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Folle AM, Lagos Magallanes S, Fló M, Alvez-Rosado R, Carrión F, Vallejo C, Watson D, Julve J, González-Sapienza G, Pristch O, González-Techera A, Ferreira AM. Modulatory actions of Echinococcus granulosus antigen B on macrophage inflammatory activation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1362765. [PMID: 38562963 PMCID: PMC10982386 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1362765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cestodes use own lipid-binding proteins to capture and transport hydrophobic ligands, including lipids that they cannot synthesise as fatty acids and cholesterol. In E. granulosus s.l., one of these lipoproteins is antigen B (EgAgB), codified by a multigenic and polymorphic family that gives rise to five gene products (EgAgB8/1-5 subunits) assembled as a 230 kDa macromolecule. EgAgB has a diagnostic value for cystic echinococcosis, but its putative role in the immunobiology of this infection is still poorly understood. Accumulating research suggests that EgAgB has immunomodulatory properties, but previous studies employed denatured antigen preparations that might exert different effects than the native form, thereby limiting data interpretation. This work analysed the modulatory actions on macrophages of native EgAgB (nEgAgB) and the recombinant form of EgAg8/1, which is the most abundant subunit in the larva and was expressed in insect S2 cells (rEgAgB8/1). Both EgAgB preparations were purified to homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography using a novel nanobody anti-EgAgB8/1. nEgAgB and rEgAgB8/1 exhibited differences in size and lipid composition. The rEgAgB8/1 generates mildly larger lipoproteins with a less diverse lipid composition than nEgAgB. Assays using human and murine macrophages showed that both nEgAgB and rEgAgB8/1 interfered with in vitro LPS-driven macrophage activation, decreasing cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-β) secretion and ·NO generation. Furthermore, nEgAgB and rEgAgB8/1 modulated in vivo LPS-induced cytokine production (IL-6, IL-10) and activation of large (measured as MHC-II level) and small (measured as CD86 and CD40 levels) macrophages in the peritoneum, although rEgAgB8/1 effects were less robust. Overall, this work reinforced the notion that EgAgB is an immunomodulatory component of E. granulosus s.l. Although nEgAgB lipid's effects cannot be ruled out, our data suggest that the EgAgB8/1 subunit contributes to EgAgB´s ability to regulate the inflammatory activation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maite Folle
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Lagos Magallanes
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Fló
- Unidad de Biofísica de Proteínas, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Alvez-Rosado
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Federico Carrión
- Unidad de Biofísica de Proteínas, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Vallejo
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David Watson
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Josep Julve
- Research group of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gualberto González-Sapienza
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Otto Pristch
- Unidad de Biofísica de Proteínas, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés González-Techera
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana María Ferreira
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Müller J, Preza M, Kaethner M, Rufener R, Braga S, Uldry AC, Heller M, Lundström-Stadelmann B. Targeted and non-targeted proteomics to characterize the parasite proteins of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1170763. [PMID: 37325510 PMCID: PMC10266102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1170763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. To investigate the biology of these stages and to test novel compounds, metacestode cultures represent a suitable in vitro model system. These metacestodes are vesicles surrounded by an envelope formed by the vesicle tissue (VT), which is formed by the laminated and germinal layer, and filled with vesicle fluid (VF). We analyzed the proteome of VF and VT by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and identified a total of 2,954 parasite proteins. The most abundant protein in VT was the expressed conserved protein encoded by EmuJ_000412500, followed by the antigen B subunit AgB8/3a encoded by EmuJ_000381500 and Endophilin B1 (protein p29). In VF, the pattern was different and dominated by AgB subunits. The most abundant protein was the AgB8/3a subunit followed by three other AgB subunits. In total, the AgB subunits detected in VF represented 62.1% of the parasite proteins. In culture media (CM), 63 E. multilocularis proteins were detected, of which AgB subunits made up 93.7% of the detected parasite proteins. All AgB subunits detected in VF (encoded by EmuJ_000381100-700, corresponding to AgB8/2, AgB8/1, AgB8/4, AgB8/3a, AgB8/3b, and AgB8/3c) were also found in CM, except the subunit encoded by EmuJ_000381800 (AgB8/5) that was very rare in VF and not detected in CM. The relative abundance of the AgB subunits in VF and CM followed the same pattern. In VT, only the subunits EmuJ_000381500 (AgB8/3a) and EmuJ_000381200 (AgB8/1) were detected among the 20 most abundant proteins. To see whether this pattern was specific to VF from in vitro cultured metacestodes, we analyzed the proteome of VF from metacestodes grown in a mouse model. Here, the AgB subunits encoded by EmuJ_000381100-700 constituted the most abundant proteins, namely, 81.9% of total protein, with the same order of abundance as in vitro. Immunofluorescence on metacestodes showed that AgB is co-localized to calcareous corpuscles of E. multilocularis. Using targeted proteomics with HA-tagged EmuJ_000381200 (AgB8/1) and EmuJ_000381100 (AgB8/2), we could show that uptake of AgB subunits from CM into VF occurs within hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matías Preza
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Kaethner
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Rufener
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Braga
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Uldry
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Lundström-Stadelmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Dos Santos GB, da Silva ED, Kitano ES, Battistella ME, Monteiro KM, de Lima JC, Ferreira HB, Serrano SMDT, Zaha A. Proteomic profiling of hydatid fluid from pulmonary cystic echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:99. [PMID: 35313982 PMCID: PMC8935821 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cystic echinococcosis cases in Southern Brazil are caused by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus ortleppi. Proteomic studies of helminths have increased our knowledge about the molecular survival strategies that are used by parasites. Here, we surveyed the protein content of the hydatid fluid compartment in E. granulosus and E. ortleppi pulmonary bovine cysts to better describe and compare their molecular arsenal at the host-parasite interface. METHODS Hydatid fluid samples from three isolates of each species were analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics (LC-MS/MS). In silico functional analyses of the identified proteins were performed to examine parasite survival strategies. RESULTS The identified hydatid fluid protein profiles showed a predominance of parasite proteins compared to host proteins that infiltrate the cysts. We identified 280 parasitic proteins from E. granulosus and 251 from E. ortleppi, including 52 parasitic proteins that were common to all hydatid fluid samples. The in silico functional analysis revealed important molecular functions and processes that are active in pulmonary cystic echinococcosis, such as adhesion, extracellular structures organization, development regulation, signaling transduction, and enzyme activity. CONCLUSIONS The protein profiles described here provide evidence of important mechanisms related to basic cellular processes and functions that act at the host-parasite interface in cystic echinococcosis. The molecular tools used by E. granulosus and E. ortleppi for survival within the host are potential targets for new therapeutic approaches to treat cystic echinococcosis and other larval cestodiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Brzoskowski Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Edileuza Danieli da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Shigueo Kitano
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Battistella
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karina Mariante Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural E Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Camargo de Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural E Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural E Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Maria de Toledo Serrano
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural E Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Evaluation of two heterologous recombinant antigens for the serological diagnosis of human polycystic echinococcosis. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e21. [PMID: 35297359 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic echinococcosis (PE) is a zoonosis endemic in the Neotropical region of the Americas. It is caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus vogeli, which develops as harmful cysts that slowly grow in the liver, lungs and other organs of humans and other host species. Human PE diagnosis is usually based on clinical and epidemiological aspects and imaging techniques, often requiring confirmation by immunological assays. The currently available serological tests for detecting antibodies against Echinococcus spp. are mostly based on complex, variable and poorly characterized mixtures of native parasite antigens, which impairs specificity and/or sensitivity. In this scenario, the evaluation of well-characterized alternative antigens is urgently needed for the improvement of PE diagnosis. Here, two subunits (AgB8/1 and AgB8/2) of the major secretory antigen from Echinococcus granulosus (antigen B (AgB)), of diagnostic value for cystic echinococcosis, were validated for PE diagnosis. These antigens, produced as pure recombinant proteins (rAgB8/1 and rAgB8/2) in Escherichia coli, allowed detecting specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in sera from PE patients in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with sensitivities of 83.72% and 81.40%, respectively, and specificities of 83.12% and 80.09%, respectively. The use of recombinant proteins overcomes difficulties to obtain parasite material and reduced non-specific reactions and costs. Our results demonstrated reproducibility and accuracy high enough to be considered valid according to the acceptance criteria for Food and Drug Administration assay validation. This qualifies rAgB8/1 and rAgB8/2 as potential substitutes for the currently used parasite crude or partially purified antigens.
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Asadi N, Tappeh KH, Mohebbi I, Yousefi E, Khademvatan S. Screening of Cystic Echinococcosis and Toxocariasis in Urmia Municipal Workers, Northwest Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:220-229. [PMID: 32516106 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200609121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcus granulosus and Toxocara spp., the causative agents of hydatid cyst and toxocariasis in humans and animals, are zoonotic infections with medical and veterinary significance respectively. AIM Herein, we aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and cystic echinococcosis in Urmia municipal workers (gardeners and sweepers) in 2018 using ELISA assay. OBJECTIVE There is no precise report on the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and cystic echinococcosis in Urmia municipal workers using ELISA assay. Therefore, this study found an opportunity to investigate this subject. METHODS A total of 220 blood samples were obtained from municipal workers with an average age of 41.31 ± 9.42. Commercial anti-Toxocara canis and hydatid cyst ELISA kits were used to assess the seroprevalence rates. RESULTS Approximately, 14.5% and 2.3% of individuals were seropositive for toxocariasis and hydatidosis, respectively. Consuming unboiled milk and/or raw/uncooked meat and rural conditions are risk factors for toxocariasis. Regarding hydatidosis, consuming unwashed vegetables was the only statistically significant risk factor. Toxocara infection (p = 0.01), but not hydatid cyst (p = 0.05), is more prevalent among sweepers than municipal gardeners. CONCLUSION Due to the occupational condition of municipal workers, they are exposed to many infectious agents; thus, more researches should be done on these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohebbi
- Social Determinants of Health Center, Occupational Medicine Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Miles S, Magnone J, García-Luna J, Ancarola ME, Cucher M, Dematteis S, Frischknecht F, Cyrklaff M, Mourglia-Ettlin G. Ultrastructural characterization of the tegument in protoscoleces of Echinococcus ortleppi. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:989-997. [PMID: 34216624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a globally distributed zoonosis caused by cestodes of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) complex, with Echinococcus ortleppi mainly involved in cattle infection. Protoscoleces show high developmental plasticity, being able to differentiate into either adult worms or metacestodes within definitive or intermediate hosts, respectively. Their outermost cellular layer is called the tegument, which is important in determining the infection outcome through its immunomodulating activities. Herein, we report an in-depth characterization of the tegument of E. ortleppi protoscoleces performed through a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Using electron tomography, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the tegumental cellular territories was obtained, revealing a novel structure termed the 'tegumental vesicular body' (TVB). Vesicle-like structures, possibly involved in endocytic/exocytic routes, were found within the TVB as well as in the parasite glycocalyx, distal cytoplasm and close inner structures. Furthermore, parasite antigens (GST-1 and AgB) were unevenly localised within tegumental structures, with both being detected in vesicles found within the TBV. Finally, the presence of host (bovine) IgG was also assessed, suggesting a possible endocytic route in protoscoleces. Our data forms the basis for a better understanding of E. ortleppi and E. granulosus s.l. structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Javier Magnone
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joaquín García-Luna
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Eugenia Ancarola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Salah EB, Barrera C, Mosbahi S, Gottstein B, Siles-Lucas M, Belhassen S, Nouri A, Babba H, Millon L, Sakly W. Promising proteins detected by Western blot from Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces for predicting early post-surgical outcomes in CE-affected Tunisian children. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:180. [PMID: 33781311 PMCID: PMC8008569 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) affects predominantly young patients in highly endemic areas. Improved serological methods are needed for the follow-up of CE cases, especially given the high rates of post-surgical relapse that require detection as soon as possible. METHODS We designed a study to investigate the value of antigenic proteins extracted from Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) protoscoleces, and of recombinant B2t and 2B2t proteins, for assessing the efficacy of surgical treatment carried out on CE-affected children. This study was performed on 278 plasma samples collected from 59 Tunisian children surgically treated for CE and monitored for 3 years post-surgery. The patients were classified according to post-surgical outcomes into a "non-relapsed" (NRCE) and a "relapsed" (RCE) group. We performed in-house ELISAs to measure anti-B2t and anti-2B2t IgG and immunoblotting for the detection of IgG against SDS-PAGE-resolved E. granulosus protoscoleces-specific antigens. The Wilcoxon test was applied to assess anti-B2t and anti-2B2t IgG levels. We applied the Cochran Q test to compare the distribution of immunoblotting antigenic bands between 1-month and 1-year post-surgery. RESULTS The probability of being "relapse-free" when a decrease in antibody titers occurred between 1 month and 1 year post-surgery was 81% and 75%, respectively, for anti-B2t and anti-2B2t IgG. We identified five protoscolex protein bands of 20, 26/27, 30, 40 and 46 kDa as highly immunoreactive by immunoblot for both RCE and NRCE patients at 1 month post-surgery, and significantly lower immunoreactivity after 1 year (p < 10-4) for NRCE compared to RCE patients. The proteins at 26/27 and 40 kDa displayed the best performance in predicting the outcome, with an 84% probability of being relapse-free when the reactivity against the 40 kDa antigen, the doublet at 26/27 kDa, or both was absent or disappeared between 1 month and 1 year post-surgery, and a 93% probability of being relapsed when both bands remained reactive or increased in intensity between the two time points. CONCLUSIONS The B2t protein could be useful for the prediction of CE early post-surgical outcomes. The proteins of E. granulosus protoscoleces, especially the doublet P26/27 and P40, could be promising predictive biomarkers for the post-surgical follow-up of CE cases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Ben Salah
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale Et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, 1 Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Coralie Barrera
- Department of Parasitology Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement Research Team, University of Bourgogne- Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Sana Mosbahi
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Medical School , Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales Y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008, Salamanca, España
| | - Samia Belhassen
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Medical School , Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdellatif Nouri
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Medical School , Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale Et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, 1 Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Laurence Millon
- Department of Parasitology Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement Research Team, University of Bourgogne- Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Wahiba Sakly
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale Et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, 1 Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie.
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8
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Sánchez-Ovejero C, Akdur E, Manzano-Román R, Hernández-González A, González-Sánchez M, Becerro-Recio D, González-Miguel J, Akhan O, Cretu CM, Vutova K, Tamarozzi F, Mariconti M, Brunetti E, Vola A, Fabiani M, Casulli A, Siles-Lucas M. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of GST-tagged recombinant antigens 2B2t, Ag5t and DIPOL in ELISA for the diagnosis and follow up of patients with cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008892. [PMID: 33253168 PMCID: PMC7728171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Diagnosis and monitoring of CE rely primarily on imaging while serology is used as a confirmatory test. However, imaging is not always conclusive and currently available serological assays have suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, lack standardization, and are not useful for patients´ follow-up. Seroassays for CE are usually based on hydatid fluid (HF), a complex, variable antigenic mixture, and cross-reactivity exists especially with alveolar echinococcosis. Recombinant proteins based on immunogenic antigens most abundant in HF, such as AgB1, AgB2 and Ag5, have been used to overcome these limitations. None of them so far showed potential to replace HF; however, their performance have been largely tested on a limited number of samples, and comparison of different antigens using the same cohort has been rarely performed. The combination of several immunogenic epitopes in a single recombinant protein could enhance test sensitivity. For the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CE, we compared the performance of the crude HF, previously described recombinant 2B2t antigen, and GST-tagged version of 2B2t, and novel designed recombinants (GST-Ag5t and the GST-DIPOL chimera containing AgB1, AgBB2 and Ag5 epitopes) by IgG-ELISA format. Samples belong to a retrospective cohort of 253 well-characterized patients with CE, previously described for the evaluation of the 2B2t antigen, 92 patients with alveolar echinococcosis, and 82 healthy donors. The reference standard for CE diagnosis was the presence of a CE lesion as diagnosed by ultrasonography. The highest sensitivity was obtained with HF [86.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 81.2–91.0], followed by GST-2B2t (70.0%, 95% CI: 63.1–76.2), 2B2t (65.5%, 95% CI: 58.5–72.0), GST-Ag5t (64.5%, 95% CI: 57.5–71.1) and GST-DIPOL (63.1%, 95% CI: 56.0–69.7). The GST-2B2t had the best specificity (95.8%, 95% CI: 88.3–99.1) and the lowest cross-reactivity (38.7%, 95% CI: 27.6–50.6). Good response to treatment also correlated to negative test results in the GST-2B2t ELISA. While none of the tested recombinant antigen appears suitable to replace HF for the diagnosis of CE, GST-2B2t should be further explored as a confirmation test, based on its high specificity and low cross-reactivity, and for the follow-up after treatment in those patients with positive serology for this antigen. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected parasitic zoonosis. Its diagnosis and follow-up require evaluation with imaging. Currently available serological tests are applied to confirm the diagnosis in doubtful cases, although having limitations in diagnostic accuracy, and they are not useful for patients’ follow-up. Seroassays for CE are usually based on hydatid fluid (HF) obtained from infected animals, with consequent problems of heterogeneity and low specificity. The use of semi-purified HF derivatives or recombinant antigens has been attempted to improve these aspects, but with an unacceptable loss in sensitivity. Most newly developed antigens have been tested on a limited number of samples, not always well characterized, and have been rarely compared using the same samples cohort. Here, we tested and compared three recombinant antigens (2B2t, GST-2B2t and GST-Ag5t), and a recombinant chimeric antigen (DIPOL) based on three highly immunogenic components of HF (B1, B2 and Ag5), in an attempt to increase the sensitivity of recombinant antigen-based seroassays for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CE. We found that GST-2B2t had higher sensitivity than the other antigenic preparations, but still not as high as HF, and that GST-2B2t and GST-DIPOL had statistically higher specificity than any of the other tested antigens. GST-2B2t also showed potential for the follow-up of patients with CE after drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eylem Akdur
- Cukurova Univeristy, Department of Parasitology, Sarıçam/Adana, Turkey
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Proteomic Unit, Center for Cancer Research, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca
| | - Ana Hernández-González
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María González-Sánchez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Okan Akhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Carmen M. Cretu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Colentina Clinical Hospital—Parasitology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kamenna Vutova
- Specialised Hospital of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases "Prof. Ivan Kirov", Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Tropical Diseases, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the epidemiology, detection and control of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Mariconti
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 5, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, and Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Via Taramelli 5, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ambra Vola
- San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Via Taramelli 5, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Fabiani
- Infectious Diseases Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the epidemiology, detection and control of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Khatami SH, Taheri-Anganeh M, Movahedpour A, Savardashtaki A, Ramezani A, Sarkari B, Mostafavi-Pour Z. Serodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis based on recombinant antigens B8/1 and B8/2 of Echinococcus granulosus. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:1010-1020. [PMID: 32795213 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1807359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Since current methods for the diagnosis of CE are not efficient enough, rapid, and reliable tests are required for the acceleration of CE diagnosis. The present study aimed to produce recombinant B8/1 and B8/2 antigens of E. granulosus and evaluate their sensitivities and specificities separately and simultaneously for the diagnosis of CE. METHODS The recombinant B8/1 and B8/2 antigens were produced and used in an ELISA system for the diagnosis of CE. The sera specimens including 30 sera from pathologically confirmed CE patients, 30 from other non-CE patients, and 30 from healthy controls, were evaluated by the ELISA, using AgB8/1 and AgB8/2. RESULTS The results showed a sensitivity of 93.33%, 90%, and 96.7% for AgB8/1, AgB8/2, and their combination, respectively. The specificities were 91.7%, 93.33%, and 93.33% for AgB8/1, AgB8/2, and their combination, respectively. CONCLUSION Simultaneous usage of AgB8/1 and AgB8/2 increased the test sensitivity for the diagnosis of CE. Furthermore, the specificity of AgB8/1 and AgB8/2 combination was more than AgB8/1 and equal to AgB8/2 alone. The findings revealed that the simultaneous usage of AgB8/1 and AgB8/2 could be a suitable approach for the diagnosis of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Recombinant Proteins Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran.,Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran.,Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Recombinant Proteins Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran.,Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Toaleb NI, Helmy MS, Shanawany EEE, Abdel-Rahman EH. A simple and efficient purification method of native immunoreactive antigen for diagnosis of camel hydatidosis. Vet World 2020; 13:141-146. [PMID: 32158164 PMCID: PMC7020131 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.141-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease that affects animal and human health, is of increasing economic importance due to high morbidity rates and high economic losses in the livestock industry. AIM The present study was conducted to purify the antigen from hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) with high diagnostic efficacy of camel hydatidosis using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The HCF antigen was purified using Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. Characterization of fractions was performed using reducing and non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis. Further, antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus cysts in camel serum were detected using indirect ELISA. RESULTS The purification process resulted in three fractions of antigens: FI, FII, and FIII. Indirect ELISA showed that higher diagnostic efficacy was observed in FI than in FII and FIII. Indirect ELISA, in which FI was utilized, showed 88% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity. Non-reducing SDS-PAGE showed that FI had two bands of molecular weights 120 and 60 kDa. Western blot analysis of FI demonstrated that 60, 38, and 22 kDa were antigenic bands when reacted with naturally infected camel sera with E. granulosus cysts. Using indirect ELISA, F1 recorded an infection percentage of 81.7% in randomly collected camel serum samples. CONCLUSION FI is a promising antigen for accurate diagnosis of camel CE using indirect ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I. Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Helmy
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman E. El Shanawany
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Pagnozzi D, Tamarozzi F, Roggio AM, Tedde V, Addis MF, Pisanu S, Masu G, Santucciu C, Vola A, Casulli A, Masala G, Brunetti E, Uzzau S. Structural and Immunodiagnostic Characterization of Synthetic Antigen B Subunits From Echinococcus granulosus and Their Evaluation as Target Antigens for Cyst Viability Assessment. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:1342-1351. [PMID: 29149256 PMCID: PMC5905600 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several tools have been proposed for serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), but none seems promising for cyst viability assessment. Antigens with stage-specific diagnostic value have been described, but few studies with well-characterized antigens and human serum samples have been performed. Antigen B (AgB) proteoforms hold promise as markers of viability, due to their differential stage-related expression and immunoreactivity. Methods Four AgB subunits (AgB1, AgB2, AgB3, AgB4) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Based on the preliminary evaluation of the subunits by western immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), AgB1 and AgB2 were further tested in two ELISA setups and extensively validated on 422 human serum samples. Results All subunits showed a high degree of spontaneous oligomerization. Interacting residues within oligomers were identified, showing that both the N-terminal and C-terminal of each subunit are involved in homo-oligomer contact interfaces. No hetero-oligomer was identified. AgB1 and AgB2 ELISAs revealed different sensitivities relative to cyst stage. Of note, besides high specificity (97.2%), AgB1 revealed a higher sensitivity for active-transitional cysts (100% for CE1, 77.8% for CE2, 81.5% for CE3a, and 86.3% for CE3b) than for inactive cysts (41.7% for CE4 and 11.1% for CE5) and postsurgical patients (44%). Interestingly, 19 of 20 patients with spontaneously inactive cysts and 6 of 9 treated with albendazole >5 years earlier were negative on the AgB1 assay. Conclusions The structural characterization of subunits provides insights into the synthetic antigen conformation. The stage-related sensitivity of synthetic AgB1 holds promise as part of a multiantigen setting and deserves further longitudinal evaluation as marker of cyst viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.,WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Roggio
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Vittorio Tedde
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Salvatore Pisanu
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Gabriella Masu
- National Reference Laboratory of Cystic Echinococcosis, Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Santucciu
- National Reference Laboratory of Cystic Echinococcosis, Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, Italy
| | - Ambra Vola
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy.,Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- National Reference Laboratory of Cystic Echinococcosis, Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.,WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy.,Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
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12
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Savardashtaki A, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Arianfar F, Sarkari B. Comparison of the Utility of Recombinant B8/2 Subunit of the Antigen B, Native Antigen, and a Commercial ELISA Kit in the Diagnosis of Human Cystic Echinococcosis. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2019; 23. [PMID: 30368233 PMCID: PMC6462293 DOI: 10.29252/.23.4.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a helminthic disease caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. In the present study, the B8/2 subunit of antigen B (AgB) of E. granulosus was expressed in E. coli host and then applied in a diagnostic ELISA set up. Methods The DNA sequence of AgB8/2 subunit from E. granulosus was extracted from the GenBank and codon-optimized according to E. coli codon usage. The target sequence was cloned in an expression vector (pGEX-4T-1). The produced antigen was used in an ELISA system, and its performance for the diagnosis of human hydatid cyst was evaluated, using sera from CE and non-CE patients, along with the sera from healthy subjects. Moreover, the diagnostic value of the recombinant protein was compared with native AgB, as well as with a commercial kit. Results Antibodies to hydatid cyst were detected in 27 out of 30 patients corresponding to a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI: 73-98%). Cross-reaction with sera of non-CE subjects was seen in two cases resulted in a specificity of 93.5% (95% CI: 82-98%) for the test. A sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 90% were found for the native form of the antigen, while the ELISA commercial kit had a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 95%. Conclusion Our data show that rEgAgB8/2 is an appropriate source of antigen for the serological diagnosis of human hydatid cyst. Co-expression of the rEgAgB/2 along with other subunits of AgB may enhance the performances of these antigens for the serodiagnosis of human CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Recombinant Proteins Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Arianfar
- Recombinant Proteins Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Corresponding Author: Bahador Sarkari Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Tel. & Fax: (+98-71) 32305291; E-mail:
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Schwarze V, Mueller-Peltzer K, Negrão de Figueiredo G, Lindner F, Rübenthaler J, Clevert DA. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the diagnostic evaluation of hepatic echinococcosis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 70:449-455. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Schwarze
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - K. Mueller-Peltzer
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - G. Negrão de Figueiredo
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - F. Lindner
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - J. Rübenthaler
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - D.-A. Clevert
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
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14
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Hernández-González A, Sánchez-Ovejero C, Manzano-Román R, González Sánchez M, Delgado JM, Pardo-García T, Soriano-Gálvez F, Akhan O, Cretu CM, Vutova K, Tamarozzi F, Mariconti M, Brunetti E, Vola A, Fabiani M, Casulli A, Siles-Lucas M. Evaluation of the recombinant antigens B2t and 2B2t, compared with hydatid fluid, in IgG-ELISA and immunostrips for the diagnosis and follow up of CE patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006741. [PMID: 30188936 PMCID: PMC6143278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread helminthic zoonoses and is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus complex. CE diagnosis and monitoring primarily rely on imaging techniques, complemented by serology. This is usually approached by the detection of IgG antibodies against hydatid fluid (HF), but the use of this heterogeneous antigenic mixture results in a variable percentage of false positive and negative results, and has shown to be useless for follow-up due to the long persistence of anti-HF antibodies in cured patients. To improve test performances and standardization, a number of recombinant antigens mainly derived from HF have been described, among them the B2t and 2B2t antigens. The performance of these antigens in the diagnosis and follow up of patients with CE has been so far evaluated on a limited number of samples. Here, we evaluated the performances of tests based on B2t and 2B2t recombinant antigens compared to HF in IgG-ELISA and immunochromatography (IC) for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CE in a retrospective cohort study. A total of 721 serum samples were collected: 587 from 253 patients with CE diagnosed by ultrasonography (US), 42 from patients with alveolar echinococcosis and 92 from healthy donors from Salamanca (Spain). The highest overall sensitivity was obtained with HF in ELISA (85.5%), followed by IC containing HF and 2B2t-HF (83.0% and 78.2%, respectively). The lowest sensitivity was obtained with B2t and 2B2t in ELISA (51.8%). The highest specificity was obtained with IC containing 2B2t-HF (100%), and the lowest with HF-ELISA (78.0%). The lowest cross-reactivity with sera from patients with alveolar echinococcosis was detected with the recombinant antigens in ELISA (9.5% - 16.7%) and the highest with the HF-IC (64.3%). The results of B2t and 2B2t-ELISA were influenced by cyst stage, as classified by US according to the WHO-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE), with low sensitivity for inactive (CE4 and CE5) cysts, and by the drug treatment, with higher sensitivity in patients after drug treatment compared with patients not subjected to drug treatment. The two recombinant antigens in ELISA provided promising results for monitoring patients in follow-up, although their use is limited to patients with positive serology against them at the beginning of the follow-up. Potential biological reasons behind the low sensitivity of the recombinant antigens and possible strategies to enhance the performance of CE serology are discussed. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a helminthic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. CE diagnosis and monitoring is of paramount importance for the clinical management of patients and primarily rely on imaging techniques, complemented by serology. CE serology is usually based on the detection of antibodies against hydatid fluid (HF), but the use of this heterogeneous antigenic mixture shows several drawbacks, including false positive and negative results, unsatisfied predictive values, and long persistence of detectable antibody levels in cured patients. As an alternative, to improve test performances and standardization, several recombinant antigens have been described, but these have been so far evaluated only on a limited number of samples. Here, two recombinant antigens derived from one of the immunodominant HF antigens (antigen B2) have been tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in immunochromatographic strips (IC) against 721 serum samples. Although more specific than the HF, the recombinant antigens in ELISA showed low sensitivity for patients with inactive (CE4 and CE5) cysts and for patients not subjected to drug treatment. This limited their use for follow-up, although promising, to those patients with positive serology at the beginning of the follow-up period. These results will aid in the future development of a serological test with enhanced performance in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hernández-González
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Ovejero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - María González Sánchez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Okan Akhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Carmen M. Cretu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Colentina Clinical Hospital - Parasitology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kamenna Vutova
- Specialised Hospital of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases "Prof. Ivan Kirov", Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Tropical Diseases, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Mara Mariconti
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, and Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ambra Vola
- San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Fabiani
- Infectious Diseases Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the epidemiology, detection and control of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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da Silva ED, Cancela M, Monteiro KM, Ferreira HB, Zaha A. Antigen B from Echinococcus granulosus enters mammalian cells by endocytic pathways. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006473. [PMID: 29727452 PMCID: PMC5955594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic hydatid disease is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage (hydatid) of Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda, Taeniidae). The hydatid develops in the viscera of intermediate host as a unilocular structure filled by the hydatid fluid, which contains parasitic excretory/secretory products. The lipoprotein Antigen B (AgB) is the major component of E. granulosus metacestode hydatid fluid. Functionally, AgB has been implicated in immunomodulation and lipid transport. However, the mechanisms underlying AgB functions are not completely known. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, we investigated AgB interactions with different mammalian cell types and the pathways involved in its internalization. AgB uptake was observed in four different cell lines, NIH-3T3, A549, J774 and RH. Inhibition of caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis causes about 50 and 69% decrease in AgB internalization by RH and A549 cells, respectively. Interestingly, AgB colocalized with the raft endocytic marker, but also showed a partial colocalization with the clathrin endocytic marker. Finally, AgB colocalized with an endolysosomal tracker, providing evidence for a possible AgB destination after endocytosis. Conclusions/Significance The results indicate that caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis is the main route to AgB internalization, and that a clathrin-mediated entry may also occur at a lower frequency. A possible fate for AgB after endocytosis seems to be the endolysosomal system. Cellular internalization and further access to subcellular compartments could be a requirement for AgB functions as a lipid carrier and/or immunomodulatory molecule, contributing to create a more permissive microenvironment to metacestode development and survival. Antigen B (AgB) is an oligomeric lipoprotein highly abundant in Echinococcus granulosus hydatid fluid. AgB has already been characterized as an immunomodulatory protein, capable of inducing a permissive immune response to parasite development. Also, an important role in lipid acquisition is attributed to AgB, because it has been found associated to different classes of host lipids. However, the mechanisms of interaction employed by AgB to perform its functions remain undetermined. In this study, we demonstrate that mammalian cells are able to internalize E. granulosus AgB in culture and found that specific mechanisms of endocytosis are involved. Our results extend the understanding of AgB biological role indicating cellular internalization as a mechanism of interaction, which in turn, may represent a target to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edileuza Danieli da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Martin Cancela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karina Mariante Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Petrone L, Vanini V, Amicosante M, Corpolongo A, Gomez Morales MA, Ludovisi A, Ippolito G, Pozio E, Teggi A, Goletti D. A T-cell diagnostic test for cystic echinococcosis based on Antigen B peptides. Parasite Immunol 2018; 39. [PMID: 29171068 PMCID: PMC5846893 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) immunodiagnosis is still imperfect. We recently set-up a whole-blood test based on the interleukin (IL)-4 response to the native Antigen B (AgB) of Echinococcus granulosus. However, AgB is encoded by a multigene family coding for five putative subunits. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyse the IL-4 response to peptides spanning the immunodominant regions of the five AgB subunits and to evaluate the accuracy of this assay for CE diagnosis. Peptides corresponding to each subunit were combined into five pools. A pool containing all peptides was also used (total pool). IL-4 evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was significantly higher in patients with CE compared to those without (NO-CE subjects) when whole-blood was stimulated with AgB1 and with the total pool. Moreover, IL-4 levels in response to the total pool were significantly increased in patients with active cysts. Receiver Operator Curve analysis identified a cut-off point of 0.59 pg/mL predicting active cysts diagnosis with 71% sensitivity and 82% specificity in serology-positive CE patients. These data, if confirmed in a larger cohort, offer the opportunity to develop new diagnostic tools for CE based on a standardized source of AgB as the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
| | - V Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
| | - M Amicosante
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,ProxAgen Ltd, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A Corpolongo
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
| | - M A Gomez Morales
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - A Ludovisi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - G Ippolito
- Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
| | - E Pozio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - A Teggi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sant'Andrea Hospital University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - D Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
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Monteiro KM, Lorenzatto KR, de Lima JC, Dos Santos GB, Förster S, Paludo GP, Carvalho PC, Brehm K, Ferreira HB. Comparative proteomics of hydatid fluids from two Echinococcus multilocularis isolates. J Proteomics 2017; 162:40-51. [PMID: 28442449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydatid fluid (HF) that fills Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode vesicles is a complex mixture of proteins from both parasite and host origin. Here, a LC-MS/MS approach was used to compare the HF composition of E. multilocularis H95 and G8065 isolates (EmH95 and EmG8065, respectively), which present differences in terms of growth and fertility. Overall, 446 unique proteins were identified, 392 of which (88%) were from parasite origin and 54 from culture medium. At least 256 of parasite proteins were sample exclusive, and 82 of the 136 shared proteins presented differential abundance between E. multilocularis isolates. The parasite's protein repertoires in EmH95 and EmG8065 HF samples presented qualitative and quantitative differences involving antigens, signaling proteins, proteolytic enzymes, protease inhibitors and chaperones, highlighting intraspecific singularities that could be correlated to biological features of each isolate. The repertoire of medium proteins found in the HF was also differential between isolates, and the relevance of the HF exogenous protein content for the parasite's biology is discussed. The repertoires of identified proteins also provided potential molecular markers for important biological features, such as parasite growth rate and fertility, as well potential protein targets for the development of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for alveolar echinococcosis. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE E. multilocularis metacestode infection of mammal hosts involve complex interactions mediated by excretory/secretory (ES) products. The hydatid fluid (HF) that fills the E. multilocularis metacestode vesicles contains complex repertoires of parasite ES products and host proteins that mediate important molecular interactions determinant for parasite survival and development, and, consequently, to the infection outcome. HF has been also extensively reported as the main source of proteins for the immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis. The performed proteomic analysis provided a comprehensive profiling of the HF protein composition of two E. multilocularis isolates. This allowed us to identify proteins of both parasite and exogenous (medium) origin, many of which present significant differential abundances between parasite isolates and may correlate to their differential biological features, including fertility and growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina R Lorenzatto
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson C de Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabine Förster
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela P Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratório de Proteômica e Engenharia de Proteínas, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Folle AM, Kitano ES, Lima A, Gil M, Cucher M, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Iwai LK, Rosenzvit M, Batthyány C, Ferreira AM. Characterisation of Antigen B Protein Species Present in the Hydatid Cyst Fluid of Echinococcus canadensis G7 Genotype. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005250. [PMID: 28045899 PMCID: PMC5234841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The larva of cestodes belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) complex causes cystic echinococcosis (CE). It is a globally distributed zoonosis with significant economic and public health impact. The most immunogenic and specific Echinococcus-genus antigen for human CE diagnosis is antigen B (AgB), an abundant lipoprotein of the hydatid cyst fluid (HF). The AgB protein moiety (apolipoprotein) is encoded by five genes (AgB1-AgB5), which generate mature 8 kDa proteins (AgB8/1-AgB8/5). These genes seem to be differentially expressed among Echinococcus species. Since AgB immunogenicity lies on its protein moiety, differences in AgB expression within E. granulosus s.l. complex might have diagnostic and epidemiological relevance for discriminating the contribution of distinct species to human CE. Interestingly, AgB2 was proposed as a pseudogene in E. canadensis, which is the second most common cause of human CE, but proteomic studies for verifying it have not been performed yet. Herein, we analysed the protein and lipid composition of AgB obtained from fertile HF of swine origin (E. canadensis G7 genotype). AgB apolipoproteins were identified and quantified using mass spectrometry tools. Results showed that AgB8/1 was the major protein component, representing 71% of total AgB apolipoproteins, followed by AgB8/4 (15.5%), AgB8/3 (13.2%) and AgB8/5 (0.3%). AgB8/2 was not detected. As a methodological control, a parallel analysis detected all AgB apolipoproteins in bovine fertile HF (G1/3/5 genotypes). Overall, E. canadensis AgB comprised mostly AgB8/1 together with a heterogeneous mixture of lipids, and AgB8/2 was not detected despite using high sensitivity proteomic techniques. This endorses genomic data supporting that AgB2 behaves as a pseudogene in G7 genotype. Since recombinant AgB8/2 has been found to be diagnostically valuable for human CE, our findings indicate that its use as antigen in immunoassays could contribute to false negative results in areas where E. canadensis circulates. Furthermore, the presence of anti-AgB8/2 antibodies in serum may represent a useful parameter to rule out E. canadensis infection when human CE is diagnosed. Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a worldwide-spread zoonosis, affects livestock mammals and humans with significant economic and public health impact. It is caused by the infection with the larva of cestodes belonging to Echinococcus granulosus complex, a series of parasite species with preference for different hosts. Among them, Echinococcus canadensis larva uses mainly camels, goats and pigs as hosts. Species/genotypes belonging to E. canadensis are considered the second most common cause of human CE, but its contribution may be underestimated since causes asymptomatic or more benign infections than other E. granulosus complex species. The most relevant antigen for CE diagnosis is a lipoprotein called antigen B (AgB). AgB antigenicity is linked to its protein moiety that is encoded by several genes. One of these genes, AgB2, seems to be differentially expressed within E. granulosus complex. Using high sensitivity proteomic tools we analysed the composition of AgB obtained from E. canadensis larva, detecting the protein products of all AgB genes, except AgB2. Since AgB subunits have been widely used as antigens in immunoassays for human CE diagnosis, our results indicate that using AgB2 protein product in these assays may lead to false-negative results, particularly in geographical areas where E. canadensis species/genotypes circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maite Folle
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo S. Kitano
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Analía Lima
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Magdalena Gil
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcela Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leo K. Iwai
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Rosenzvit
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Batthyány
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana María Ferreira
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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Buskiewicz IA, Montgomery T, Yasewicz EC, Huber SA, Murphy MP, Hartley RC, Kelly R, Crow MK, Perl A, Budd RC, Koenig A. Reactive oxygen species induce virus-independent MAVS oligomerization in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra115. [PMID: 27899525 PMCID: PMC5321043 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The increased expression of genes induced by type I interferon (IFN) is characteristic of viral infections and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We showed that mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, which normally forms a complex with retinoic acid gene I (RIG-I)-like helicases during viral infection, was activated by oxidative stress independently of RIG-I helicases. We found that chemically generated oxidative stress stimulated the formation of MAVS oligomers, which led to mitochondrial hyperpolarization and decreased adenosine triphosphate production and spare respiratory capacity, responses that were not observed in similarly treated cells lacking MAVS. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of SLE patients also showed spontaneous MAVS oligomerization that correlated with the increased secretion of type I IFN and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Furthermore, inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ prevented MAVS oligomerization and type I IFN production. ROS-dependent MAVS oligomerization and type I IFN production were reduced in cells expressing the MAVS-C79F variant, which occurs in 30% of sub-Saharan Africans and is linked with reduced type I IFN secretion and milder disease in SLE patients. Patients expressing the MAVS-C79F variant also had reduced amounts of oligomerized MAVS in their plasma compared to healthy controls. Together, our findings suggest that oxidative stress-induced MAVS oligomerization in SLE patients may contribute to the type I IFN signature that is characteristic of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona A Buskiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Theresa Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Yasewicz
- Department of Pathology, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Sally A Huber
- Department of Pathology, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard C Hartley
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ryan Kelly
- Upstate University Hospital, State University of New York, Rheumatology Clinic, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Mary K Crow
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Upstate University Hospital, State University of New York, Rheumatology Clinic, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Andreas Koenig
- Department of Pathology, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Tamarozzi F, Mariconti M, Neumayr A, Brunetti E. The intermediate host immune response in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:170-81. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
| | - M. Mariconti
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
| | - A. Neumayr
- Medical Services and Diagnostic; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - E. Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
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Silva-Álvarez V, Franchini GR, Pórfido JL, Kennedy MW, Ferreira AM, Córsico B. Lipid-free antigen B subunits from echinococcus granulosus: oligomerization, ligand binding, and membrane interaction properties. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003552. [PMID: 25768648 PMCID: PMC4358968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hydatid disease parasite Echinococcus granulosus has a restricted lipid metabolism, and needs to harvest essential lipids from the host. Antigen B (EgAgB), an abundant lipoprotein of the larval stage (hydatid cyst), is thought to be important in lipid storage and transport. It contains a wide variety of lipid classes, from highly hydrophobic compounds to phospholipids. Its protein component belongs to the cestode-specific Hydrophobic Ligand Binding Protein family, which includes five 8-kDa isoforms encoded by a multigene family (EgAgB1-EgAgB5). How lipid and protein components are assembled into EgAgB particles remains unknown. EgAgB apolipoproteins self-associate into large oligomers, but the functional contribution of lipids to oligomerization is uncertain. Furthermore, binding of fatty acids to some EgAgB subunits has been reported, but their ability to bind other lipids and transfer them to acceptor membranes has not been studied. Methodology/Principal Findings Lipid-free EgAgB subunits obtained by reverse-phase HPLC were used to analyse their oligomerization, ligand binding and membrane interaction properties. Size exclusion chromatography and cross-linking experiments showed that EgAgB8/2 and EgAgB8/3 can self-associate, suggesting that lipids are not required for oligomerization. Furthermore, using fluorescent probes, both subunits were found to bind fatty acids, but not cholesterol analogues. Analysis of fatty acid transfer to phospholipid vesicles demonstrated that EgAgB8/2 and EgAgB8/3 are potentially capable of transferring fatty acids to membranes, and that the efficiency of transfer is dependent on the surface charge of the vesicles. Conclusions/Significance We show that EgAgB apolipoproteins can oligomerize in the absence of lipids, and can bind and transfer fatty acids to phospholipid membranes. Since imported fatty acids are essential for Echinococcus granulosus, these findings provide a mechanism whereby EgAgB could engage in lipid acquisition and/or transport between parasite tissues. These results may therefore indicate vulnerabilities open to targeting by new types of drugs for hydatidosis therapy. Echinococcus granulosus is a causative agent of hydatidosis, a parasitic disease that affects humans and livestock with significant economic and public health impact worldwide. Antigen B (EgAgB), an abundant product of E. granulosus larvae, is a lipoprotein that carries a wide variety of lipids, including fatty acids and cholesterol. As E. granulosus is unable to synthesize these lipids, EgAgB likely plays an important role in parasite metabolism, participating in both the acquisition of host lipids and their distribution between parasite tissues. The protein component of EgAgB consists of 8 kDa subunits encoded by separate genes. However, the biochemical properties of EgAgB subunits, particularly their ability to bind and transfer lipids, are poorly known. Herein, using in vitro assays, we found that EgAgB subunits were capable of oligomerizing in the absence of lipids and to bind fatty acids, but not cholesterol. Moreover, EgAgB subunits showed the ability to transfer fatty acids to artificial phospholipid membranes. These results indicate new points of attack at which the parasite might be vulnerable to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Silva-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP) (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela R. Franchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP) (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge L. Pórfido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP) (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malcolm W. Kennedy
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Ferreira
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Betina Córsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP) (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Silva-Álvarez V, Folle AM, Ramos AL, Zamarreño F, Costabel MD, García-Zepeda E, Salinas G, Córsico B, Ferreira AM. Echinococcus granulosus antigen B: a Hydrophobic Ligand Binding Protein at the host-parasite interface. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 93:17-23. [PMID: 25451555 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are mainly solubilized by various families of lipid binding proteins which participate in their transport between tissues as well as cell compartments. Among these families, Hydrophobic Ligand Binding Proteins (HLBPs) deserve special consideration since they comprise intracellular and extracellular members, are able to bind a variety of fatty acids, retinoids and some sterols, and are present exclusively in cestodes. Since these parasites have lost catabolic and biosynthetic pathways for fatty acids and cholesterol, HLBPs are likely relevant for lipid uptake and transportation between parasite and host cells. Echinococcus granulosus antigen B (EgAgB) is a lipoprotein belonging to the HLBP family, which is very abundant in the larval stage of this parasite. Herein, we review the literature on EgAgB composition, structural organization and biological properties, and propose an integrated scenario in which this parasite HLBP contributes to adaptation to mammalian hosts by meeting both metabolic and immunomodulatory parasite demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Silva-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina; Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Maite Folle
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Lía Ramos
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Zamarreño
- Grupo de Biofísica, Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcelo D Costabel
- Grupo de Biofísica, Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Eduardo García-Zepeda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Betina Córsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana María Ferreira
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Ahn CS, Han X, Bae YA, Ma X, Kim JT, Cai H, Yang HJ, Kang I, Wang H, Kong Y. Alteration of immunoproteome profile of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid fluid with progression of cystic echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:10. [PMID: 25566682 PMCID: PMC4311513 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus metacestode, invokes a serious public health concern. Early diagnosis has great impacts on reduction of disability-adjusted life years. Several antigen B-related molecules (EgAgB; EgAgB1-5) are known to be immunopotent, but detection of EgAgB is variable in many patients and may not allow reliable interpretation of its immunological relevance. More importantly, the immunoproteome profile of hydatid fluid (HF) has not been addressed. METHODS We conducted a proteome analysis of the HF of a single fertile cyst of CE1 and CE2 stages through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Each protein spot was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). We subsequently determined the immunoproteome profile employing patient sera of entire disease spectrum from CE1 to CE5 stages. RESULTS We identified 40 parasite proteins, of which EgAgB (28 spots) and antigen 5 (EgAg5; 5 molecules) were abundant. EgAgB proteoforms constituted the majority, mostly EgAgB1 (24 spots), followed by EgAgB2 and EgAgB4 (2 spots each). EgAgB3 was detected only by liquid chromatography-MS/MS. EgAgB5 was not recognized. We also detected 38 host proteins, which were largely composed of serum components, antioxidant/xenobiotic enzymes, and enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. CE1 and CE2 HF exhibited comparable spotting patterns, but CE2 HF harbored greater amounts of EgAgB and EgAg5 complexes. CE sera demonstrated complicated immune recognition patterns according to the disease progression; CE2 and CE3 stages exhibited strong antibody responses against diverse EgAgB and EgAg5 proteoforms, while CE1, CE4, and CE5 stages mainly reacted to EgAg5 and cathepsin B. Patient sera of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cross-reacted with diverse EgAgB isoforms (36%). EgAg5 and cathepsin B also demonstrated cross-reactions with sera from neurocysticercosis and sparganosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that detection of a single defined molecule may not properly diagnose CE, since specific immunodominant epitopes changed as the disease progresses. Immunoproteome analysis combined with imaging studies may be practical in the differential diagnosis of CE from AE and other cystic lesions, as well as for staging CE, which are pertinent to establish appropriate patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seob Ahn
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
| | - Xiumin Han
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Jin-Taek Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
| | - Huixia Cai
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Hyun-Jong Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hu Wang
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
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Pagnozzi D, Biosa G, Addis MF, Mastrandrea S, Masala G, Uzzau S. An easy and efficient method for native and immunoreactive Echinococcus granulosus antigen 5 enrichment from hydatid cyst fluid. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104962. [PMID: 25119821 PMCID: PMC4132071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, the serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis relies mostly on crude Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid as the antigen. Consequently, available immunodiagnostic tests lack standardization of the target antigen and, in turn, this is reflected on poor sensitivity and specificity of the serological diagnosis. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, a chromatographic method enabling the generation of highly enriched Antigen 5 (Ag5) is described. The procedure is very easy, efficient and reproducible, since different hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) sources produced very similar chromatograms, notwithstanding the clearly evident and extreme heterogeneity of the starting material. In addition, the performance of the antigen preparation in immunological assays was preliminarily assessed by western immunoblotting and ELISA on a limited panel of cystic echinococcosis patients and healthy controls. Following western immunoblotting and ELISA experiments, a high reactivity of patient sera was seen, with unambiguous and highly specific results. Conclusions/Significance The methods and results reported open interesting perspectives for the development of sensitive diagnostic tools to enable the timely and unambiguous detection of cystic echinococcosis antibodies in patient sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Grazia Biosa
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Scilla Mastrandrea
- Centro Nazionale di Riferimento per l’Echinococcosi, IZS “G. Pegreffi”, Sassari, Italy
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Centro Nazionale di Riferimento per l’Echinococcosi, IZS “G. Pegreffi”, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Sassari, Italy
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Mariconti M, Bazzocchi C, Tamarozzi F, Meroni V, Genco F, Maserati R, Brunetti E. Immunoblotting with human native antigen shows stage-related sensitivity in the serodiagnosis of hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 90:75-9. [PMID: 24297816 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of hepatic cystic echinococcosis is based on ultrasonography and confirmed by serology. However, no biological marker of cyst viability is currently available implying years-long patient follow-up, which is not always feasible in endemic areas. We characterized the performance of an immunoblotting test based on human hydatid cyst fluid with particular regard to its ability to distinguish between cyst stages. Sera from patients with cysts in different stages showed distinctive band pattern recognition. Most importantly, the test discriminated in 80% of cases CE3a from CE3b transitional cysts, known to have different viability profiles. Interestingly, we observed a rapid change in band pattern recognition of sera from one patient at time points when his cyst passed from active to transitional to inactive stages. Further identification of different antigens expressed by different cyst stages will support the development of diagnostic tools that could early define cyst viability, to guide clinical decision making, and shorten patient follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mariconti
- Policlinico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
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SARKARI (SHAHRIARI) B, BIRANVAND E, SADJJADI SM, RAHIMI H. Genetic Variability of Antigen B2 of Human, Sheep, Goats, Camel and Cattle Isolates of Echinococcus granulosus in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 8:545-51. [PMID: 25516735 PMCID: PMC4266118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen B (AgB) is frequently used for immuno-diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis (CE). Echinococcus granulosus AgBs show a high degree of genetic variability in different hosts or in different CE endemic areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic polymorphisms of encoding antigen B2 gene (AgB2) among different Iranian isolates of E. granulosus. METHODS A total of 50 CE isolates were collected from human, sheep, cattle, goat and camels, 10 isolates from each intermediate host of E. granulosus. Total genomic DNA from either protoscolices or germinal layer was extracted from each cyst and PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequencing was used to evaluate sequence variation and polymorphism of AgB2 in the isolates. RESULTS After the PCR amplification, using AgB2 primers, an almost 400 bp band was amplified in all of the isolates. The PCR products were digested with Alu1 restriction endonuclease. After restriction enzyme digestion with Alu1' sheep and human isolates gave a similar pattern of RFLP with the gene size of approximately 140 and 240bp and camel and goat isolates gave a similar pattern, but different from sheep and human, with the gene size of approximately 150 and 250bp. Sequence analysis showed the most genetic similarity of AgB2 between human and sheep isolates. CONCLUSION Findings of this study revealed the differences in the sequences of AgB2 within and between the Iranian isolates of E. granulosus. These differences may affect the performance of any diagnostic test which uses AgB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahador SARKARI (SHAHRIARI)
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Elahe BIRANVAND
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud SADJJADI
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza RAHIMI
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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Hassani K, Olivier M. Immunomodulatory impact of leishmania-induced macrophage exosomes: a comparative proteomic and functional analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2185. [PMID: 23658846 PMCID: PMC3642089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Released by many eukaryotic cells, the exosomes are 40-100 nm vesicles shown to operate over the complex processes of cell-cell communication. Among the metazoan cell lineages known to generate exosomes is the mononuclear phagocyte lineage, a lineage that parasites such as Leishmania are known to subvert as host cells. We previously reported that mouse macrophage signaling and functions are modified once co-incubated with exoproteome of Leishmania promastigotes. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we were curious to further compare the content of purified exosomes released by the J774 mouse macrophage cell line exposed or not to either LPS or to stationary phase Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. Collectively, our analyses resulted in detection of 248 proteins, ∼50-80% of which were shared among the three sources studied. Using exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) and network analyses, we found that the macrophage exosomes display unique signatures with respect to composition and abundance of many functional groups of proteins, such as plasma membrane-associated proteins, chaperones and metabolic enzymes. Moreover, for the first time, L. mexicana surface protease GP63 is shown to be present in exosomes released from J774 macrophages exposed to stationary phase promastigotes. We observed that macrophage exosomes are able to induce signaling molecules and transcription factors in naive macrophages. Finally, using qRT-PCR, we monitored modulation of expression of multiple immune-related genes within macrophages exposed to exosomes. We found all three groups of exosomes to induce expression of immune-related genes, the ones collected from macrophages exposed to L. mexicana sharing properties with exosomes collected from macrophage left unexposed to any agonist. Overall, our results allowed depicting that protein sorting into macrophage-derived exosomes depends upon the cell status and how such distinct protein sorting can in turn impact the functions of naive J774 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Hassani
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Parkinson J, Wasmuth JD, Salinas G, Bizarro CV, Sanford C, Berriman M, Ferreira HB, Zaha A, Blaxter ML, Maizels RM, Fernández C. A transcriptomic analysis of Echinococcus granulosus larval stages: implications for parasite biology and host adaptation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1897. [PMID: 23209850 PMCID: PMC3510090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cestode Echinococcus granulosus - the agent of cystic echinococcosis, a zoonosis affecting humans and domestic animals worldwide - is an excellent model for the study of host-parasite cross-talk that interfaces with two mammalian hosts. To develop the molecular analysis of these interactions, we carried out an EST survey of E. granulosus larval stages. We report the salient features of this study with a focus on genes reflecting physiological adaptations of different parasite stages. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated ∼10,000 ESTs from two sets of full-length enriched libraries (derived from oligo-capped and trans-spliced cDNAs) prepared with three parasite materials: hydatid cyst wall, larval worms (protoscoleces), and pepsin/H+-activated protoscoleces. The ESTs were clustered into 2700 distinct gene products. In the context of the biology of E. granulosus, our analyses reveal: (i) a diverse group of abundant long non-protein coding transcripts showing homology to a middle repetitive element (EgBRep) that could either be active molecular species or represent precursors of small RNAs (like piRNAs); (ii) an up-regulation of fermentative pathways in the tissue of the cyst wall; (iii) highly expressed thiol- and selenol-dependent antioxidant enzyme targets of thioredoxin glutathione reductase, the functional hub of redox metabolism in parasitic flatworms; (iv) candidate apomucins for the external layer of the tissue-dwelling hydatid cyst, a mucin-rich structure that is critical for survival in the intermediate host; (v) a set of tetraspanins, a protein family that appears to have expanded in the cestode lineage; and (vi) a set of platyhelminth-specific gene products that may offer targets for novel pan-platyhelminth drug development. Conclusions/Significance This survey has greatly increased the quality and the quantity of the molecular information on E. granulosus and constitutes a valuable resource for gene prediction on the parasite genome and for further genomic and proteomic analyses focused on cestodes and platyhelminths. Cestodes are a neglected group of platyhelminth parasites, despite causing chronic infections to humans and domestic animals worldwide. We used Echinococcus granulosus as a model to study the molecular basis of the host-parasite cross-talk during cestode infections. For this purpose, we carried out a survey of the genes expressed by parasite larval stages interfacing with definitive and intermediate hosts. Sequencing from several high quality cDNA libraries provided numerous insights into the expression of genes involved in important aspects of E. granulosus biology, e.g. its metabolism (energy production and antioxidant defences) and the synthesis of key parasite structures (notably, the one exposed to humans and livestock intermediate hosts). Our results also uncovered the existence of an intriguing set of abundant repeat-associated non-protein coding transcripts that may participate in the regulation of gene expression in all surveyed stages. The dataset now generated constitutes a valuable resource for gene prediction on the parasite genome and for further genomic and proteomic studies focused on cestodes and platyhelminths. In particular, the detailed characterization of a range of newly discovered genes will contribute to a better understanding of the biology of cestode infections and, therefore, to the development of products allowing their efficient control.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James D. Wasmuth
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristiano V. Bizarro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos and Laboratorio de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Chris Sanford
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Parasite Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Henrique B. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos and Laboratorio de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos and Laboratorio de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mark L. Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RMM); (CF)
| | - Cecilia Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (RMM); (CF)
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