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Bonhomme D, Santecchia I, Escoll P, Papadopoulos S, Vernel-Pauillac F, Boneca IG, Werts C. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide dampens inflammation through upregulation of autophagy adaptor p62 and NRF2 signaling in macrophages. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105274. [PMID: 38081475 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans are pathogenic bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis. All vertebrates can be infected, and some species like humans are susceptible to the disease whereas rodents such as mice are resistant and become asymptomatic renal carriers. Leptospires are stealth bacteria that are known to escape several immune recognition pathways and resist killing mechanisms. We recently published that leptospires may survive intracellularly in and exit macrophages, avoiding xenophagy, a pathogen-targeting form of autophagy. Interestingly, the latter is one of the antimicrobial mechanisms often highjacked by bacteria to evade the host immune response. In this study we explored whether leptospires subvert the key molecular players of autophagy to facilitate infection. We showed in macrophages that leptospires triggered a specific accumulation of autophagy-adaptor p62 in puncta-like structures, without altering autophagic flux. We demonstrated that Leptospira-induced p62 accumulation is a passive mechanism depending on the leptospiral virulence factor LPS signaling via TLR4/TLR2. p62 is a central pleiotropic protein, also mediating cell stress and death, via the translocation of transcription factors. We demonstrated that Leptospira-driven accumulation of p62 induced the translocation of transcription factor NRF2, a key player in the anti-oxidant response. However, NRF2 translocation upon Leptospira infection did not result as expected in antioxydant response, but dampened the production of inflammatory mediators such as iNOS/NO, TNF and IL6. Overall, these findings highlight a novel passive bacterial mechanism linked to LPS and p62/NRF2 signaling that decreases inflammation and contributes to the stealthiness of leptospires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
| | - Stylianos Papadopoulos
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.
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Miyahara S, Mori H, Fukuda K, Ogawa M, Saito M. Non-purulent myositis caused by direct invasion of skeletal muscle tissue by Leptospira in a hamster model. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0042023. [PMID: 38240601 PMCID: PMC10870730 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00420-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgia is a common symptom of Leptospira infection in humans. Autopsies have reported that muscle tissue shows degeneration and necrosis of the myofibers and infiltration of inflammatory cells composed mainly of macrophages and lymphocytes. It remains unclear whether Leptospira directly infects the muscle and how the infiltrating inflammatory cells are involved in muscle fiber destruction. This study evaluated the relationship between histopathological changes and leptospiral localization in the muscle tissue of a hamster model. The influence of macrophages in skeletal muscle injury was also investigated, using selective depletion of macrophages by administration of liposomal clodronate. Hamsters infected subcutaneously with Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain UP-MMC-SM showed myositis of the thighs adjacent to the inoculated area beginning at 6 days post-infection. The myositis was non-purulent and showed sporadic degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers. The degeneration of myofibers was accompanied by aggregations of macrophages. Immunofluorescence staining revealed leptospires surrounding the damaged muscle fibers. Subcutaneous injection of formalin-killed Leptospira or intraperitoneal injection of live Leptospira caused no myositis in hamster thighs. Liposomal clodronate treatment in infected hamsters reduced macrophage infiltration in muscle tissue without impacting bacterial clearance. Muscle necrosis was still observed in the infected hamsters treated with liposomal clodronate, and there was no significant change in serum creatine kinase levels compared to those in animals treated with liposomes alone. Our findings suggest that leptospiral invasion of muscle tissue from an inoculation site leads to the destruction of muscle fibers and causes non-purulent myositis, whereas the infiltrating macrophages contribute less to muscle destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyahara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Fukuda
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Midori Ogawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Saito
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Krangvichian P, Nakornpakdee Y, Sangjun N, Komanee P, Techawiwattanaboon T, Patarakul K. Sublethal infection of C3H/HeNJ against Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106701. [PMID: 36216095 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Leptospires can infect a variety of mammalian species. Golden Syrian hamsters are mostly used to study acute leptospirosis. However, the immunopathogenic mechanism is poorly understood because immunological reagents for hamsters are limited. This study aimed to establish C3H/HeNJ mice as an animal model for leptospirosis. Five-week-old C3H/HeNJ mice were infected with either low (103 cells) or high (106 cells) inoculum dose of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona. All mice were investigated for survival rate, leptospiral load and histopathology of target organs, antibody levels, and cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10) at day 28 post-infection. All infected mice survived and did not develop acute lethal infection. However, C3H/HeNJ mice infected with 106 cells of leptospires showed kidney colonization of leptospires and pathological changes in the lung and kidney including renal fibrosis. The glomerular size in PAS-D stained kidney tissues of C3H/HeNJ mice infected with 106 cells of leptospires was significantly reduced compared to that of mice infected with 103 cells of leptospires and non-infected mice. High-dose leptospires induced significantly greater levels of IFN-gamma and IL-6 than low-dose leptospires, but IL-10 level was not significantly different. Moreover, 106 leptospiral cells induced predominant IgG2a isotype suggesting Th1-like response. These results suggest that C3H/HeNJ mice may be used as a sublethal model of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratomporn Krangvichian
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand; Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Yaowarin Nakornpakdee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Noppadon Sangjun
- Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Pat Komanee
- Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Teerasit Techawiwattanaboon
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Kanitha Patarakul
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand.
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Long-Term Outcome of Leptospirosis Infection with Acute Kidney Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102338. [PMID: 36289600 PMCID: PMC9598535 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with long-term mortality and morbidity outcomes. Severe leptospirosis usually results in AKI and multiple organ failure, but is associated with favorable short-term outcomes, if treatment is initiated early. However, information on long-term outcomes after leptospirosis-associated AKI is limited. The effects of leptospirosis on resulting chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as mortality, were evaluated in this study. We studied 2145 patients with leptospirosis from the National Health Insurance Research Database over an 8-year follow-up period. Patient demographics and characteristics were analyzed for AKI and dialysis. The risk factors for renal outcomes were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. In total, 443 (20.6%) patients had AKI. Among them, 77 (3.6%) patients received replacement therapy (AKI-RRT group). Long-term mortality was higher in the AKI-RRT group than in the AKI group and non-AKI group, based on a multivariate logistic regression model. Similarly, the incidence rate of CKD was highest in the AKI-RRT group, followed by the AKI and non-AKI groups. Leptospirosis, complicated with AKI, may play a critical role in the long-term outcomes, resulting in CKD. The severity of AKI determines the incidence of CKD. Additional prospective investigations for the early detection of AKI in leptospirosis are warranted.
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Correction: Prado, L.G.; Barbosa, A.S. Understanding the Renal Fibrotic Process in Leptospirosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10779. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169233. [PMID: 36012772 PMCID: PMC9409199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Bonhomme D, Werts C. Host and Species-Specificities of Pattern Recognition Receptors Upon Infection With Leptospira interrogans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:932137. [PMID: 35937697 PMCID: PMC9353586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.932137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease affecting all vertebrates. It is caused by species of the genus Leptospira, among which are the highly pathogenic L. interrogans. Different mammals can be either resistant or susceptible to the disease which can present a large variety of symptoms. Humans are mostly asymptomatic after infection but can have in some cases symptoms varying from a flu-like syndrome to more severe forms such as Weil’s disease, potentially leading to multiorgan failure and death. Similarly, cattle, pigs, and horses can suffer from acute forms of the disease, including morbidity, abortion, and uveitis. On the other hand, mice and rats are resistant to leptospirosis despite chronical colonization of the kidneys, excreting leptospires in urine and contributing to the transmission of the bacteria. To this date, the immune mechanisms that determine the severity of the infection and that confer susceptibility to leptospirosis remain enigmatic. To our interest, differential immune sensing of leptospires through the activation of or escape from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) has recently been described. In this review, we will summarize these findings that suggest that in various hosts, leptospires differentially escape recognition by some Toll-like and NOD-like receptors, including TLR4, TLR5, and NOD1, although TLR2 and NLRP3 responses are conserved independently of the host. Overall, we hypothesize that these innate immune mechanisms could play a role in determining host susceptibility to leptospirosis and suggest a central, yet complex, role for TLR4.
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Chen KH, Chou LF, Hung CC, Tang HY, Cheng ML, Yang HY, Hsu HH, Tian YC, Yang CW. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Acute Kidney Injury Caused by Leptospira Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070764. [PMID: 35890009 PMCID: PMC9316537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal leptospirosis caused by leptospiral infection is characterised by tubulointerstitial nephritis and tubular dysfunction, resulting in acute and chronic kidney injury. Metabolomic and transcriptomic data from a murine model of Leptospira infection were analysed to determine whether metabolomic data from urine were associated with transcriptome changes relevant to kidney injury caused by Leptospira infection. Our findings revealed that 37 metabolites from the urine of L. interrogans-infected mice had significantly different concentrations than L. biflexa-infected and non-infected control mice. Of these, urinary L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine levels were remarkably elevated in L. interrogans-infected mice. Using an integrated pathway analysis, we found that L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine were involved in metabolic pathways such as fatty acid activation, the mitochondrial L-carnitine shuttle pathway, and triacylglycerol biosynthesis that were enriched in the renal tissues of the L. interrogans-infected mice. This study highlights that L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine are implicated in leptospiral infection-induced kidney injury, suggesting their potential as metabolic modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hsing Chen
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-C.H.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.H.); (Y.-C.T.)
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-Y.T.); (M.-L.C.)
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-C.H.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.H.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Cheng-Chieh Hung
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-C.H.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.H.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Hsiang-Yu Tang
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-Y.T.); (M.-L.C.)
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-Y.T.); (M.-L.C.)
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Yu Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-C.H.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.H.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Hsiang-Hao Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-C.H.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.H.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-C.H.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.H.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-C.H.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.H.); (Y.-C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Cagliero J, Vernel-Pauillac F, Murray G, Adler B, Matsui M, Werts C. Pathogenic Leptospires Limit Dendritic Cell Activation Through Avoidance of TLR4 and TRIF Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911778. [PMID: 35812397 PMCID: PMC9258186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is a bacterial species responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected worldwide zoonosis. Mice and rats are resistant and can become asymptomatic carriers, whereas humans and some other mammals may develop severe forms of leptospirosis. Uncommon among spirochetes, leptospires contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. LPS is highly immunogenic and forms the basis for a large number of serovars. Vaccination with inactivated leptospires elicits a protective immunity, restricted to serovars with related LPS. This protection that lasts in mice, is not long lasting in humans and requires annual boosts. Leptospires are stealth pathogens that evade the complement system and some pattern recognition receptors from the Toll-like (TLR) and Nod-Like families, therefore limiting antibacterial defense. In macrophages, leptospires totally escape recognition by human TLR4, and escape the TRIF arm of the mouse TLR4 pathway. However, very little is known about the recognition and processing of leptospires by dendritic cells (DCs), although they are crucial cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. Here we tested the activation of primary DCs derived from human monocytes (MO-DCs) and mouse bone marrow (BM-DCs) 24h after stimulation with saprophytic or different pathogenic virulent or avirulent L. interrogans. We measured by flow cytometry the expression of DC-SIGN, a lectin involved in T-cell activation, co-stimulation molecules and MHC-II markers, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by ELISA. We found that exposure to leptospires, live or heat-killed, activated dendritic cells. However, pathogenic L. interrogans, especially from the Icterohaemorraghiae Verdun strain, triggered less marker upregulation and less cytokine production than the saprophytic Leptospira biflexa. In addition, we showed a better activation with avirulent leptospires, when compared to the virulent parental strains in murine BM-DCs. We did not observe this difference in human MO-DCs, suggesting a role for TLR4 in DC stimulation. Accordingly, using BM-DCs from transgenic deficient mice, we showed that virulent Icterohaemorraghiae and Manilae serovars dampened DC activation, at least partly, through the TLR4 and TRIF pathways. This work shows a novel bacterial immune evasion mechanism to limit DC activation and further illustrates the role of the leptospiral LPS as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cagliero
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, member of the Pasteur Network, Immunity and Inflammation Group (GIMIN), Noumea, New Caledonia
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi bactérienne, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, member of the Pasteur Network, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi bactérienne, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Gerald Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, member of the Pasteur Network, Immunity and Inflammation Group (GIMIN), Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi bactérienne, F-75015 Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Catherine Werts,
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Philip N, Priya SP, Jumah Badawi AH, Mohd Izhar MH, Mohtarrudin N, Tengku Ibrahim TA, Sekawi Z, Neela VK. Pulmonary haemorrhage as the earliest sign of severe leptospirosis in hamster model challenged with Leptospira interrogans strain HP358. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010409. [PMID: 35584087 PMCID: PMC9116642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe leptospirosis is challenging as it could evolve rapidly and potentially fatal if appropriate management is not performed. An understanding of the progression and pathophysiology of Leptospira infection is important to determine the early changes that could be potentially used to predict the severe occurrence of leptospirosis. This study aimed to understand the kinetics pathogenesis of Leptospira interrogans strain HP358 in the hamster model and identify the early parameters that could be used as biomarkers to predict severe leptospirosis. Methodology/Principal findings Male Syrian hamsters were infected with Leptospira interrogans strain HP358 and euthanized after 24 hours, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days post-infection. Blood, lungs, liver and kidneys were collected for leptospiral detection, haematology, serum biochemistry and differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Macroscopic and microscopic organ damages were investigated. Leptospira interrogans strain HP358 was highly pathogenic and killed hamsters within 6–7 days post-infection. Pulmonary haemorrhage and blood vessel congestion in organs were noticed as the earliest pathological changes. The damages in organs and changes in biochemistry value were preceded by changes in haematology and immune gene expression. Conclusion/Significance This study deciphered haemorrhage as the earliest manifestation of severe leptospirosis and high levels of IL-1β, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL3/MIP-α, neutrophils and low levels of lymphocytes and platelets serve as a cumulative panel of biomarkers in severe leptospirosis. As the severe form of leptospirosis could progress rapidly and be potentially fatal if not treated earlier, deciphering the pathophysiology kinetics of infection is crucial to determine the parameters of disease severity. To understand this, we challenged hamsters with the highly virulent Leptospira interrogans strain HP358. Pulmonary haemorrhage was observed as the earliest pathological change followed by liver and kidneys damages. The increased expression of IL-1β, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL3/MIP-α, high neutrophils and low lymphocytes and platelets production observed in the present study indicate that these parameters could serve as a cumulative panel of biomarkers in severe leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Philip
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sivan Padma Priya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- RAK College of Dental Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Hussein Jumah Badawi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafidz Mohd Izhar
- Comparative Medicine and Technology Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Azmi Tengku Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Going Micro in Leptospirosis Kidney Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040698. [PMID: 35203344 PMCID: PMC8869946 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and waterborne disease worldwide. It is a neglected infectious disease caused by Leptospira spp., as well as a reemerging disease and global public health problem with respect to morbidity and mortality both in humans and animals. Leptospirosis emerges as a leading cause of acute febrile illness along with hepatorenal injury in many countries, including Thailand. While most affected persons are symptomatic in acute disease, which is always difficult to differentiate from other tropical diseases, there is growing evidence of subtle manifestations that cause unrecognized chronic symptoms. The kidney is one of the common organs affected by Leptospires. Although acute kidney injury in the spectrum of interstitial nephritis is a well-described characteristic in severe leptospirosis, chronic kidney disease from leptospirosis is widely discussed. Early recognition of severe leptospirosis leads to reduce morbidity and mortality. Thus, in this review, we highlight the spectrum of characteristics involved in leptospirosis kidney disease and the use of serologic and molecular methods, as well as the treatments of severe leptospirosis.
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Pro-Inflammatory Serum Amyloid a Stimulates Renal Dysfunction and Enhances Atherosclerosis in Apo E-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212582. [PMID: 34830462 PMCID: PMC8623330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute serum amyloid A (SAA) is an apolipoprotein that mediates pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic pathways. SAA-mediated signalling is diverse and includes canonical and acute immunoregulatory pathways in a range of cell types and organs. This study aimed to further elucidate the roles for SAA in the pathogenesis of vascular and renal dysfunction. Two groups of male ApoE-deficient mice were administered SAA (100 µL, 120 µg/mL) or vehicle control (100 µL PBS) and monitored for 4 or 16 weeks after SAA treatment; tissue was harvested for biochemical and histological analyses at each time point. Under these conditions, SAA administration induced crosstalk between NF-κB and Nrf2 transcriptional factors, leading to downstream induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant response elements 4 weeks after SAA administration, respectively. SAA treatment stimulated an upregulation of renal IFN-γ with a concomitant increase in renal levels of p38 MAPK and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities, which is linked to tissue fibrosis. In the kidney of SAA-treated mice, the immunolocalisation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was markedly increased, and this was localised to the parietal epithelial cells lining Bowman’s space within glomeruli, which led to progressive renal fibrosis. Assessment of aortic root lesion at the study endpoint revealed accelerated atherosclerosis formation; animals treated with SAA also showed evidence of a thinned fibrous cap as judged by diffuse collagen staining. Together, this suggests that SAA elicits early renal dysfunction through promoting the IFN-γ-iNOS-p38 MAPK axis that manifests as the fibrosis of renal tissue and enhanced cardiovascular disease.
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Prado LG, Barbosa AS. Understanding the Renal Fibrotic Process in Leptospirosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910779. [PMID: 34639117 PMCID: PMC8509513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. The acute disease is well-described, and, although it resembles other tropical diseases, it can be diagnosed through the use of serological and molecular methods. While the chronic renal disease, carrier state, and kidney fibrosis due to Leptospira infection in humans have been the subject of discussion by researchers, the mechanisms involved in these processes are still overlooked, and relatively little is known about the establishment and maintenance of the chronic status underlying this infectious disease. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the cellular communication pathways involved in the renal fibrotic process, as well as the relationship between renal fibrosis due to leptospirosis and CKD/CKDu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Gavião Prado
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Angela Silva Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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Correlation between renal distribution of leptospires during the acute phase and chronic renal dysfunction in a hamster model of infection with Leptospira interrogans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009410. [PMID: 34143778 PMCID: PMC8213162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis has been described as a biphasic disease consisting of hematogenous dissemination to major organs in the acute phase and asymptomatic renal colonization in the chronic phase. Several observational studies have suggested an association between leptospirosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the dynamics of leptospires and histopathological changes in the kidney to understand the relationship between them, and also investigated the extent of renal dysfunction in the acute and chronic phases of leptospirosis using a hamster model. FINDINGS Hamsters (n = 68) were subcutaneously infected with 1 × 104 cells of the Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain UP-MMC-SM. A total of 53 infected hamsters developed fatal acute leptospirosis, and the remaining 15 hamsters recovered from the acute phase, 13 of which showed Leptospira colonization in the kidneys in the chronic phase. Five asymptomatic hamsters also had renal colonization in the chronic phase. Immunofluorescence staining showed that leptospires were locally distributed in the renal interstitium in the early acute phase and then spread continuously into the surrounding interstitium. The kidneys of the surviving hamsters in the chronic phase showed patchy lesions of atrophic tubules, a finding of chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, which were substantially consistent with the distribution of leptospires in the renal interstitium. The degree of atrophic tubules in kidney sections correlated statistically with the serum creatinine level in the chronic phase (rs = 0.78, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Subcutaneous infection with pathogenic leptospires could cause acute death or chronic leptospirosis in hamsters after surviving the acute phase. We suggest that the renal distribution of leptospires during the acute phase probably affected the extent of tubular atrophy, leading to CKD.
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Mathesh K, Thankappan S, Deneke Y, Vamadevan B, Siddappa CM, Sharma AK, Selvaraj I, Sha A, Kumar A. A multipronged approach for the detection of leptospirosis in captive sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) in Agra and Bannerghatta sloth bear rescue centers in India. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1059-1067. [PMID: 33994428 PMCID: PMC8349803 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an exacerbating factor responsible for the drastic decline of sloth bear population in India. In this study, a multipronged approach based on
antigen detection using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) employing G1/G2 and LigBF/LigBR primers, antibody detection using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)
and recombinant LigBCon1-5 antigen based Latex Agglutination Test (rLigBCon1-5 LAT), serum biochemistry using hepatic (serum glutamate oxalo acetic transaminase
(SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and renal biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine) and gross/histopathological evidence in
liver and kidneys were employed to investigate leptospirosis in captive sloth bears. A total of 133 serum samples collected from Agra (n=113) and Bannerghatta
(n=20) sloth bear rescue centers were screened using MAT and rLigBCon1-5 LAT. A total of 87 and 78 sera tested positive by MAT and LAT respectively. Pyrogenes
was the leading serovar obtained using MAT followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Grippotyphosa, Canicola and Tarassovi. The relative sensitivity,
specificity and accuracy of rLigBCon1-5 LAT in comparison to MAT were 89.66%, 100% and 93.23% respectively. PCR performed on hepatic and renal tissues showed
amplicon of 285 and 219 base pairs for G1/G2 and LigBF/LigBR primers respectively. Gross evidence (icteric liver, severely engorged hepatic sinusoids, congested
kidneys with necrotic white spots on sub capsular surface), histopathology (severe hepatic degeneration and tubulointerstitial nephritis) and elevated
hepatic/renal biomarkers were suggestive of leptospirosis. This study suggests that rLigBCon1-5 LAT can be employed as a pen-side test for detecting
leptospirosis in sloth bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karikalan Mathesh
- Center for Wildlife, ICAR-IVRI, Izzatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Sabarinath Thankappan
- Clinical Bacteriological Laboratory, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Yosef Deneke
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Beena Vamadevan
- Veterinary Pathology Division, ICAR-IVRI, Izzatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | | | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Center for Wildlife, ICAR-IVRI, Izzatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Ilayaraja Selvaraj
- Agra Bear Rescue Center, Wildlife SOS, Keetham, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 283101, India
| | - Arun Sha
- Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Center, Wildlife SOS, Bengaluru 560083, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Krishi Bhawan, ICAR, New Delhi 110001, India
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Chou LF, Chen TW, Yang HY, Tian YC, Chang MY, Hung CC, Hsu SH, Tsai CY, Ko YC, Yang CW. Transcriptomic signatures of exacerbated progression in leptospirosis subclinical chronic kidney disease with secondary nephrotoxic injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F1001-F1018. [PMID: 33779314 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00640.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-incidence regions of leptospirosis caused by Leptospira spp. coincide with chronic kidney disease. This study investigated whether asymptomatic leptospirosis is an emerging culprit that predisposes to progressive chronic kidney disease when superimposed on secondary nephrotoxic injury. Kidney histology/function and whole transcriptomic profiles were evaluated for Leptospira-infected C57/BL6 mice with adenine-induced kidney injury. The extent of tubulointerstitial kidney lesions and expression of inflammation/fibrosis genes in infected mice with low-dose (0.1%) adenine, particularly in high-dose (0.2%) adenine-fed superimposed on Leptospira-infected mice, were significantly increased compared with mice following infection or adenine diet alone, and the findings are consistent with renal transcriptome analysis. Pathway enrichment findings showed that integrin-β- and fibronectin-encoding genes had distinct expression within the integrin-linked kinase-signaling pathway, which were upregulated in 0.2% adenine-fed Leptospira-infected mice but not in 0.2% adenine-fed mice, indicating that background subclinical Leptospiral infection indeed enhanced subsequent secondary nephrotoxic kidney injury and potential pathogenic molecules associated with secondary nephrotoxic leptospirosis. Comparative analysis of gene expression patterns with unilateral ureteric obstruction-induced mouse renal fibrosis and patients with chronic kidney disease showed that differentially expressed orthologous genes such as hemoglobin-α2, PDZ-binding kinase, and DNA topoisomerase II-α were identified in infected mice fed with low-dose and high-dose adenine, respectively, revealing differentially expressed signatures identical to those found in the datasets and may serve as markers of aggravated kidney progression. This study indicates that background subclinical leptospirosis, when subjected to various degrees of subsequent secondary nephrotoxic injury, may predispose to exacerbated fibrosis, mimicking the pathophysiological process of progressive chronic kidney disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Leptospira-infected mice followed by secondary nephrotoxic injury exacerbated immune/inflammatory responses and renal fibrosis. Comparison with the murine model revealed candidates involved in the progression of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Comparative transcriptome study suggests that secondary nephrotoxic injury in Leptospira-infected mice recapitulates the gene expression signatures found in CKD patients. This study indicates that secondary nephrotoxic injury may exacerbate CKD in chronic Leptospira infection implicating in the progression of CKD of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Yu Yang
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Hung
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Hsing Hsu
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Ko
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Zilch TJ, Lee JJ, Saleem MZ, Zhang H, Cortese V, Voris N, McDonough SP, Divers TJ, Chang YF. Equine leptospirosis: Experimental challenge of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava fails to establish infection in naïve horses. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:845-854. [PMID: 33617667 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available about experimental inoculation of leptospirosis in horses and the pathogenicity of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava in this host. OBJECTIVES To determine the serological, clinical, pathological and haematological responses of horses to L. interrogans serovar Bratislava strain PigK151. STUDY DESIGN Randomised controlled in vivo experiment. METHODS Ten seronegative female foals were divided into 2 groups, control (n = 4) and challenged (n = 6). The challenged group received 1 × 109 leptospires divided equally between topical ocular and intraperitoneal injections. Blood and urine samples were analysed. The temperature was recorded daily for the first 9 days, then weekly. Sera were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Automated complete blood count, differential and chemistry panel were performed. Histopathological analysis was performed on sections of liver, kidney, urinary bladder, uterine body and pineal gland. Sample culturing was performed from blood, urine, liver, kidney, reproductive tract and vitreous humour. RESULTS No pyrexia was noted. PCR and culture were negative from all samples. Differences between groups were found in CBC, differential counts and serum biochemistry panel (or profile), suggesting that leptospiral challenge triggered an inflammatory response. No evidence of leptospirosis was found from histopathological analysis. All challenged foals developed a humoral response. The MAT allowed the confirmation of the infecting serovar at a later stage, but it also revealed cross-reactive results that were further explained by genomic analysis. MAIN LIMITATIONS This experimental challenge had two main limitations: (a) the results might have varied if another strain from the same serovar had been used and (b) the use of another route of infection and a higher bacterial dose might have achieved colonisation. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, it may suggest that L. interrogans serovar Bratislava is neither pathogenic nor host-adapted serovar for horses, although these results might have varied if another strain from the same serovar had been used instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J Zilch
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jen-Jie Lee
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Zain Saleem
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guanfzhou, China
| | | | | | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Anti-Leptospira immunoglobulin profiling in mice reveals strain specific IgG and persistent IgM responses associated with virulence and renal colonization. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008970. [PMID: 33705392 PMCID: PMC8007020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is a pathogenic spirochete responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected, zoonotic reemerging disease. Humans are sensitive hosts and may develop severe disease. Some animal species, such as rats and mice can become asymptomatic renal carriers. More than 350 leptospiral serovars have been identified, classified on the basis of the antibody response directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly to whole inactivated bacteria used as human vaccines, this response is believed to confer only short-term, serogroup-specific protection. The immune response of hosts against leptospires has not been thoroughly studied, which complicates the testing of vaccine candidates. In this work, we studied the immunoglobulin (Ig) profiles in mice infected with L. interrogans over time to determine whether this humoral response confers long-term protection after homologous challenge six months post-infection. Groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2×107 leptospires of one of three pathogenic serovars (Manilae, Copenhageni or Icterohaemorrhagiae), attenuated mutants or heat-killed bacteria. Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, IgG and 4 subclasses) produced in the first weeks up to 6 months post-infection were measured by ELISA. Strikingly, we found sustained high levels of IgM in mice infected with the pathogenic Manilae and Copenhageni strains, both colonizing the kidney. In contrast, the Icterohaemorrhagiae strain did not lead to kidney colonization, even at high dose, and triggered a classical IgM response that peaked at day 8 post-infection and disappeared. The virulent Manilae and Copenhageni serovars elicited high levels and similar profiles of IgG subclasses in contrast to Icterohaemorrhagiae strains that stimulated weaker antibody responses. Inactivated heat-killed Manilae strains elicited very low responses. However, all mice pre-injected with leptospires challenged with high doses of homologous bacteria did not develop acute leptospirosis, and all antibody responses were boosted after challenge. Furthermore, we showed that 2 months post-challenge, mice pre-infected with the attenuated M895 Manilae LPS mutant or heat-killed bacterin were completely protected against renal colonization. In conclusion, we observed a sustained IgM response potentially associated with chronic leptospiral renal infection. We also demonstrated in mice different profiles of protective and cross-reactive antibodies after L. interrogans infection, depending on the serovar and virulence of strains. Leptospira interrogans is a pathogenic spirochete responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected zoonotic reemerging disease. The immune response of hosts against these bacteria has not been thoroughly studied. Here, we studied over 6 months the antibody profiles in mice infected with L. interrogans and determined whether this humoral response confers long-term protection after homologous challenge six months after primary infection. Groups of mice were infected intraperitoneally with 2×107 bacteria of one of three different pathogenic serovars (Manilae, Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae) and some corresponding attenuated avirulent mutants. We measured by ELISA each type of Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) (IgA, IgM, IgG and 4 subclasses) produced in the first weeks up to 6 months post-infection and studied their cross-reactivities among serovars. We showed different profiles of antibody response after L. interrogans challenge in mice, depending on the serovar and virulence of strains. However, all infected mice, including the ones harboring low antibody levels, like mice vaccinated with an inactivated, heat-killed strain, were protected against leptospirosis after challenge. Notably, we also showed an unusual sustained IgM response associated with chronic leptospiral colonization. Altogether, this long-term immune protection is different from what is known in humans and warrants further investigation.
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Karim AJ, Abbas ZM. Histopathology of the kidney and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in wild rats in Baghdad Province, Iraq. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.19-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic leptospires, is a globally emerging infectious disease affecting both humans and animals, which act as reservoirs, with large outbreaks worldwide. The role of rats in dispersing leptospirosis was never investigated in Iraq. Because of the seriousness of the disease and the scarce data regarding this disease in Iraq, this study determines the incidence of leptospirosis in rats and its renal histopathological profile.
Materials and Methods: Of 211 captured rats, 82 apparently healthy rats were included in this study. After euthanatizing, 3-5-ml blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Approximately 0.5 cm3 of the kidney was collected for routine histopathology and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Warthin–Starry (WS) stains. Blood smears were prepared and stained with the WS stain.
Results: All rats (100%) with different age groups were immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive, and 90.24% of them had the IgG against leptospiral antigens in kidney tissues. The juvenile age group had higher IgG levels than other age groups. Considering sex, no significant differences in the overall results were observed. Serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine showed significant increments in the sub-adult and adult IgG- positive groups compared with the IgG-negative groups. No significant alterations were observed in the juvenile group. Using WS stains, 13 and 1 blood smears and 0 and 8 kidney tissues were positive for leptospires in the sub-adult and adult groups, respectively. Microscopical findings of the renal cortex and medulla in the sub-adult IgG-positive group showed hemorrhage, glomerular deterioration, tubular cell degeneration and necrosis with cast formation, periarterial edema, and focal hemorrhage with congestion of peritubular arteries. The adult IgG-positive group revealed deterioration similar to that in the sub-adult group and tended to be chronic. No leptospires were observed using H&E staining.
Conclusion: IgG-positive carrier rats refer to previously exposed or infected rats. Understanding the risk of transmitting the disease to human and animals through a carrier rat's urine is highly predicted and possible mitigation of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim Jafar Karim
- Unit of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zainab Majid Abbas
- Department of Pathological Analysis, Babylon Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon, Iraq
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Nair N, Guedes MS, Hajjar AM, Werts C, Gomes-Solecki M. Role of TLR4 in Persistent Leptospira interrogans Infection: A Comparative In Vivo Study in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 11:572999. [PMID: 33519799 PMCID: PMC7843520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4, the LPS receptor, plays a central role in the control of leptospirosis and absence of TLR4 results in lethal infection in mice. Because human TLR4 does not sense the atypical leptospiral-LPS, we hypothesized that TLR4/MD-2 humanized transgenic mice (huTLR4) may be more susceptible to leptospirosis than wild-type mice, and thus may constitute a model of acute human leptospirosis. We infected huTLR4 mice, which express human TLR4 but not murine TLR4, with a high dose of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni FioCruz (Leptospira) in comparison to C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and, as a control, a congenic strain in which the tlr4 coding sequences are deleted (muTLR4Lps-del). We show that the huTLR4 gene is fully functional in the murine background. We found that dissemination of Leptospira in blood, shedding in urine, colonization of the kidney and overall kinetics of leptospirosis progression is equivalent between WT and huTLR4 C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, inflammation of the kidney appeared to be subdued in huTLR4 compared to WT mice in that we observed less infiltrates of mononuclear lymphocytes, less innate immune markers and no relevant differences in fibrosis markers. Thus, huTLR4 mice showed less inflammation and kidney pathology, and are not more susceptible to leptospirosis than WT mice. This study is significant as it indicates that one intact TLR4 gene, be it mouse or human, is necessary to control acute leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Mariana S. Guedes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Adeline M. Hajjar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, Paris, France,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Maria Gomes-Solecki,
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Nair N, Gomes-Solecki M. A Mouse Model of Sublethal Leptospirosis: Protocols for Infection with Leptospira Through Natural Transmission Routes, for Monitoring Clinical and Molecular Scores of Disease, and for Evaluation of the Host Immune Response. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 59:e127. [PMID: 33141517 PMCID: PMC7643393 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species that are maintained in sylvatic and domestic environments by transmission among rodents and other carriers. Humans become infected after contact of breached skin or mucosa with contaminated water or soil. Understanding persistent or sublethal infection in a host is critical for controlling human risk of exposure to pathogenic Leptospira. Animal models that recapitulate disease progression after infection via natural transmission routes are more appropriate for validation of vaccines and therapeutics. Furthermore, the ability to measure shedding of live Leptospira in urine of reservoir and carrier hosts can be used to develop new diagnostic assays and sensors to evaluate human risk of exposure. We developed inbred mouse models of Leptospirosis, that bypass survival as a criterion, in which we can analyze both pathogen and host factors affecting sublethal infection (<1 month), including shedding of Leptospira in urine. Mice are infected with pathogenic Leptospira using a physiologic route, and the clinical, histological, and molecular scores of disease are measured. Furthermore, the host immune response to Leptospira is evaluated. This mouse model also provides a tool in which to test fundamental hypotheses related to host-pathogen interactions and the immune mechanisms engaged in protective and pathogenic immune responses. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC Basic Protocol 1: Culture and maintenance of virulent Leptospira Basic Protocol 2: Infection of mice through a physiologic route and collection of clinical scores and biological samples Basic Protocol 3: Analysis of pathogenesis after Leptospira infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Santecchia I, Ferrer MF, Vieira ML, Gómez RM, Werts C. Phagocyte Escape of Leptospira: The Role of TLRs and NLRs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571816. [PMID: 33123147 PMCID: PMC7573490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spirochetal bacteria Leptospira spp. are causative agents of leptospirosis, a globally neglected and reemerging zoonotic disease. Infection with these pathogens may lead to an acute and potentially fatal disease but also to chronic asymptomatic renal colonization. Both forms of disease demonstrate the ability of leptospires to evade the immune response of their hosts. In this review, we aim first to recapitulate the knowledge and explore the controversial data about the opsonization, recognition, intracellular survival, and killing of leptospires by scavenger cells, including platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Second, we will summarize the known specificities of the recognition or escape of leptospire components (the so-called microbial-associated molecular patterns; MAMPs) by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the Toll-like and NOD-like families. These PRRs are expressed by phagocytes, and their stimulation by MAMPs triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and bactericidal responses, such as antimicrobial peptide secretion and reactive oxygen species production. Finally, we will highlight recent studies suggesting that boosting or restoring phagocytic functions by treatments using agonists of the Toll-like or NOD receptors represents a novel prophylactic strategy and describe other potential therapeutic or vaccine strategies to combat leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Microbiology Department, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - María Florencia Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Monica Larucci Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Martín Gómez
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Microbiology Department, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
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22
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Bonhomme D, Santecchia I, Vernel-Pauillac F, Caroff M, Germon P, Murray G, Adler B, Boneca IG, Werts C. Leptospiral LPS escapes mouse TLR4 internalization and TRIF‑associated antimicrobial responses through O antigen and associated lipoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008639. [PMID: 32790743 PMCID: PMC7447051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide re-emerging zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. All vertebrate species can be infected; humans are sensitive hosts whereas other species, such as rodents, may become long-term renal carrier reservoirs. Upon infection, innate immune responses are initiated by recognition of Microbial Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Among MAMPs, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by the Toll-Like-Receptor 4 (TLR4) and activates both the MyD88-dependent pathway at the plasma membrane and the TRIF-dependent pathway after TLR4 internalization. We previously showed that leptospiral LPS is not recognized by the human-TLR4, whereas it signals through mouse-TLR4 (mTLR4), which mediates mouse resistance to acute leptospirosis. However, although resistant, mice are known to be chronically infected by leptospires. Interestingly, the leptospiral LPS has low endotoxicity in mouse cells and is an agonist of TLR2, the sensor for bacterial lipoproteins. Here, we investigated the signaling properties of the leptospiral LPS in mouse macrophages. Using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we showed that the LPS of L. interrogans did not induce internalization of mTLR4, unlike the LPS of Escherichia coli. Consequently, the LPS failed to induce the production of the TRIF-dependent nitric oxide and RANTES, both important antimicrobial responses. Using shorter LPS and LPS devoid of TLR2 activity, we further found this mTLR4-TRIF escape to be dependent on both the co-purifying lipoproteins and the full-length O antigen. Furthermore, our data suggest that the O antigen could alter the binding of the leptospiral LPS to the co-receptor CD14 that is essential for TLR4-TRIF activation. Overall, we describe here a novel leptospiral immune escape mechanism from mouse macrophages and hypothesize that the LPS altered signaling could contribute to the stealthiness and chronicity of the leptospires in mice. Leptospira interrogans is a bacterial pathogen, responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide neglected reemerging disease. L. interrogans may cause an acute severe disease in humans, whereas rodents and other animals asymptomatically carry the leptospires in their kidneys. They can therefore excrete live bacteria in urine and contaminate the environment. Leptospires are stealth pathogens known to escape the innate immune defenses of their hosts. They are covered in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial motif recognized in mammals through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which triggers two different signaling pathways. We showed previously that pathogenic leptospires fully escape TLR4 recognition in humans. Here we focused on the LPS signaling in mice that are, although resistant to acute leptospirosis, chronically infected. We showed in mouse cells that the leptospiral LPS triggers only one arm of the TLR4 pathway and escapes the other, hence avoiding production of antimicrobial compounds. Removing the lipoproteins that always co-purify with the leptospiral LPS, or using shorter LPS, restores the stimulation of both pathways. This suggests a novel escape mechanism linked to the LPS and involving lipoproteins that could be instrumental for leptospires to escape the mouse defense and to allow for their chronic renal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Caroff
- LPS-BioSciences, Université de Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- INRAE, UMR ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gerald Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Holzapfel M, Bonhomme D, Cagliero J, Vernel-Pauillac F, Fanton d'Andon M, Bortolussi S, Fiette L, Goarant C, Wunder EA, Picardeau M, Ko AI, Werling D, Matsui M, Boneca IG, Werts C. Escape of TLR5 Recognition by Leptospira spp.: A Rationale for Atypical Endoflagella. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2007. [PMID: 32849665 PMCID: PMC7431986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira (L.) interrogans are invasive bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis. They possess two periplasmic endoflagellae that allow their motility. L. interrogans are stealth pathogens that escape the innate immune recognition of the NOD-like receptors NOD1/2, and the human Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, which senses peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. TLR5 is another receptor of bacterial cell wall components, recognizing flagellin subunits. To study the contribution of TLR5 in the host defense against leptospires, we infected WT and TLR5 deficient mice with pathogenic L. interrogans and tracked the infection by in vivo live imaging of bioluminescent bacteria or by qPCR. We did not identify any protective or inflammatory role of murine TLR5 for controlling pathogenic Leptospira. Likewise, subsequent in vitro experiments showed that infections with different live strains of L. interrogans and L. biflexa did not trigger TLR5 signaling. However, unexpectedly, heat-killed bacteria stimulated human and bovine TLR5, but did not, or barely induced stimulation via murine TLR5. Abolition of TLR5 recognition required extensive boiling time of the bacteria or proteinase K treatment, showing an unusual high stability of the leptospiral flagellins. Interestingly, after using antimicrobial peptides to destabilize live leptospires, we detected TLR5 activity, suggesting that TLR5 could participate in the fight against leptospires in humans or cattle. Using different Leptospira strains with mutations in the flagellin proteins, we further showed that neither FlaA nor Fcp participated in the recognition by TLR5, suggesting a role for the FlaB. FlaB have structural homology to Salmonella FliC, and possess conserved residues important for TLR5 activation, as shown by in silico analyses. Accordingly, we found that leptospires regulate the expression of FlaB mRNA according to the growth phase in vitro, and that infection with L. interrogans in hamsters and in mice downregulated the expression of the FlaB, but not the FlaA subunits. Altogether, in contrast to different bacteria that modify their flagellin sequences to escape TLR5 recognition, our study suggests that the peculiar central localization and stability of the FlaB monomers in the periplasmic endoflagellae, associated with the downregulation of FlaB subunits in hosts, constitute an efficient strategy of leptospires to escape the TLR5 recognition and the induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Holzapfel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie Cagliero
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle Calédonie, Immunity and Inflammation Group, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Fanton d'Andon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Sophia Bortolussi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Fiette
- Unité Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Goarant
- Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle Calédonie, Noumea, France
| | - Elsio A Wunder
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Albert I Ko
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle Calédonie, Immunity and Inflammation Group, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
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Nair N, Guedes MS, Werts C, Gomes-Solecki M. The route of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni affects the kinetics of bacterial dissemination and kidney colonization. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007950. [PMID: 31905198 PMCID: PMC6964914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize how natural routes of infection affect the kinetics of pathogenic Leptospira dissemination to blood and kidney. C3H/HeJ mice were sublethally infected with L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni FioCruz L1-130 (Leptospira) through exposure of a dermis wound and through oral and nasal mucosa, in comparison to uninfected mice and to mice infected via standard intraperitoneal inoculation. In striking contrast to oral mucosa inoculation, transdermal and nasal mucosa infections led to weight loss, renal colonization and inflammation, as previously observed for conjunctival and intraperitoneal infections. However, the timing at which Leptospira gained access to blood, as well as Leptospira' colonization of the kidney and shedding in urine, differed from intraperitoneal infection. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators in kidney and total immunoglobulin isotyping in serum from infected mice, showed increased innate immune response markers (KC, MIP-2, TNF-α) and lower Th1 associated IFN-γ in kidney, as well as lower Th1 associated IgG2a in mice infected through the nasal mucosa as compared to intraperitoneal infection. We conclude that the route of infection affects the timing at which Leptospira gains access to blood for dissemination, as well as the dynamics of colonization and inflammation of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mariana Soares Guedes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Immuno Technologies, Inc, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Immuno Technologies, Inc, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The preventable efficacy of β-glucan against leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007789. [PMID: 31675378 PMCID: PMC6860453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira species, has emerged as an important neglected zoonotic disease. Few studies have reported the preventable effects of immunoregulators, except for antibiotics, against leptospirosis. Generally, immunostimulatory agents are considered effective for enhancing innate immune responses. Many studies have found that beta-glucan (β-glucan) could be a potent and valuable immunostimulant for improving immune responses and controlling diseases. In this study, we investigated the preventable role of β-glucan against Leptospira infection in hamsters. First, β-glucan was administered 24 h prior to, during and after infection. The results showed that β-glucan increased the survival rate to 100%, alleviated tissue injury, and decreased leptospire loads in target organs. Additionally, we found using quantitative real-time PCR that application of β-glucan significantly enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, interleukin (IL)-1β and iNOS at 2 dpi (days post infection) and reduced the increase of TLR2, IL-1β and iNOS induced by Leptospira at 5 dpi. Furthermore, to induce memory immunity, β-glucan was administered 5 days prior to infection. β-Glucan also significantly increased the survival rates and ameliorated pathological damage to organs. Moreover, we demonstrated that β-glucan-trained macrophages exhibited elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) in vitro, indicating that β-glucan induces an enhanced inflammatory response against Leptospira infection. These results indicate that administration of β-glucan and other immunostimulants could be potential valuable options for the control of Leptospira infection. Leptospirosis, an important emerging neglected zoonotic disease, is caused by Leptospira and affects humans as well as animals. Due to the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the development of alternatives to antibiotics has become an inevitable requirement in this new situation. Immunoregulators act as biological response regulators that do not induce toxicity, side effects, or resistance and can enhance, regulate, and restore nonspecific immunity to a host's immune response. β-Glucan, an immunostimulant, increased the survival rate, alleviated tissue injury, and decreased the abundance of leptospires in target organs. β-Glucan enhanced the inflammatory response, which was associated with enhanced prevention hamsters from Leptospira infection. Our findings also demonstrated that β-glucan-induced trained immunity protected against Leptospira infection. These results contributed to an explanation for the preventable mechanism against Leptospira infection and revealed that β-glucan and even other immunostimulants could be potent and valuable agents for controlling Leptospira infection.
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Chou LF, Chen TW, Yang HY, Chang MY, Hsu SH, Tsai CY, Ko YC, Huang CT, Tian YC, Hung CC, Yang CW. Murine Renal Transcriptome Profiles Upon Leptospiral Infection: Implications for Chronic Kidney Diseases. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1411-1423. [PMID: 29868892 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp leads to kidney damage that may progress to chronic kidney disease. However, how leptospiral infections induced renal damage is unclear. Methods We apply microarray and next-generation sequencing technologies to investigate the first murine transcriptome-wide, leptospires-mediated changes in renal gene expression to identify biological pathways associated with kidney damage. Results Leptospiral genes were detected in renal transcriptomes of mice infected with Leptospira interrogans at day 28 postinfection, suggesting colonization of leptospires within the kidney with propensity of chronicity. Comparative differential gene expression and pathway analysis were investigated in renal transcriptomes of mice infected with pathogens and nonpathogens. Pathways analysis showed that Toll-like receptor signaling, complements activation, T-helper 1 type immune response, and T cell-mediated immunity/chemotaxis/proliferation were strongly associated with progressive tubulointerstitial damage caused by pathogenic leptospiral infection. In addition, 26 genes related with complement system, immune function, and cell-cell interactions were found to be significantly up-regulated in the L interrogans-infected renal transcriptome. Conclusions Our results provided comprehensive knowledge regarding the host transcriptional response to leptospiral infection in murine kidneys, particularly the involvement of cell-to-cell interaction in the immune response. It would provide valuable resources to explore functional studies of chronic renal damage caused by leptospiral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Yu Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Shen-Hsing Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Yi-Ching Ko
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | | | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Hung
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
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Werts C. Interaction of Leptospira with the Innate Immune System. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 415:163-187. [PMID: 29038956 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity encompasses immediate host responses that detect and respond to microbes. Besides recognition by the complement system (see the chapter by A. Barbosa, this volume), innate immunity concerns cellular responses. These are triggered through recognition of conserved microbial components (called MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading, through secretion of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and immune mediators, to cellular recruitment and phagocytosis. Leptospira spp. are successful zoonotic pathogenic bacteria that obviously overcome the immune system of their hosts. The first part of this chapter summarizes what is known about leptospires recognition and interaction with phagocytes and other innate immune cells, and the second part describes specific interactions of leptospiral MAMPs with PRRs from the TLR and NLR families. On the one hand, pathogenic leptospires appear to escape macrophage and neutrophil phagocytosis. On the other hand, studies about PRR sensing of leptospires remain very limited, but suggest that pathogenic leptospires escape some of the PRRs in a host-specific manner, due to peculiar cell wall specificities or post-translational modifications that may impair their recognition. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of leptospiral escape on phagocytic functions and hopefully give clues to potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the defective activation of PRRs by pathogenic Leptospira spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Werts
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de La Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Carrillo-Larco RM, Altez-Fernandez C, Acevedo-Rodriguez JG, Ortiz-Acha K, Ugarte-Gil C. Leptospirosis as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: A systematic review of observational studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007458. [PMID: 31120876 PMCID: PMC6550415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a worldwide prevalent zoonosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading global disease burden. Because of pathophysiological changes in the kidney, it has been suggested that these conditions may be associated. However, the extent of this interaction has not been synthetized. We aimed to systematically review and critically appraise the evidence on the association between leptospirosis and CKD. Methodology/Principal findings Observational studies with a control group were selected. Leptospirosis, confirmed with laboratory methods, and CKD also based on a laboratory assessment, were the exposures and outcomes of interest. The search was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Global Health, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies selected for qualitative synthesis were assessed for risk of bias following the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. 5,981 reports were screened, and 2 (n = 3,534) were included for qualitative synthesis. The studies were conducted in Taiwan and Nicaragua; these reported cross-sectional and longitudinal estimates. In the general population, the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower (p<0.001) in people testing positive for antileptospira antibodies (eGFR = 98.3) than in negative controls (eGFR = 100.8). Among sugarcane applicants with high creatinine, those who were seropositive had lower eGFR (mean difference: -10.08). In a prospective analysis, people with high antileptospira antibodies titer at baseline and follow-up, had worse eGFR (p<0.05). Conclusion Although the available evidence suggests there may be a positive association between leptospirosis and CKD, whereby leptospirosis could be a risk factor for CKD, it is still premature to draw conclusions. There is an urgent need for research on this association. Leptospirosis is an infection that can affect the kidneys acutely, though it seems that even after the acute infection there could be risk of a long-term impaired kidney function. The evidence on this matter is sparse and limited, thus the need to comprehensively seek, synthetize and appraise the available scientific literature. In so doing, this work has found preliminary evidence that leptospirosis may be associated with impaired kidney function as per eGFR. This work and findings strongly reveal that more research is needed to quantify and characterize the long-term risk of CKD among those who had had leptospirosis infection. The raising burden of non-communicable diseases paired with a still non-negligible burden of communicable and neglected tropical diseases in low- and middle-income countries, deserve the synergism of these two broad fields for the benefit of patients and population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Centro de Estudios de Población, Universidad Católica los Ángeles de Chimbote (ULADECH-Católica), Chimbote, Perú
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Karol Ortiz-Acha
- Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Ugarte-Gil
- Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Santecchia I, Vernel-Pauillac F, Rasid O, Quintin J, Gomes-Solecki M, Boneca IG, Werts C. Innate immune memory through TLR2 and NOD2 contributes to the control of Leptospira interrogans infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007811. [PMID: 31107928 PMCID: PMC6544334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans are pathogenic spirochetes responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide reemerging zoonosis. Many Leptospira serovars have been described, and prophylaxis using inactivated bacteria provides only short-term serovar-specific protection. Therefore, alternative approaches to limit severe leptospirosis in humans and morbidity in cattle would be welcome. Innate immune cells, including macrophages, play a key role in fighting infection and pathogen clearance. Recently, it has been shown that functional reprograming of innate immune cells through the activation of pattern recognition receptors leads to enhanced nonspecific antimicrobial responses upon a subsequent microbial encounter. This mechanism is known as trained immunity or innate immune memory. We have previously shown that oral treatment with Lactobacillus plantarum confers a beneficial effect against acute leptospirosis. Here, using a macrophage depletion protocol and live imaging in mice, we established the role of peritoneal macrophages in limiting the initial dissemination of leptospires. We further showed that intraperitoneal priming of mice with CL429, a TLR2 and NOD2 agonist known to mimic the modulatory effect of Lactobacillus, alleviated acute leptospiral infection. The CL429 treatment was characterized as a training effect since i.) it was linked to peritoneal macrophages that produced ex vivo more pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines against 3 different pathogenic serovars of Leptospira, independently of the presence of B and T cells, ii.) it had systemic effects on splenic cells and bone marrow derived macrophages, and iii.) it was sustained for 3 months. Importantly, trained macrophages produced more nitric oxide, a potent antimicrobial compound, which has not been previously linked to trained immunity. Accordingly, trained macrophages better restrict leptospiral survival. Finally, we could use CL429 to train ex vivo human monocytes that produced more cytokines upon leptospiral stimulation. In conclusion, host-directed treatment using a TLR2/NOD2 agonist could be envisioned as a novel prophylactic strategy against acute leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Santecchia
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Groupe Avenir, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Groupe Avenir, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Orhan Rasid
- Chromatine et Infection G5, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Quintin
- Immunologie des infections fongiques G5, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Groupe Avenir, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Groupe Avenir, INSERM, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Ferrer MF, Scharrig E, Charo N, Rípodas AL, Drut R, Carrera Silva EA, Nagel A, Nally JE, Montes de Oca DP, Schattner M, Gómez RM. Macrophages and Galectin 3 Control Bacterial Burden in Acute and Subacute Murine Leptospirosis That Determines Chronic Kidney Fibrosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:384. [PMID: 30425972 PMCID: PMC6218566 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that macrophages may contribute to acute Leptospira dissemination, as well as having a major role in kidney fibrosis. Our aim was to characterize the role of macrophages and galectin 3 (Gal-3) on the survival, clinical course, bacterial burden, interstitial nephritis, and chronic kidney fibrosis in Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni (LIC)-induced experimental murine leptospirosis. C57BL/6J mice depleted of macrophages by liposome-encapsulated clodronate treatment and infected with LIC presented a higher bacterial burden, had reduced subacute nephritis and enhanced chronic kidney fibrosis relative to untreated, infected mice. Moreover, LIC infection in mice whose Gal-3 was disrupted (Lgals3−/–) had a higher bacterial burden and enhanced subacute nephritis and chronic kidney fibrosis when compared to C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Chronic fibrosis did not correlate with higher transcription levels of TGF-β1 or IL-13 in the kidneys. Kidney fibrosis was found in chronically infected rats as well as in wild infected rats. On the other hand, human fibroblast cultures exhibited enhanced differentiation to myofibroblasts after treatment with LIC. Our results demonstrate that macrophages and Gal-3 play a critical role in controlling the LIC burden but has a minor role in subsequent fibrosis. Instead, kidney fibrosis was better correlated with bacterial burden. Taken together, our results do not support a role for macrophages to disseminate leptospires during acute infection, nor in chronic kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Ferrer
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Emilia Scharrig
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nancy Charo
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ricardo Drut
- Division of Pathology, Children Hospital "Superiora Sor María Ludovica", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eugenio A Carrera Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Nagel
- Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Daniela P Montes de Oca
- Ecology, Genetics and Evolution Department, Exact and Natural Sciences Faculty, and Ecology, Genetics and Evolution Institute of Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo M Gómez
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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31
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Chen WY, Wu SY, Lin TC, Lin SL, Wu-Hsieh BA. Human dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin downstream signaling alleviates renal fibrosis via Raf-1 activation in systemic candidiasis. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:288-301. [PMID: 30127380 PMCID: PMC6460490 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We generated a human dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) transgenic mouse in which renal tubular epithelial cells expressed DC-SIGN. The transgenic mice were infected with Candida albicans intravenously to study how DC-SIGN expression affected the pathogenesis of systemic candidiasis. We discovered that, while C. albicans infection induced renal fibrosis in both transgenic and littermate control mice, the transgenic mice had significantly lower levels of Acta2, Col1a2, Col3a1, and Col4a1 mRNA transcripts compared to the controls. KIM-1, an emerging biomarker for kidney injury, along with Tnf, Il6, and Tgfb1 transcripts, were lower in infected transgenic mice, and yet, the levels of Il10 remained comparable to the controls. While renal CD45+ infiltrating cells were the source of Tnf, Il6, and Il10, LTL+ renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were TGF-β1 producers in both infected transgenic and littermate controls. DC-SIGN-expressing tubular epithelial cells produced less TGF-β1 in response to C. albicans infection. In vivo experiments demonstrated that renal proximal tubular epithelial cell production of TGF-β1 was key to C. albicans-induced renal fibrosis and injury. Infection of transgenic mice induced a marked increase of phosphorylated Raf-1 and p38 in the kidney. However, ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation was more pronounced in the infected-littermate controls. Interestingly, treating the infected transgenic mice with a Raf-1 inhibitor increased the levels of the Tgfb1, Kim1, and Acta2 transcripts. These results indicate that DC-SIGN signaling, through activation of Raf-1 and p38 and suppression of JNK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, reduces TGF-β1 production and C. albicans-induced renal fibrosis. Our study reveals for the first time the effect of DC-SIGN expression on C. albicans-induced renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Sheng-Yang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Ta-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Shuei-Liong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Betty A Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China.
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Cagliero J, Villanueva SYAM, Matsui M. Leptospirosis Pathophysiology: Into the Storm of Cytokines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:204. [PMID: 29974037 PMCID: PMC6019470 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected tropical zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Infected reservoir animals, typically mice and rats, are asymptomatic, carry the pathogen in their renal tubules, and shed pathogenic spirochetes in their urine, contaminating the environment. Humans are accidental hosts of pathogenic Leptospira. Most human infections are mild or asymptomatic. However, 10% of human leptospirosis cases develop into severe forms, including high leptospiremia, multi-organ injuries, and a dramatically increased mortality rate, which can relate to a sepsis-like phenotype. During infection, the triggering of the inflammatory response, especially through the production of cytokines, is essential for the early elimination of pathogens. However, uncontrolled cytokine production can result in a cytokine storm process, followed by a state of immunoparalysis, which can lead to sepsis and associated organ failures. In this review, the involvement of cytokine storm and subsequent immunoparalysis in the development of severe leptospirosis in susceptible hosts will be discussed. The potential contribution of major pro-inflammatory cytokines in the development of tissue lesions and systemic inflammatory response, as well as the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in contributing to the onset of a deleterious immunosuppressive cascade will also be examined. Data from studies comparing susceptible and resistant mouse models will be included. Lastly, a concise discussion on the use of cytokines for therapeutic purposes or as biomarkers of leptospirosis severity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cagliero
- Group Immunity and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Sharon Y A M Villanueva
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mariko Matsui
- Group Immunity and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
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Feng Y, Xu J, Guo F, Huang R, Shi M, Li L, Ma L, Fu P. SKLB023 hinders renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy by interfering TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5891-5896. [PMID: 35539579 PMCID: PMC9078199 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the principal process underlying the progression of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease. It is a relatively uniform response involving glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and changes in renal vasculature. A considerable number of studies have confirmed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was highly expressed in renal interstitial fibrosis and the overexpression of iNOS played a negative role in kidney disease progression. In our previous study, SKLB023 as a novel small-molecule inhibitor of iNOS, blocked joint inflammation and cartilage destruction in arthritis. However, the pharmacological role and function of SKLB023 in renal fibrosis remained poorly understood. In the study, oral administration of SKLB023 (25 and 50 mg per kg per day) for 7 day exhibited potent anti-fibrotic effects against the model UUO using the pathological assessment of H & E and Masson's trichrome staining. SKLB023 inhibited the expression of α-SMA, col I, col IV, fibronectin and further decreased iNOS expression as well as TGF-β1/Smad3 phosphorylation in the injured kidney tissues of UUO mice. Similarly, SKLB023 suppressed in vitro features of fibrosis in TGF-β1-induced NRK-49F by the inhibition of the corresponding fibrotic protein expression. These findings confirmed that SKLB023 hindered renal interstitial fibrosis by interfering with TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling, highlighting that SKLB023 has potential in therapeutic strategies. The novel small-molecule inhibitor of iNOS (SKLB023) hindered renal interstitial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro by interfering with TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling, highlighting that SKLB023 has potential in the therapeutic strategy for renal fibrosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhuan Feng
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Nephrology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Jun Xu
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Nephrology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Fan Guo
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Nephrology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Rongshuang Huang
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Nephrology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Min Shi
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Nephrology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Nephrology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Liang Ma
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Nephrology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Nephrology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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Lutz C, Weder B, Hünerwadel A, Fagagnini S, Lang B, Beerenwinkel N, Rossel JB, Rogler G, Misselwitz B, Hausmann M. Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD) 88 signalling is not essential for intestinal fibrosis development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17678. [PMID: 29247242 PMCID: PMC5732165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune response to microbiota is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can trigger intestinal fibrosis. MyD88 is a key component of microbiota signalling but its influence on intestinal fibrosis has not been clarified. Small bowel resections from donor-mice were transplanted subcutaneously into the neck of recipients C57BL/6 B6-MyD88tm1 Aki (MyD88-/-) and C57BL/6-Tg(UBC-green fluorescence protein (GFP))30Scha/J (GFP-Tg). Grafts were explanted up to 21 days after transplantation. Collagen layer thickness was determined using Sirius Red stained slides. In the mouse model of fibrosis collagen deposition and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression was equal in MyD88+/+ and MyD88-/-, indicating that MyD88 was not essential for fibrogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp)9 expression was significantly decreased in grafts transplanted into MyD88-/- recipients compared to MyD88+/+ recipients (0.2 ± 0.1 vs. 153.0 ± 23.1, respectively, p < 0.05), similarly recruitment of neutrophils was significantly reduced (16.3 ± 4.5 vs. 25.4 ± 3.1, respectively, p < 0.05). Development of intestinal fibrosis appears to be independent of MyD88 signalling indicating a minor role of bacterial wall compounds in the process which is in contrast to published concepts and theories. Development of fibrosis appears to be uncoupled from acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lutz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Weder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Hünerwadel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Fagagnini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Lang
- Department of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J B Rossel
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Misselwitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Hausmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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35
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Ratet G, Santecchia I, Fanton d’Andon M, Vernel-Pauillac F, Wheeler R, Lenormand P, Fischer F, Lechat P, Haake DA, Picardeau M, Boneca IG, Werts C. LipL21 lipoprotein binding to peptidoglycan enables Leptospira interrogans to escape NOD1 and NOD2 recognition. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006725. [PMID: 29211798 PMCID: PMC5764436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis, potentially severe in humans, caused by spirochetal bacteria, Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). Host defense mechanisms involved in leptospirosis are poorly understood. Recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoproteins by Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)4 and TLR2 is crucial for clearance of leptospires in mice, yet the role of Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptors (NOD)1 and NOD2, recognizing peptidoglycan (PG) fragments has not previously been examined. Here, we show that pathogenic leptospires escape from NOD1 and NOD2 recognition both in vitro and in vivo, in mice. We found that leptospiral PG is resistant to digestion by certain hydrolases and that a conserved outer membrane lipoprotein of unknown function, LipL21, specific for pathogenic leptospires, is tightly bound to the PG. Leptospiral PG prepared from a mutant not expressing LipL21 (lipl21-) was more readily digested than the parental or complemented strains. Muropeptides released from the PG of the lipl21- mutant, or prepared using a procedure to eliminate the LipL21 protein from the PG of the parental strain, were recognized in vitro by the human NOD1 (hNOD1) and NOD2 (hNOD2) receptors, suggesting that LipL21 protects PG from degradation into muropeptides. LipL21 expressed in E. coli also resulted in impaired PG digestion and NOD signaling. We found that murine NOD1 (mNOD1) did not recognize PG of L. interrogans. This result was confirmed by mass spectrometry showing that leptospiral PG was primarily composed of MurTriDAP, the natural agonist of hNOD1, and contained only trace amounts of the tetra muropeptide, the mNOD1 agonist. Finally, in transgenic mice expressing human NOD1 and deficient for the murine NOD1, we showed enhanced clearance of a lipl21- mutant compared to the complemented strain, or to what was observed in NOD1KO mice, suggesting that LipL21 facilitates escape from immune surveillance in humans. These novel mechanisms allowing L. interrogans to escape recognition by the NOD receptors may be important in circumventing innate host responses. Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by spirochetal bacteria, Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). L. interrogans are primarily extracellular pathogens although some reports suggest they may replicate within macrophages. In humans, leptospirosis can cause mild or severe disease, potentially leading to death, although rats or mice, which constitute the reservoir, are asymptomatic carriers. Host defense mechanisms involved in leptospirosis remain poorly understood. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 are crucial for the clearance of L. interrogans, but the role of the cytosolic NOD receptors in leptospirosis is unknown. Here, we report that pathogenic leptospires escape the sensing of bacterial peptidoglycan through the NOD response. We found that an outer membrane lipoprotein of L. interrogans binds to and protects the peptidoglycan from degradation into muropeptides, thereby blocking signaling through NOD proteins. Moreover, in absence of this lipoprotein, the peptidoglycan of L. interrogans is properly sensed by human NOD1 but not by murine NOD1. This is due to the near absence of muramyl tetrapeptide, the murine NOD1 agonist, in the peptidoglycan of pathogenic leptospires. These novel mechanisms of NOD avoidance may facilitate the escape of leptospires from the innate immune system of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Ratet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Fanton d’Andon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fischer
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lechat
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - David A. Haake
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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36
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Macrophage polarization and function: new prospects for fibrotic disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:864-869. [PMID: 29044201 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Potula HH, Richer L, Werts C, Gomes-Solecki M. Pre-treatment with Lactobacillus plantarum prevents severe pathogenesis in mice infected with Leptospira interrogans and may be associated with recruitment of myeloid cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005870. [PMID: 28841659 PMCID: PMC5589268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent estimates on global morbidity and mortality caused by Leptospirosis point to one million cases and almost 60,000 deaths a year worldwide, especially in resource poor countries. We analyzed how a commensal probiotic immunomodulator, Lactobacillus plantarum, affects Leptospira interrogans pathogenesis in a murine model of sub-lethal leptospirosis. We found that repeated oral pre-treatment of mice with live L. plantarum restored body weight to normal levels in mice infected with L. interrogans. Pre-treatment did not prevent L. interrogans access to the kidney but it affected the inflammatory response and it reduced histopathological signs of disease. Analysis of the immune cell profiles in lymphoid tissues of mice pre-treated with L. plantarum showed increased numbers of B cells as well as naïve and memory CD4+ helper T cell populations in uninfected mice that shifted towards increased numbers of effector CD4+ helper T in infected mice. CD8+ cytotoxic T cell profiles in pre-treated uninfected and infected mice mirrored the switch observed for CD4+ except that CD8+ memory T cells were not affected. In addition, pre-treatment led to increased populations of monocytes in lymphoid tissues of uninfected mice and to increased populations of macrophages in the same tissues of infected mice. Immunohistochemistry of kidney sections of pre-treated infected mice showed an enrichment of neutrophils and macrophages and a reduction of total leucocytes and T cells. Our results suggest that complex myeloid and T cell responses orchestrate the deployment of monocytes and other cells from lymphoid tissue and the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the kidney, and that, the presence of these cells in the target organ may be associated with reductions in pathogenesis observed in infected mice treated with L. plantarum. Leptospirosis is an emerging neglected zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution that affects nearly all vertebrates and causes infection in ~1 million people on a yearly basis. Effective cross-protective vaccines are not available and antibiotic treatment is only effective if used early in the course of infection. In this study we describe how repeated oral treatment of mice with a commonly used probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum, did not completely prevent colonization of the kidney by Leptospira interrogans but it did reduce signs and symptoms of leptospirosis. We also analyzed a number of immune cell types in spleen, lymph nodes and kidney after treatment and found that complex responses orchestrate the deployment of phagocytes to the kidney in infected mice. Our results suggest that pre-treatment with L. plantarum modulates systemic immune responses in a beneficial way in a mammalian host later exposed to L. interrogans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari-Hara Potula
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Luciana Richer
- Immuno Technologies Inc., Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall, Paris, France
- INSERM, Équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Immuno Technologies Inc., Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Zhang W, Xie X, Wu D, Jin X, Liu R, Hu X, Fu Y, Ding Z, Zhang N, Cao Y. Doxycycline Attenuates Leptospira-Induced IL-1β by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome Priming. Front Immunol 2017; 8:857. [PMID: 28791016 PMCID: PMC5522854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline (Dox), a semisynthetic antibiotic, has been reported to exert multiple immunomodulatory effects. Treatment with Dox has a satisfactory curative effect against leptospirosis. In addition to its antibacterial action, we supposed that Dox also modulated immune response in controlling leptospira infection. Using J774A.1 mouse macrophages, the effects of Dox on protein and mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were investigated after infection with live or sonicated Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai strain Lai (56601). Specifically, the level of IL-1β but not TNF-α was sharply decreased when treated with Dox in leptospira-infected macrophages. Western blot analysis showed that Dox suppressed the activation of leptospira-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Using NLRP3-deficient and NLRC4-deficient mice, the data showed that the expression of leptospira-induced IL-1β was mainly dependent on the presence of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Meanwhile, Dox suppressed leptospira-induced NLRP3 inflammasome priming with the upregulation of the Na/K-ATPase Pump β1 subunit. The inhibition effect of Dox on IL-1β was also conspicuous in cells with lipopolysaccharide and ATP stimulation. These results were confirmed in vivo, as peritoneal fluids of mice and organs of hamsters expressed less IL-1β after treatment of leptospiral infection with Dox. Our results indicated that Dox also modulated immune response to attenuate leptospira-induced IL-1β by suppressing p38, JNK, p65, and NLRP3 inflammasome priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xufeng Xie
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dianjun Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Runxia Liu
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Xia B, Sun L, Fan X, Xiao H, Zhu Y, Qin J, Cai C, Zhao W, Chang YF, Zhang Y, Guo X, He P. A new model of self-resolving leptospirosis in mice infected with a strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis harboring LPS signaling only through TLR4. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e36. [PMID: 28536433 PMCID: PMC5520481 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Our understanding of leptospirosis pathogenesis and host immune response remains limited, while mechanistic studies are hindered by a lack of proper animal models and immunological reagents. Here we established a murine model of acute and self-resolving leptospirosis by infecting 10-week-old C57BL/6 mice with Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis strain 56606v, with characteristic manifestations including jaundice as well as subcutaneous and pulmonary bleeding, but no kidney lesions. We also verified that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of strain 56606v signaled through a TLR4-dependent pathway in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), rather than the previously reported TLR2. In addition, upon infection with Leptospira strain 56606v, TLR4−/− C57BL/6 mice presented more severe jaundice and liver injury as well as higher bacterial loads than WT mice but milder pulmonary hemorrhaging. Molecular studies showed that leptospirosis-related bleeding coincides with the temporal kinetics of iNOS production, while jaundice and liver injury are probably due to insufficiently controlled bacterial loads in the liver. These results suggested that TLR4 is essential in mediating host leptospiral clearance and, to some extent, is associated with pulmonary and subcutaneous hemorrhage, probably through downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS in particular. Overall, our murine model using immunocompetent mice might facilitate future studies into the pathogenesis of jaundice and bleeding in leptospirosis. Meanwhile, our study suggests the prospect of combining antibiotics and immunosuppressants in the treatment of severe leptospirosis presenting with pulmonary hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bili Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xia Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haihan Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongzhang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinhong Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chengsong Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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LIM-Only Protein FHL2 Is a Negative Regulator of Transforming Growth Factor β1 Expression. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00636-16. [PMID: 28223370 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00636-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a master cytokine in many biological processes, including tissue homeostasis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and wound repair. Here, we report that four and a half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) is a critical regulator of TGF-β1 expression. Devoid of a DNA-binding domain, FHL2 is a transcriptional cofactor that plays the role of coactivator or corepressor, depending on the cell and promoter contexts. We detected association of FHL2 with the TGF-β1 promoter, which showed higher activity in Fhl2-/- cells than in wild-type (WT) cells in a reporter assay. Overexpression of FHL2 abrogates the activation of the TGF-β1 promoter, whereas the upregulation of TGF-β1 gene transcription correlates with reduced occupancy of FHL2 on the promoter. Moreover, ablation of FHL2 facilitates recruitment of RNA polymerase II on the TGF-β1 promoter, suggesting that FHL2 may be involved in chromatin remodeling in the control of TGF-β1 gene transcription. Enhanced expression of TGF-β1 mRNA and cytokine was evidenced in the livers of Fhl2-/- mice. We tested the in vivo impact of Fhl2 loss on hepatic fibrogenesis that involves TGF-β1 activation. Fhl2-/- mice developed more severe fibrosis than their WT counterparts. These results demonstrate the repressive function of FHL2 on TGF-β1 expression and contribute to the understanding of the TGF-β-mediated fibrogenic response.
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41
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Eyedrop Inoculation Causes Sublethal Leptospirosis in Mice. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01050-16. [PMID: 28115508 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01050-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is potentially a fatal zoonosis acquired by contact of skin and mucosal surfaces with soil and water contaminated with infected urine. We analyzed the outcome of infection of C3H/HeJ mice with Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni using an enzootic mode of transmission, the conjunctival route. Infection led to weight loss and L. interrogans dissemination from blood to urine, and spirochetes were detected in blood and urine simultaneously. The infectious dose that led to consistent dissemination to kidney after conjunctival infection was ∼108 leptospires. Interestingly, a lower number of spirochetes appeared to colonize the kidney, given that we quantified ∼105 and ∼10 leptospires per μl of urine and per μg of kidney, respectively. Leptospira-specific IgM and IgG were detected at 15 days postinfection, and isotyping of the Ig subclass showed that the total IgG response switched from an IgG1 response to an IgG3 response after infection with L. interrogans Histological periodic acid-Schiff D staining of infected kidney showed interstitial nephritis, mononuclear cell infiltrates, and reduced size of glomeruli. Quantification of proinflammatory immunomediators in kidney showed that keratinocyte-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, and interleukin-10 were upregulated in infected mice. We show that the kinetics of disease progression after infection via the ocular conjunctiva is delayed compared with infection via the standard intraperitoneal route. Differences may be related to the number of L. interrogans spirochetes that succeed in overcoming the natural defenses of the ocular conjunctiva and transit through tissue.
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Gomes-Solecki M, Santecchia I, Werts C. Animal Models of Leptospirosis: Of Mice and Hamsters. Front Immunol 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 28270811 PMCID: PMC5318464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira sp. are spirochetal bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, an emerging worldwide zoonosis. These spirochetes are very successful pathogens that infect a wide range of hosts such as fish, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and mammals. Transmission occurs when chronically infected animals excrete live bacteria in their urine, contaminating the environment. Leptospira sp. enter their hosts through damaged skin and mucosa. Chronically infected rats and mice are asymptomatic and are considered as important reservoirs of the disease. Infected humans may develop either a flu-like, usually mild illness with or without chronic asymptotic renal colonization, or a severe acute disease with kidney, liver, and heart failure, potentially leading to death. Leptospirosis is an economic burden on society due to health-care costs related to elevated morbidity of humans and loss of animals of agricultural interest. There are no effective vaccines against leptospirosis. Leptospira sp. are difficult to genetically manipulate which delays the pace of research progress. In this review, we discuss in an historical perspective how animal models have contributed to further our knowledge of leptospirosis. Hamsters, guinea pigs, and gerbils have been instrumental to study the pathophysiology of acute lethal leptospirosis and the Leptospira sp. genes involved in virulence. Chronic renal colonization has been mostly studied using experimentally infected rats. A special emphasis will be placed on mouse models, long thought to be irrelevant since they survive lethal infection. However, mice have recently been shown to be good models of sublethal infection leading to chronic colonization. Furthermore, congenic and transgenic mice have proven essential to study how innate immune cells interact with the pathogen and to understand the role of the toll-like receptor 4, which is important to control Leptospira sp. load and disease. The use of inbred and transgenic mouse models opens up the field to the comprehensive study of immune responses to Leptospira sp. infection and subsequent pathophysiology of inflammation. It also allows for testing of drugs and vaccines in a biological system that can avail of a wealth of molecular tools that enable understanding of the mechanisms of action of protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
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Devlin AA, Halvorsen PJ, Miller JC, Laster SM. Il-10 deficient mice express IFN-γ mRNA and clear Leptospira interrogans from their kidneys more rapidly than normal C57BL/6 mice. Immunobiology 2017; 222:768-777. [PMID: 28237664 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans), the causative agent of leptospirosis, is a widespread zoonotic spirochete that lives a dual lifestyle. L. interrogans infects mice, rats, and wildlife in a persistent and asymptomatic fashion, while also causing productive and acute infections in other mammals such as humans and hamsters. Infections in humans can be fatal, accompanied by a cytokine storm and shock-like symptoms. Production of IL-10 has been noted in both rodent and human infections which has led a number of investigators to hypothesize that IL-10 plays a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. To test this hypothesis we have compared bacteremia and the cytokine response of normal and IL-10 deficient C57Bl/6 mice following ip infection with L. interrogans. In normal mice bacterial 16s mRNA was detected in both lung and kidney tissues within a day after infection. Levels of 16s mRNA then dropped in both organs with complete elimination from the lung by day 3 but persistence in the kidney for 7days after infection. In contrast, in IL-10 deficient mice, the organism was eliminated more rapidly from the kidney. We found that infection of both control and IL-10 deficient mice produced similar levels of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs. On the other hand, IFN-γ mRNA was only induced in IL-10 deficient mice. These results support the hypothesis that L. interrogans ability to induce IL-10, which in turn prevents production of IFN-γ and inhibits T cell immunity, may contribute to the persistent growth of this microorganism in the murine kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Devlin
- Reynolds American, Inc. 401 N. Main St., Winston Salem, NC 27101, United States
| | - Priya J Halvorsen
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer C Miller
- Galaxy Diagnostics, Inc. 7020 Kit Creek Rd., Ste 130, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Scott M Laster
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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Wu D, Zhang W, Wang T, Lin T, Jin X, Xie X, Guo J, Cao Y, Wu R. Low-dose norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin therapy worsen leptospirosis in hamster. Microb Pathog 2016; 102:36-41. [PMID: 27894961 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics play an important role in the treatment of leptospirosis. Many antibiotics at appropriate concentrations improved the survival rate and alleviated tissue injury, while, when dosing strategies fall below subtherapeutic levels, worse therapeutic effects are seen. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of low-dose norfloxacin (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) and ciprofloxacin (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg) against leptospirosis in a hamster model using Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. The histopathology and bacterial loads of target organs (liver, kidney and lung) were also studied by treatment with norfloxacin at the dose of 10 mg/kg in this model. Using RT-PCR, the expression of inflammatory factor IL-1β and TNF-α was analyzed by comparing the norfloxacin and untreated group. All untreated animals, serving as a negative control, displayed 50% survival rate, while hamsters treated with norfloxacin at the dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg and ciprofloxacin at the dose of 1 and 2 mg/kg showed a lower survival rate than the untreated group. Furthermore, norfloxacin at the dose of 10 mg/kg increased bacterial loads and aggravated tissue injury of target organs. The delayed induction of IL-1β and TNF-α was found in tissues of norfloxacin group. Our study indicates an increased risk associated with low-dose norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - Xuemin Jin
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufeng Xie
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China.
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Chang MY, Cheng YC, Hsu SH, Ma TL, Chou LF, Hsu HH, Tian YC, Chen YC, Sun YJ, Hung CC, Pan RL, Yang CW. Leptospiral outer membrane protein LipL32 induces inflammation and kidney injury in zebrafish larvae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27838. [PMID: 27278903 PMCID: PMC4899798 DOI: 10.1038/srep27838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an often overlooked cause of acute kidney injury that can lead to multiple organ failure and even death. The principle protein that conserved in many pathogenic leptospires is the outer membrane protein LipL32. However, the role of LipL32 in the pathogenesis of renal injury in leptospirosis is not entirely clear. Here we studied the effects of LipL32 on the developing kidney in zebrafish larvae. Incubation of zebrafish larvae with Leptospira santarosai serovar Shermani induced acute tubular injury predominantly in the proximal pronephric ducts. Furthermore, microinjection of lipl32 mRNA or recombinant LipL32 protein into zebrafish larvae increased macrophage accumulation and disrupted the basolateral location of NA-K-ATPase in pronephric ducts. These changes led to substantial impairment of the pronephric kidney structure. We further demonstrated that morpholino knockdown of tlr2, but not tlr4, reduced the LipL32-induced leukocyte infiltration and kidney injury. These data demonstrate that LipL32 contributes to the renal pathology in leptospirosis and gives some clues to the potential virulence of LipL32. Our results support the use of zebrafish as a model organism for studying the disease mechanism of leptospiral infection. This model might permit the future exploration of the virulence and molecular pathways of different leptospiral outer membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Hsing Hsu
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Lin Ma
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hao Hsu
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Chen
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ju Sun
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Hung
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Long Pan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Matsui M, Roche L, Geroult S, Soupé-Gilbert ME, Monchy D, Huerre M, Goarant C. Cytokine and Chemokine Expression in Kidneys during Chronic Leptospirosis in Reservoir and Susceptible Animal Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156084. [PMID: 27219334 PMCID: PMC4878748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Humans can be infected after exposure to contaminated urine of reservoir animals, usually rodents, regarded as typical asymptomatic carriers of leptospires. In contrast, accidental hosts may present an acute form of leptospirosis with a range of clinical symptoms including the development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is considered as a possible AKI-residual sequela but little is known about the renal pathophysiology consequent to leptospirosis infection. Herein, we studied the renal morphological alterations in relation with the regulation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, comparing two experimental models of chronic leptospirosis, the golden Syrian hamster that survived the infection, becoming carrier of virulent leptospires, and the OF1 mouse, a usual reservoir of the bacteria. Animals were monitored until 28 days after injection with a virulent L. borgpetersenii serogroup Ballum to assess chronic infection. Hamsters developed morphological alterations in the kidneys with tubulointerstitial nephritis and fibrosis. Grading of lesions revealed higher scores in hamsters compared to the slight alterations observed in the mouse kidneys, irrespective of the bacterial load. Interestingly, pro-fibrotic TGF-β was downregulated in mouse kidneys. Moreover, cytokines IL-1β and IL-10, and chemokines MIP-1α/CCL3 and IP-10/CXCL-10 were significantly upregulated in hamster kidneys compared to mice. These results suggest a possible maintenance of inflammatory processes in the hamster kidneys with the infiltration of inflammatory cells in response to bacterial carriage, resulting in alterations of renal tissues. In contrast, lower expression levels in mouse kidneys indicated a better regulation of the inflammatory response and possible resolution processes likely related to resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Louise Roche
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Sophie Geroult
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Marie-Estelle Soupé-Gilbert
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Didier Monchy
- Anatomic Pathology Laboratory, Gaston-Bourret Territorial Hospital Center, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et Expertise en Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Departement de Pathologie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
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Jayaraman PA, Devlin AA, Miller JC, Scholle F. The adaptor molecule Trif contributes to murine host defense during Leptospiral infection. Immunobiology 2016; 221:964-74. [PMID: 27259371 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease and is caused by pathogenic species of the Leptospira genus, including Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). Humans, domestic and wild animals are susceptible to acute or chronic infection. The innate immune response is a critical defense mechanism against Leptospira interrogans, and has been investigated in mouse models. Murine Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to be key factors in sensing and responding to L. interrogans infection. Specifically, TLR2, TLR4 and the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 are essential for host defense against L. interrogans; however, the role of the TLR adaptor molecule TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon β (TRIF) in the response to L. interrogans has not been previously determined. In the present study, TRIF was found to play an important role during leptospiral infection. Following challenge with L. interrogans, Trif(-/-) mice exhibited delayed weight gain compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, Trif(-/-) mice exhibited an increase in L. interrogans burden in the kidneys, lungs, and blood at early time points (less than 7days post infection). Multiple components of the innate immune responses were dampened in response to leptospiral infection including transcription and production of cytokines, and the humoral response, which suggested that TRIF contributes to expression and production of cytokines important for the host defense against L. interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya A Jayaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Amy A Devlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer C Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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Expression Profile of Cytokines and Enzymes mRNA in Blood Leukocytes of Dogs with Leptospirosis and Its Associated Pulmonary Hemorrhage Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148029. [PMID: 26824356 PMCID: PMC4732604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs with leptospirosis show similar organ manifestations and disease course as human patients, including acute kidney injury and pulmonary hemorrhage, making this naturally-occurring infection a good animal model for human leptospirosis. Expression patterns of cytokines and enzymes have been correlated with disease manifestations and clinical outcome in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to describe mRNA expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in canine leptospirosis and to compare it with other renal diseases to identify patterns characterizing the disease and especially its pulmonary form. Methodology and Principal Findings The mRNA abundance of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β) and enzymes (5-LO, iNOS) was measured prospectively in blood leukocytes from 34 dogs with severe leptospirosis and acute kidney injury, including 22 dogs with leptospirosis-associated pulmonary hemorrhages. Dogs with leptospirosis were compared to 14 dogs with acute kidney injury of other origin than leptospirosis, 8 dogs with chronic kidney disease, and 10 healthy control dogs. Canine leptospirosis was characterized by high 5-LO and low TNF-α expression compared to other causes of acute kidney injury, although the decreased TNF-α expression was also seen in chronic kidney disease. Leptospirosis-associated pulmonary hemorrhage was not characterized by a specific pattern, with only mild changes noted, including increased IL-10 and decreased 5-LO expression on some days in affected dogs. Fatal outcome from pulmonary hemorrhages was associated with low TNF-α, high IL-1β, and high iNOS expression, a pattern possibly expressed also in dogs with other forms of acute kidney injury. Conclusion The patterns of cytokine and enzyme expression observed in the present study indicate a complex pro- and anti-inflammatory response to the infection with leptospires. The recognition of these signatures may be of diagnostic and prognostic relevance for affected individuals and they may indicate options for newer therapies targeting the identified pathways.
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Mouse model for sublethal Leptospira interrogans infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4693-700. [PMID: 26416909 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01115-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Leptospira can infect a wide range of mammalian species, most studies have been conducted in golden Syrian hamsters, a species particularly sensitive to acute disease. Chronic disease has been well characterized in the rat, one of the natural reservoir hosts. Studies in another asymptomatic reservoir host, the mouse, have occasionally been done and have limited infection to mice younger than 6 weeks of age. We analyzed the outcome of sublethal infection of C3H/HeJ mice older than age 10 weeks with Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. Infection led to bloodstream dissemination of Leptospira, which was followed by urinary shedding, body weight loss, hypothermia, and colonization of the kidney by live spirochetes 2 weeks after infection. In addition, Leptospira dissemination triggered inflammation in the kidney but not in the liver or lung, as determined by increased levels of mRNA transcripts for the keratinocyte-derived chemokine, RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-6, and gamma interferon in kidney tissue. The acquired humoral response to Leptospira infection led to the production of IgG mainly of the IgG1 subtype. Flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes from infected mice revealed that cellular expansion was primarily due to an increase in the levels of CD4(+) and double-negative T cells (not CD8(+) cells) and that CD4(+) T cells acquired a CD44(high) CD62L(low) effector phenotype not accompanied by increases in memory T cells. A mouse model for sublethal Leptospira infection allows understanding of the bacterial and host factors that lead to immune evasion, which can result in acute or chronic disease or resistance to infection (protection).
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Scharrig E, Carestia A, Ferrer MF, Cédola M, Pretre G, Drut R, Picardeau M, Schattner M, Gómez RM. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps are Involved in the Innate Immune Response to Infection with Leptospira. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003927. [PMID: 26161745 PMCID: PMC4498591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NETosis is a process by which neutrophils extrude their DNA together with bactericidal proteins that trap and/or kill pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of Leptospira spp. to induce NETosis using human ex vivo and murine in vivo models. Microscopy and fluorometric studies showed that incubation of human neutrophils with Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130 (LIC) resulted in the release of DNA extracellular traps (NETs). The bacteria number, pathogenicity and viability were relevant factors for induction of NETs, but bacteria motility was not. Entrapment of LIC in the NETs resulted in LIC death; however, pathogenic but not saprophytic Leptospira sp. exerted nuclease activity and degraded DNA. Mice infected with LIC showed circulating NETs after 2 days post-infection (dpi). Depletion of neutrophils with mAb1A8 significantly reduced the amount of intravascular NETs in LIC-infected mice, increasing bacteremia at 3 dpi. Although there was a low bacterial burden, scarce neutrophils and an absence of inflammation in the early stages of infection in the kidney and liver, at the beginning of the leptospiruric phase, the bacterial burden was significantly higher in kidneys of neutrophil-depleted-mice compared to non-depleted and infected mice. Surprisingly, interstitial nephritis was of similar intensity in both groups of infected mice. Taken together, these data suggest that LIC triggers NETs, and that the intravascular formation of these DNA traps appears to be critical not only to prevent early leptospiral dissemination but also to preclude further bacterial burden. Neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) are a relatively novel pathogen-killing mechanism for extracellular microbes independent of phagocytic uptake and degranulation. Although it was originally proposed that NETs are formed exclusively in tissues at sites of infection, NETs have also been found within blood vessels where they ensnare microbes in circulation during sepsis. Leptospirosis is a global zoonosis that has become prevalent in slum areas, where its diagnosis and treatment may be overlooked. Here, for the first time, we characterized NETs formation as a result of Leptospira spp. stimulus. We also showed that mice lacking neutrophils exhibit early reduced levels of circulating NETs, but higher bacteremia, a fact that was later associated with higher bacterial burden in kidney. The present results demonstrate that Leptospira spp. can trigger NET formation and that this innate immune mechanism can play a role in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Scharrig
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agostina Carestia
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F. Ferrer
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Cédola
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Pretre
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Drut
- Division of Pathology, Children Hospital “Superiora Sor María Ludovica”, La Plata, Argentina
- Cátedra de Patología “A”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MS); (RMG)
| | - Ricardo M. Gómez
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MS); (RMG)
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