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Nunes M, Vlok M, Proal A, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Data-independent LC-MS/MS analysis of ME/CFS plasma reveals a dysregulated coagulation system, endothelial dysfunction, downregulation of complement machinery. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:254. [PMID: 39014464 PMCID: PMC11253362 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic condition that is characterized by unresolved fatigue, post-exertion symptom exacerbation (PESE), cognitive dysfunction, orthostatic intolerance, and other symptoms. ME/CFS lacks established clinical biomarkers and requires further elucidation of disease mechanisms. A growing number of studies demonstrate signs of hematological and cardiovascular pathology in ME/CFS cohorts, including hyperactivated platelets, endothelial dysfunction, vascular dysregulation, and anomalous clotting processes. To build on these findings, and to identify potential biomarkers that can be related to pathophysiology, we measured differences in protein expression in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) samples from 15 ME/CFS study participants and 10 controls not previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, using DIA LC-MS/MS. We identified 24 proteins that are significantly increased in the ME/CFS group compared to the controls, and 21 proteins that are significantly downregulated. Proteins related to clotting processes - thrombospondin-1 (important in platelet activation), platelet factor 4, and protein S - were differentially expressed in the ME/CFS group, suggestive of a dysregulated coagulation system and abnormal endothelial function. Complement machinery was also significantly downregulated, including C9 which forms part of the membrane attack complex. Additionally, we identified a significant upregulation of lactotransferrin, protein S100-A9, and an immunoglobulin variant. The findings from this experiment further implicate the coagulation and immune system in ME/CFS, and bring to attention the pathology of or imposed on the endothelium. This study highlights potential systems and proteins that require further research with regards to their contribution to the pathogenesis of ME/CFS, symptom manifestation, and biomarker potential, and also gives insight into the hematological and cardiovascular risk for ME/CFS individuals affected by diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Mare Vlok
- Central Analytical Facility: Mass Spectrometry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, Room 6054, Clinical Building, Francie Van Zijl Drive Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Amy Proal
- PolyBio Research Foundation, 7900 SE 28th ST, Suite 412, Mercer Island, DC, 98040, USA
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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2
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Wang G, Huang K, Tian Q, Guo Y, Liu C, Li Z, Yu Z, Zhang Z, Li M. S100A9 aggravates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage via inducing neuroinflammation and inflammasome activation. iScience 2024; 27:109165. [PMID: 38420589 PMCID: PMC10901081 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a stroke subtype with high mortality, and its severity is closely related to the short-term prognosis of SAH patients. S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) has been shown to be associated with some neurological diseases. In this study, the concentration of S100A9 in clinical cerebrospinal fluid samples was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the relationship between S100A9 and the prognosis of patients was explored. In addition, WT mice and S100A9 knockout mice were used to establish an in vivo SAH model. Neurological scores, brain water content, and histopathological staining were performed after a specified time. A co-culture model of BV2 and HT22 cells was treated with heme chloride to establish an in vitro SAH model. Our study confirmed that the expression of S100A9 protein in the CSF of SAH patients is increased, and it is related to the short-term prognosis of SAH patients. S100A9 protein is highly expressed in microglia in the central nervous system. S100A9 gene knockout significantly improved neurological function scores and reduced neuronal apoptosis. S100A9 protein can activate TLR4 receptor, promote nuclear transcription of NF-κB, increase the activation of inflammatory body, and ultimately aggravate nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kesheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yujia Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chengli Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhui Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
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Colicchia M, Perrella G, Gant P, Rayes J. Novel mechanisms of thrombo-inflammation during infection: spotlight on neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated platelet activation. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100116. [PMID: 37063765 PMCID: PMC10099327 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A state-of-the-art lecture titled "novel mechanisms of thrombo-inflammation during infection" was presented at the ISTH Congress in 2022. Platelet, neutrophil, and endothelial cell activation coordinate the development, progression, and resolution of thrombo-inflammatory events during infection. Activated platelets and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are frequently observed in patients with sepsis and COVID-19, and high levels of NET-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) correlate with thrombotic complications. NET-associated DAMPs induce direct and indirect platelet activation, which in return potentiates neutrophil activation and NET formation. These coordinated interactions involve multiple receptors and signaling pathways contributing to vascular and organ damage exacerbating disease severity. This state-of-the-art review describes the main mechanisms by which platelets support NETosis and the key mechanisms by which NET-derived DAMPs trigger platelet activation and the formation of procoagulant platelets leading to thrombosis. We report how these DAMPs act through multiple receptors and signaling pathways differentially regulating cell activation and disease outcome, focusing on histones and S100A8/A9 and their contribution to the pathogenesis of sepsis and COVID-19. We further discuss the complexity of platelet activation during NETosis and the potential benefit of targeting selective or multiple NET-associated DAMPs to limit thrombo-inflammation during infection. Finally, we summarize relevant new data on this topic presented during the 2022 ISTH Congress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Colicchia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Gina Perrella
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Poppy Gant
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, U.K
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4
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S100 Proteins as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Psoriasis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196640. [PMID: 36235175 PMCID: PMC9572071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases affecting about 1-3% of the population. One of the characteristic abnormalities in psoriasis is the excessive production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins can be expressed differently in normal and diseased skin, reflecting their usefulness as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, due to their very important functions in innate immunity, members of host defense peptides and proteins are currently considered to be promising new therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. Koebnerisin (S100A15) belongs to an S100 family of antimicrobial proteins, which constitute the multigenetic group of calcium-binding proteins involved in ion-dependent cellular functions and regulation of immune mechanisms. S100A15 was first discovered to be overexpressed in 'koebnerized' psoriatic skin, indicating its involvement in the disease phenotype and the same promising potential as a new therapeutic target. This review describes the involvement of antimicrobial peptides and proteins in inflammatory diseases' development and therapy. The discussion focuses on S100 proteins, especially koebnerisin, which may be involved in the underlying mechanism of the Köebner phenomenon in psoriasis, as well as other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases described in the last decade.
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Wang S, Su M, Lin J, Zhang L, Li J, Tian Y, Qiu W. S100A8/A9, an Upregulated Host Factor in BK Virus Infection after Kidney Transplantation, Is Associated with Allograft Function Impairment. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2356-2366. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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Uppalapati SR, Vazquez-Torres A. Manganese Utilization in Salmonella Pathogenesis: Beyond the Canonical Antioxidant Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:924925. [PMID: 35903545 PMCID: PMC9315381 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.924925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metal ion manganese (Mn2+) is equally coveted by hosts and bacterial pathogens. The host restricts Mn2+ in the gastrointestinal tract and Salmonella-containing vacuoles, as part of a process generally known as nutritional immunity. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium counteract Mn2+ limitation using a plethora of metal importers, whose expression is under elaborate transcriptional and posttranscriptional control. Mn2+ serves as cofactor for a variety of enzymes involved in antioxidant defense or central metabolism. Because of its thermodynamic stability and low reactivity, bacterial pathogens may favor Mn2+-cofactored metalloenzymes during periods of oxidative stress. This divalent metal catalyzes metabolic flow through lower glycolysis, reductive tricarboxylic acid and the pentose phosphate pathway, thereby providing energetic, redox and biosynthetic outputs associated with the resistance of Salmonella to reactive oxygen species generated in the respiratory burst of professional phagocytic cells. Combined, the oxyradical-detoxifying properties of Mn2+ together with the ability of this divalent metal cation to support central metabolism help Salmonella colonize the mammalian gut and establish systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva R. Uppalapati
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Siva R. Uppalapati, ; Andres Vazquez-Torres,
| | - Andres Vazquez-Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Siva R. Uppalapati, ; Andres Vazquez-Torres,
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7
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Rochette L, Dogon G, Rigal E, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Protective Cardiac Functions of Calprotectin. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071226. [PMID: 35406797 PMCID: PMC8997643 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (CLP) belonging to the S-100 protein family is a heterodimeric complex (S100A8/S100A9) formed by two binding proteins. Upon cell activation, CLP stored in neutrophils is released extracellularly in response to inflammatory stimuli and acts as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). S100A8 and S100A9 possess both anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. The complex is a ligand of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation end (RAGE). At sites of infection and inflammation, CLP is a target for oxidation due to its co-localization with neutrophil-derived oxidants. In the heart, oxidative stress (OS) responses and S100 proteins are closely related and intimately linked through pathophysiological processes. Our review summarizes the roles of S100A8, S100A9 and CLP in the inflammation in relationship with vascular OS, and we examine the importance of CLP for the mechanisms driving in the protection of myocardium. Recent evidence interpreting CLP as a critical modulator during the inflammatory response has identified this alarmin as an interesting drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (G.D.); (E.R.); (M.Z.); (C.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Geoffrey Dogon
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (G.D.); (E.R.); (M.Z.); (C.V.)
| | - Eve Rigal
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (G.D.); (E.R.); (M.Z.); (C.V.)
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (G.D.); (E.R.); (M.Z.); (C.V.)
| | - Yves Cottin
- Service de Cardiologie, CHU-Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (G.D.); (E.R.); (M.Z.); (C.V.)
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Wu Y, Cao F, Zhou D, Chen S, Qi H, Huang T, Tan H, Shen L, Fan W. Cryoablation reshapes the immune microenvironment in the distal tumor and enhances the anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930461. [PMID: 36119081 PMCID: PMC9470839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the local treatments, cryoablation plays an increasingly important role in the comprehensive treatment of malignant tumors with its advantages of less trauma, high reproducibility, and minimally invasive. Activation of anti-tumor immunity, another characteristic of cryoablation, has attracted more and more attention with the extensive application of immunotherapy. Unfortunately, the mechanism by which cryoablation enhances anti-tumor immunity is still unclear. In this study, we applied a multi-omics approach to investigate the effects of local cryoablation in the distal tumor microenvironment. The results revealed that large amounts of tumor antigens were released post-cryoablation, leading to a sterile inflammatory response in distant tumors. During this period, activated lysosome-related pathways result in over-expression of SNAP23 (Synaptosome associated protein 23) and STXBP2 (Syntaxin binding protein 2), activation of immune effector cells, suppression of the release of immunosuppressive factors, and finally enhancement of anti-tumor immunity, which shows a broad prospect in combined immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuanggang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Han Qi
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtong Tan
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lujun Shen
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weijun Fan, ; Lujun Shen,
| | - Weijun Fan
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weijun Fan, ; Lujun Shen,
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Yao Y, Frew JW, Thomsen SF, Ring HC. Antimicrobial peptides in hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:236-244. [PMID: 34498267 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease of the hair follicle defined by recurrent nodules, tunnels and scarring involving the intertriginous regions. HS is associated with microbial dysbiosis and immune dysregulation. In HS, an increasing number of studies have investigated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the literature on AMPs in HS, and to discuss the potential role of AMPs in the pathogenesis of HS. METHODS PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched. The titles, abstracts and full texts of all articles were manually screened. Additionally, the reference lists of the included articles were screened and hand searched for relevant studies. RESULTS The final literature sample comprised 18 retrospective and prospective studies (no reviews or commentaries) published between 2009 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates the multitude of AMPs in HS. Although the methodology of the studies varied, the included studies indicate a consistent overexpression of human β-defensin (hBD)-2, S100A7, S100A8 and S100A9 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and a decreased expression of hBD-1. Overall, the studies point to a dysregulation of AMPs in both lesional and nonlesional HS skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yao
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J W Frew
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Dermatology Research Group, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - S F Thomsen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H C Ring
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chatziparasidis G, Kantar A. Calprotectin: An Ignored Biomarker of Neutrophilia in Pediatric Respiratory Diseases. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060428. [PMID: 34063831 PMCID: PMC8223968 DOI: 10.3390/children8060428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calprotectin (CP) is a non-covalent heterodimer formed by the subunits S100A8 (A8) and S100A9 (A9). When neutrophils become activated, undergo disruption, or die, this abundant cytosolic neutrophil protein is released. By fervently chelating trace metal ions that are essential for bacterial development, CP plays an important role in human innate immunity. It also serves as an alarmin by controlling the inflammatory response after it is released. Extracellular concentrations of CP increase in response to infection and inflammation, and are used as a biomarker of neutrophil activation in a variety of inflammatory diseases. Although it has been almost 40 years since CP was discovered, its use in daily pediatric practice is still limited. Current evidence suggests that CP could be used as a biomarker in a variety of pediatric respiratory diseases, and could become a valuable key factor in promoting diagnostic and therapeutic capacity. The aim of this study is to re-introduce CP to the medical community and to emphasize its potential role with the hope of integrating it as a useful adjunct, in the practice of pediatric respiratory medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Kantar
- Pediatric Asthma and Cough Centre, Instituti Ospedalieri Bergamaschi, University and Research Hospitals, 24046 Bergamo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Kotsiou OS, Papagiannis D, Papadopoulou R, Gourgoulianis KI. Calprotectin in Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041706. [PMID: 33567747 PMCID: PMC7915440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (CLP) is a heterodimer formed by two S-100 calcium-binding cytosolic proteins, S100A8 and S100A9. It is a multifunctional protein expressed mainly by neutrophils and released extracellularly by activated or damaged cells mediating a broad range of physiological and pathological responses. It has been more than 20 years since the implication of S100A8/A9 in the inflammatory process was shown; however, the evaluation of its role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases or its usefulness as a biomarker for the appropriate diagnosis and prognosis of lung diseases have only gained attention in recent years. This review aimed to provide current knowledge regarding the potential role of CLP in the pathophysiology of lung diseases and describe how this knowledge is, up until now, translated into daily clinical practice. CLP is involved in numerous cellular processes in lung health and disease. In addition to its anti-microbial functions, CLP also serves as a molecule with pro- and anti-tumor properties related to cell survival and growth, angiogenesis, DNA damage response, and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The findings of this review potentially introduce CLP in daily clinical practice within the spectrum of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dimitrios Papagiannis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Rodanthi Papadopoulou
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK;
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12
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Wirtz TH, Buendgens L, Weiskirchen R, Loosen SH, Haehnsen N, Puengel T, Abu Jhaisha S, Brozat JF, Hohlstein P, Koek G, Eisert A, Mohr R, Roderburg C, Luedde T, Trautwein C, Tacke F, Koch A. Association of Serum Calprotectin Concentrations with Mortality in Critically Ill and Septic Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E990. [PMID: 33238644 PMCID: PMC7700375 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Calprotectin is present in the cytosol of neutrophil granulocytes and released upon activation. Fecal calprotectin is applied in the clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease whereas serum calprotectin has been discussed as a biomarker in inflammatory disorders. However, its long-term prognostic relevance in critical illness remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate serum calprotectin concentrations as a prognostic biomarker in critically ill and septic patients. Methods: Serum calprotectin concentrations were analyzed in 165 critically ill patients (108 with sepsis, 57 without sepsis) included in our observational study. Patients were enrolled upon admission to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of the RWTH Aachen University Hospital. Calprotectin concentrations were compared to 24 healthy controls and correlated with clinical parameters, therapeutic interventions, and survival. Results: Serum calprotectin concentrations were significantly increased in ICU patients as well as in septic patients compared to respective controls (p < 0.001 for ICU patients and p = 0.001 for septic patients). Lower calprotectin concentrations were measured in patients with comorbidities i.e., coronary artery disease. Calprotectin concentrations strongly correlated with the C-reactive protein (p < 0.001) and were closely associated to parameters of mechanical ventilation (i.a. inspiratory oxygen fraction, FiO2; p < 0.001). The overall survival was significantly impaired in septic patients with high baseline calprotectin concentrations (p = 0.036). However, patients with increasing calprotectin serum concentrations within the first week of ICU admission showed an improved overall survival (p = 0.009). Conclusions: In summary, serum calprotectin concentrations are significantly increased in critically ill patients with sepsis. High calprotectin concentrations at ICU admission predict long-term mortality risk, whereas increasing calprotectin concentrations are associated with a favorable long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa H. Wirtz
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.H.W.); (L.B.); (N.H.); (S.A.J.); (J.F.B.); (P.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Lukas Buendgens
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.H.W.); (L.B.); (N.H.); (S.A.J.); (J.F.B.); (P.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Sven H. Loosen
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.H.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Nina Haehnsen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.H.W.); (L.B.); (N.H.); (S.A.J.); (J.F.B.); (P.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (R.M.); (C.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Samira Abu Jhaisha
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.H.W.); (L.B.); (N.H.); (S.A.J.); (J.F.B.); (P.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Jonathan F. Brozat
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.H.W.); (L.B.); (N.H.); (S.A.J.); (J.F.B.); (P.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Philipp Hohlstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.H.W.); (L.B.); (N.H.); (S.A.J.); (J.F.B.); (P.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Ger Koek
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Albrecht Eisert
- Hospital Pharmacy, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Raphael Mohr
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (R.M.); (C.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (R.M.); (C.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.H.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.H.W.); (L.B.); (N.H.); (S.A.J.); (J.F.B.); (P.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (R.M.); (C.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.H.W.); (L.B.); (N.H.); (S.A.J.); (J.F.B.); (P.H.); (C.T.)
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13
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Railwah C, Lora A, Zahid K, Goldenberg H, Campos M, Wyman A, Jundi B, Ploszaj M, Rivas M, Dabo A, Majka SM, Foronjy R, El Gazzar M, Geraghty P. Cigarette smoke induction of S100A9 contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L1021-L1035. [PMID: 32964723 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00207.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) is elevated in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and aging enhances S100A9 expression in several tissues. Currently, the direct impact of S100A9-mediated signaling on lung function and within the aging lung is unknown. Here, we observed that elevated S100A9 levels in human BALF correlated with age. Elevated lung levels of S100A9 were higher in older mice compared with in young animals and coincided with pulmonary function changes. Both acute and chronic exposure to cigarette smoke enhanced S100A9 levels in age-matched mice. To examine the direct role of S100A9 on the development of COPD, S100a9-/- mice or mice administered paquinimod were exposed to chronic cigarette smoke. S100A9 depletion and inhibition attenuated the loss of lung function, pressure-volume loops, airway inflammation, lung compliance, and forced expiratory volume in 0.05 s/forced vital capacity, compared with age-matched wild-type or vehicle-administered animals. Loss of S100a9 signaling reduced cigarette smoke-induced airspace enlargement, alveolar remodeling, lung destruction, ERK and c-RAF phosphorylation, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) release into the airways. Paquinimod administered to nonsmoked, aged animals reduced age-associated loss of lung function. Since fibroblasts play a major role in the production and maintenance of extracellular matrix in emphysema, primary lung fibroblasts were treated with the ERK inhibitor LY3214996 or the c-RAF inhibitor GW5074, resulting in less S100A9-induced MMP-3, MMP-9, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8. Silencing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), or extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) prevented S100A9-induced phosphorylation of ERK and c-RAF. Our data suggest that S100A9 signaling contributes to the progression of smoke-induced and age-related COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Railwah
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Alnardo Lora
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Kanza Zahid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Hannah Goldenberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Michael Campos
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Anne Wyman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Bakr Jundi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Magdalena Ploszaj
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Melissa Rivas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Abdoulaye Dabo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Susan M Majka
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Robert Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
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14
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Role of S100 proteins in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118677. [PMID: 32057918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The S100 family of proteins contains 25 known members that share a high degree of sequence and structural similarity. However, only a limited number of family members have been characterized in depth, and the roles of other members are likely undervalued. Their importance should not be underestimated however, as S100 family members function to regulate a diverse array of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, migration and/or invasion, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Here we detail S100 target protein interactions that underpin the mechanistic basis to their function, and discuss potential intervention strategies targeting S100 proteins in both preclinical and clinical situations.
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15
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Sreejit G, Flynn MC, Patil M, Krishnamurthy P, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. S100 family proteins in inflammation and beyond. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 98:173-231. [PMID: 32564786 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The S100 family proteins possess a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions. They interact with multiple receptors and signal transducers to regulate pathways that govern inflammation, cell differentiation, proliferation, energy metabolism, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, cell cytoskeleton and microbial resistance. S100 proteins are also emerging as novel diagnostic markers for identifying and monitoring various diseases. Strategies aimed at targeting S100-mediated signaling pathways hold a great potential in developing novel therapeutics for multiple diseases. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the role of S100 family proteins in health and disease with a major focus on their role in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Lipcsey M, Hanslin K, Stålberg J, Smekal D, Larsson A. The time course of calprotectin liberation from human neutrophil granulocytes after Escherichia coli and endotoxin challenge. Innate Immun 2019; 25:369-373. [PMID: 31109223 PMCID: PMC7103615 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919848476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma calprotectin has previously been reported as a biomarker for sepsis. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the kinetics of calprotectin release from neutrophils exposed to Escherichia coli and endotoxin. Whole blood samples were exposed to E. coli bacteria or endotoxin in vitro. Blood samples were collected after 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h and plasma calprotectin was analysed by particle enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay while TNF-α, IL-6, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were analyzed by ELISA. When neutrophils were exposed to either E. coli or endotoxin, calprotectin levels began to increase within a couple of hours after the challenge. Calprotectin increases early in response to bacterial challenge. Given the logistic advantages of the calprotectin analysis, this may be of interest for early diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Lipcsey
- 1 CIRRUS, Department of Surgical Sciences/Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Sweden.,2 Hedenstierna laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences/Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Katja Hanslin
- 3 Department of Medical Sciences/Infectious diseases, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Johan Stålberg
- 4 Department of Medical Sciences/Clinical chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Smekal
- 1 CIRRUS, Department of Surgical Sciences/Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- 4 Department of Medical Sciences/Clinical chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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17
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Hadley RC, Nolan EM. Preparation and Iron Redox Speciation Study of the Fe(II)-Binding Antimicrobial Protein Calprotectin. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1929:397-415. [PMID: 30710287 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9030-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calprotectin (CP, S100A8/S100A9 heterooligomer) is an abundant metal-sequestering host-defense protein expressed by neutrophils, other white blood cells, and epithelial cells. The apoprotein is a S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer that contains two sites for transition metal binding at the S100A8/S100A9 interface: a His3Asp motif (site 1) and a His6 motif (site 2). In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step protocol for the overexpression and purification of the human and murine orthologues of CP that affords each apo heterodimer in high yield and purity. In these procedures, the S100A8 and S100A9 subunits are overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and each apo heterodimer is obtained following cell lysis, folding, column chromatography, and dialysis against Chelex resin to reduce metal contamination. Recent studies demonstrated that human CP coordinates Fe(II) and that the protein affects the redox speciation of Fe in solution. An Fe redox speciation assay employing ferrozine is described that demonstrates the ability of both the human and murine orthologues of CP to shift the redox speciation of Fe from the ferric to the ferrous oxidation state over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose C Hadley
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Bartáková E, Štefan M, Stráníková A, Pospíšilová L, Arientová S, Beran O, Blahutová M, Máca J, Holub M. Calprotectin and calgranulin C serum levels in bacterial sepsis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 93:219-226. [PMID: 30420210 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of calprotectin and calgranulin C and routine biomarkers in patients with bacterial sepsis (BS). The initial serum concentrations of calprotectin and calgranulin C were significantly higher in patients with BS (n = 66) than in those with viral infections (n = 24) and the healthy controls (n = 26); the level of calprotectin was found to be the best predictor of BS, followed by the neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR) and the level of procalcitonin (PCT). The white blood cell (WBC) count and the NLCR rapidly returned to normal levels, whereas PCT levels normalized later and the increased levels of calprotectin, calgranulin C, and C-reactive protein persisted until the end of follow-up. Our results suggest that the serum levels of calprotectin are a reliable biomarker of BS and that the WBC count and the NLCR are rapid predictors of the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bartáková
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Štefan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Alžběta Stráníková
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Pospíšilová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Simona Arientová
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Beran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Blahutová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Máca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 1790/5, 708 52 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Holub
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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19
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Mason LMK, Coumou J, Ersöz JI, Oei A, Roelofs JJTH, Vogl T, van der Poll T, Hovius JWR. MRP8/14 does not contribute to dissemination or inflammation in a murine model of Lyme borreliosis. Immunobiology 2018; 223:694-698. [PMID: 30056999 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-related protein (MRP)8 and MRP14 form a complex (MRP8/14) that is released by activated neutrophils and monocytes during infection. MRP8/14 has been shown to have bacteriostatic activity in vitro against Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete that causes Lyme borreliosis. Furthermore, levels of MRP8/14 have been shown to be elevated in the joints of patients with Lyme arthritis. We hypothesized that MRP8/14 has a protective effect during B. burgdorferi infection. To determine the role of MRP8/14 in the immune response to B. burgdorferi, we studied the course of B. burgdorferi infection in wildtype (wt) and mrp14-/- mice. In addition, we studied the response of leukocytes from mice lacking MRP8/14 to B. burgdorferi ex vivo. We demonstrated similar levels of B. burgdorferi dissemination, cytokine and immunoglobulin production in infected wt and mrp14-/- mice after 21 days. Neutrophils and monocytes lacking MRP8/14 were undiminished in their ability to become activated or phagocytose B. burgdorferi. In conclusion, we did not find a central role of MRP8/14 in the immune response against B. burgdorferi. As the levels of MRP8/14 in the serum of infected mice were low, we speculate that MRP8/14 is not released in levels great enough to influence the course of B. burgdorferi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M K Mason
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen Coumou
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin I Ersöz
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Oei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe W R Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Mizobuchi H, Fujii W, Isokawa S, Ishizuka K, Wang Y, Watanabe S, Sanjoba C, Matsumoto Y, Goto Y. Exacerbation of hepatic injury during rodent malaria by myeloid-related protein 14. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199111. [PMID: 29902248 PMCID: PMC6002122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic dysfunction is one of the clinical features in severe malaria. However, the mechanism of hepatic injury during malaria is still unknown. Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 14 is abundantly expressed by myeloid cells and involved in various inflammatory diseases. We previously reported that serum MRP14 is elevated in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. In order to verify whether extracellular MRP14 is involved in the pathology of hepatic injury during rodent malaria, we intravenously administrated recombinant MRP14 (rMRP14) to mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. The administration of rMRP14 did not affect parasite number or hematocrit. On the other hand, the hepatic injury was exacerbated in rMRP14-treated mice, and their serum concentration of hepatic enzymes increased significantly more than PBS-treated controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver showed that more MRP14+ macrophages accumulated in rMRP14-treated mice than PBS-treated controls after infection. The administration of rMRP14 also promotes the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory molecules in the liver, such as iNOS, IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α. Even in the absence of Plasmodium infection, administration of rMRP14 could induce the accumulation of MRP14+ macrophages and up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory molecules in the liver of naïve mice. The results indicate that MRP14 promotes the accumulation of MRP14+ cells and the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory molecules and NO, which amplify inflammatory cascade leading to hepatic injury. In conclusion, MRP14 is a one of key molecules for liver inflammation during rodent malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Mizobuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Isokawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanna Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yihan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayoko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Wang S, Song R, Wang Z, Jing Z, Wang S, Ma J. S100A8/A9 in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1298. [PMID: 29942307 PMCID: PMC6004386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 (also known as MRP8 and MRP14, respectively) are Ca2+ binding proteins belonging to the S100 family. They often exist in the form of heterodimer, while homodimer exists very little because of the stability. S100A8/A9 is constitutively expressed in neutrophils and monocytes as a Ca2+ sensor, participating in cytoskeleton rearrangement and arachidonic acid metabolism. During inflammation, S100A8/A9 is released actively and exerts a critical role in modulating the inflammatory response by stimulating leukocyte recruitment and inducing cytokine secretion. S100A8/A9 serves as a candidate biomarker for diagnosis and follow-up as well as a predictive indicator of therapeutic responses to inflammation-associated diseases. As blockade of S100A8/A9 activity using small-molecule inhibitors or antibodies improves pathological conditions in murine models, the heterodimer has potential as a therapeutic target. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of the distribution and biological functions of S100A8/A9 and highlight its application as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Song
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaocheng Jing
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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22
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Zhang K, Griffiths G, Repnik U, Hornef M. Seeing is understanding: Salmonella's way to penetrate the intestinal epithelium. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:97-106. [PMID: 28939439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular processes that govern host-microbial interaction illustrate not only the sophisticated and multifaceted mechanisms that protect the host from infection, but also the elaborated features of microbial pathogens that have evolved to overcome or evade the host's immune system. Here we focus on Salmonella that like other enteric pathogens must overcome the intestinal mucosal immune system, a surface constantly on alert and evolved to restrict the enteric microbiota. We discuss the initial step of Salmonella infection, the penetration of the intestinal epithelial barrier and the models used to study this fascinating aspect of microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Zhang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mathias Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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23
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de Jong HK, Garcia-Laorden MI, Hoogendijk AJ, Parry CM, Maude RR, Dondorp AM, Faiz MA, van der Poll T, Wiersinga WJ. Expression of intra- and extracellular granzymes in patients with typhoid fever. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005823. [PMID: 28749963 PMCID: PMC5549753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever, caused by the intracellular pathogen Salmonella (S.) enterica serovar Typhi, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Granzymes are serine proteases promoting cytotoxic lymphocytes mediated eradication of intracellular pathogens via the induction of cell death and which can also play a role in inflammation. We aimed to characterize the expression of extracellular and intracellular granzymes in patients with typhoid fever and whether the extracellular levels of granzyme correlated with IFN-γ release. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed soluble protein levels of extracellular granzyme A and B in healthy volunteers and patients with confirmed S. Typhi infection on admission and day of discharge, and investigated whether this correlated with interferon (IFN)-γ release, a cytokine significantly expressed in typhoid fever. The intracellular expression of granzyme A, B and K in subsets of lymphocytic cells was determined using flow cytometry. Patients demonstrated a marked increase of extracellular granzyme A and B in acute phase plasma and a correlation of both granzymes with IFN-γ release. In patients, lower plasma levels of granzyme B, but not granzyme A, were found at day of discharge compared to admission, indicating an association of granzyme B with stage of disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of typhoid fever patients had a higher percentage of lymphocytic cells expressing intracellular granzyme A and granzyme B, but not granzyme K, compared to controls. CONCLUSION The marked increase observed in extra- and intracellular levels of granzyme expression in patients with typhoid fever, and the correlation with stage of disease, suggests a role for granzymes in the host response to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K. de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Isabel Garcia-Laorden
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arie J. Hoogendijk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher M. Parry
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rapeephan R. Maude
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abul Faiz
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Dev Care Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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24
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Trøstrup H, Lerche CJ, Christophersen L, Jensen PØ, Høiby N, Moser C. Immune Modulating Topical S100A8/A9 Inhibits Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mitigates Biofilm Infection in Chronic Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071359. [PMID: 28672877 PMCID: PMC5535852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm maintains and perturbs local host defense, hindering timely wound healing. Previously, we showed that P. aeruginosa suppressed S100A8/A9 of the murine innate host defense. We assessed the potential antimicrobial effect of S100A8/A9 on biofilm-infected wounds in a murine model and P. aeruginosa growth in vitro. Seventy-six mice, inflicted with a full-thickness burn wound were challenged subcutaneously (s.c.) by 106 colony-forming units (CFUs) of P. aeruginosa biofilm. Mice were subsequently randomized into two treatment groups, one group receiving recombinant murine S100A8/A9 and a group of vehicle controls (phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) all treated with s.c. injections daily for up to five days. Wounds were analyzed for quantitative bacteriology and contents of key inflammatory markers. Count of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes was included. S100A8/A9-treatment ameliorated wound infection, as evaluated by quantitative bacteriology (p ≤ 0.05). In vitro, growth of P. aeruginosa was inhibited dose-dependently by S100A8/A9 in concentrations from 5 to 40 μg/mL, as determined by optical density-measurement (OD-measurement) and quantitative bacteriology. Treatment slightly augmented key inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), but dampened interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels and blood polymorphonuclear count. In conclusion, topical S100A8/A9 displays remarkable novel immune stimulatory and anti-infective properties in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, treatment by S100A8/A9 provides local infection control. Implications for a role as adjunctive treatment in healing of chronic biofilm-infected wounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Trøstrup
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Johann Lerche
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lars Christophersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Saliba AE, Li L, Westermann AJ, Appenzeller S, Stapels DAC, Schulte LN, Helaine S, Vogel J. Single-cell RNA-seq ties macrophage polarization to growth rate of intracellular Salmonella. Nat Microbiol 2016; 2:16206. [PMID: 27841856 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens can exhibit large heterogeneity in growth rate inside host cells, with major consequences for the infection outcome. If and how the host responds to this heterogeneity remains poorly understood. Here, we combined a fluorescent reporter of bacterial cell division with single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis to study the macrophage response to different intracellular states of the model pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The transcriptomes of individual infected macrophages revealed a spectrum of functional host response states to growing and non-growing bacteria. Intriguingly, macrophages harbouring non-growing Salmonella display hallmarks of the proinflammatory M1 polarization state and differ little from bystander cells, suggesting that non-growing bacteria evade recognition by intracellular immune receptors. By contrast, macrophages containing growing bacteria have turned into an anti-inflammatory, M2-like state, as if fast-growing intracellular Salmonella overcome host defence by reprogramming macrophage polarization. Additionally, our clustering approach reveals intermediate host functional states between these extremes. Altogether, our data suggest that gene expression variability in infected host cells shapes different cellular environments, some of which may favour a growth arrest of Salmonella facilitating immune evasion and the establishment of a long-term niche, while others allow Salmonella to escape intracellular antimicrobial activity and proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Core Unit SysMed, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Core Unit SysMed, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander J Westermann
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Core Unit SysMed, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daphne A C Stapels
- Section of Microbiology, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Leon N Schulte
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Helaine
- Section of Microbiology, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jörg Vogel
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Peng J, Lin X, Lin H, Chen S, Liu J, Guo Z, Liang Y, Huang S, Lu F. Up-regulated TLR2 and TLR4 expressions in liver and spleen during acute murine T. gondii infection. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4681-4686. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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