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Pintea-Trifu ML, Bâlici Ş, Siserman CV, Vică ML, Matei HV. Chlamydia trachomatis and the HLA involvement in the development of infection and disease: a narrative review. Med Pharm Rep 2023; 96:335-345. [PMID: 37970191 PMCID: PMC10642737 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction CT (Chlamydia trachomatis) is among the most common pathogens leading to sexually transmitted diseases. Considering the uncertain mechanism by which HLA polymorphisms influence the CT infection, reinfection, comorbidities or evolution and because there is no consensus regarding the alleles involved in the pathogenesis of the infection, we considered necessary to perform a review to summarize the current knowledge of HLA related to CT. Methods Pubmed was researched using key terms. Out of the 198 results found, we analyzed articles of all types which describe how the MHC, through HLA alleles, participates in the different stages of CT penetration in the body, including studies about cells or other molecules involved in the process. Results Almost 40% of the variation in the clinical course of CT infection depends on host genetic factors. There are haplotypes that influence the infection susceptibility/resistance, haplotypes that are involved in the recurrence of the infection, haplotypes that are related to tubal infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease development or trachoma. Antibody to Chsp60 (influenced by MHC genes) has been observed to correlate with late tissue-damaging sequelae. Toll-like receptors were found to increase the susceptibility to CT. The association of HLA-B27 creates susceptibility of reactive arthritis in the organisms infected by CT, but does not influence the carriage of CT. Conclusion We identified HLA haplotypes belonging both to MHC class l and ll, which influence different stages of CT infection. Genetic risk factors still need research, especially on Caucasians. Studies are moving towards designing a safe and effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina-Luciana Pintea-Trifu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ştefana Bâlici
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Costel-Vasile Siserman
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela-Laura Vică
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horea-Vladi Matei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Legaz I, Morales R, Bolarín JM, Collados-Ros A, Pons JA, Muro M. Is the Development of Ascites in Alcoholic Liver Patients Influenced by Specific KIR/HLA Gene Profiles? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2405. [PMID: 37760846 PMCID: PMC10525207 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Decompensated cirrhosis is the most common cause of ascites due to hemodynamic and renal alteration by continuous fluid leakage from the hepatic sinusoids and splanchnic capillaries into the interstitial space. Then, fluid leakage exceeds lymphatic return, leading to progressive fluid accumulation directly into the peritoneal cavity. Alcohol consumption is one of the main risks of developing alcoholic cirrhosis (AC), but not all AC patients develop ascites. Avoiding the development of ascites is crucial, given that it deteriorates prognosis and increases the patient mortality patient. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in cirrhosis through natural killer cells, which are abundant in the liver. The aim of this study was to analyze the KIR/HLA-C genetic profile in AC patients with and without ascites to understand this pathology and find predictive clinical susceptibility biomarkers that can help to establish risks and prevent the development of ascites in AC patients. A total of 281 AC patients with and without ascites were analyzed and compared with 319 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood in all groups. A PCR-SSO assay was performed for KIR/HLA genotyping analysis. A total of 16 activating and inhibitor KIR genes and their corresponding known ligands, epitopes of HLA-C, and their genotypes were analyzed. According to our analysis, C1 epitopes were statistically significantly decreased in AC patients with and without ascites. When comparing AC patients with ascites and healthy controls, a significant decrease in C1 epitope frequency was also observed. A statistically significant decrease was also found when comparing the C1C2 genotype in AC patients without ascites with controls. In conclusion, the absence of KIR2DL2 and KIR3DL1 genes may be a predisposing factor for the development of ascites in AC patients. The KIR2DS2/KIR2DL2 may could be involved in grade I ascites development, and the presence of the C1+ epitope and the homozygous C2C2 genotype may be protective genetic factors against ascites development in AC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, Spain (J.M.B.)
| | - Raquel Morales
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, Spain (J.M.B.)
| | - José Miguel Bolarín
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, Spain (J.M.B.)
| | - Aurelia Collados-Ros
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, Spain (J.M.B.)
| | - José Antonio Pons
- Department of Hepatology, Liver Transplantation Unit Hospital Clinic Universitario, Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Barton A, Pickering H, Payne T, Faal N, Sillah A, Harte A, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Roberts CH, Holland MJ. Sequence based HLA-DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in The Gambia. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:69-70. [PMID: 36335053 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Class II HLA loci DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 were typed for a total of 939 Gambian participants by locus-specific amplicon sequencing. Participants were from multiple regions of The Gambia and drawn from two studies: a family study aiming to identify associations between host genotype and trachomatous scarring (N = 796) and a cohort study aiming to identify correlates of immunity to trachoma (N = 143). All loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, likely due to the family-based nature of the study: 608 participants had at least one other family member included in the study population. The most common alleles for HLA-DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 respectively were DRB1*13:04 (18.8 %), DQB1*03:19 (27.9 %) and DPB1*01:01 (25.4 %). Participants belonged to a variety of ethnicities, including the Mandinka, Fula, Wolof and Jola ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Barton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Harry Pickering
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thomas Payne
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Nkoyo Faal
- Medical Research Council Gambia at LSHTM, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Ansumana Sillah
- National Eye Health Programme, Ministry of Health, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Anna Harte
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Medical Research Council Gambia at LSHTM, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, Banjul, Gambia.
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Pickering H, Palmer CD, Houghton J, Makalo P, Joof H, Derrick T, Goncalves A, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Burton MJ, Roberts CH, Burr SE, Holland MJ. Conjunctival Microbiome-Host Responses Are Associated With Impaired Epithelial Cell Health in Both Early and Late Stages of Trachoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:297. [PMID: 31552195 PMCID: PMC6736612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trachoma, a neglected tropical disease, is the leading infectious cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Host responses to ocular chlamydial infection resulting in chronic inflammation and expansion of non-chlamydial bacteria are hypothesized risk factors for development of active trachoma and conjunctival scarring. Methods: Ocular swabs from trachoma endemic populations in The Gambia were selected from archived samples for 16S sequencing and host conjunctival gene expression. We recruited children with active trachoma and adults with conjunctival scarring, alongside corresponding matched controls. Findings: In children, active trachoma was not associated with significant changes in the ocular microbiome. Haemophilus enrichment was associated with antimicrobial responses but not linked to active trachoma. Adults with scarring trachoma had a reduced ocular bacterial diversity compared to controls, with increased relative abundance of Corynebacterium. Increased abundance of Corynebacterium in scarring disease was associated with innate immune responses to the microbiota, dominated by altered mucin expression and increased matrix adhesion. Interpretation: In the absence of current Chlamydia trachomatis infection, changes in the ocular microbiome associate with differential expression of antimicrobial and inflammatory genes that impair epithelial cell health. In scarring trachoma, expansion of non-pathogenic bacteria such as Corynebacterium and innate responses are coincident, warranting further investigation of this relationship. Comparisons between active and scarring trachoma supported the relative absence of type-2 interferon responses in scarring, whilst highlighting a common suppression of re-epithelialization with altered epithelial and bacterial adhesion, likely contributing to development of scarring pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pickering
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine D Palmer
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Houghton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Hassan Joof
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Goncalves
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Burr
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
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Ramadhani AM, Derrick T, Macleod D, Massae P, Mafuru E, Malisa A, Mbuya K, Roberts CH, Makupa W, Mtuy T, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ. Progression of scarring trachoma in Tanzanian children: A four-year cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007638. [PMID: 31412025 PMCID: PMC6709924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachoma is a progressive blinding disease initiated by infection of the conjunctiva with Chlamydia trachomatis. Repeated infections are thought to cause chronic inflammation, which drives scarring, leading to in-turning of the eyelids. The relationship between C. trachomatis, clinical inflammation and scarring development in children is not fully understood due to a paucity of longitudinal studies with infection data at frequent follow-up. Methods and findings This longitudinal cohort study took place in northern Tanzania. Children aged 6–10 years at baseline were eligible for inclusion. Participants were visited every three months for four years. Clinical signs and conjunctival swabs for C. trachomatis detection by qPCR were collected at each time-point. Conjunctival photographs from baseline and final time-points were graded and compared side-by-side to determine scarring incidence and progression. Of the 666 children enrolled in the study, outcome data were obtained for 448. Scarring progression was detected in 103/448 (23%) children; 48 (11%) of which had incident scarring and 55 (12%) had progression of existing scarring. Scarring was strongly associated with increasing episodes of trachomatous papillary inflammation (TP). Weaker associations were found between episodes of C. trachomatis infection and follicular trachoma (TF) with scarring progression in unadjusted models, which were absent in multivariable analysis after adjusting for inflammation (multivariable results: C. trachomatis p = 0.44, TF p = 0.25, TP p = <0.0001, age p = 0.13, female sex p = 0.05). Individuals having TP at 30% or more of the time-points they were seen had an odds ratio of 7.5 (95%CI = 2.7–20.8) for scarring progression relative to individuals without any TP detected during the study period. Conclusions These data suggest that the effect of infection on scarring progression is mediated through papillary inflammation, and that other factors contributing to the development of inflammation, in addition to C. trachomatis infection, may be important in driving conjunctival scarring progression in children. The addition of TP as a measure in trachoma control programs would provide an indication of the future risk of developing scarring sequelae. Trachoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide and is targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. The natural history of trachoma is not completely understood however. We conducted a four-year longitudinal study in a trachoma-endemic area of northern Tanzania with detailed follow up every three months. In the four-year study period, nearly one quarter of children developed progression of conjunctival scarring, despite three rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) for trachoma control. Disease progression was strongly associated with increasing proportion of episodes with conjunctival papillary inflammation (TP), and only weakly associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection and trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF). Analysis revealed that associations between infection and TF with scarring progression were mediated through TP, and that other factors causing individual differences in TP were also contributing to scarring progression. These data have significant implications for trachoma control. We hypothesise that in individuals who have previously experienced ocular C. trachomatis infection, TP is the primary driver of scarring progression. The addition of TP to trachoma surveillance programs would provide an indicator for active disease progression in the community and a more accurate guide to the need for future trichiasis interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athumani M. Ramadhani
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - David Macleod
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elias Mafuru
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Aiweda Malisa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kelvin Mbuya
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Tara Mtuy
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Holland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Nemat-Gorgani N, Hilton HG, Henn BM, Lin M, Gignoux CR, Myrick JW, Werely CJ, Granka JM, Möller M, Hoal EG, Yawata M, Yawata N, Boelen L, Asquith B, Parham P, Norman PJ. Different Selected Mechanisms Attenuated the Inhibitory Interaction of KIR2DL1 with C2 + HLA-C in Two Indigenous Human Populations in Southern Africa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2640-2655. [PMID: 29549179 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The functions of human NK cells in defense against pathogens and placental development during reproduction are modulated by interactions of killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) with HLA-A, -B and -C class I ligands. Both receptors and ligands are highly polymorphic and exhibit extensive differences between human populations. Indigenous to southern Africa are the KhoeSan, the most ancient group of modern human populations, who have highest genomic diversity worldwide. We studied two KhoeSan populations, the Nama pastoralists and the ≠Khomani San hunter-gatherers. Comprehensive next-generation sequence analysis of HLA-A, -B, and -C and all KIR genes identified 248 different KIR and 137 HLA class I, which assort into ∼200 haplotypes for each gene family. All 74 Nama and 78 ≠Khomani San studied have different genotypes. Numerous novel KIR alleles were identified, including three arising by intergenic recombination. On average, KhoeSan individuals have seven to eight pairs of interacting KIR and HLA class I ligands, the highest diversity and divergence of polymorphic NK cell receptors and ligands observed to date. In this context of high genetic diversity, both the Nama and the ≠Khomani San have an unusually conserved, centromeric KIR haplotype that has arisen to high frequency and is different in the two KhoeSan populations. Distinguishing these haplotypes are independent mutations in KIR2DL1, which both prevent KIR2DL1 from functioning as an inhibitory receptor for C2+ HLA-C. The relatively high frequency of C2+ HLA-C in the Nama and the ≠Khomani San appears to have led to natural selection against strong inhibitory C2-specific KIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Brenna M Henn
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Meng Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Christopher R Gignoux
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Justin W Myrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Cedric J Werely
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Julie M Granka
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Marlo Möller
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Makoto Yawata
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Nobuyo Yawata
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan; and
| | - Lies Boelen
- Section of Immunology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Becca Asquith
- Section of Immunology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Bailey R. Eye Infections in the Tropics. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Butcher RMR, Sokana O, Jack K, Macleod CK, Marks ME, Kalae E, Sui L, Russell C, Tutill HJ, Williams RJ, Breuer J, Willis R, Le Mesurier RT, Mabey DCW, Solomon AW, Roberts CH. Low Prevalence of Conjunctival Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in a Treatment-Naïve Trachoma-Endemic Region of the Solomon Islands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004863. [PMID: 27603015 PMCID: PMC5014345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma is endemic in several Pacific Island states. Recent surveys across the Solomon Islands indicated that whilst trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) was present at levels warranting intervention, the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) was low. We set out to determine the relationship between chlamydial infection and trachoma in this population. METHODS We conducted a population-based trachoma prevalence survey of 3674 individuals from two Solomon Islands provinces. Participants were examined for clinical signs of trachoma. Conjunctival swabs were collected from all children aged 1-9 years. We tested swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) DNA using droplet digital PCR. Chlamydial DNA from positive swabs was enriched and sequenced for use in phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS We observed a moderate prevalence of TF in children aged 1-9 years (n = 296/1135, 26.1%) but low prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) (n = 2/1135, 0.2%) and current Ct infection (n = 13/1002, 1.3%) in children aged 1-9 years, and TT in those aged 15+ years (n = 2/2061, 0.1%). Ten of 13 (76.9%) cases of infection were in persons with TF or TI (p = 0.0005). Sequence analysis of the Ct-positive samples yielded 5/13 (38%) complete (>95% coverage of reference) genome sequences, and 8/13 complete plasmid sequences. Complete sequences all aligned most closely to ocular serovar reference strains. DISCUSSION The low prevalence of TT, TI and Ct infection that we observed are incongruent with the high proportion of children exhibiting signs of TF. TF is present at levels that apparently warrant intervention, but the scarcity of other signs of trachoma indicates the phenotype is mild and may not pose a significant public health threat. Our data suggest that, whilst conjunctival Ct infection appears to be present in the region, it is present at levels that are unlikely to be the dominant driving force for TF in the population. This could be one reason for the low prevalence of TT observed during the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. R. Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Eye Department, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Kelvin Jack
- Eye Department, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Colin K. Macleod
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Kalae
- Primary Care Department, Lata Hospital, Lata, Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands
| | - Leslie Sui
- Primary Care Department, Lata Hospital, Lata, Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands
| | | | - Helena J. Tutill
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Williams
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Willis
- Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Le Mesurier
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy h. Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Goncalves A, Makalo P, Joof H, Burr S, Ramadhani A, Massae P, Malisa A, Mtuy T, Derrick T, Last AR, Nabicassa M, Cassama E, Houghton J, Palmer CD, Pickering H, Burton MJ, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Goodier MR, Holland MJ, Roberts CH. Differential frequency of NKG2C/KLRC2 deletion in distinct African populations and susceptibility to Trachoma: a new method for imputation of KLRC2 genotypes from SNP genotyping data. Hum Genet 2016; 135:939-51. [PMID: 27312142 PMCID: PMC4947484 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NKG2C is an activating receptor that is preferentially expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. The gene encoding NKG2C (killer cell lectin-like receptor C2, KLRC2) is present at different copy numbers in the genomes of different individuals. Deletion at the NKG2C locus was investigated in a case-control study of 1522 individuals indigenous to East- and West-Africa and the association with the ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and its sequelae was explored. The frequency of homozygous KLRC2 deletion was 13.7 % in Gambians and 4.7 % in Tanzanians. A significantly higher frequency of the deletion allele was found in West-Africans from the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau (36.2 % p = 2.105 × 10(-8), 26.8 % p = 0.050; respectively) in comparison to East-African Tanzanians where the frequency of the deletion is comparable to other human populations (20.9 %). We found no evidence for an association between the numbers of KLRC2 gene copies and the clinical manifestations of trachoma (follicular trachoma or conjunctival scarring). A new method for imputation of KLRC2 genotypes from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data in 2621 individuals from the Gambia further confirmed these results. Our data suggest that NKG2C does not play a major role in trachomatous disease. We found that the deletion allele is present at different frequencies in different populations but the reason behind these differences is currently not understood. The new method offers the potential to use SNP arrays from genome wide association studies to study the frequency of KLRC2 deletion in other populations and its association with other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Goncalves
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Hassan Joof
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sarah Burr
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Aiweda Malisa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tara Mtuy
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Anna R Last
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Meno Nabicassa
- Programa Nacional de Saude de Visao, Ministerio de Saude Publica, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Eunice Cassama
- Programa Nacional de Saude de Visao, Ministerio de Saude Publica, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Joanna Houghton
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christine D Palmer
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Harry Pickering
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David C W Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martin R Goodier
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martin J Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Reches A, Nachmani D, Berhani O, Duev-Cohen A, Shreibman D, Ophir Y, Seliger B, Mandelboim O. HNRNPR Regulates the Expression of Classical and Nonclassical MHC Class I Proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4967-76. [PMID: 27194785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I molecules, in addition to their role in specific activation of the CTL of adaptive immune system, function also as the main ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors, which prevent NK cells from killing normal, healthy cells. MHC class I proteins are divided into classical and nonclassical proteins. The former group consists of hundreds of HLA-A, B, and C alleles, which are universally expressed, whereas several alleles of the latter group, such as HLA-G, manifest a restricted expression pattern. Despite the important role played by these molecules in innate and adaptive immune responses, their complex expression regulation is not fully known. In our study, we investigated the regulation processes controlling the expression of MHC class I molecules, with a particular focus on their 3' untranslated regions. We identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (HNRNPR) as an important positive regulator of classical and nonclassical MHC class I molecules. HNRNPR is a RNA-binding protein belonging to the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein family, which has a known role in processing of precursor mRNA. We demonstrated that HNRNPR binds MHC class I mRNAs in their 3' untranslated regions and enhances their stability and consequently their expression. Furthermore, regulation by HNRNPR modulates the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In conclusion, we show that HNRNPR acts as a general positive regulator of MHC class I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Reches
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Daphna Nachmani
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Orit Berhani
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Alexandra Duev-Cohen
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Dorin Shreibman
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Yael Ophir
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; and
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11
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Hu VH, Luthert PJ, Derrick T, Pullin J, Weiss HA, Massae P, Mtuy T, Makupa W, Essex D, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Holland MJ, Burton MJ. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Scarring Trachoma Indicates Infiltration by Natural Killer and Undefined CD45 Negative Cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004734. [PMID: 27219121 PMCID: PMC4878762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The phenotype and function of immune cells infiltrating the conjunctiva in scarring trachoma have yet to be fully characterized. We assessed tissue morphology and immunophenotype of cellular infiltrates found in trachomatous scarring compared to control participants. METHODOLOGY Clinical assessments and conjunctival biopsy samples were obtained from 34 individuals with trachomatous scarring undergoing trichiasis surgery and 33 control subjects undergoing cataract or retinal detachment surgery. Biopsy samples were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed for assessment of the inflammatory cell infiltrate. Immunohistochemical staining of single markers on individual sections was performed to identify cells expressing CD3 (T-cells), CD4 (helper T-cells), CD8 (suppressor/cytotoxic T-cells and Natural Killer, NK, cells), NCR1 (NK cells), CD20 (B-cells), CD45 (nucleated hematopoietic cells), CD56 (NK and T-cells), CD68 (macrophages/monocytes) and CD83 (mature dendritic cells). The degree of scarring was assessed histologically using cross-polarized light to visualize collagen fibres. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Scarring, regardless of clinical inflammation, was associated with increased inflammatory cell infiltrates on H&E and CD45 staining. Scarring was also associated with increased CD8+ and CD56+ cells, but not CD3+ cells, suggestive of a NK cell infiltrate. This was supported by the presence of NCR1+ cells. There was some increase in CD20+ cells, but no evidence for increased CD4+, CD68+ or CD83+ cells. Numerous CD45 negative cells were also seen in the population of infiltrating inflammatory cells in scarred conjunctiva. Disorganization of the normal collagen architecture was strongly associated with clinical scarring. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data point to the infiltration of immune cells with a phenotype suggestive of NK cells in conjunctival trachomatous scarring. A large proportion of CD45 negative inflammatory cells were also present. Future work should seek to understand the stimuli leading to the recruitment of these cells and their role in progressive scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Hu
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Pullin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tara Mtuy
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - David Essex
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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12
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Murthy AK, Li W, Ramsey KH. Immunopathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 412:183-215. [PMID: 27370346 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydial infections lead to a number of clinically relevant diseases and induce significant morbidity in human populations. It is generally understood that certain components of the host immune response to infection also mediate such disease pathologies. A clear understanding of pathogenic mechanisms will enable us to devise better preventive and/or intervention strategies to mitigate the morbidity caused by these infections. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted to explore the immunopathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia-induced diseases of the eye, reproductive tract, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular systems. In this article, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by Chlamydia, animal models used to study disease pathology, and a historical context to the efforts to understand chlamydial pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings regarding pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the role of the adaptive immune response in the development of chlamydial disease sequelae. Finally, we summarize the key insights obtained from studies of chlamydial pathogenesis and avenues that remain to be explored in order to inform the next steps of vaccine development against chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, 555, 31st Steet, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Weidang Li
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, 555, 31st Steet, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
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13
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Conjunctival fibrosis and the innate barriers to Chlamydia trachomatis intracellular infection: a genome wide association study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17447. [PMID: 26616738 PMCID: PMC4663496 DOI: 10.1038/srep17447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes both trachoma and sexually transmitted
infections. These diseases have similar pathology and potentially similar genetic
predisposing factors. We aimed to identify polymorphisms and pathways associated
with pathological sequelae of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infections in The
Gambia. We report a discovery phase genome-wide association study (GWAS) of scarring
trachoma (1090 cases, 1531 controls) that identified 27 SNPs with strong, but not
genome-wide significant, association with disease
(5 × 10−6 > P > 5 × 10−8).
The most strongly associated SNP (rs111513399,
P = 5.38 × 10−7)
fell within a gene (PREX2) with homology to factors known to facilitate
chlamydial entry to the host cell. Pathway analysis of GWAS data was significantly
enriched for mitotic cell cycle processes (P = 0.001), the
immune response (P = 0.00001) and for multiple cell surface
receptor signalling pathways. New analyses of published transcriptome data sets from
Gambia, Tanzania and Ethiopia also revealed that the same cell cycle and immune
response pathways were enriched at the transcriptional level in various disease
states. Although unconfirmed, the data suggest that genetic associations with
chlamydial scarring disease may be focussed on processes relating to the immune
response, the host cell cycle and cell surface receptor signalling.
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14
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Zhen J, He L, Xu Y, Zhao J, Yu Q, Zou H, Sun G, Deng Z. Allelic polymorphism of KIR2DL2/2DL3 in a southern Chinese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 86:362-7. [PMID: 26423800 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 segregate as alleles of the same killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene locus. They have been associated with viral infectious diseases and certain cancers and their allelic information may help to better comprehend mechanisms. The allelic polymorphism of KIR2DL2/2DL3 has been shown to influence their binding specificity and affinity to the HLA-C1 ligands. The present study aims to investigate the distribution of the allelic polymorphism of KIR2DL2/2DL3 in a southern Chinese population using sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) and PCR-sequence-based typing (SBT) at the entire coding sequence. Of the 306 tested individuals, 1.96% were positive for KIR2DL2 only, 78.10% for KIR2DL3 only, and 19.93% for both KIR2DL2 and 2DL3. KIR2DL3 showed a high degree of diversity in the study population with 15 alleles detected including 8 novel ones. The predominant 2DL3 allele in the study population is 2DL3*00101 (92.81%) followed by 2DL3*00201 (24.18%), 2DL3*023 (4.25%), and 2DL3*00109 (1.31%). The remaining 11 2DL3 alleles all had a frequency below 1%. Three detected 2DL2 alleles were 2DL2*00301 (18.95%), 2DL2*00101 (3.59%), and the novel 2DL2*013 (0.33%). These results provide further insight into the KIR gene diversity in Southern Chinese and may help to better understand the role played by KIR genes in associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - L He
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Xu
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - J Zhao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Q Yu
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - H Zou
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - G Sun
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Z Deng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Derrick T, Roberts CH, Last AR, Burr SE, Holland MJ. Trachoma and Ocular Chlamydial Infection in the Era of Genomics. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:791847. [PMID: 26424969 PMCID: PMC4573990 DOI: 10.1155/2015/791847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is a blinding disease usually caused by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) serovars A, B, and C in the upper tarsal conjunctiva. Individuals in endemic regions are repeatedly infected with Ct throughout childhood. A proportion of individuals experience prolonged or severe inflammatory episodes that are known to be significant risk factors for ocular scarring in later life. Continued scarring often leads to trichiasis and in-turning of the eyelashes, which causes pain and can eventually cause blindness. The mechanisms driving the chronic immunopathology in the conjunctiva, which largely progresses in the absence of detectable Ct infection in adults, are likely to be multifactorial. Socioeconomic status, education, and behavior have been identified as contributing to the risk of scarring and inflammation. We focus on the contribution of host and pathogen genetic variation, bacterial ecology of the conjunctiva, and host epigenetic imprinting including small RNA regulation by both host and pathogen in the development of ocular pathology. Each of these factors or processes contributes to pathogenic outcomes in other inflammatory diseases and we outline their potential role in trachoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsyn Derrick
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chrissy h. Roberts
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anna R. Last
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah E. Burr
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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16
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Augusto DG, Petzl-Erler ML. KIR and HLA under pressure: evidences of coevolution across worldwide populations. Hum Genet 2015; 134:929-40. [PMID: 26099314 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors) and HLA (human leukocyte antigens) are two distinct gene families with remarkable importance for human immune responses. The recognition of HLA molecules by activating and inhibitory KIR promotes a balance of signals that regulates NK cell function and is especially important for the innate defense against pathogens and early placentation. There is no documented gametic association between these two gene families and no evidence of common regulation. However, due to the critical role of KIR recognition for immunity and reproduction, the possibility of KIR-HLA combinations being under selective pressure is not surprising. In this manuscript, we first summarize the HLA-KIR system, the HLA molecules that are the putative ligands for KIR, and then we review the evidences that suggest these two gene families are coevolving as an integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo G Augusto
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19071, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil,
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17
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Leonard CA, Borel N. Chronic Chlamydial Diseases: From Atherosclerosis to Urogenital Infections. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-014-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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