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Vihta KD, Stoesser N, Llewelyn MJ, Quan TP, Davies T, Fawcett NJ, Dunn L, Jeffery K, Butler CC, Hayward G, Andersson M, Morgan M, Oakley S, Mason A, Hopkins S, Wyllie DH, Crook DW, Wilcox MH, Johnson AP, Peto TEA, Walker AS. Trends over time in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and antibiotic susceptibilities in Oxfordshire, UK, 1998-2016: a study of electronic health records. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:1138-1149. [PMID: 30126643 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli bloodstream infections are increasing in the UK and internationally. The evidence base to guide interventions against this major public health concern is small. We aimed to investigate possible drivers of changes in the incidence of E coli bloodstream infection and antibiotic susceptibilities in Oxfordshire, UK, over the past two decades, while stratifying for time since hospital exposure. METHODS In this observational study, we used all available data on E coli bloodstream infections and E coli urinary tract infections (UTIs) from one UK region (Oxfordshire) using anonymised linked microbiological data and hospital electronic health records from the Infections in Oxfordshire Research Database (IORD). We estimated the incidence of infections across a two decade period and the annual incidence rate ratio (aIRR) in 2016. We modelled the data using negative binomial regression on the basis of microbiological, clinical, and health-care-exposure risk factors. We investigated infection severity, 30-day all-cause mortality, and community and hospital amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav) use to estimate changes in bacterial virulence and the effect of antimicrobial resistance on incidence. FINDINGS From Jan 1, 1998, to Dec 31, 2016, 5706 E coli bloodstream infections occurred in 5215 patients, and 228 376 E coli UTIs occurred in 137 075 patients. 1365 (24%) E coli bloodstream infections were nosocomial (onset >48 h after hospital admission), 1132 (20%) were quasi-nosocomial (≤30 days after discharge), 1346 (24%) were quasi-community (31-365 days after discharge), and 1863 (33%) were community (>365 days after hospital discharge). The overall incidence increased year on year (aIRR 1·06, 95% CI 1·05-1·06). In 2016, 212 (41%) of 515 E coli bloodstream infections and 3921 (28%) of 13 792 E coli UTIs were co-amoxiclav resistant. Increases in E coli bloodstream infections were driven by increases in community (aIRR 1·10, 95% CI 1·07-1·13; p<0·0001) and quasi-community (aIRR 1·08, 1·07-1·10; p<0·0001) cases. 30-day mortality associated with E coli bloodstream infection decreased over time in the nosocomial (adjusted rate ratio [RR] 0·98, 95% CI 0·96-1·00; p=0·03) group, and remained stable in the quasi-nosocomial (adjusted RR 0·98, 0·95-1·00; p=0·06), quasi-community (adjusted RR 0·99, 0·96-1·01; p=0·32), and community (adjusted RR 0·99, 0·96-1·01; p=0·21) groups. Mortality was, however, substantial at 14-25% across all hospital-exposure groups. Co-amoxiclav-resistant E coli bloodstream infections increased in all groups across the study period (by 11-18% per year, significantly faster than co-amoxiclav-susceptible E coli bloodstream infections; pheterogeneity<0·0001), as did co-amoxiclav-resistant E coli UTIs (by 14-29% per year; pheterogeneity<0·0001). Previous year co-amoxiclav use in primary-care facilities was associated with increased subsequent year community co-amoxiclav-resistant E coli UTIs (p=0·003). INTERPRETATION Increases in E coli bloodstream infections in Oxfordshire are primarily community associated, with substantial co-amoxiclav resistance; nevertheless, we found little or no change in mortality. Focusing interventions on primary care facilities, particularly those with high co-amoxiclav use, could be effective in reducing the incidence of co-amoxiclav-resistant E coli bloodstream infections, in this region and more generally. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina-Doris Vihta
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit on Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin J Llewelyn
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - T Phuong Quan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit on Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Davies
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit on Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola J Fawcett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Dunn
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marcus Morgan
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Oakley
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Mason
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - David H Wyllie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit on Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Healthcare Associated Infections Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan P Johnson
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit on Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Tim E A Peto
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit on Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit on Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, UK
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Go H, Momoi N, Kashiwabara N, Haneda K, Chishiki M, Imamura T, Sato M, Goto A, Kawasaki Y, Hosoya M. Neonatal and maternal serum creatinine levels during the early postnatal period in preterm and term infants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196721. [PMID: 29795567 PMCID: PMC5967735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship of neonatal and maternal serum creatinine (nSCr and mSCr, respectively) with various maternal/infant characteristics at different gestational ages (GA). We reviewed medical records of neonates admitted to NICU. We collected data on birth weight, GA, Apgar scores, medications, etc. Spearman’s test was used to analyze the correlation between serum creatinine and continuous variables, and the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables between groups. The changes in nSCr, mSCr, and nSCr/mSCr ratio because of gestational age and the points in gestational changes in trends were estimated using joinpoint trend analysis. From 614 neonate and mother pairs, we found that nSCr was significantly correlated with GA. However, mSCr at >28 wks decreased with GA. The nSCr/mSCr ratio was correlated with GA. In infants born <29 weeks, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) (p = 0.000, β = 0.20) and mSCr (p = 0.000, β = 0.73) were significantly associated with nSCr. In term infants, maternal magnesium administration (p = 0.000, β = 0.25), respiratory distress syndrome (p = 0.013, β = 0.16), PIH (p = 0.005, β = 0.19), and mSCr (p = 0.000, β = 0.33) were significantly associated with nSCr. nSCr reflected mSCr at all gestational ages. The correlation between nSCr and mSCr in preterm infants (p = 0.000, β = 0.74) was stronger than in term infants (p = 0.000, β = 0.34).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Go
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuo Momoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kashiwabara
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Haneda
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Maki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Aya Goto
- Center for Integrated Science and Humanities, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kawasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Ho J, Dai RZW, Kwong TNY, Wang X, Zhang L, Ip M, Chan R, Hawkey PMK, Lam KLY, Wong MCS, Tse G, Chan MTV, Chan FKL, Yu J, Ng SC, Lee N, Wu JCY, Sung JJY, Wu WKK, Wong SH. Disease Burden of Clostridium difficile Infections in Adults, Hong Kong, China, 2006-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1671-1679. [PMID: 28930010 PMCID: PMC5621553 DOI: 10.3201/eid2310.170797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies suggest an increasing trend in incidence and relatively low recurrence rates of Clostridium difficile infections in Asia than in Europe and North America. The temporal trend of C. difficile infection in Asia is not completely understood. We conducted a territory-wide population-based observational study to investigate the burden and clinical outcomes in Hong Kong, China, over a 9-year period. A total of 15,753 cases were identified, including 14,402 (91.4%) healthcare-associated cases and 817 (5.1%) community-associated cases. After adjustment for diagnostic test, we found that incidence increased from 15.41 cases/100,000 persons in 2006 to 36.31 cases/100,000 persons in 2014, an annual increase of 26%. This increase was associated with elderly patients, for whom incidence increased 3-fold over the period. Recurrence at 60 days increased from 5.7% in 2006 to 9.1% in 2014 (p<0.001). Our data suggest the need for further surveillance, especially in Asia, which contains ≈60% of the world’s population.
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Leber A, Viladomiu M, Hontecillas R, Abedi V, Philipson C, Hoops S, Howard B, Bassaganya-Riera J. Systems Modeling of Interactions between Mucosal Immunity and the Gut Microbiome during Clostridium difficile Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134849. [PMID: 26230099 PMCID: PMC4521955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infections are associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and result in an exuberant inflammatory response, leading to nosocomial diarrhea, colitis and even death. To better understand the dynamics of mucosal immunity during C. difficile infection from initiation through expansion to resolution, we built a computational model of the mucosal immune response to the bacterium. The model was calibrated using data from a mouse model of C. difficile infection. The model demonstrates a crucial role of T helper 17 (Th17) effector responses in the colonic lamina propria and luminal commensal bacteria populations in the clearance of C. difficile and colonic pathology, whereas regulatory T (Treg) cells responses are associated with the recovery phase. In addition, the production of anti-microbial peptides by inflamed epithelial cells and activated neutrophils in response to C. difficile infection inhibit the re-growth of beneficial commensal bacterial species. Computational simulations suggest that the removal of neutrophil and epithelial cell derived anti-microbial inhibitions, separately and together, on commensal bacterial regrowth promote recovery and minimize colonic inflammatory pathology. Simulation results predict a decrease in colonic inflammatory markers, such as neutrophilic influx and Th17 cells in the colonic lamina propria, and length of infection with accelerated commensal bacteria re-growth through altered anti-microbial inhibition. Computational modeling provides novel insights on the therapeutic value of repopulating the colonic microbiome and inducing regulatory mucosal immune responses during C. difficile infection. Thus, modeling mucosal immunity-gut microbiota interactions has the potential to guide the development of targeted fecal transplantation therapies in the context of precision medicine interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leber
- The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (www.nimml.org), Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Monica Viladomiu
- The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (www.nimml.org), Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (www.nimml.org), Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vida Abedi
- The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (www.nimml.org), Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Casandra Philipson
- The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (www.nimml.org), Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stefan Hoops
- The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (www.nimml.org), Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brad Howard
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (www.nimml.org), Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (www.nimml.org), Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Eyre DW, Tracey L, Elliott B, Slimings C, Huntington PG, Stuart RL, Korman TM, Kotsiou G, McCann R, Griffiths D, Fawley WN, Armstrong P, Dingle KE, Walker AS, Peto TE, Crook DW, Wilcox MH, Riley TV. Emergence and spread of predominantly community-onset Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 244 infection in Australia, 2010 to 2012. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:21059. [PMID: 25788254 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.10.21059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe an Australia-wide Clostridium difficile outbreak in 2011 and 2012 involving the previously uncommon ribotype 244. In Western Australia, 14 of 25 cases were community-associated, 11 were detected in patients younger than 65 years, 14 presented to emergency/outpatient departments, and 14 to non-tertiary/community hospitals. Using whole genome sequencing, we confirm ribotype 244 is from the same C. difficile clade as the epidemic ribotype 027. Like ribotype 027, it produces toxins A, B, and binary toxin, however it is fluoroquinolone-susceptible and thousands of single nucleotide variants distinct from ribotype 027. Fifteen outbreak isolates from across Australia were sequenced. Despite their geographic separation, all were genetically highly related without evidence of geographic clustering, consistent with a point source, for example affecting the national food chain. Comparison with reference laboratory strains revealed the outbreak clone shared a common ancestor with isolates from the United States and United Kingdom (UK). A strain obtained in the UK was phylogenetically related to our outbreak. Follow-up of that case revealed the patient had recently returned from Australia. Our data demonstrate new C. difficile strains are an on-going threat, with potential for rapid spread. Active surveillance is needed to identify and control emerging lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Eyre
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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