patients during treatment. As part of the World Health Organization prequalification program of diagnostics, we conducted an independent multicenter evaluation of the FACSCount CD4 and the Pima CD4, using the FACSCalibur as reference method. METHODS A total of 440 paired capillary and venous blood samples were collected from HIV-infected patients attending the HIV outpatient clinic in Antwerp, Belgium, and the HIV care and treatment center in Dar es Salam, Tanzania. Capillary blood was run on Pima analyzer, whereas venous blood was analyzed on FACSCount, Pima, and FACSCalibur instruments. Precision and agreement between methods were assessed. RESULTS The FACSCount CD4 results were in agreement with the FACSCalibur results with relative bias of 0.4% and 3.1% on absolute CD4 counts and an absolute bias of -0.6% and -1.1% on CD4% in Antwerp and Dar es Salam, respectively. The Pima CD4 results were in agreement with the FACSCalibur results with relative bias of -4.1% and -9.4% using venous blood and of -9.5% and -0.9% using capillary blood in Antwerp and Dar es Salam, respectively. At the threshold of 350 cells per microliter, the FACSCount CD4 and Pima CD4 using venous and capillary blood misclassified 7%, 9%, and 13% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The FACSCount CD4 provides reliable CD4 counts and CD4% and is suitable for monitoring adult and pediatric HIV patients in moderate-volume settings. The Pima CD4 is more suitable for screening eligible adult HIV patients for antiretroviral treatment initiation in low-volume laboratories.
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Optimization of a cell counting algorithm for mobile point-of-care testing platforms. SENSORS 2014; 14:15244-61. [PMID: 25195851 PMCID: PMC4179089 DOI: 10.3390/s140815244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a point-of-care (POC) setting, it is critically important to reliably count the number of specific cells in a blood sample. Software-based cell counting, which is far faster than manual counting, while much cheaper than hardware-based counting, has emerged as an attractive solution potentially applicable to mobile POC testing. However, the existing software-based algorithm based on the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) method is too time- and, thus, energy-consuming to be deployed for battery-powered mobile POC testing platforms. In this paper, we identify inefficiencies in the NCC-based algorithm and propose two synergistic optimization techniques that can considerably reduce the runtime and, thus, energy consumption of the original algorithm with negligible impact on counting accuracy. We demonstrate that an Android™ smart phone running the optimized algorithm consumes 11.5× less runtime than the original algorithm.
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Lim EJ, Ober TJ, Edd JF, Desai SP, Neal D, Bong KW, Doyle PS, McKinley GH, Toner M. Inertio-elastic focusing of bioparticles in microchannels at high throughput. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4120. [PMID: 24939508 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled manipulation of particles from very large volumes of fluid at high throughput is critical for many biomedical, environmental and industrial applications. One promising approach is to use microfluidic technologies that rely on fluid inertia or elasticity to drive lateral migration of particles to stable equilibrium positions in a microchannel. Here, we report on a hydrodynamic approach that enables deterministic focusing of beads, mammalian cells and anisotropic hydrogel particles in a microchannel at extremely high flow rates. We show that on addition of micromolar concentrations of hyaluronic acid, the resulting fluid viscoelasticity can be used to control the focal position of particles at Reynolds numbers up to Re≈10,000 with corresponding flow rates and particle velocities up to 50 ml min(-1) and 130 m s(-1). This study explores a previously unattained regime of inertio-elastic fluid flow and demonstrates bioparticle focusing at flow rates that are the highest yet achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene J Lim
- 1] Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3]
| | - Thomas J Ober
- 1] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2]
| | - Jon F Edd
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Salil P Desai
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | | | - Ki Wan Bong
- 1] Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gareth H McKinley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Pullagurla SR, Witek MA, Jackson JM, Lindell MAM, Hupert ML, Nesterova IV, Baird AE, Soper SA. Parallel affinity-based isolation of leukocyte subsets using microfluidics: application for stroke diagnosis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4058-65. [PMID: 24650222 PMCID: PMC4004188 DOI: 10.1021/ac5007766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report the design and performance
of a polymer microfluidic
device that can affinity select multiple types of biological cells
simultaneously with sufficient recovery and purity to allow for the
expression profiling of mRNA isolated from these cells. The microfluidic
device consisted of four independent selection beds with curvilinear
channels that were 25 μm wide and 80 μm deep and were
modified with antibodies targeting antigens specifically expressed
by two different cell types. Bifurcated and Z-configured device geometries
were evaluated for cell selection. As an example of the performance
of these devices, CD4+ T-cells and neutrophils were selected from
whole blood as these cells are known to express genes found in stroke-related
expression profiles that can be used for the diagnosis of this disease.
CD4+ T-cells and neutrophils were simultaneously isolated with purities
>90% using affinity-based capture in cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)
devices with a processing time of ∼3 min. In addition, sufficient
quantities of the cells could be recovered from a 50 μL whole
blood input to allow for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) following cell lysis. The expression of genes from isolated
T-cells and neutrophils, such as S100A9, TCRB, and FPR1, was evaluated using RT-PCR.
The modification and isolation procedures demonstrated here can also
be used to analyze other cell types as well where multiple subsets
must be interrogated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi R Pullagurla
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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Micro-a-fluidics ELISA for rapid CD4 cell count at the point-of-care. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3796. [PMID: 24448112 PMCID: PMC3898414 DOI: 10.1038/srep03796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV has become one of the most devastating pathogens in human history. Despite fast progress in HIV-related basic research, antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains the most effective method to save AIDS patients' lives. Unfortunately, ART cannot be universally accessed, especially in developing countries, due to the lack of effective treatment monitoring diagnostics. Here, we present an inexpensive, rapid and portable micro-a-fluidic platform, which can streamline the process of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a fully automated manner for CD4 cell count. The micro-a-fluidic CD4 cell count is achieved by eliminating operational fluid flow via “moving the substrate”, as opposed to “flowing liquid” in traditional ELISA or microfluidic methods. This is the first demonstration of capturing and detecting cells from unprocessed whole blood using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a microfluidic channel. Combined with cell phone imaging, the presented micro-a-fluidic ELISA platform holds great promise for offering rapid CD4 cell count to scale up much needed ART in resource-constrained settings. The developed system can be extended to multiple areas for ELISA-related assays.
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37
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Eicher D, Merten CA. Microfluidic devices for diagnostic applications. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 11:505-19. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Song P, Hu R, Tng DJH, Yong KT. Moving towards individualized medicine with microfluidics technology. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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39
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Understanding and Exploring HIV/AIDS and Discrimination. ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN NORTH AMERICA WITH HIV/AIDS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120802 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-287-119-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Damhorst GL, Watkins NN, Bashir R. Micro- and nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS diagnostics in resource-limited settings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:715-26. [PMID: 23512111 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2244894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four million people are living with HIV worldwide, a disproportionate number of whom live in resource-limited settings. Proper clinical management of AIDS, the disease caused by HIV, requires regular monitoring of both the status of the host's immune system and levels of the virus in their blood. Therefore, more accessible technologies capable of performing a CD4+ T cell count and HIV viral load measurement in settings where HIV is most prevalent are desperately needed to enable better treatment strategies and ultimately quell the spread of the virus within populations. This review discusses micro- and nanotechnology solutions to performing these key clinical measurements in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Damhorst
- Department of Bioengineering and the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Li J, Liu Q, Xiao L, Haverstick DM, Dewald A, Columbus L, Kelly K, Landers JP. Label-free method for cell counting in crude biological samples via paramagnetic bead aggregation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11233-9. [PMID: 24187938 DOI: 10.1021/ac401402h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Under chaotropic conditions, DNA released from lysed cells causes the aggregation of paramagnetic beads in a rotating magnetic field in a manner that is independent of the presence of other cellular components. The extent of aggregation correlates with the mass of DNA in a quantitative manner (Leslie, D. C. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 5689-96), and from this, the number of DNA-containing cells in the sample can be enumerated. Microbial growth testing is demonstrated by monitoring bead aggregation with E. coli in the presence of ampicillin. Without the need for fluorescent labeling or Coulter counting, the white blood cell count can be defined directly from a microliter of crude whole blood. Specificity is brought to the process by coupling bead-based immunocapture with DNA-bead aggregation allowing for the enumeration of CD4+ T cells from human blood samples. The results of DNA-induced bead aggregation had a 95% correlation with those generated by flow cytometry. With the process requiring only inexpensive, widely available benchtop laboratory hardware, a digital camera, and a simple algorithm, this provided a highly accessible alternative to more expensive cell-counting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, ⊥Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ∥Center for Microsystems for the Life Sciences, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904
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42
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Shang H, Hyun KA, Kwon MH, Ha KS, Joo C, Jung HI. Microfluidic sorting of fluorescently activated cells depending on gene expression level. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3103-10. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Shang
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Kyung-A. Hyun
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Kwon
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry; Kangwon National University College of Medicine; Chunchon Kangwon-do South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry; Kangwon National University College of Medicine; Chunchon Kangwon-do South Korea
| | - Chulmin Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu Seoul South Korea
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43
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Howard AL, Pezzi HM, Beebe DJ, Berry SM. Exclusion-Based Capture and Enumeration of CD4+ T Cells from Whole Blood for Low-Resource Settings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:313-21. [PMID: 24142472 DOI: 10.1177/2211068213509248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries, demand exists for a cost-effective method to evaluate human immunodeficiency virus patients' CD4(+) T-helper cell count. The TH (CD4) cell count is the current marker used to identify when an HIV patient has progressed to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which results when the immune system can no longer prevent certain opportunistic infections. A system to perform TH count that obviates the use of costly flow cytometry will enable physicians to more closely follow patients' disease progression and response to therapy in areas where such advanced equipment is unavailable. Our system of two serially-operated immiscible phase exclusion-based cell isolations coupled with a rapid fluorescent readout enables exclusion-based isolation and accurate counting of T-helper cells at lower cost and from a smaller volume of blood than previous methods. TH cell isolation via immiscible filtration assisted by surface tension (IFAST) compares well against the established Dynal T4 Quant Kit and is sensitive at CD4 counts representative of immunocompromised patients (less than 200 TH cells per microliter of blood). Our technique retains use of open, simple-to-operate devices that enable IFAST as a high-throughput, automatable sample preparation method, improving throughput over previous low-resource methods.
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44
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Wei Q, McLeod E, Qi H, Wan Z, Sun R, Ozcan A. On-chip cytometry using plasmonic nanoparticle enhanced lensfree holography. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1699. [PMID: 23608952 PMCID: PMC3632884 DOI: 10.1038/srep01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational microscopy tools, in particular lensfree on-chip imaging, provide a large field-of-view along with a long depth-of-field, which makes it feasible to rapidly analyze large volumes of specimen using a compact and light-weight on-chip imaging architecture. To bring molecular specificity to this high-throughput platform, here we demonstrate the use of plasmon-resonant metallic nanoparticles to automatically recognize different cell types based on their plasmon-enhanced lensfree holograms, detected and reconstructed over a large field-of-view of e.g., ~24 mm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Wei
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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45
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Li XL, Shan S, Xiong M, Xia XH, Xu JJ, Chen HY. On-chip selective capture of cancer cells and ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of survivin mRNA in a single living cell. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3868-75. [PMID: 23912689 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid recognition of cancer cells and detection of tumor biomarker survivin mRNA plays a critical role in the early diagnosis of many cancers. Based on the integration of specific cancer cell capture and intracellular survivin mRNA detection, this work presents a novel and sensitive on-chip approach for the bioanalysis of survivin mRNA in a single living cell. The microchannel surface was firstly modified with a prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) monoclonal antibody as the recognition element for prostate cancer cells (PC-3). As a result of the antigen-antibody specific affinity interactions, PC-3 cells could be selectively captured on the microchannel surface. After cell capture, nano-sized graphene oxide-poly(ethylene glycol) bis(amine) (NGO-PEG) was employed as a quencher and carrier of a signal tag, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled antisense oligonucleotide (F-S1), which is complementary to part of survivin mRNA (target survivin mRNA), to transfect into the captured PC-3 cells. Upon the selective binding of S1 to intracellular survivin mRNA, F-S1 will be released from the NGO-PEG, inducing the fluorescence recovery of FITC. This antibody-based microfluidic device enables simple and inexpensive monitoring of the amount of survivin mRNA in single captured cell without the need for sample pretreatment. The survivin mRNA content in each PC-3 cell was estimated to be (4.8 ± 1.8) × 10(6) copies. This strategy opens a different perspective for ultrasensitive survivin mRNA detection, which may facilitate the early screening for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R.China.
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46
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Pierce MC, Weigum SE, Jaslove JM, Richards-Kortum R, Tkaczyk TS. Optical systems for point-of-care diagnostic instrumentation: analysis of imaging performance and cost. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:231-40. [PMID: 24097204 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the key elements in point-of-care (POC) diagnostic test instrumentation is the optical system required for signal detection and/or imaging. Many tests which use fluorescence, absorbance, or colorimetric optical signals are under development for management of infectious diseases in resource limited settings, where the overall size and cost of the device is of critical importance. At present, high-performance lenses are expensive to fabricate and difficult to obtain commercially, presenting barriers for developers of in vitro POC tests or microscopic image-based diagnostics. We recently described a compact "hybrid" objective lens incorporating both glass and plastic optical elements, with a numerical aperture of 1.0 and field-of-view of 250 μm. This design concept may potentially enable mass-production of high-performance, low-cost optical systems which can be easily incorporated in the readout path of existing and emerging POC diagnostic assays. In this paper, we evaluate the biological imaging performance of these lens systems in three broad POC diagnostic application areas; (1) bright field microscopy of histopathology slides, (2) cytologic examination of blood smears, and (3) immunofluorescence imaging. We also break down the fabrication costs and draw comparisons with other miniature optical systems. The hybrid lenses provided images with quality comparable to conventional microscopy, enabling examination of neoplastic pathology and infectious parasites including malaria and cryptosporidium. We describe how these components can be produced at below $10 per unit in full-scale production quantities, making these systems well suited for use within POC diagnostic instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Pierce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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47
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Wade D, Diaw PA, Daneau G, Camara M, Dieye TN, Mboup S, Kestens L. CD4 T-cell enumeration in a field setting: evaluation of CyFlow counter using the CD4 easy count kit-dry and Pima CD4 systems. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75484. [PMID: 24066184 PMCID: PMC3774632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flow Cytometry (FCM) is still considered to be the method of choice for accurate CD4 enumeration. However, the use of FCM in developing countries is problematic due to their cost and complexity. Lower-cost technologies have been introduced. We evaluated CyFlow Counter together with its lyophilized reagents, and Pima CD4 in high-temperature area, using FACSCount as reference. Materials and Methods Whole blood samples were consecutively collected by venipuncture from 111 HIV+ patients and 17 HIV-negative donors. CD4 T-cell enumeration was performed on CyFlow Counter, Pima CD4 and FACSCount. Results CyFlow Counter and Pima CD4 systems showed good correlation with FACSCount (slope of 0.82 and 0.90, and concordance ρc of 0.94 and 0.98, respectively). CyFlow Counter showed absolute or relative biases (LOA) of −63 cells/mm3 (−245 to 120) or −9.8% (−38.1 to 18.4) respectively, and Pima CD4 showed biases (LOA) of −30 cells/mm3 (−160 to 101) or −3.5% (−41.0 to 33.9%). CyFlow Counter and Pima CD4 showed respectively 106.7% and 105.9% of similarity with FACSCount. According to WHO-2010 ART initiation threshold of 350 cells/mm3, CyFlow Counter and Pima CD4 showed respectively sensibility of 100% and 97%, and specificity of 91% and 93%. CyFlow Counter and Pima CD4 were strongly correlated (slope of 1.09 and ρc of 0.95). These alternative systems showed good agreement with bias of 33 cells/mm3 (−132 to 203) or 6.3% (−31.2 to 43.8), and similarity of 104.3%. Conclusion CyFlow Counter using CD4 easy count kit-dry and Pima CD4 systems can accurately provide CD4 T-cell counts with acceptable agreement to those of FACSCount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril Wade
- Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology Virology, Le Dantec University Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal ; Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Tripathi A, Riddell J, Chronis N. A Biochip with a 3D microfluidic architecture for trapping white blood cells. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2013; 186:244-251. [PMID: 23935241 PMCID: PMC3735198 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic biochip for trapping single white blood cells (WBCs). The novel biochip, microfabricated using standard surface micromachining processes, consists of an array of precisely engineered microholes that confine single cells in a tight, three dimensional space and mechanically immobilize them. A high (> 87%) trapping efficiency was achieved when WBC-containing samples were delivered to the biochip at the optimal pressure of 3 psi. The biochip can efficiently trap up to 7,500 cells, maintaining a high trapping efficiency even when the number of cells is extremely low (~200 cells). We believe that the developed biochip can be used as a standalone unit in a biology/clinical lab for trapping WBCs as well as other cell types and imaging them using a standard fluorescent microscope at the single cell level. Furthermore, it can be integrated with other miniaturized optical modules to construct a portable platform for counting a wide variety of cells and therefore it can be an excellent tool for monitoring human diseases at the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Tripathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - James Riddell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Nikos Chronis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
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Glynn MT, Kinahan DJ, Ducrée J. CD4 counting technologies for HIV therapy monitoring in resource-poor settings--state-of-the-art and emerging microtechnologies. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2731-2748. [PMID: 23670110 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern advancements in pharmaceuticals have provided individuals who have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with the possibility of significantly extending their survival rates. When administered sufficiently soon after infection, antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows medical practitioners to control onset of the symptoms of the associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Active monitoring of the immune system in both HIV patients and individuals who are regarded as "at-risk" is critical in the decision making process for when to start a patient on ART. A reliable and common method for such monitoring is to observe any decline in the number of CD4 expressing T-helper cells in the blood of a patient. However, the technology, expertise, infrastructure and costs to carry out such a diagnostic cannot be handled by medical services in resource-poor regions where HIV is endemic. Addressing this shortfall, commercialized point-of-care (POC) CD4 cell count systems are now available in such regions. A number of newer devices will also soon be on the market, some the result of recent maturing of charity-funded initiatives. Many of the current and imminent devices are enabled by microfluidic solutions, and this review will critically survey and analyze these POC technologies for CD4 counting, both on-market and near-to-market deployment. Additionally, promising technologies under development that may usher in a new generation of devices will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macdara T Glynn
- Biomedical Diagnostic Institute, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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50
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Tasoglu S, Gurkan UA, Wang S, Demirci U. Manipulating biological agents and cells in micro-scale volumes for applications in medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5788-808. [PMID: 23575660 PMCID: PMC3865707 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances provide new tools to manipulate cells and biological agents in micro/nano-liter volumes. With precise control over small volumes, the cell microenvironment and other biological agents can be bioengineered; interactions between cells and external stimuli can be monitored; and the fundamental mechanisms such as cancer metastasis and stem cell differentiation can be elucidated. Technological advances based on the principles of electrical, magnetic, chemical, optical, acoustic, and mechanical forces lead to novel applications in point-of-care diagnostics, regenerative medicine, in vitro drug testing, cryopreservation, and cell isolation/purification. In this review, we first focus on the underlying mechanisms of emerging examples for cell manipulation in small volumes targeting applications such as tissue engineering. Then, we illustrate how these mechanisms impact the aforementioned biomedical applications, discuss the associated challenges, and provide perspectives for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Tasoglu
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - ShuQi Wang
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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