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Knowles R, Chandler C, O’Neill S, Sharland M, Mays N. A systematic review of national interventions and policies to optimize antibiotic use in healthcare settings in England. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:1234-1247. [PMID: 38507232 PMCID: PMC11144483 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and assess the effectiveness of national antibiotic optimization interventions in primary and secondary care in England (2013-2022). METHODS A systematic scoping review was conducted. Literature databases (Embase and Medline) were used to identify interventions and evaluations. Reports included the UK AMR Strategy (2013-2018), National Action Plan (2019-2024) and English Surveillance Programme for Antimicrobial Utilisation and Resistance (ESPAUR) reports (2014-2022). The design, focus and quality of evaluations and the interventions' effectiveness were extracted. FINDINGS Four hundred and seventy-seven peer-reviewed studies and 13 reports were screened. One hundred and three studies were included for review, identifying 109 interventions in eight categories: policy and commissioning (n = 9); classifications (n = 1); guidance and toolkits (n = 22); monitoring and feedback (n = 17); professional engagement and training (n = 19); prescriber tools (n = 12); public awareness (n = 17); workforce and governance (n = 12).Most interventions lack high-quality effectiveness evidence. Evaluations mainly focused on clinical, microbiological or antibiotic use outcomes, or intervention implementation, often assessing how interventions were perceived to affect behaviour. Only 16 interventions had studies that quantified effects on prescribing, of which six reported reductions. The largest reduction was reported with structural-level interventions and attributed to a policy and commissioning intervention (primary care financial incentives). Behavioural interventions (guidance and toolkits) reported the greatest impact in hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Many interventions have targeted antibiotic use, each pulling different levers across the health system simultaneously. On the basis of these studies, structural-level interventions may have the greatest impact. Collectively, the combination of interventions may explain England's decline in prescribing but direct evidence of causality is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Knowles
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Clare Chandler
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephen O’Neill
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mike Sharland
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Mays
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Ayorinde A, Ghosh I, Shaikh J, Adetunji V, Brown A, Jordan M, Gilham E, Todkill D, Ashiru-Oredope D. Improving healthcare professionals' interactions with patients to tackle antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of interventions, barriers, and facilitators. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1359790. [PMID: 38841670 PMCID: PMC11150712 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1359790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health threat. With the growing emphasis on patient-centred care/ shared decision making, it is important for healthcare professionals' (HCPs) who prescribe, dispense, administer and/or monitor antimicrobials to be adequately equipped to facilitate appropriate antimicrobial use. We systematically identified existing interventions which aim to improve HCPs interaction with patients and examined barriers and facilitators of appropriate the use of such interventions and appropriate antimicrobial use among both HCPs and patientsantimicrobial use while using these interventions. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and internet (via Google search engine). We included primary studies, published in English from 2010 to 2023 [PROSPERO (CRD42023395642)]. The protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO (CRD42023395642). We performed quality assessment using mixed methods appraisal tool. We applied narrative synthesis and used the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation -Behaviour) as a theoretical framework for barriers and facilitators at HCP and patient levels. Results Of 9,172 citations retrieved from database searches, From 4,979 citations remained after removal of duplicates. We included 59 studies spanning over 13 countries. Interventions often involved multiple components beyond HCPs' interaction with patients. From 24 studies reporting barriers and facilitators, we identified issues relating to capability (such as, knowledge/understanding about AMR, diagnostic uncertainties, awareness of interventions and forgetfulness); opportunity (such as, time constraint and intervention accessibility) and motivation (such as, patient's desire for antibiotics and fear of litigation). Conclusion The findings of this review should be considered by intervention designers/adopters and policy makers to improve utilisation and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola Ayorinde
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Iman Ghosh
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Junaid Shaikh
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Adetunji
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Brown
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Jordan
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie Gilham
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Todkill
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Ashiru-Oredope
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Wu S, Magwood O, Dong Q, Wei X. Evaluating population-level interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in healthcare and community settings: A systematic review protocol. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300780. [PMID: 38498514 PMCID: PMC10947694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate antibiotic use contributes significantly to the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. While government-initiated population-level interventions are fundamental in addressing this issue, their full potential remains to be explored. This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of such interventions in reducing inappropriate antibiotic use among antibiotic providers and users in healthcare and community settings. METHODS We will conduct a systematic literature search across multiple databases and grey literature sources. We will include studies which evaluate the effectiveness of population-level interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in healthcare and community settings in both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. This includes government-initiated measures targeting antibiotic use through education, restriction, incentivization, coercion, training, persuasion, context modification, behavior modeling, or barrier reduction. Two reviewers will independently perform screening to select eligible studies, followed by data extraction. The outcomes of interest are various measures of antibiotic prescription and consumption, such as Defined Daily Dose (DDD) or number of prescriptions per year. We anticipate including a broad range of study designs and outcome measures. Therefore, we will narratively synthesize results using the categories of the population-level policy interventions of the Behavior Change Wheel Framework. We will organize outcome data by economic contexts, target populations, and implementation settings. DISCUSSION This review will strengthen the evidence base for the use of population-level interventions to address inappropriate antibiotic use. Drawing lessons from global experiences, the findings will provide valuable guidance to health policymakers, public health authorities, and researchers on tailoring interventions to specific economic contexts, populations, and settings, thereby enhancing their capacity to drive substantial improvement in appropriate antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Wu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia Magwood
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quanfang Dong
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaolin Wei
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Koya SF, Ganesh S, Selvaraj S, Wirtz VJ, Galea S, Rockers PC. Determinants of private-sector antibiotic consumption in India: findings from a quasi-experimental fixed-effects regression analysis using cross-sectional time-series data, 2011-2019. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5052. [PMID: 38424115 PMCID: PMC10904839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of antibiotics varies between and within countries. However, our understanding of the key drivers of antibiotic consumption is largely limited to observational studies. Using Indian data that showed substantial differences between states and changes over years, we conducted a quasi-experimental fixed-effects regression study to examine the determinants of private-sector antibiotic consumption. Antibiotic consumption decreased by 10.2 antibiotic doses per 1000 persons per year for every ₹1000 (US$12.9) increase in per-capita gross domestic product. Antibiotic consumption decreased by 46.4 doses per 1000 population per year for every 1% increase in girls' enrollment rate in tertiary education. The biggest determinant of private sector antibiotic use was government spending on health-antibiotic use decreased by 461.4 doses per 1000 population per year for every US$12.9 increase in per-capita government health spending. Economic progress, social progress, and increased public investment in health can reduce private-sector antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Senthil Ganesh
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Sandro Galea
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Gilham EL, Pearce-Smith N, Carter V, Ashiru-Oredope D. Assessment of global antimicrobial resistance campaigns conducted to improve public awareness and antimicrobial use behaviours: a rapid systematic review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:396. [PMID: 38321479 PMCID: PMC10848528 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17766-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Public health campaigns with a well-defined outcome behaviour have been shown to successfully alter behaviour. However, the complex nature of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) creates challenges when evaluating campaigns aimed at raising awareness and changing behaviour. AIMS To determine what campaigns have been conducted and which reported being effective at improving awareness of antimicrobial resistance and changing behaviour around antimicrobial use in members of the public. It also sought to determine the outcome measures studies have used to assess campaign effectiveness. METHODS A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE and Embase, was conducted in October 2022 using a predefined search strategy. Studies which were published between 2010 and September 2022 that outlined a campaign or invention aimed at the public and focusing on AMR or antibiotic usage were eligible for inclusion and studies which solely targeted healthcare professionals (HCP) were excluded. RESULTS Literature searches retrieved 6961 results. De-duplication and screening removed 6925 articles, five articles from grey literature and reference screening were included, giving a total of 41 studies and 30 unique interventions. There was a distribution of campaigns globally with the majority run in Europe (n = 15) with most campaigns were conducted nationally (n = 14). Campaigns tended to focus on adult members of the public (n = 14) or targeted resources towards both the public and HCPs (n = 13) and predominately assessed changes in knowledge of and/or attitudes towards AMR (n = 16). Campaigns where an improvement was seen in their primary outcome measure tended to use mass media to disseminate information, targeted messaging towards a specific infection, and including the use of HCP-patient interactions. DISCUSSION This review provides some evidence that campaigns can significantly improve outcome measures relating to AMR and antibiotic usage. Despite a lack of homogeneity between studies some common themes emerged between campaigns reported as being effective. However, the frequent use of observational study designs makes it difficult to establish causation between the campaign and changes seen in the studies outcome measures. It is important that clear evaluation processes are embedded as part of the design process for future campaigns; a campaign evaluation framework for use by campaign developers may facilitate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L Gilham
- HCAI and AMR Division, Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | - Diane Ashiru-Oredope
- HCAI and AMR Division, Health Security Agency, London, UK.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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6
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Sulayyim HJA, Ismail R, Hamid AA, Abdul Ghafar N. Healthcare commissioners' experience with antibiotic resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 17:2290671. [PMID: 38205192 PMCID: PMC10775715 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2023.2290671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The occurrence of antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a critical issue during the Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study explores the experiences of healthcare commissioners with AR during the COVID-19 pandemic, identifies challenges, and provides recommendations for combating AR during pandemics. Methods This qualitative study was multi-centered and used a phenomenological approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 among 11 health commissioners using video calls. Results Seven themes emerged from the data, including knowledge of AR and its consequences, the antibiotic prescription system, the future of AR and potential contributory factors, the impact of COVID-19 on AR and their relationship, the experience of AR during the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare facilities, barriers that prevent the misuse of antibiotics during pandemics, and recommendations regarding antibiotic resistance during pandemics. Conclusion The findings of this study could be used to inform policy and practice for government healthcare workers (HCWs) and the public. Furthermore, this study identified the main challenges of AR during the pandemic, and the recommendations of health commissioners were provided accordingly. Such recommendations could be beneficial on a national and international scale to reduce the impact of future pandemics on AR. Abbreviations COVID-19: Novel coronavirus disease 2019; AR: Antibiotic Resistance; IPC: Infection prevention and control; MDRO: multi-drug resistant organism; ASP: Antimicrobial Stewardship Program; HCW: Healthcare worker; KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; WHO: World Health Organization; MOH: Ministry of Health; MOEWA: Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture; AMR: Antimicrobial Resistance; PHCC: Primary Healthcare Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Jaber Al Sulayyim
- Interdisciplinary Health Unit, School of Health Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia (Health Campus), Kubang Kerian11800, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Saudi Ministry of Health, Najran Health Affairs, Infection Prevention and Control Department, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohani Ismail
- Interdisciplinary Health Unit, School of Health Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia (Health Campus), Kubang Kerian11800, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al Hamid
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noraini Abdul Ghafar
- Biomedicine Program, School of Health Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia (Health Campus), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Chandra Deb L, Jara M, Lanzas C. Early evaluation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on antimicrobial use in food animals on antimicrobial resistance trends reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (2012-2019). One Health 2023; 17:100580. [PMID: 37448772 PMCID: PMC10336154 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest challenges to global public health. To address this issue in the US, governmental agencies have implemented system-wide guidance frameworks and recommendations aimed at reducing antimicrobial use. In particular, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited the extra-label use of cephalosporins in food animals in 2012 and issued the guidance for industry (GFI) #213 about establishing a framework to phase out the use of all medically relevant drugs for growth promotion in 2012. Also in 2015, the FDA implemented veterinary feed directive (VFD) drug regulations (GFI# 120) to control the use of certain antimicrobials. To assess the potential early effects of these FDA actions and other concurrent antimicrobial stewardship actions on AMR in the food chain, we compared the patterns of the phenotypic (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and percentage of resistance) and genotypic resistances for selected antimicrobials before and after 2016 across different enteric pathogen species, as reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). Most of the antimicrobials analyzed at the phenotypic level followed a downward trend in MIC after implementing the guidance. Although, most of those changes were less than one 1-fold dilution. On the other hand, compared to MIC results, the results based on phenotypic resistance prevalence evidenced higher differences in both directions between the pre- and post-guidance implementation period. Also, we did not find relevant differences in the presence of AMR genes between pre- and post-VFD drug regulations. We concluded that the FDA guidance on antimicrobial use has not led to substantial reductions in antimicrobial drug resistance yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Chandra Deb
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Manuel Jara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Schuster A, Tigges P, Grune J, Kraft J, Greser A, Gágyor I, Boehme M, Eckmanns T, Klingeberg A, Maun A, Menzel A, Schmiemann G, Heintze C, Bleidorn J. GPs' Perspective on a Multimodal Intervention to Enhance Guideline-Adherence in Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections: A Qualitative Process Evaluation of the Multicentric RedAres Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1657. [PMID: 38136690 PMCID: PMC10740691 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common reasons patients seeking health care and antibiotics to be prescribed in primary care. However, general practitioners' (GPs) guideline adherence is low. The RedAres randomised controlled trial aims to increase guideline adherence by implementing a multimodal intervention consisting of four elements: information on current UTI guidelines (1) and regional resistance data (2); feedback regarding prescribing behaviour (3); and benchmarking compared to peers (4). The RedAres process evaluation assesses GPs' perception of the multimodal intervention and the potential for implementation into routine care. We carried out 19 semi-structured interviews with GPs (intervention arm). All interviews were carried out online and audio recorded. For transcription and analysis, Mayring's qualitative content analysis was used. Overall, GPs considered the interventions helpful for knowledge gain and confirmation when prescribing. Information material and resistance were used for patient communication and teaching purposes. Feedback was considered to enhance reflection by breaking routines of clinical workup. Implementation into routine practice could be enhanced by integrating feedback loops into patient management systems and conveying targeted information via trusted channels or institutions. The process evaluation of RedAres intervention was considered beneficial by GPs. It confirms the convenience of multimodal interventions to enhance guideline adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schuster
- Institute of General Practice, Charite University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Tigges
- Institute of General Practice, Charite University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julianna Grune
- Institute of General Practice, Charite University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Kraft
- Institute of General Practice, Charite University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Greser
- Department of General Practice, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ildikó Gágyor
- Department of General Practice, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Boehme
- Institute of General Practice, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany (J.B.)
| | | | | | - Andy Maun
- Institute of General Practice/Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anja Menzel
- Institute of General Practice/Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Guido Schmiemann
- Department of Health Service Research, Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christoph Heintze
- Institute of General Practice, Charite University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Bleidorn
- Institute of General Practice, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany (J.B.)
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Hamers RL, Dobreva Z, Cassini A, Tamara A, Lazarus G, Asadinia KS, Burzo S, Olaru ID, Dona D, Emdin F, Van Weezenbeek K, Bertagnolio S. Global knowledge gaps on antimicrobial resistance in the human health sector: A scoping review. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 134:142-149. [PMID: 37301361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and summarize existing global knowledge gaps on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human health, focusing on the World Health Organization (WHO) bacterial priority pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and selected fungi. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of gray and peer-reviewed literature, published in English from January 2012 through December 2021, that reported on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care of drug-resistant infections. We extracted relevant knowledge gaps and, through an iterative process, consolidated those into thematic research questions. RESULTS Of 8409 publications screened, 1156 were included, including 225 (19.5%) from low- and middle-income countries. A total of 2340 knowledge gaps were extracted, in the following areas: antimicrobial research and development, AMR burden and drivers, resistant tuberculosis, antimicrobial stewardship, diagnostics, infection prevention and control, antimicrobial consumption and use data, immunization, sexually transmitted infections, AMR awareness and education, policies and regulations, fungi, water sanitation and hygiene, and foodborne diseases. The knowledge gaps were consolidated into 177 research questions, including 78 (44.1%) specifically relevant to low- and middle-income countries and 65 (36.7%) targeting vulnerable populations. CONCLUSION This scoping review presents the most comprehensive compilation of AMR-related knowledge gaps to date, informing a priority-setting exercise to develop the WHO Global AMR Research Agenda for the human health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raph L Hamers
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Zlatina Dobreva
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Cassini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Public Health Department, Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alice Tamara
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gilbert Lazarus
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Koe Stella Asadinia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Stefano Burzo
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Diana Olaru
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniele Dona
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Kitty Van Weezenbeek
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Bertagnolio
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Farooqui M, Iqbal Z, Sadiq A, Raziq A, Alshammari MS, Iqbal Q, Haider S, Saleem F. Hospital Pharmacists' Viewpoint on Quality Use of Antibiotics and Resistance: A Qualitative Exploration from a Tertiary Care Hospital of Quetta City, Pakistan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1343. [PMID: 37627763 PMCID: PMC10451787 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal antibiotics use and the development of antibiotic resistance is a universal calamity. The theoretical model of therapeutic efficacy correlates quality use of antibiotics with healthcare practitioners' understanding of antibiotic use and resistance. Keeping this phenomenon in mind, we aimed to evaluate hospital pharmacists' understanding of antibiotic use and resistance at a public healthcare institute in Quetta city, Pakistan. This was a qualitative study that employed a semi-structured interview guide for data extraction. The phenomenology-based approach commissioned in-depth, face-to-face interviews with hospital pharmacists stationed at the surgical unit of Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta. The interviews were audio taped followed by transcribed verbatim and were then analyzed for thematic contents by the standard content analysis framework. Although the saturation was reached after the 10th interview, we conducted two additional interviews for definite validation. Content analysis revealed five major themes: (1) Defining antibiotics, quality use of antibiotics and resistance, (2) antibiotic use: awareness and concern, (3) antimicrobial resistance: awareness and concern, (4) responding to antibiotic use and resistance, and (5) barriers to quality use of antibiotics and prevention of antibiotic resistance. The knowledge of quality use of antibiotics and resistance was promising, and the respondents were eager to address the drastic situation. The respondents were aware of the critical situation and provided valuable insights that can offer valued input while promoting the quality use of antibiotics in a developing country. The current study managed to identify an adequate understanding of antibiotic use and resistance among hospital pharmacists. Additionally, prospective concerns and possible predictors of antibiotic resistance were also highlighted. The current findings must be disseminated to the policymakers and prescribers to take prompt restorative actions to address antibiotic use and the development of antibiotic resistance in a developing country like Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Zaffar Iqbal
- Health Department, Government of Balochistan, Quetta 87100, Pakistan;
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Jhalawan Medical College Khuzdar, Khuzdar 89100, Pakistan;
| | - Abdul Raziq
- Department of Statistics, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammed Salem Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Qaiser Iqbal
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan; (Q.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan; (Q.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Fahad Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan; (Q.I.); (S.H.)
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11
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Wernli D, Søgaard Jørgensen P, Parmley EJ, Majowicz SE, Lambraki I, Carson CA, Cousins M, Graells T, Henriksson PJG, Léger A, Harbarth S, Troell M. Scope and applicability of social-ecological resilience to antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e630-e637. [PMID: 37438004 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Social-ecological systems conceptualise how social human systems and ecological natural systems are intertwined. In this Personal View, we define the scope and applicability of social-ecological resilience to antimicrobial resistance. Resilience to antimicrobial resistance corresponds to the capacity to maintain the societal benefits of antimicrobial use and One Health systems' performance in the face of the evolutionary behaviour of microorganisms in response to antimicrobial use. Social-ecological resilience provides an appropriate framework to make sense of the disruptive impacts resulting from the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance; capture the diversity of strategies needed to tackle antimicrobial resistance and to live with it; understand the conditions that underpin the success or failure of interventions; and appreciate the need for adaptive and coevolutionary governance. Overall, resilience thinking is essential to improve understanding of how human societies dynamically can cope with, adapt, and transform to the growing global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Wernli
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Søgaard Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon E Majowicz
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Irene Lambraki
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Carolee A Carson
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Cousins
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tiscar Graells
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik J G Henriksson
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Anaïs Léger
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Ghiga I, Sidorchuk A, Pitchforth E, Stålsby Lundborg C, Machowska A. 'If you want to go far, go together'-community-based behaviour change interventions to improve antibiotic use: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:1344-1353. [PMID: 37147849 PMCID: PMC10232266 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A large proportion of the burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria is linked to community-associated infections. This suggests that interventions set in community settings are needed. Currently there is a gap in understanding the potential of such interventions across all geographies. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence on the value of community-based behaviour change interventions to improve antibiotic use. These are any interventions or innovations to services intended to stimulate behaviour changes among the public towards correct antibiotic use, delivered in a community setting and online. METHODS Systematic searches of studies published after 2001 were performed in several databases. Of 14 319 articles identified, 73 articles comprising quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Findings showed positive emerging evidence of the benefits of community-based behaviour change interventions to improve antibiotic use, with multifaceted interventions offering the highest benefit. Interventions that combine educational aspects with persuasion may be more effective than solely educational interventions. The review uncovered difficulties in assessing this type of research and highlights the need for standardized approaches in study design and outcomes measurements. There is emerging, but limited, indication on these interventions' cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Policy makers should consider the potential of community-based behaviour change interventions to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR), complementing the clinical-based approaches. In addition to the direct AMR benefits, these could serve also as a means of (re)building trust, due to their inclusive participation leading to greater public ownership and use of community channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Ghiga
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Anna Sidorchuk
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Pitchforth
- Primary Care Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke’s Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Anna Machowska
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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13
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Contreras J, Oguoma V, Todd L, Naunton M, Collignon P, Bushell M. Restricting access to antibiotics: The effectiveness of a 'no repeats' government policy intervention. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:800-806. [PMID: 36828673 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australia has a high rate of antibiotic use. Government policy interventions are one strategy to optimise the use of antibiotics. On 1 April 2020, the Australian Government Department of Health introduced a policy intervention to increase the quality use of four antibiotics. OBJECTIVES To assess if the government policy intervention improved the appropriate supply of the four antibiotics amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefalexin and roxithromycin. METHOD This study employed a retrospective cohort study design comparing a 10% sample (n = 345,018) of four antibiotics prescribed and dispensed in Australia during a three-month period (May, June, July) in 2019, and again in 2020 (after the policy intervention). The 10% sample of PBS data was obtained from the Australian Government Department of Health. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were carried out. RESULTS The results suggest the policy change improved the appropriate supply of original prescriptions in 2020 compared to 2019 OR = 1.75 (95% CI = 1.68-1.82, p < 0.001), and appropriate supply of repeat prescriptions OR = 1.56 (95% CI = 1.25-1.96, p < 0.001). In 2020, the proportion of appropriate supply of original prescriptions increased by an absolute difference of 1.8% (95% CI = 1.6-1.9%; P < 0.001), and appropriate supply of repeat prescriptions increased by 3.9% (95% CI = 2.2-5.5%; P < 0.001). The total number of antibiotic prescriptions prescribed and dispensed in 2019 (N = 219,960) reduced in 2020 (N = 125,058) after the policy intervention. CONCLUSION The study provides evidence for the impact of a government policy intervention to improve the appropriate supply of antibiotics, although some of the reduction in antibiotic use was likely due to the concomitant COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is required to assess the impact of the intervention outside a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Oguoma
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Lyn Todd
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Mark Naunton
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Peter Collignon
- ANU Medical School, ANU College of Health & Medicine, ACT, Australia; Australian Capital Territory Pathology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Mary Bushell
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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14
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Allel K, Day L, Hamilton A, Lin L, Furuya-Kanamori L, Moore CE, Van Boeckel T, Laxminarayan R, Yakob L. Global antimicrobial-resistance drivers: an ecological country-level study at the human-animal interface. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e291-e303. [PMID: 37019570 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing, holistic, and multisectoral challenge facing contemporary global health. In this study we assessed the associations between socioeconomic, anthropogenic, and environmental indicators and country-level rates of AMR in humans and food-producing animals. METHODS In this modelling study, we obtained data on Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, third generation cephalosporins-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium AMR in humans and food-producing animals from publicly available sources, including WHO, World Bank, and Center for Disease Dynamics Economics and Policy. AMR in food-producing animals presented a combined prevalence of AMR exposure in cattle, pigs, and chickens. We used multivariable β regression models to determine the adjusted association between human and food-producing animal AMR rates and an array of ecological country-level indicators. Human AMR rates were classified according to the WHO priority pathogens list and antibiotic-bacterium pairs. FINDINGS Significant associations were identified between animal antimicrobial consumption and AMR in food-producing animals (OR 1·05 [95% CI 1·01-1·10]; p=0·013), and between human antimicrobial consumption and AMR specifically in WHO critical priority (1·06 [1·00-1·12]; p=0·035) and high priority (1·22 [1·09-1·37]; p<0·0001) pathogens. Bidirectional associations were also found: animal antibiotic consumption was positively linked with resistance in critical priority human pathogens (1·07 [1·01-1·13]; p=0·020) and human antibiotic consumption was positively linked with animal AMR (1·05 [1·01-1·09]; p=0·010). Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii, third generation cephalosporins-resistant Escherichia coli, and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus all had significant associations with animal antibiotic consumption. Analyses also suggested significant roles of socioeconomics, including governance on AMR rates in humans and animals. INTERPRETATION Reduced rates of antibiotic consumption alone will not be sufficient to combat the rising worldwide prevalence of AMR. Control methods should focus on poverty reduction and aim to prevent AMR transmission across different One Health domains while accounting for domain-specific risk factors. The levelling up of livestock surveillance systems to better match those reporting on human AMR, and, strengthening all surveillance efforts, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are pressing priorities. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Allel
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Lucy Day
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Leesa Lin
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Catrin E Moore
- The Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, Infection and Immunity Institute, St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Thomas Van Boeckel
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Health Geography and Policy Group, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramanan Laxminarayan
- The One Health Trust, Washington DC, USA; The High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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15
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Rogers Van Katwyk S, Giubilini A, Kirchhelle C, Weldon I, Harrison M, McLean A, Savulescu J, Hoffman SJ. Exploring Models for an International Legal Agreement on the Global Antimicrobial Commons: Lessons from Climate Agreements. HEALTH CARE ANALYSIS 2023; 31:25-46. [PMID: 31965398 PMCID: PMC10042908 DOI: 10.1007/s10728-019-00389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An international legal agreement governing the global antimicrobial commons would represent the strongest commitment mechanism for achieving collective action on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Since AMR has important similarities to climate change-both are common pool resource challenges that require massive, long-term political commitments-the first article in this special issue draws lessons from various climate agreements that could be applicable for developing a grand bargain on AMR. We consider the similarities and differences between the Paris Climate Agreement and current governance structures for AMR, and identify the merits and challenges associated with different international forums for developing a long-term international agreement on AMR. To be effective, fair, and feasible, an enduring legal agreement on AMR will require a combination of universal, differentiated, and individualized requirements, nationally determined contributions that are regularly reviewed and ratcheted up in level of ambition, a regular independent scientific stocktake to support evidence informed policymaking, and a concrete global goal to rally support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Rogers Van Katwyk
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, Faculty of Health and Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Dahdaleh Building 2120, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alberto Giubilini
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claas Kirchhelle
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isaac Weldon
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, Faculty of Health and Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Dahdaleh Building 2120, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Politics, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark Harrison
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela McLean
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven J Hoffman
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, Faculty of Health and Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Dahdaleh Building 2120, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact and McMaster Health Forum, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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16
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Suttels V, Van Singer M, Clack LC, Plüss-Suard C, Niquille A, Mueller Y, Boillat Blanco N. Factors Influencing the Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Primary Care: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010030. [PMID: 36671230 PMCID: PMC9854946 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is directly driven by inappropriate use of antibiotics. Although the majority of antibiotics (an estimated 80%) are consumed in primary care settings, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) activities in primary care remain underdeveloped and factors influencing their implementation are poorly understood. This can result in promising stewardship activities having little-to-no real-world impact. With this narrative review, we aim to identify and summarize peer-reviewed literature reporting on (1) the nature and impact of AMS interventions in primary care and (2) the individual and contextual factors influencing their implementation. Reported activities included AMS at different contextual levels (individual, collective and policy). AMS activities being often combined, it is difficult to evaluate them as stand-alone interventions. While some important individual and contextual factors were reported (difficulty to reach physicians leading to a low uptake of interventions, tight workflow of physicians requiring implementation of flexible and brief interventions and AMS as a unique opportunity to strengthen physician-patients relationship), this review identified a paucity of information in the literature about the factors that support or hinder implementation of AMS in primary care settings. In conclusion, identifying multilevel barriers and facilitators for AMS uptake is an essential step to explore before implementing primary care AMS interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Suttels
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mathias Van Singer
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lauren Catherine Clack
- Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Plüss-Suard
- Swiss Centre for Antibiotic Resistance, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne Niquille
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Pharmacy University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Mueller
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Family Medicine, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Boillat Blanco
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Sharland M, Zanichelli V, Ombajo LA, Bazira J, Cappello B, Chitatanga R, Chuki P, Gandra S, Getahun H, Harbarth S, Loeb M, Mendelson M, Moja L, Pulcini C, Sati H, Tacconelli E, Zeng M, Huttner B. The WHO Essential Medicines list AWaRe book: from a list to a quality improvement system. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1533-1535. [PMID: 36007869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sharland
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Zanichelli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Joel Bazira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Bernadette Cappello
- Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Chitatanga
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Pem Chuki
- Antimicrobial stewardship unit(,) Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National referral hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Sumanth Gandra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haileyesus Getahun
- Department of Global Coordination and Partnership on Antimicrobial Resistance, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Programme and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Mendelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lorenzo Moja
- Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Celine Pulcini
- APEMAC, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Infectious Diseases Department, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Hatim Sati
- Department of Global Coordination and Partnership on Antimicrobial Resistance, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Benedikt Huttner
- Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Assessing, Pricing and Funding Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tests for Community-Acquired Acute Respiratory Tract Infections–Overview of Policies Applied in 17 European Countries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11080987. [PMID: 35892377 PMCID: PMC9331460 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostic tests for community-acquired acute respiratory tract infections (CA-ARTI) can support doctors by improving antibiotic prescribing. However, little is known about health technology assessment (HTA), pricing and funding policies for CA-ARTI diagnostics. Thus, this study investigated these policies for this group of devices applied in the outpatient setting in Europe. Experts from competent authority responded to a questionnaire in Q4/2020. Information is available for 17 countries. Studied countries do not base their pricing and funding decision for CA-ARTI diagnostics on an HTA. While a few countries impose price regulation for some publicly funded medical devices, the prices of CA-ARTI diagnostics are not directly regulated in any of the surveyed countries. Indirect price regulation through public procurement is applied in some countries. Reimbursement lists of medical devices eligible for public funding exist in several European countries, and in some countries these lists include CA-ARTI diagnostics. In a few countries, the public payer funds the health professional for performing the service of conducting the test. Given low levels of regulation and few incentives, the study findings suggest room for strengthening pricing and funding policies of CA-ARTI diagnostics to contribute to increased acceptance and use of these point-of-care tests.
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19
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Spencer HJJ, Katz S, Staub M, Audet CM, Banerjee R. A qualitative assessment of nonclinical drivers of pediatric outpatient antibiotic prescribing: The importance of continuity. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2022; 2:e107. [PMID: 36483400 PMCID: PMC9726583 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antibiotic overuse is common in outpatient pediatrics and varies across clinical setting and clinician type. We sought to identify social, behavioral, and environmental drivers of outpatient antibiotic prescribing for pediatric patients. METHODS We conducted semistructured interviews with physicians and advanced practice providers (APPs) across diverse outpatient settings including pediatric primary, urgent, and retail care. We used the grounded theory constant comparative method and a thematic approach to analysis. We developed a conceptual model, building on domains of continuity to map common themes and their relationships within the healthcare system. RESULTS We interviewed 55 physicians and APPs. Clinicians across all settings prioritized provision of guideline-concordant care but implemented these guidelines with varying degrees of success. The provision of guideline-concordant care was influenced by the patient-clinician relationship and patient or parent expectations (relational continuity); the clinician's access to patient clinical history (informational continuity); and the consistency of care delivered (management continuity). No difference in described themes was determined by setting or clinician type; however, clinicians in primary care described having more reliable relational and informational continuity. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians described the absence of long-term relationships (relational continuity) and lack of availability of prior clinical history (informational continuity) as factors that may influence outpatient antibiotic prescribing. Guideline-concordant outpatient antibiotic prescribing was facilitated by consistent practice across settings (management continuity) and the presence of relational and informational continuity, which are common only in primary care. Management continuity may be more modifiable than informational and relational continuity and thus a focus for outpatient stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. J. Spencer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sophie Katz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Milner Staub
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carolyn M. Audet
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ritu Banerjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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20
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Zheng K, Xie Y, Dan L, Mao M, Chen J, Li R, Wang X, Hesketh T. Effectiveness of Educational Interventions for Health Workers on Antibiotic Prescribing in Outpatient Settings in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060791. [PMID: 35740197 PMCID: PMC9220158 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Educational interventions are considered an important component of antibiotic stewardship, but their effect has not been systematically evaluated in outpatient settings in China. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventions for health workers on antibiotic prescribing rates in Chinese outpatient settings. Eight databases were searched for relevant randomized clinical trials, non-randomized trials, controlled before–after studies and interrupted time-series studies from January 2001 to July 2021. A total of 16 studies were included in the systematic review and 12 in the meta-analysis. The results showed that educational interventions overall reduced the antibiotic prescription rate significantly (relative risk, RR 0.72, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.61 to 0.84). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that certain features of education interventions had a significant effect on antibiotic prescription rate reduction: (1) combined with compulsory administrative regulations (RR With: 0.65 vs. Without: 0.78); (2) combined with financial incentives (RR With: 0.51 vs. Without: 0.77). Educational interventions can also significantly reduce antibiotic injection rates (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.94) and the inappropriate use of antibiotics (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.73). The limited number of high-quality studies limits the validity and reliability of the results. More high-quality educational interventions targeting the reduction of antibiotic prescribing rates are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhua Zheng
- People’s Hospital of Kaihua, Quzhou 324300, China; (K.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Ying Xie
- Center for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.X.); (L.D.); (J.C.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
| | - Lintao Dan
- Center for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.X.); (L.D.); (J.C.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
| | - Meixian Mao
- People’s Hospital of Kaihua, Quzhou 324300, China; (K.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Jie Chen
- Center for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.X.); (L.D.); (J.C.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
| | - Ran Li
- Center for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.X.); (L.D.); (J.C.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Xuanding Wang
- Department of Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Therese Hesketh
- Center for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.X.); (L.D.); (J.C.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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21
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Greve JM, Cowan JA. Tackling antimicrobial stewardship through synergy and antimicrobial peptides. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:511-521. [PMID: 35694695 PMCID: PMC9132191 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unrestricted use of antibiotics has led to rapid development of antibiotic resistance (AR) and renewed calls to address this serious problem. This review summarizes the most common mechanisms of antibiotic action, and in turn antibiotic resistance, as well as pathways to mitigate the harm. Focus is then turned to emerging antibiotic strategies, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), with a discussion of their modes of action, biochemical features, and potential challenges for their use as antibiotics. The role of synergy in antimicrobials is also examined, with a focus on the synergy of AMPs and other emerging interactions with synergistic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Greve
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA +1 614 292 2703
| | - James A Cowan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA +1 614 292 2703
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22
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Tejpar S, Rogers Van Katwyk S, Wilson L, Hoffman SJ. Taking stock of global commitments on antimicrobial resistance. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-008159. [PMID: 35589150 PMCID: PMC9121412 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last six years, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has generated an unprecedented amount of global attention. This global attention has coincided with an increase in discussion around AMR at various multilateral organisations and international fora. This study catalogues and analyses AMR-related commitments made by the global community following the implementation of the AMR Tripartite’s Global Action Plan (GAP) in 2015. In examining these commitments, we elucidated emergent themes and gaps in AMR discourse through a qualitative content analysis of global political resolutions, declarations and statements made by members of the United Nations, the World Health Assembly, Food and Agriculture Organization Conferences, World Organisation for Animal Health General Sessions, and the G7 and G20 summits and ministerial meetings between the years 2015 and 2021. Emergent themes included AMR research, surveillance and stewardship. Across sectors, fewer commitments were made for specific action on AMR in the environment. The themes and types of commitments were found to be consistent across time and fora but did not evolve into more concrete or nuanced pledges to action between 2015 and 2021. GAP objectives relating to infection prevention and efforts to address the root drivers of AMR appeared the least frequently in our analysis, indicating a lack of global commitment to take a proactive prevention-focused approach to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Tejpar
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Rogers Van Katwyk
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay Wilson
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J Hoffman
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Song M, Deng Z, Chan O, Grépin KA. Understanding the Implementation of Antimicrobial Policies: Lessons from the Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050636. [PMID: 35625280 PMCID: PMC9138146 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2017, the Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2017–2022 (HKSAP) was announced with the aim of tackling the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Hong Kong. However, little is known about how the planned activities have been implemented. In this study, we examine the status of implementation of the HKSAP using the Smith Policy Implementation Process Model. Semi-structured interviews with 17 informants found that important achievements have been made, including launching educational and training activities targeting the public, farmers, and healthcare professionals; upgrading the AMR surveillance system; and strengthening AMR stewardship and infection control. Nevertheless, participants also identified barriers to greater implementation, such as tensions across sectors, ongoing inappropriate drug use and prescription habits, insufficient human and technical resources, as well as a weak accountability framework. Environmental factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic also affected the implementation of HKSAP. Our study indicated that expanding engagement with the public and professionals, creating a collaborative environment for policy implementation, and building a well-functioning monitoring and evaluation system should be areas to focus on in future AMR policies.
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24
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Weldon I, Rogers Van Katwyk S, Burci GL, Giur D, de Campos TC, Eccleston-Turner M, Fryer HR, Giubilini A, Hale T, Harrison M, Johnson S, Kirchhelle C, Lee K, Liddell K, Mendelson M, Ooms G, Orbinski J, Piddock LJV, Røttingen JA, Savulescu J, Singer AC, Viens AM, Wenham C, Wiktorowicz ME, Zaidi S, Hoffman SJ. Governing Global Antimicrobial Resistance: 6 Key Lessons From the Paris Climate Agreement. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:553-557. [PMID: 35319963 PMCID: PMC8961837 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Weldon
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Susan Rogers Van Katwyk
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gian Luca Burci
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dr Giur
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Thana C de Campos
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mark Eccleston-Turner
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Helen R Fryer
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Alberto Giubilini
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Hale
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mark Harrison
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Stephanie Johnson
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Claas Kirchhelle
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kelley Lee
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kathleen Liddell
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Marc Mendelson
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gorik Ooms
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - James Orbinski
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - John-Arne Røttingen
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Andrew C Singer
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - A M Viens
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Clare Wenham
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mary E Wiktorowicz
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Zaidi
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Steven J Hoffman
- Isaac Weldon, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, A. M. Viens, and Steven J. Hoffman are with the Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gian Luca Burci is with the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Thana C. de Campos is with the School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Mark Eccleston-Turner is with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. Helen R. Fryer is with the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Alberto Giubilini and Julian Savulescu are with the Oxford Martin School and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. Thomas Hale is with the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Mark Harrison is with the Faculty of History and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. Stephanie Johnson is with the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford. Claas Kirchhelle is with the School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Kelley Lee is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Kathleen Liddell is with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Marc Mendelson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Gorik Ooms is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. James Orbinski and Mary E. Wiktorowicz are with the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University. Laura J. V. Piddock is with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland. John-Arne Røttingen is with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway. Andrew C. Singer is with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Clare Wenham is with the Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Shehla Zaidi is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Khanam F, Ross AG, McMillan NAJ, Qadri F. Toward Typhoid Fever Elimination. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119:41-43. [PMID: 35338009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S Typhi) causes typhoid fever and is responsible for an estimated 9 million cases and 110,000 deaths globally per annum. Typhoid fever is endemic in areas where water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) infrastructure is poor. Serious complications develop in approximately 10%-15% of patients if left untreated, and this is driven by inadequate diagnostic methods and the high burden of antibiotic-resistant strains, complicating clinical management and ultimately prognosis. Asymptomatic chronic carriers, in addition to acutely infected patients, contribute to continued transmission through the shedding of the organism in the feces. The high morbidity and mortality of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries reinforce the need for an integrated control approach, which may ultimately lead to elimination of the disease in the 21st century. Here we discuss the challenges faced in pursuit of typhoid fever elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Allen G Ross
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange Campus, Australia
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, University of Queensland, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Alqahtani SS, Moni SS, Sultan MH, Ali Bakkari M, Madkhali OA, Alshahrani S, Makeen HA, Joseph Menachery S, ur Rehman Z, Shamsher Alam M, Mohan S, Eltaib Elmobark M, Banji D, Zakaria Sayed Ahmed M. Potential bioactive secondary metabolites of Actinomycetes sp. isolated from rocky soils of the heritage village Rijal Alma, Saudi Arabia. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Moura ML, Boszczowski I, Blaque M, Mussarelli RM, Fossaluza V, Pierrotti LC, Campana G, Brandileone MC, Zanella R, Almeida SCG, Levin AS. Effect on Antimicrobial Resistance of a Policy Restricting Over-the-Counter Antimicrobial Sales in a Large Metropolitan Area, São Paulo, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:180-187. [PMID: 34932455 PMCID: PMC8714220 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.201928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although restricting over-the-counter (OTC) antimicrobial drug sales is recommended globally, no data track its effect on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. We evaluated the effect of a national policy restricting OTC antimicrobial sales, put in place in November 2010, on AMR in a metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. We reviewed associations between antimicrobial sales from private pharmacies and AMR in 404,558 Escherichia coli and 5,797 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates using a dynamic regression model based on a Bayesian approach. After policy implementation, a substantial drop in AMR in both bacterial species followed decreased amoxicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole sales. Conversely, increased ciprofloxacin sales were associated with increased ciprofloxacin resistance, and extended spectrum β-lactamases-positive E. coli isolates and azithromycin sales increases after 2013 were associated with increased erythromycin resistance in S. pneumoniae isolates. These findings suggest that restricting OTC antimicrobial sales may influence patterns of AMR, but multifaceted approaches are needed to avoid unintended consequences.
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Moura ML, Boszczowski I, Blaque M, Mussarelli RM, Fossaluza V, Pierrotti LC, Campana G, Brandileone MC, Zanella R, Almeida SC, Levin AS. Effect on Antimicrobial Resistance of a Policy Restricting Over-the-Counter Antimicrobial Sales in a Large Metropolitan Area, São Paulo, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.3201/2801.201928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mamiya H, Igarashi A. Impact of reimbursement restriction on drug market sales under the National Health Insurance in Japan. J Med Econ 2022; 25:206-211. [PMID: 35060813 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2022.2032096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM National health care expenditures have been increasing each year, although the Japanese government has annually revised official drug prices. Managing the health care system to pay for expensive drugs is a major concern. The reimbursement restriction, which is the only way that a drug can be implemented before market entry in Japan, is crucial for managing expenditures. Therefore, this study identifies the impact of the reimbursement restriction on drug market sales in Japan, particularly in the situation where health technology assessment or other market access regulations are not applicable before market entry. METHOD All new drugs listed in fiscal years 2011-2019, along with their market size forecast, were identified using the materials from the Central Social Insurance Medical Council. We then calculated the percentage rate of reimbursement amounts based on the National Database of Health Insurance Claims relative to the predicted market size as a dependent variable. Using the reimbursement restriction for each drug as an independent variable, we performed descriptive and univariate analyses on each variable, followed by generalized linear mixed-effects model regression analysis. RESULTS We identified 211 drugs. The mean rates of drugs that required physicians, facilities, and patients to meet criteria for use were 30.85% (n = 2), 31.42% (n = 2), and 72.11% (n = 6), respectively. The mean rate of drugs that required diagnostic testing was 22.99% (n = 7), which was 3.7 times lower than the rate of drugs that did not require such testing (p < .05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the reimbursement restriction requiring diagnostic testing has a substantial impact on decreasing market sales. As the number of cases for each requirement is small, further study is needed to measure the impact of the other reimbursement restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mamiya
- Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ataru Igarashi
- Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Unit of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Weldon I, Liddell K, Van Katwyk SR, Hoffman SJ, Minssen T, Outterson K, Palmer S, Viens AM, Viñuales J. A Pandemic Instrument Can Start Turning Collective Problems into Collective Solutions by Governing the Common-Pool Resource of Antimicrobial Effectiveness. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2022; 50:17-25. [PMID: 36889344 PMCID: PMC10009384 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2022.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To address the complex challenge of global antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a pandemic treaty should include mechanisms that 1) equitably address the access gap for antimicrobials, diagnostic technologies, and alternative therapies; 2) equitably conserve antimicrobials to sustain effectiveness and access across time and space; 3) equitably finance the investment, discovery, development, and distribution of new technologies; and 4) equitably finance and establish greater upstream and midstream infection prevention measures globally. Biodiversity, climate, and nuclear governance offer lessons for addressing these challenges.
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Mokwele RN, Schellack N, Bronkhorst E, Brink AJ, Schweickerdt L, Godman B. OUP accepted manuscript. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlab196. [PMID: 35146427 PMCID: PMC8826632 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objectives Patients and methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nelly Mokwele
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
| | - Natalie Schellack
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elmien Bronkhorst
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
| | - Adrian J. Brink
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Louise Schweickerdt
- Skills Centre, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa,Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Brian Godman
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Bahrampour Juybari K, Vosooghi V, Zahmatkesh M, Mirmohammadkhani M, Paknazar F. Compliance of imipenem and meropenem administration with the national antimicrobial stewardship program in a referral teaching hospital in Iran. Hosp Pract (1995) 2021; 50:49-54. [PMID: 34958614 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2021.2022358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering the great significance of antimicrobial resistance, implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in healthcare facilities is of particular importance. This study aimed to evaluate the compliance of imipenem and meropenem administration with the ASP guidelines in a referral teaching hospital in Iran. METHODS In this retrospective cross-sectional study, the medical records of patients, who received either imipenem or meropenem at xx Hospital in Semnan, Iran, from March 21, 2017 until March 20, 2019, were reviewed using the developed ASP, according to the instructions issued by the Ministry of Health of Iran. The obtained findings were recorded in a checklist consisted of six items. If the action taken for the patient complied with the item requirement specified in the ASP, it would receive a score of one; otherwise, a score of zero. The sum of scores (range: 0-6) was reported and analyzed. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 23, using Chi-square, ANOVA, and independent t-test, and P <0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS The mean duration of imipenem/meropenem administration was 9.2±8.0 days. A total of 6,032 imipenem/meropenem vials (1 g/vial) were prescribed during the study (meropenem for 210 patients and imipenem for 87 patients). In 64.2% of the patients, there was no indication, and the mean score of the subjects was 1.55±1.2. The obtained score was three in 53 (17.8%) records and four in 18 (6.1%) records. The mean score of ASP in the intensive care units was higher, while it was lower in the surgical ward as compared to the other wards (P=0.002). DISCUSSION Antibiotic prescription was inappropriate in our center, and compliance with the ASP guidelines was very low, especially in the surgical wards. It seems necessary to take effective steps for planning continuing education programs on rational antibiotic prescription and supervision of prescription patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Bahrampour Juybari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Vaice Vosooghi
- School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Zahmatkesh
- Internal Medicine Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Mirmohammadkhani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Paknazar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Barbieri E, di Chiara C, Costenaro P, Cantarutti A, Giaquinto C, Hsia Y, Doná D. Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Paediatric Primary Care in Italy: Findings from 2012-2018. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010018. [PMID: 35052895 PMCID: PMC8773435 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive data are needed to monitor antibiotic prescribing and inform stewardship. We aimed to evaluate the current antibiotic prescribing patterns, including treatment switching and prolongation, in the paediatric primary care setting in Italy. This database study assessed antibiotic prescriptions retrieved from Pedianet, a paediatric primary care database, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2018. Descriptive analyses were stratified by diagnosis class, calendar year, and children's age. Generalized linear Poisson regression was used to assess variation in the prescriptions. In total, 505,927 antibiotic prescriptions were included. From 2012 to 2018, the number of antibiotics per child decreased significantly by 4% yearly from 0.79 in 2012 to 0.62 in 2018. Amoxicillin prescriptions decreased with increasing children's age, while macrolides and third-generation cephalosporins had the opposite trend. Prescriptions were associated with a diagnosis of upper respiratory infection in 23% of cases, followed by pharyngitis (21%), bronchitis and bronchiolitis (12%), and acute otitis media (12%). Eight percent of treatment episodes were prolonged or switched class, mostly represented by co-amoxiclav, macrolides, and third-generation cephalosporins. Our findings report an overall decrease in antibiotic prescriptions, but pre-schoolers are still receiving more than one antibiotic yearly, and broad-spectrum antibiotics prescription rates remain the highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barbieri
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy; (C.d.C.); (P.C.); (C.G.); (D.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Costanza di Chiara
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy; (C.d.C.); (P.C.); (C.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Paola Costenaro
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy; (C.d.C.); (P.C.); (C.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Anna Cantarutti
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Società Servizi Telematici–Pedianet, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy; (C.d.C.); (P.C.); (C.G.); (D.D.)
- Società Servizi Telematici–Pedianet, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Yingfen Hsia
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St. George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Daniele Doná
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy; (C.d.C.); (P.C.); (C.G.); (D.D.)
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St. George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance from the Perspective of Public Policy: A Multinational Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception Survey to Determine Global Awareness. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121486. [PMID: 34943698 PMCID: PMC8698787 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimizing the effect of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an adequate policy response that relies on good governance and coordination. This study aims to have a better comprehension of how AMR is understood and perceived by policy-makers and stakeholders in a multinational context. A digital survey was designed to capture the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) towards AMR, and it was distributed to politicians, policy advisors, and stakeholders. A total of 351 individuals from 15 different countries participated, 80% from high-income countries (HICs) and 20% from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The Netherlands, Spain, and Myanmar were the top 3 represented countries. Participants had sufficient knowledge regarding AMR and reported the importance of political willingness to tackle AMR. Overall, LMIC participants demonstrated better knowledge of AMR but showed poor perception and attitude towards antimicrobial use compared to HIC participants. In addition, level of education and field of expertise were significantly associated with knowledge, perception, and practices regardless of demographic characteristics. Inter-regional differences in KAP regarding AMR exist among politicians, policy advisors, and relevant stakeholders. This study captures multinational policy-maker and stakeholder mapping that can be used to propose further policy implementation on various governance levels.
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Broom J, Broom A, Kenny K, Post JJ, Konecny P. Institutional governance and responsiveness to antimicrobial resistance: a qualitative study of Australian hospital executives. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e055215. [PMID: 34862300 PMCID: PMC8647559 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), implementing effective antimicrobial optimisation within healthcare settings has been hampered by institutional impediments. This study sought to examine, from a hospital management and governance perspective, why healthcare providers may find it challenging to enact changes needed to address rising AMR. DESIGN Semistructured qualitative interviews around their experiences of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and responsiveness to the requirement for optimisation. Data were analysed using the framework approach. SETTING Two metropolitan tertiary-referral hospitals in Australia. PARTICIPANTS Twenty hospital managers and executives from the organisational level of department head and above, spanning a range of professional backgrounds and in both clinical and non-clinical roles, and different professional streams were represented. RESULTS Thematic analysis demonstrated three key domains which managers and executives describe, and which might function to delimit institutional responsiveness to present and future AMR solutions. First, the primacy of 'political' priorities. AMR was perceived as a secondary priority, overshadowed by political priorities determined beyond the hospital by state health departments/ministries and election cycles. Second, the limits of accreditation as a mechanism for change. Hospital accreditation processes and regulatory structures were not sufficient to induce efficacious AMS. Third, a culture of acute problem 'solving' rather than future proofing. A culture of reactivity was described across government and healthcare institutions, precluding longer term objectives, like addressing the AMR crisis. CONCLUSION There are dynamics between political and health service institutions, as well as enduring governance norms, that may significantly shape capacity to enact AMS and respond to AMR. Until these issues are addressed, and the field moves beyond individual behaviour modification models, antimicrobial misuse will likely continue, and stewardship is likely to have a limited impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Broom
- Infectious Diseases Service, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Broom
- Sydney Centre for Healthy Societies, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Kenny
- Sydney Centre for Healthy Societies, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Post
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital and Community Health Services, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pamela Konecny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology & Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Overton K, Fortané N, Broom A, Raymond S, Gradmann C, Orubu ESF, Podolsky SH, Rogers Van Katwyk S, Zaman MH, Kirchhelle C. Waves of attention: patterns and themes of international antimicrobial resistance reports, 1945-2020. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e006909. [PMID: 34740914 PMCID: PMC8573652 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This article uses quantitative and qualitative approaches to review 75 years of international policy reports on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Our review of 248 policy reports and expert consultation revealed waves of political attention and repeated reframings of AMR as a policy object. AMR emerged as an object of international policy-making during the 1990s. Until then, AMR was primarily defined as a challenge of human and agricultural domains within the Global North that could be overcome via 'rational' drug use and selective restrictions. While a growing number of reports jointly addressed human and agricultural AMR selection, international organisations (IOs) initially focused on whistleblowing and reviewing data. Since 2000, there has been a marked shift in the ecological and geographic focus of AMR risk scenarios. The Global South and One Health (OH) emerged as foci of AMR reports. Using the deterritorialised language of OH to frame AMR as a Southern risk made global stewardship meaningful to donors and legitimised pressure on low-income and middle-income countries to adopt Northern stewardship and surveillance frameworks. It also enabled IOs to move from whistleblowing to managing governance frameworks for antibiotic stewardship. Although the environmental OH domain remains neglected, realisation of the complexity of necessary interventions has increased the range of topics targeted by international action plans. Investment nonetheless continues to focus on biomedical innovation and tends to leave aside broader socioeconomic issues. Better knowledge of how AMR framings have evolved is key to broadening participation in international stewardship going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Overton
- Infectious Diseases Department, Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolas Fortané
- IRISSO, CNRS, INRAE, Paris-Dauphine University, PSL, Paris, France
| | - Alex Broom
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Sydney Centre for Healthy Societies, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Raymond
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Sydney Centre for Healthy Societies, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Gradmann
- Institute of Health and Society, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ebiowei Samuel F Orubu
- Institute for Health System Innovation and Policy, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott H Podolsky
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Muhammad H Zaman
- Department of International Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Dietary Administration of Novel Multistrain Probiotics from Healthy Grouper Intestines Promotes the Intestinal Immune Response against NNV Infection. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101053. [PMID: 34685424 PMCID: PMC8539657 DOI: 10.3390/life11101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epinephelus lanceolatus (giant grouper) is a high-value cultured species in the Asia-Pacific region. However, nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is an infectious viral disease that affects over 120 species of marine cultured species and causes high mortality, ranging from 90-100% in the grouper industry. Probiotics isolated from the intestines of healthy individuals have provided insight into novel approaches involved in the defense against viral pathogens. In this study, we isolated three strains of bacteria as candidate probiotics from healthy grouper intestines and a 28-day feeding trial was performed. At day 21, the nervous necrosis virus (NNV) challenge test was conducted for 7 days to evaluate the antiviral effect of candidate probiotics. The results showed that candidate probiotics could improve growth conditions, such as weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), and increase the utilization of feed. Furthermore, the candidate probiotic mixture had the ability to protect against NNV, which could decrease the mortality rate by 100% in giant grouper after NNV challenge. Subsequently, we analyzed the mechanism of the candidate probiotic mixture's defense against NNV. A volcano plot revealed 203 (control vs. NNV), 126 (NNV vs. probiotics - NNV), and 5 (control vs. probiotics - NNV) differentially expressed transcripts in intestinal tissue. Moreover, principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis heatmap showed large differences among the three groups. Functional pathway analysis showed that the candidate probiotic mixture could induce the innate and adaptive immunity of the host to defend against virus pathogens. Therefore, we hope that potential candidate probiotics could be successfully applied to the industry to achieve sustainable aquaculture.
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Durante-Mangoni E, Bertolino L, Mastroianni C, Viale P, Bassetti M, Citton R, Gómez-Ulloa D, Roset M, McCann E. Complicated carbapenem-resistant infections: a treatment pathway analysis in Italian sites. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2021; 29:434-449. [PMID: 35146349 PMCID: PMC8805488 DOI: 10.53854/liim-2903-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Efforts to curb a growing prevalence of carbapenem resistance are prominent worldwide and especially in countries where high levels of carbapenem resistance are reported, such as Italy. Complicated infections, including complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI), and hospital-acquired/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP), are often caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative (CRGN) bacteria and as such, these infection sites and their causative bacteria are important areas of focus for healthcare practitioners seeking to follow good antimicrobial stewardship practices. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical management and associated clinical and economic outcomes of patients with cUTI, cIAI, and HABP/VABP resulting from CRGN bacteria in Italy. METHODS We first conducted a hospital survey focusing on Gram-negative infections and their antibacterial susceptibility profile in four participating Italian hospitals. The second part of the study involved a non-interventional, retrospective single cohort chart review of 100 patients with cUTI, cIAI, or HABP/VABP caused by CRGN bacteria, in which patient characteristics, index hospitalization characteristics, infection characteristics, patient outcomes, treatment pathways, and healthcare resource use were assessed. RESULTS The hospital survey demonstrated carbapenem resistance in approximately 17% of complicated infections, mostly associated with Acinetobacter baumannii. The non-interventional, retrospective cohort component showed that complicated CRGN infections were hospital- or healthcare-acquired in 99.0% of cases and were most often caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (66.0%). Despite the carbapenem-resistant nature of the included infections, carbapenems were used in 19.0% of patients as empirical therapy, in 43.0% as late empirical (i.e. immediately before receipt of susceptibility test results), and in 64.0% as targeted therapy (post-susceptibility test result receipt). Colistin was used in 61.0% of patients after susceptibility results were available. High clinical and economic burden was evident, with the average length of hospital stay being greater than 50 days, clinical cure achievement in only 43.0% of patients, and an overall mortality rate of 65.0% by the end of the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Our results reflect the considerable burden associated with complicated CRGN infections in Italy and the limitations in current treatment strategies. Our study pinpoints potential areas for improvement. For example, regular and detailed local surveillance and state of the art microbial diagnostic capabilities might aid and hasten clinical decision-making and facilitate improved antimicrobial stewardship when treating complex CRGN infections. New therapeutic options which more appropriately address CRGN infections may assist in improving outcomes which are important to both patients and healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Durante-Mangoni
- Department of Precision Medicine and Unit of Infectious and Transplant Medicine, Università della Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’, Ospedale Monaldi, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bertolino
- Department of Precision Medicine and Unit of Infectious and Transplant Medicine, Università della Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’, Ospedale Monaldi, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Mastroianni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, AOU Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IST-IRCCS, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Eilish McCann
- Outcomes Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth NJ, USA
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Léger A, Lambraki I, Graells T, Cousins M, Henriksson PJG, Harbarth S, Carson CA, Majowicz SE, Troell M, Parmley EJ, Jørgensen PS, Wernli D. Characterizing social-ecological context and success factors of antimicrobial resistance interventions across the One Health spectrum: analysis of 42 interventions targeting E. coli. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:873. [PMID: 34445962 PMCID: PMC8390193 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the most pressing One Health issues. While interventions and policies with various targets and goals have been implemented, evidence about factors underpinning success and failure of interventions in different sectors is lacking. The objective of this study is to identify characteristics of AMR interventions that increase their capacity to impact AMR. This study focuses on AMR interventions targeting E. coli. Methods We used the AMR-Intervene framework to extract descriptions of the social and ecological systems of interventions to determine factors contributing to their success. Results We identified 52 scientific publications referring to 42 unique E. coli AMR interventions. We mainly identified interventions implemented in high-income countries (36/42), at the national level (16/42), targeting primarily one sector of society (37/42) that was mainly the human sector (25/42). Interventions were primarily funded by governments (38/42). Most intervention targeted a low leverage point in the AMR system, (36/42), and aimed to change the epidemiology of AMR (14/42). Among all included publications, 55% (29/52) described at least one success factor or obstacle (29/52) and 19% (10/52) identified at least one success factor and one obstacle. Most reported success factors related to communication between the actors and stakeholders and the role of media, and stressed the importance of collaboration between disciplines and external partners. Described obstacles covered data quality, access to data and statistical analyses, and the validity of the results. Conclusions Overall, we identified a lack of diversity regarding interventions. In addition, most published E. coli interventions were poorly described with limited evidence of the factors that contributed to the intervention success or failure. Design and reporting guidelines would help to improve reporting quality and provide a valuable tool for improving the science of AMR interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06483-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Léger
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Case postale, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Lambraki
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tiscar Graells
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melanie Cousins
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Patrik J G Henriksson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, 11960, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carolee A Carson
- Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - Shannon E Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Peter S Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Didier Wernli
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Case postale, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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Noyes NR, Slizovskiy IB, Singer RS. Beyond Antimicrobial Use: A Framework for Prioritizing Antimicrobial Resistance Interventions. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 9:313-332. [PMID: 33592160 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-072020-080638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to animal and human health. Antimicrobial use has been identified as a major driver of AMR, and reductions in use are a focal point of interventions to reduce resistance. Accordingly, stakeholders in human health and livestock production have implemented antimicrobial stewardship programs aimed at reducing use. Thus far, these efforts have yielded variable impacts on AMR. Furthermore, scientific advances are prompting an expansion and more nuanced appreciation of the many nonantibiotic factors that drive AMR, as well as how these factors vary across systems, geographies, and contexts. Given these trends, we propose a framework to prioritize AMR interventions. We use this framework to evaluate the impact of interventions that focus on antimicrobial use. We conclude by suggesting that priorities be expanded to include greater consideration of host-microbial interactions that dictate AMR, as well as anthropogenic and environmental systems that promote dissemination of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle R Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; ,
| | - Ilya B Slizovskiy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; ,
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;
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Van Katwyk SR, Grimshaw JM, Hoffman SJ. Ten Years of Inaction on Antimicrobial Resistance: An Environmental Scan of Policies in Canada from 2008 to 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 15:48-62. [PMID: 32538349 PMCID: PMC7294451 DOI: 10.12927/hcpol.2020.26224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed Canadian healthcare experts to identify policies to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Canada between 2008 and 2018. Respondents identified AMR policy interventions implemented in Canada during the previous 10 years. Additional policies were identified through systematic searches of seven electronic databases and a review of government documents. Fifty-two unique policies were identified, with at least one policy in most provinces and territories. This environmental scan suggests that Canadian AMR efforts are disjointed and inadequate, given the urgency of this public health threat. Governments have mostly refrained from using more powerful policy tools, including regulation, legislation and fiscal measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Rogers Van Katwyk
- Investigator, Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON
| | - Jeremy M Grimshaw
- Senior Scientist, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
| | - Steven J Hoffman
- Dahdaleh Distinguished Chair, Global Governance and Legal Epidemiology, Global Strategy Lab, Professor of Global Health, Law, and Political Science, York University, Toronto, ON
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42
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Rogers Van Katwyk S, Grimshaw JM, Nkangu M, Mendelson M, Taljaard M, Hoffman SJ. Study reporting quality among interventions to reduce antibiotic use is a barrier to evidence-informed policymaking on antimicrobial resistance: systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1091-1098. [PMID: 31943008 PMCID: PMC7177493 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Countries are currently seeking evidence-informed policy options to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While rigorous evaluations of AMR interventions are the ideal, they are far from the current reality. Additionally, poor reporting and documentation of AMR interventions impede efforts to use evidence to inform future evaluations and policy interventions. Objectives To critically evaluate reporting quality gaps in AMR intervention research. Methods To evaluate the reporting quality of studies, we conducted a descriptive synthesis and comparative analysis of studies that were included in a recent systematic review of government policy interventions aiming to reduce human antimicrobial use. Reporting quality was assessed using the SQUIRE 2.0 checklist of 18 items for reporting system-level interventions to improve healthcare. Two reviewers independently applied the checklist to 66 studies identified in the systematic review. Results None of the studies included complete information on all 18 SQUIRE items (median score = 10, IQR = 8–11). Reporting quality varied across SQUIRE items, with 3% to 100% of studies reporting the recommended information for each SQUIRE item. Only 20% of studies reported the elements of the intervention in sufficient detail for replication and only 24% reported the mechanism through which the intervention was expected to work. Conclusions Gaps in the reporting of impact evaluations pose challenges for interpreting and replicating study results. Failure to improve reporting practice of policy evaluations is likely to impede efforts to tackle the growing health, social and economic threats posed by AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rogers Van Katwyk
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, Faculty of Health and Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J M Grimshaw
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Nkangu
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Mendelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Taljaard
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S J Hoffman
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, Faculty of Health and Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact and McMaster Health Forum, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Global Health & Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Léger A, Lambraki I, Graells T, Cousins M, Henriksson PJG, Harbarth S, Carson C, Majowicz S, Troell M, Parmley EJ, Jørgensen PS, Wernli D. AMR-Intervene: a social-ecological framework to capture the diversity of actions to tackle antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1-21. [PMID: 33057678 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires coordinated actions by and across different sectors. Increasing attention at the global and national levels has led to different strategies to tackle the challenge. The diversity of possible actions to address AMR is currently not well understood from a One Health perspective. AMR-Intervene, an interdisciplinary social-ecological framework, describes interventions to tackle AMR in terms of six components: (i) core information about the publication; (ii) social system; (iii) bio-ecological system; (iv) triggers and goals; (v) implementation and governance; and (vi) assessment. AMR-Intervene provides a broadly applicable framework, which can inform the design, implementation, assessment and reporting of interventions to tackle AMR and, in turn, enable faster uptake of successful interventions to build societal resilience to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Léger
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH -1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Irene Lambraki
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tiscar Graells
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melanie Cousins
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Patrik J G Henriksson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.,WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carolee Carson
- Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance; Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - Shannon Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Peter S Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Didier Wernli
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH -1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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Fitzpatrick T, Malcolm W, McMenamin J, Reynolds A, Guttmann A, Hardelid P. Community-Based Antibiotic Prescribing Attributable to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Common Respiratory Viruses in Young Children: A Population-Based Time-series Study of Scottish Children. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2144-2153. [PMID: 32270199 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, such as for viral illness, remains common in primary care. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of community-prescribed antibiotics to children aged less than 5 years attributable to common respiratory viruses. METHODS We fitted time-series negative binomial models to predict weekly antibiotic prescribing rates from positive viral pathogen tests for the period 1 April 2009 through 27 December 2017 using comprehensive, population-based administrative data for all children (<5 years) living in Scotland. Multiple respiratory viral pathogens were considered, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), rhinovirus, and human parainfluenza (HPIV) types 1-4. We estimated the proportion of antibiotic prescriptions explained by virus circulation according to type of virus, by age group, presence of high-risk chronic conditions, and antibiotic class. RESULTS We included data on 6 066 492 antibiotic prescriptions among 452 877 children. The antibiotic-prescribing rate among all Scottish children (<5 years) was 609.7 per 1000 child-years. Our final model included RSV, influenza, HMPV, HPIV-1, and HPIV-3. An estimated 6.9% (95% confidence interval, 5.6-8.3%), 2.4% (1.7-3.1%), and 2.3% (.8-3.9%) of antibiotics were attributable to RSV, influenza, and HMPV, respectively. RSV was consistently associated with the highest proportion of prescribed antibiotics, particularly among children without chronic conditions and for amoxicillin and macrolide prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 14% of antibiotics prescribed to children in this study were estimated to be attributable to common viruses for which antibiotics are not recommended. A future RSV vaccine could substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Fitzpatrick
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - William Malcolm
- Health Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland Meridian Court, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jim McMenamin
- Health Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland Meridian Court, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arlene Reynolds
- Health Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland Meridian Court, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pia Hardelid
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Herawati F, Jaelani AK, Wijono H, Rahem A, Setiasih, Yulia R, Andrajati R, Soemantri D. Antibiotic stewardship knowledge and belief differences among healthcare professionals in hospitals: A survey study. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07377. [PMID: 34222701 PMCID: PMC8243519 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collaborative practice in healthcare has been recommended to improve the quality of antimicrobial stewardship interventions, a behavioral change in antimicrobial use. Insufficient knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance, the fear of complications from infections, and how providers perceive antibiotic use and resistance are likely to influence prescribing behavior. This study's objective was to identify the knowledge and belief healthcare professionals' differences about antibiotic stewardship. METHODS This cross-sectional survey study of three hospitals in the East Java province, Indonesia utilized a 43-item questionnaire to assess antimicrobial stewardship knowledge and belief. There were 12 knowledge questions (total possible score: 12) and 31 belief questions (total possible score: 155). The Kuder Richardson 20 (KR-20) and Cronbach alpha values of the questionnaire were 0.54 and 0.92, respectively. RESULTS Out of the 257 respondents, 19% (48/257) had a low scores of knowledge, and 39% (101/257) had low scores on belief about antibiotic stewardship (101/257). Most midwives had a low scores on knowledge (25/61) and low scores on belief (46/61). Respondents with high scores on belief were 17% (10/59) physicians, 15% (4/27) pharmacists, 8% (5/65) nurses, and 3% (2/61) midwives. CONCLUSION Among healthcare professionals, knowledge and belief differences concerning antibiotic stewardship vary widely. These differences will affect their capability, behavior, and contribution to the healthcare team collaboration and performance. Further studies are needed to evaluate the correlation between the level of inter-professional collaboration and the quality of the antibiotic stewardship implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna Herawati
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, 60293, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
| | | | - Heru Wijono
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, 60293, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Rahem
- Community Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Setiasih
- Laboratory for Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, 60293, Indonesia
| | - Rika Yulia
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, 60293, Indonesia
| | - Retnosari Andrajati
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Diantha Soemantri
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
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Thompson Z, Greve JM, Cowan JA. Enhanced Synergism and Mechanism of Action Studies of Synthetic Antimicrobial Metallopeptides. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2112-2120. [PMID: 33825350 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found throughout most kingdoms of life, are an important part of host immunity, and have been shown to act synergistically in various organisms to ameliorate bacterial infections. Herein, we report the synergistic behavior observed between two AMPs, Sub5 and CP10A, against E. coli. In addition, enhanced synergistic activity against E. coli and MRSA 43300 for two derivatives of Sub5, extended with the amino-terminal copper and nickel (ATCUN) binding motif, is observed when dosed together with CP10A, while displaying little cytotoxicity towards human dermal fibroblasts. All three combinations of peptides co-localized within bacterial cells as evidenced by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Investigations into the mechanism of synergy shows that all peptides indirectly damage DNA within cells, while only the ATCUN derivatives can oxidize phospholipids. Combinations of peptides were also shown to upregulate the concentration of reactive oxygen species within both E. coli and MRSA 43300. These results suggest that the production of reactive oxygen species is an important aspect mechanistically and further highlights the potential of these metallopeptides to aid in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechariah Thompson
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Evans Laboratory of Chemistry 100, West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Jenna M Greve
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Evans Laboratory of Chemistry 100, West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - James Allan Cowan
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Evans Laboratory of Chemistry 100, West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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Hagos Y, Gugsa G, Awol N, Ahmed M, Tsegaye Y, Abebe N, Bsrat A. Isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from cattle, goat, and chicken meats in Mekelle, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246755. [PMID: 33566816 PMCID: PMC7875392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are globally recognized as a major cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to May 2016 in Mekelle city to isolate, identify, and estimate the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in raw meat samples and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. A total of 384 raw meat samples were randomly collected from bovine (n = 210), goat (n = 108), and chicken (n = 66), and isolation and identification of Campylobacter spp. were performed using standard bacteriological techniques and PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using disc diffusion method. Of the total 384 raw meat samples, 64 (16.67%) were found positive for Campylobacter spp. The highest prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was found in chicken meat (43.93%) followed by bovine meat (11.90%) and goat meat (9.25%). The most prevalent Campylobacter spp. isolated from meat samples was C. jejuni (81.25%). The overall prevalence of Campylobacter in restaurants, butcher shops, and abattoir was 43.93%, 18.30%, and 9.30%, respectively. 96.8%, 81.25%, 75%, and 71% of the Campylobacter spp. isolates were sensitive to norfloxacin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, respectively. However, 96.9%, 85.9%, and 50% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and streptomycin, respectively. Strains that developed multi-drug resistant were 68.7%. The result of this study revealed the occurrence of Campylobacter in bovine, goat, and chicken meats. Hence, there is a chance of acquiring infection via consumption of raw or undercooked meat. Thus, implementation of hygienic practices from a slaughterhouse to the retailers, proper handling and cooking of foods of meat are very important in preventing Campylobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohans Hagos
- Shire Agricultural Technical Vocational and Education Training College, Shire, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Gugsa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Nesibu Awol
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Meselu Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Yisehak Tsegaye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Nigus Abebe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Abrha Bsrat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Gotham D, Moja L, van der Heijden M, Paulin S, Smith I, Beyer P. Reimbursement models to tackle market failures for antimicrobials: Approaches taken in France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Health Policy 2020; 125:296-306. [PMID: 33402265 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pipeline of new antibacterials remains limited. Reasons include low research investments, limited commercial prospects, and scientific challenges. To complement existing initiatives such as research grants, governments are exploring policy options for providing new market incentives to drug developers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reimbursement interventions for antibacterials in France, Germany, Sweden, US, and UK were reviewed and analysed by the authors. RESULTS In France, Germany, and the US, implemented interventions centre on providing exceptions in cost-containment mechanisms to allow higher prices for certain antibacterials. In the US, also, certain antibacterials are granted additional years of protection from generic competition (exclusivity) and faster regulatory review. The UK is piloting a model that will negotiate contracts with manufacturers to pay a fixed annual fee for ongoing supply of as many units as needed. Sweden is piloting a model that will offer manufacturers of selected antibacterials contracts that would guarantee a minimum annual revenue. A similar model of guaranteed minimal annual revenues is under consideration in the US (PASTEUR Act). CONCLUSIONS The UK and Sweden are piloting entirely novel procurement and reimbursement models. Existing interventions in the US, France, and Germany represent important, but relatively minor interventions. More countries should explore the use of novel models and international coordination will be important for 'pull' incentives to be effective. If adopted, the PASTEUR legislation in the US would constitute a significant 'pull' incentive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Moja
- Department of Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Maarten van der Heijden
- Department of Coordination and Partnership on AMR, AMR Division, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Paulin
- Department of Coordination and Partnership on AMR, AMR Division, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Ingrid Smith
- Research and Development Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Peter Beyer
- Department of Coordination and Partnership on AMR, AMR Division, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Wernli D, Jørgensen PS, Parmley EJ, Troell M, Majowicz S, Harbarth S, Léger A, Lambraki I, Graells T, Henriksson PJG, Carson C, Cousins M, Skoog Ståhlgren G, Mohan CV, Simpson AJH, Wieland B, Pedersen K, Schneider A, Chandy SJ, Wijayathilaka TP, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Vila J, Stålsby Lundborg C, Pittet D. Evidence for action: a One Health learning platform on interventions to tackle antimicrobial resistance. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:e307-e311. [PMID: 32853549 PMCID: PMC7444982 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Improving evidence for action is crucial to tackle antimicrobial resistance. The number of interventions for antimicrobial resistance is increasing but current research has major limitations in terms of efforts, methods, scope, quality, and reporting. Moving the agenda forwards requires an improved understanding of the diversity of interventions, their feasibility and cost-benefit, the implementation factors that shape and underpin their effectiveness, and the ways in which individual interventions might interact synergistically or antagonistically to influence actions against antimicrobial resistance in different contexts. Within the efforts to strengthen the global governance of antimicrobial resistance, we advocate for the creation of an international One Health platform for online learning. The platform will synthesise the evidence for actions on antimicrobial resistance into a fully accessible database; generate new scientific insights into the design, implementation, evaluation, and reporting of the broad range of interventions relevant to addressing antimicrobial resistance; and ultimately contribute to the goal of building societal resilience to this central challenge of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Wernli
- Geneva Transformative Governance Lab, Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Peter S Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Max Troell
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shannon Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Léger
- Geneva Transformative Governance Lab, Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Lambraki
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tiscar Graells
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik J G Henriksson
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Carolee Carson
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Cousins
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Gunilla Skoog Ståhlgren
- Unit for Antibiotics and Infection Control, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Andrew J H Simpson
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | | | - Annegret Schneider
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sujith J Chandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic School of Medicine and Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Didier Pittet
- Infection Control Program and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Antimicrobials and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Risk to the Environment and to Public Health. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12123313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The release of antibiotics to the environment, and the consequences of the presence of persistent antimicrobial residues in ecosystems, have been the subject of numerous studies in all parts of the world. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics is a common global phenomenon, which substantially increases the levels of antibiotics in the environment and the rates of their spread. Today, it can be said with certainty that the mass production and use of antibiotics for purposes other than medical treatment has an impact on both the environment and human health. This review aims to track the pathways of the environmental distribution of antimicrobials and identify the biological effects of their subinhibitory concentration in different environmental compartments; it also assesses the associated public health risk and government policy interventions needed to ensure the effectiveness of existing antimicrobials. The recent surge in interest in this issue has been driven by the dramatic increase in the number of infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria worldwide. Our study is in line with the global One Health approach.
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