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Sreejit G, Park CY. (Reg)ulation of hematopoietic lineage fates. Blood 2024; 143:188-190. [PMID: 38236614 PMCID: PMC10808475 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023023000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
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Dahdah A, Jaggers RM, Sreejit G, Johnson J, Kanuri B, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Immunological Insights into Cigarette Smoking-Induced Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203190. [PMID: 36291057 PMCID: PMC9600209 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is one of the most prominent addictions of the modern world, and one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. Although the number of tobacco smokers is believed to be at a historic low, electronic cigarette use has been on a dramatic rise over the past decades. Used as a replacement for cigarette smoking, electronic cigarettes were thought to reduce the negative effects of burning tobacco. Nonetheless, the delivery of nicotine by electronic cigarettes, the most prominent component of cigarette smoke (CS) is still delivering the same negative outcomes, albeit to a lesser extent than CS. Smoking has been shown to affect both the structural and functional aspects of major organs, including the lungs and vasculature. Although the deleterious effects of smoking on these organs individually is well-known, it is likely that the adverse effects of smoking on these organs will have long-lasting effects on the cardiovascular system. In addition, smoking has been shown to play an independent role in the homeostasis of the immune system, leading to major sequela. Both the adaptive and the innate immune system have been explored regarding CS and have been demonstrated to be altered in a way that promotes inflammatory signals, leading to an increase in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Although the mechanism of action of CS has not been fully understood, disease pathways have been explored in both branches of the immune system. The pathophysiologically altered immune system during smoking and its correlation with cardiovascular diseases is not fully understood. Here we highlight some of the important pathological mechanisms that involve cigarette smoking and its many components on cardiovascular disease and the immune systems in order to have a better understanding of the mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Dahdah
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert M. Jaggers
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Babunageswararao Kanuri
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sreejit G, Nooti S, Jaggers R, Johnson J, Ma J, Murphy A, Nagareddy PR. Abstract GS113: Inflammasome Primed Neutrophils Regulate Myocardial Infarction Induced Myelopoiesis. Circ Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/res.131.suppl_1.gs113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) results in overzealous production and infiltration of neutrophils to the ischemic heart. This is mediated in-part by granulopoiesis induced by the S100A8/A9-NLRP3-IL-1β signaling axis in injury-exposed neutrophils. Despite the transcriptional upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and associated signaling components in neutrophils, the serum levels of IL-1β, the effector molecule in granulopoiesis was not impacted by MI suggesting that IL-1β is not released systemically. We hypothesize that IL-1β is released locally within the bone marrow (BM) by inflammasome-primed and reverse-migrating neutrophils.
Methods:
Using a combination of time-dependent parabiosis and flow cytometry techniques, we first characterized the migration patterns of different blood cell types across the parabiotic barrier. We next induced MI in parabiotic mice by permanent ligation of the LAD artery, and examined the ability of injury-exposed neutrophils to permeate the parabiotic barrier and induce granulopoiesis in non-infarcted parabionts. Finally, utilizing multiple neutrophil adoptive and BM transplant studies, we studied the molecular mechanisms that govern reverse migration and retention of the primed neutrophils, IL-1β secretion and granulopoiesis. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography.
Results:
MI promoted greater accumulation of the inflammasome-primed neutrophils in the BM. Introducing a time-dependent parabiotic barrier to the free movement of neutrophils inhibited their ability to stimulate granulopoiesis in the non-infarcted parabionts. Prior priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome is not a prerequisite, but the presence of a functional CXCR4 (C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor 4) on the primed neutrophils and elevated serum S100A8/A9 levels are necessary for homing and retention of the reverse-migrating neutrophils. In the BM, the primed neutrophils secrete IL-1β through formation of gasdermin D pores and, promote granulopoiesis. Pharmacological and/ or genetic strategies aimed at inhibition of neutrophil homing or release of IL-1β in the BM markedly suppressed MI-induced granulopoiesis and, improved cardiac function.
Conclusions:
Our data reveal a new paradigm of how circulatory cells establish a direct communication between organs by delivering signaling molecules (e.g., IL-1β) directly at the sites of action rather through systemic release. We suggest that this pathway may exist to limit the off-target effects of systemic IL-1β release
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianjie Ma
- Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Andrew Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Dahdah A, Park KH, Sreejit G, Jaggers R, Johnson J, Nagareddy PR. Abstract P3078: Stress-induced Early Recruitment Of Neutrophils To The Infarcted Hearts Influence Cardiac Outcomes. Circ Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/res.131.suppl_1.p3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI)-induced heart failure is one of the leading causes of death in the modern world. This is in part due to abnormal cardiac remodeling, instigated by a large influx of neutrophils immediately following MI. These activated neutrophils in the heart release a plethora of proteolytic enzymes and exacerbate tissue injury leading to cardiac failure and death. The role of neutrophils during MI is complex with the intensity and duration of their residency dictating the ensuing remodeling process.
We have previously shown that the recruitment of neutrophils to heart post-MI is mirrored by an increased proliferation of progenitors (granulopoiesis) in the bone marrow (BM). However, the increase in the number of neutrophils at the infarct begins much earlier (< 6 hours post MI) than the peak granulopoiesis (24 hours post-MI) in the BM. These finding suggest that sources other than granulopoiesis may contribute heavily to the initial neutrophil burden of the heart. One such source is the marginated pool. In the circulation, the marginated pool of neutrophils represents the same size as that of the circulating pool. We hypothesize that “
demargination of neutrophils from the vascular wall contribute to the neutrophil burden of the heart particularly during the early hours after MI
”. To test this hypothesis, we created a mouse model of MI by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and studied the impact of early recruitment of neutrophil to ischemic heart.
We found that the initial wave of neutrophils recruited to the ischemic heart were exclusively sourced from the vasculature and not granulopoiesis in the BM/ Spleen. The neutrophils that were recruited to the heart exhibit distinct hallmarks of demargination including decreased F-actin, CD62L and increased Adam17 expression. This early recruitment of neutrophils was orchestrated by catecholamine stress as strategies aimed at inhibition of catecholamine biosynthesis or blockade of β adrenergic receptors (β-AR) significantly reduced neutrophil burden and improved cardiac function. Interestingly, this protective effect was lost when neutrophil recruitment was suppressed over a longer period. In conclusion we show that while short-term blockade of β-AR signaling suppresses the early neutrophil swarming, suppression beyond the reparative phase (> 3 days post-MI) adversely impact the cardiac function. Together these data suggest that catecholamine stress induced-demargination constitute the major source of neutrophils during the early hours of MI. Understanding the precise signaling mechanisms that drive demargination and optimizing the right dose/duration of a specific β-AR blocker may help suppress the initial onslaught of neutrophils without compromising their overall beneficial function during the reparative phase of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki H Park
- THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Columbus, OH
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Nagareddy PR, Sreejit G. Response by Nagareddy and Sreejit to Letter Regarding Article, "Retention of the NLRP3 Inflammasome-Primed Neutrophils in the Bone Marrow Is Essential for Myocardial Infarction-Induced Granulopoiesis". Circulation 2022; 145:e1035-e1036. [PMID: 35533219 PMCID: PMC9191749 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.059691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
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Nagareddy PR, Sreejit G. Letter by Nagareddy and Sreejit Regarding Article, "Interleukin-1α Is a Central Regulator of Leukocyte-Endothelial Adhesion in Myocardial Infarction and in Chronic Kidney Disease". Circulation 2022; 145:e762-e763. [PMID: 35254918 PMCID: PMC8909356 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
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Sreejit G, Nooti SK, Jaggers RM, Athmanathan B, Park KH, Al-Sharea A, Johnson J, Dahdah A, Lee MKS, Ma J, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Retention of the NLRP3 Inflammasome-Primed Neutrophils in the Bone Marrow Is Essential for Myocardial Infarction-Induced Granulopoiesis. Circulation 2022; 145:31-44. [PMID: 34788059 PMCID: PMC8716427 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (MI) results in overzealous production and infiltration of neutrophils to the ischemic heart. This is mediated in part by granulopoiesis induced by the S100A8/A9-NLRP3-IL-1β signaling axis in injury-exposed neutrophils. Despite the transcriptional upregulation of the NLRP3 (Nod Like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain-Containing 3) inflammasome and associated signaling components in neutrophils, the serum levels of IL-1β (interleukin-1β), the effector molecule in granulopoiesis, were not affected by MI, suggesting that IL-1β is not released systemically. We hypothesize that IL-1β is released locally within the bone marrow (BM) by inflammasome-primed and reverse-migrating neutrophils. METHODS Using a combination of time-dependent parabiosis and flow cytometry techniques, we first characterized the migration patterns of different blood cell types across the parabiotic barrier. We next induced MI in parabiotic mice by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery and examined the ability of injury-exposed neutrophils to permeate the parabiotic barrier and induce granulopoiesis in noninfarcted parabionts. Last, using multiple neutrophil adoptive and BM transplant studies, we studied the molecular mechanisms that govern reverse migration and retention of the primed neutrophils, IL-1β secretion, and granulopoiesis. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. RESULTS MI promoted greater accumulation of the inflammasome-primed neutrophils in the BM. Introducing a time-dependent parabiotic barrier to the free movement of neutrophils inhibited their ability to stimulate granulopoiesis in the noninfarcted parabionts. Previous priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome is not a prerequisite, but the presence of a functional CXCR4 (C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor 4) on the primed-neutrophils and elevated serum S100A8/A9 levels are necessary for homing and retention of the reverse-migrating neutrophils. In the BM, the primed-neutrophils secrete IL-1β through formation of gasdermin D pores and promote granulopoiesis. Pharmacological and genetic strategies aimed at the inhibition of neutrophil homing or release of IL-1β in the BM markedly suppressed MI-induced granulopoiesis and improved cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal a new paradigm of how circulatory cells establish a direct communication between organs by delivering signaling molecules (eg, IL-1β) directly at the sites of action rather through systemic release. We suggest that this pathway may exist to limit the off-target effects of systemic IL-1β release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sunil K Nooti
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert M Jaggers
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Baskaran Athmanathan
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ki Ho Park
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Annas Al-Sharea
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Man KS Lee
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Sreejit G, Johnson J, Jaggers RM, Dahdah A, Murphy AJ, Hanssen NMJ, Nagareddy PR. Neutrophils in cardiovascular disease: warmongers, peacemakers, or both? Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2596-2609. [PMID: 34534269 PMCID: PMC9890471 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant of all leucocytes and the first cells to arrive at the sites of sterile inflammation/injury act as a double-edged sword. On one hand, they inflict a significant collateral damage to the tissues and on the other hand, they help facilitate wound healing by a number of mechanisms. Recent studies have drastically changed the perception of neutrophils from being simple one-dimensional cells with an unrestrained mode of action to a cell type that display maturity and complex behaviour. It is now recognized that neutrophils are transcriptionally active and respond to plethora of signals by deploying a wide variety of cargo to influence the activity of other cells in the vicinity. Neutrophils can regulate macrophage behaviour, display innate immune memory, and play a major role in the resolution of inflammation in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we provide an update on the factors that regulate neutrophil production and the emerging dichotomous role of neutrophils in the context of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in atherosclerosis and the ensuing complications, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Deciphering the complex behaviour of neutrophils during inflammation and resolution may provide novel insights and in turn facilitate the development of potential therapeutic strategies to manage cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert M Jaggers
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nordin M J Hanssen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Centrum, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location Academic Medical Centre Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dahdah A, Nagareddy PR, Sreejit G, Park KHH, Jaggers R, Johnson J, Ma J. Abstract MP221: Early Recruitment Of Neutrophils To The Ischemic Heart Is Orchestrated By Catecholamine-induced Demargination. Circ Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/res.129.suppl_1.mp221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) induces a rapid and robust inflammatory response characterized by infiltration of different leukocyte cell types to the infarcted heart. Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the infarct where they release a plethora of proteolytic enzymes, exacerbate tissue injury, expand infarct size and promote cardiac dysfunction/ failure. We previously have shown that granulopoiesis (in the bone marrow, BM) is the major source of neutrophils during MI. However, the increase in the number of neutrophils at the infarct begins much earlier than the peak response in the BM (~ 24 hours) suggesting that sources other than granulopoiesis may contribute to the overall neutrophil pool. Because the marginated pool of neutrophils represents the same size of circulating pool, we hypothesized that demargination of neutrophils from the vascular wall contribute to the neutrophil burden in the heart, particularly during the early hours after MI.Using a mouse model of the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, BM ablation of hematopoietic stem cells, flow cytometry and BM transplant techniques, we found that the first wave of neutrophils recruited to the ischemic heart are exclusively sourced from the vasculature and not granulopoiesis in the BM/ spleen. The neutrophils recruited at the heart bore all hallmarks of demargination induced by dexamethasone including decreased F-actin, CD62L, and increased Adam17 expression. The recruitment of neutrophils is orchestrated by catecholamine stress as experimental strategies aimed at blockade of β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors (AR) reduced neutrophil burden in the ischemic heart. Interestingly, despite a decrease in neutrophil burden, the cardiac function did not improve but rather declined. However, short-term inhibition (6-12 hours post-MI) of β AR system either by receptor blockade (propranolol) or inhibition of catecholamine synthesis (AMPT) not only reduced neutrophil burden but also significantly improved cardiac function. Together these data suggest that catecholamine stress induced-demargination constitute the major source of neutrophils during the early hours post-MI. Pharmacological strategies aimed at suppressing the initial onslaught of neutrophils on the ischemic heart may represent a novel and viable approach towards a better resolution of the injury. Currently, studies are underway to define the signaling mechanisms that drive demargination and, to optimize the dose/ duration of a specific β receptor blocker to achieve better functional outcomes.
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Sreejit G, Jaggers RM, Dahdah A, Johnson J, Latif AA, Murphy A, Nagareddy PR. Abstract MP226: Netosis Is Required For S100a8/a9-induced Granulopoiesis After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/res.129.suppl_1.mp226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) provokes a massive systemic inflammatory response characterized by enhanced infiltration of neutrophils to the ischemic heart via granulopoiesis in the bone marrow. We recently discovered that S100A8/A9 is released by infiltrating neutrophils in the infarct to induce granulopoiesis by interacting with TLR4 on naïve neutrophils, priming the NLPR3-inflammasome for release of IL-1β which then leads to increased granulopoiesis. However, the mechanism of S100A8/A9 release from the infiltrating-neutrophils remain unclear. We hypothesized that neutrophils release S100A8/A9 via NETosis, a form of cell-death that involves extrusion of decondensed chromatin along with its entire granular content including S100A8/A9. To validate this hypothesis we found that neutrophils sorted from mouse heart 24 hours post-MI were enriched for genetic signature for an Nox-independent NETosis, dominated by Padi4. Furthermore, we found a robust increase in citrullination of histone moieties, colocalization of S100A8/A9 with H3Cit, and increased S100A8/A9 levels in the heart as early as 6 hours after MI. Depletion of Padi4 in the mouse myeloid cells by bone marrow transplantation studies was also associated with suppressed granulopoiesis, fewer neutrophils in the blood and heart, and reduced cardiac and serum S100A8/A9 after MI. To validate these findings in humans, we measured various markers of NETosis and found a marked increase in serum double-stranded DNA, MPO (myeloperoxidase) elastase, which paralleled S100A8/A9 levels in STEMI patients from the time of admission through post-revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention. Taken together we propose that interventions to reduce NETosis and/or S100A8/A9 release particularly during the acute inflammatory phase could represent a departure from the status quo in managing post-MI inflammation and the subsequent heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Murphy
- Baker heart and diabetes institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Lee MKS, Kraakman MJ, Dragoljevic D, Hanssen NMJ, Flynn MC, Al-Sharea A, Sreejit G, Bertuzzo-Veiga C, Cooney OD, Baig F, Morriss E, Cooper ME, Josefsson EC, Kile BT, Nagareddy PR, Murphy AJ. Apoptotic Ablation of Platelets Reduces Atherosclerosis in Mice With Diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1167-1178. [PMID: 33441028 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with diabetes are at a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disease, in part, due to accelerated atherosclerosis. Diabetic subjects have increased number of platelets that are activated, more reactive, and respond suboptimally to antiplatelet therapies. We hypothesized that reducing platelet numbers by inducing their premature apoptotic death would decrease atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: This was achieved by targeting the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL (B-cell lymphoma-extra large; which is essential for platelet viability) via distinct genetic and pharmacological approaches. In the former, we transplanted bone marrow from mice carrying the Tyr15 to Cys loss of function allele of Bcl-x (known as Bcl-xPlt20) or wild-type littermate controls into atherosclerotic-prone Ldlr+/- mice made diabetic with streptozotocin and fed a Western diet. Reduced Bcl-xL function in hematopoietic cells significantly decreased platelet numbers, exclusive of other hematologic changes. This led to a significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesion formation in Bcl-xPlt20 bone marrow transplanted Ldlr+/- mice. To assess the potential therapeutic relevance of reducing platelets in atherosclerosis, we next targeted Bcl-xL with a pharmacological strategy. This was achieved by low-dose administration of the BH3 (B-cell lymphoma-2 homology domain 3) mimetic, ABT-737 triweekly, in diabetic Apoe-/- mice for the final 6 weeks of a 12-week study. ABT-737 normalized platelet numbers along with platelet and leukocyte activation to that of nondiabetic controls, significantly reducing atherosclerosis while promoting a more stable plaque phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that selectively reducing circulating platelets, by targeting Bcl-xL to promote platelet apoptosis, can reduce atherosclerosis and lower cardiovascular disease risk in diabetes. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man K S Lee
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.).,Department of Diabetes (M.K.S.L., N.M.J.H., O.D.C., M.E.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health (M.K.S.L., D.D., A.J.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.)
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.).,Department of Cardiometabolic Health (M.K.S.L., D.D., A.J.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nordin M J Hanssen
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.).,Department of Diabetes (M.K.S.L., N.M.J.H., O.D.C., M.E.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM, School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (N.M.J.H.).,Amsterdam Diabetes Centrum, Internal and vascular medicine, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, the Netherlands (N.M.J.H.)
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.).,Department of Immunology (M.C.F., A.J.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annas Al-Sharea
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.)
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus (G.S., P.R.N.)
| | - Camilla Bertuzzo-Veiga
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.).,Department of Physiology (C.B.-V., A.J.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olivia D Cooney
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.).,Department of Diabetes (M.K.S.L., N.M.J.H., O.D.C., M.E.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fatima Baig
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Morriss
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.)
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes (M.K.S.L., N.M.J.H., O.D.C., M.E.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma C Josefsson
- Department of Medical Biology (E.C.J.), University of Melbourne, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia (E.C.J.)
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (B.T.K.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia (B.T.K.)
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus (G.S., P.R.N.)
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (M.K.S.L., M.J.K., D.D., N.M.J.H., M.C.F., A.A.-S., C.B.-V., O.D.C., F.B., E.M., A.J.M.).,Department of Immunology (M.C.F., A.J.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health (M.K.S.L., D.D., A.J.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology (C.B.-V., A.J.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Sreejit G, Fleetwood AJ, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Origins and diversity of macrophages in health and disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1222. [PMID: 33363732 PMCID: PMC7750014 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first immune cells in the developing embryo and have a central role in organ development, homeostasis, immunity and repair. Over the last century, our understanding of these cells has evolved from being thought of as simple phagocytic cells to master regulators involved in governing a myriad of cellular processes. A better appreciation of macrophage biology has been matched with a clearer understanding of their diverse origins and the flexibility of their metabolic and transcriptional machinery. The understanding of the classical mononuclear phagocyte system in its original form has now been expanded to include the embryonic origin of tissue‐resident macrophages. A better knowledge of the intrinsic similarities and differences between macrophages of embryonic or monocyte origin has highlighted the importance of ontogeny in macrophage dysfunction in disease. In this review, we provide an update on origin and classification of tissue macrophages, the mechanisms of macrophage specialisation and their role in health and disease. The importance of the macrophage niche in providing trophic factors and a specialised environment for macrophage differentiation and specialisation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH USA
| | - Andrew J Fleetwood
- Division of Immunometabolism Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH USA
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13
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Fadini GP, Mehta A, Dhindsa DS, Bonora BM, Sreejit G, Nagareddy P, Quyyumi AA. Circulating stem cells and cardiovascular outcomes: from basic science to the clinic. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:4271-4282. [PMID: 31891403 PMCID: PMC7825095 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular and haematopoietic systems have fundamental inter-relationships during development, as well as in health and disease of the adult organism. Although haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge from a specialized haemogenic endothelium in the embryo, persistence of haemangioblasts in adulthood is debated. Rather, the vast majority of circulating stem cells (CSCs) is composed of bone marrow-derived HSCs and the downstream haematopoietic stem/progenitors (HSPCs). A fraction of these cells, known as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), has endothelial specification and vascular tropism. In general, the levels of HSCs, HSPCs, and EPCs are considered indicative of the endogenous regenerative capacity of the organism as a whole and, particularly, of the cardiovascular system. In the last two decades, the research on CSCs has focused on their physiologic role in tissue/organ homoeostasis, their potential application in cell therapies, and their use as clinical biomarkers. In this review, we provide background information on the biology of CSCs and discuss in detail the clinical implications of changing CSC levels in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or established cardiovascular disease. Of particular interest is the mounting evidence available in the literature on the close relationships between reduced levels of CSCs and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in different cohorts of patients. We also discuss potential mechanisms that explain this association. Beyond CSCs' ability to participate in cardiovascular repair, levels of CSCs need to be interpreted in the context of the broader connections between haematopoiesis and cardiovascular function, including the role of clonal haematopoiesis and inflammatory myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Anurag Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Devinder Singh Dhindsa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Prabhakara Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arshed Ali Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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14
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Sreejit G, Abdel Latif A, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Emerging roles of neutrophil-borne S100A8/A9 in cardiovascular inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105212. [PMID: 32991974 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated neutrophil count is associated with higher risk of major adverse cardiac events including myocardial infarction and early development of heart failure. Neutrophils contribute to cardiac damage through a number of mechanisms, including attraction of other immune cells and release of inflammatory mediators. Recently, a number of independent studies have reported a causal role for neutrophil-derived alarmins (i.e. S100A8/A9) in inducing inflammation and cardiac injury following myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, a positive correlation between serum S100A8/A9 levels and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in MI patients was also observed implying that targeting neutrophils or their inflammatory cargo could be beneficial in reducing heart failure. However, contradictory to this idea, neutrophils and neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 also seem to play a vital role in the resolution of inflammation. Thus, a better understanding of how neutrophils balance these seemingly contrasting functions would allow us to develop effective therapies that preserve the inflammation-resolving function while restricting the damage caused by inflammation. In this review, we specifically discuss the mechanisms behind neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 in promoting inflammation and resolution in the context of MI. We also provide a perspective on how neutrophils could be potentially targeted to ameliorate cardiac inflammation and the ensuing damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel Latif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunometabolism, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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15
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Nagareddy PR, Sreejit G, Abo-Aly M, Jaggers RM, Chelvarajan L, Johnson J, Pernes G, Athmanathan B, Abdel-Latif A, Murphy AJ. NETosis Is Required for S100A8/A9-Induced Granulopoiesis After Myocardial Infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2805-2807. [PMID: 32878477 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (P.R.N., G.S., R.M.J., J.J., B.A.)
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (P.R.N., G.S., R.M.J., J.J., B.A.)
| | - Mohamed Abo-Aly
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (M.A.-A., L.C., A.A.-L.)
| | - Robert M Jaggers
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (P.R.N., G.S., R.M.J., J.J., B.A.)
| | - Lakshman Chelvarajan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (M.A.-A., L.C., A.A.-L.)
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (P.R.N., G.S., R.M.J., J.J., B.A.)
| | - Gerard Pernes
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.P., A.J.M.)
| | - Baskaran Athmanathan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (P.R.N., G.S., R.M.J., J.J., B.A.)
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (M.A.-A., L.C., A.A.-L.)
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.P., A.J.M.)
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16
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Sreejit G, Nagareddy PR. Response by Sreejit and Nagareddy to Letter Regarding Article, "Neutrophil-Derived S100A8/A9 Amplify Granulopoiesis After Myocardial Infarction". Circulation 2020; 142:e125-e126. [PMID: 32866066 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.049408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
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17
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Nagareddy PR, Sreejit G, Lee MK, Athmanathan B, Quaife-Ryan GA, Abdel-Latif A, Porrello ER, Murphy A. Abstract 228: Inflammasome-Primed Neutrophils Return to the Bone Marrow to Stimulate Leukocytosis Following Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/res.127.suppl_1.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) triggers myelopoiesis resulting in heightened number of neutrophils in the circulation. However, the mechanism that sustain their number and recruitment to the infarcted heart are unclear. Here, we show that in a mouse model of MI (permanent ligation of LAD), neutrophils are rapidly recruited to the infarct, where they release specific alarmins, S100A8 and S100A9. These alarmins acting either in an autocrine or paracrine manner, primed the Nod Like Receptor (NLR) family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome in naïve neutrophils via their interaction with the Toll Like Receptor (TLR) 4. The interaction did not result in the release of IL1β systemically. However, the primed neutrophils, loaded with pro-interleukin-1β (IL-1β) returned to the bone marrow (BM) in a CXCR4 (C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor 4)- dependent manner. While at the BM, the primed-neutrophils released IL-1β through Gasdermin D pores and, stimulated granulopoiesis in a cell-autonomous manner. Strategies aimed at preventing the Nlrp3 inflammasome-priming or re-entry of the primed neutrophils to the BM dampened MI-induced granulopoiesis and markedly improved cardiac function. In subjects with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the number of neutrophils in the circulation increased both at the time of admission and following revascularization. Most importantly, patients with higher peak neutrophil counts demonstrated significantly higher incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during the one year follow up period. Similar to mouse data, the plasma levels of IL-1β did not change in STEMI patients at any time. However, the circulating neutrophils carried greater amounts of pro-IL-1β confirming our mouse data that granulopoiesis is likely not induced by systemic but locally delivered IL-1β by reverse migrating neutrophils. These data reveal a new paradigm of how circulatory cells establish direct communication between organs by delivering signaling molecules directly at the sites of action rather through systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Man K Lee
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Sreejit G, Abdel-Latif A, Athmanathan B, Annabathula R, Dhyani A, Noothi SK, Quaife-Ryan GA, Al-Sharea A, Pernes G, Dragoljevic D, Lal H, Schroder K, Hanaoka BY, Raman C, Grant MB, Hudson JE, Smyth SS, Porrello ER, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Neutrophil-Derived S100A8/A9 Amplify Granulopoiesis After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2020; 141:1080-1094. [PMID: 31941367 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) triggers myelopoiesis, resulting in heightened production of neutrophils. However, the mechanisms that sustain their production and recruitment to the injured heart are unclear. METHODS Using a mouse model of the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery and flow cytometry, we first characterized the temporal and spatial effects of MI on different myeloid cell types. We next performed global transcriptome analysis of different cardiac cell types within the infarct to identify the drivers of the acute inflammatory response and the underlying signaling pathways. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological strategies, we identified the sequelae of events that led to MI-induced myelopoiesis. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. The association of early indexes of neutrophilia with major adverse cardiovascular events was studied in a cohort of patients with acute MI. RESULTS Induction of MI results in rapid recruitment of neutrophils to the infarct, where they release specific alarmins, S100A8 and S100A9. These alarmins bind to the Toll-like receptor 4 and prime the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome in naïve neutrophils and promote interleukin-1β secretion. The released interleukin-1β interacts with its receptor (interleukin 1 receptor type 1) on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the bone marrow and stimulates granulopoiesis in a cell-autonomous manner. Genetic or pharmacological strategies aimed at disruption of S100A8/A9 and their downstream signaling cascade suppress MI-induced granulopoiesis and improve cardiac function. Furthermore, in patients with acute coronary syndrome, higher neutrophil count on admission and after revascularization correlates positively with major adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel evidence for the primary role of neutrophil-derived alarmins (S100A8/A9) in dictating the nature of the ensuing inflammatory response after myocardial injury. Therapeutic strategies aimed at disruption of S100A8/A9 signaling or their downstream mediators (eg, nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome, interleukin-1β) in neutrophils suppress granulopoiesis and may improve cardiac function in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Department of Surgery (G.S., B.A., P.R.N.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus.,Departments of Pathology (G.S., B.A., A.D., S.K.N., P.R.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.A.-L., R.A., S.S.S.)
| | - Baskaran Athmanathan
- Department of Surgery (G.S., B.A., P.R.N.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus.,Departments of Pathology (G.S., B.A., A.D., S.K.N., P.R.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Rahul Annabathula
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.A.-L., R.A., S.S.S.)
| | - Ashish Dhyani
- Departments of Pathology (G.S., B.A., A.D., S.K.N., P.R.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Sunil K Noothi
- Departments of Pathology (G.S., B.A., A.D., S.K.N., P.R.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Gregory A Quaife-Ryan
- School of Biomedical Sciences (G.A.Q.-R.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., J.E.H.)
| | - Annas Al-Sharea
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunometabolism, Melbourne, Australia (A.A.-S., G.P., D.D., A.J.M.)
| | - Gerard Pernes
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunometabolism, Melbourne, Australia (A.A.-S., G.P., D.D., A.J.M.)
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunometabolism, Melbourne, Australia (A.A.-S., G.P., D.D., A.J.M.)
| | - Hind Lal
- Medicine (H.L., B.Y.H., C.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) (K.S.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research (K.S.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Beatriz Y Hanaoka
- Department of Medicine (B.Y.H.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus.,Medicine (H.L., B.Y.H., C.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Chander Raman
- Medicine (H.L., B.Y.H., C.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Maria B Grant
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - James E Hudson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., J.E.H.)
| | - Susan S Smyth
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.A.-L., R.A., S.S.S.)
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (E.R.P.).,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia (E.R.P.)
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunometabolism, Melbourne, Australia (A.A.-S., G.P., D.D., A.J.M.).,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Department of Surgery (G.S., B.A., P.R.N.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus.,Departments of Pathology (G.S., B.A., A.D., S.K.N., P.R.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Abstract
The S100 family proteins possess a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions. They interact with multiple receptors and signal transducers to regulate pathways that govern inflammation, cell differentiation, proliferation, energy metabolism, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, cell cytoskeleton and microbial resistance. S100 proteins are also emerging as novel diagnostic markers for identifying and monitoring various diseases. Strategies aimed at targeting S100-mediated signaling pathways hold a great potential in developing novel therapeutics for multiple diseases. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the role of S100 family proteins in health and disease with a major focus on their role in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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20
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Patil M, Henderson J, Luong H, Annamalai D, Sreejit G, Krishnamurthy P. The Art of Intercellular Wireless Communications: Exosomes in Heart Disease and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:315. [PMID: 31850349 PMCID: PMC6902075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale membrane-bound extracellular vesicles secreted by most eukaryotic cells in the body that facilitates intercellular communication. Exosomes carry several signaling biomolecules, including miRNA, proteins, enzymes, cell surface receptors, growth factors, cytokines and lipids that can modulate target cell biology and function. Due to these capabilities, exosomes have emerged as novel intercellular signaling mediators in both homeostasis and pathophysiological conditions. Recent studies document that exosomes (both circulating or released from heart tissue) have been actively involved in cardiac remodeling in response to stressors. Also, exosomes released from progenitor/stem cells have protective effects in heart diseases and shown to have regenerative potential in the heart. In this review we discuss- the critical role played by circulating exosomes released from various tissues and from cells within the heart in cardiac health; the gap in knowledge that needs to be addressed to promote future research; and exploitation of recent advances in exosome engineering to develop novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hien Luong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Divya Annamalai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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21
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Duan Y, Prasad R, Feng D, Beli E, Li Calzi S, Longhini ALF, Lamendella R, Floyd JL, Dupont M, Noothi SK, Sreejit G, Athmanathan B, Wright J, Jensen AR, Oudit GY, Markel TA, Nagareddy PR, Obukhov AG, Grant MB. Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Restore Functional Integrity of the Gut Epithelial and Vascular Barriers in a Model of Diabetes and ACE2 Deficiency. Circ Res 2019; 125:969-988. [PMID: 31610731 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is incomplete knowledge of the impact of bone marrow cells on the gut microbiome and gut barrier function. OBJECTIVE We postulated that diabetes mellitus and systemic ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) deficiency would synergize to adversely impact both the microbiome and gut barrier function. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing and metatranscriptomic analysis were performed on fecal samples from wild-type, ACE2-/y, Akita (type 1 diabetes mellitus), and ACE2-/y-Akita mice. Gut barrier integrity was assessed by immunofluorescence, and bone marrow cell extravasation into the small intestine was evaluated by flow cytometry. In the ACE2-/y-Akita or Akita mice, the disrupted barrier was associated with reduced levels of myeloid angiogenic cells, but no increase in inflammatory monocytes was observed within the gut parenchyma. Genomic and metatranscriptomic analysis of the microbiome of ACE2-/y-Akita mice demonstrated a marked increase in peptidoglycan-producing bacteria. When compared with control cohorts treated with saline, intraperitoneal administration of myeloid angiogenic cells significantly decreased the microbiome gene expression associated with peptidoglycan biosynthesis and restored epithelial and endothelial gut barrier integrity. Also indicative of diabetic gut barrier dysfunction, increased levels of peptidoglycan and FABP-2 (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2) were observed in plasma of human subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (n=21) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=23) compared with nondiabetic controls (n=23). Using human retinal endothelial cells, we determined that peptidoglycan activates a noncanonical TLR-2 (Toll-like receptor 2) associated MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88)-ARNO (ADP-ribosylation factor nucleotide-binding site opener)-ARF6 (ADP-ribosylation factor 6) signaling cascade, resulting in destabilization of p120-catenin and internalization of VE-cadherin as a mechanism of deleterious impact of peptidoglycan on the endothelium. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that the defect in gut barrier function and dysbiosis in ACE2-/y-Akita mice can be favorably impacted by exogenous administration of myeloid angiogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Duan
- From the Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology (Y.D., A.G.O.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (Y.D.)
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.P., S.L.C., A.L.F.L., J.L.F., M.D., S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Dongni Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute (D.F., E.B.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Eleni Beli
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute (D.F., E.B.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.P., S.L.C., A.L.F.L., J.L.F., M.D., S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Ana Leda F Longhini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.P., S.L.C., A.L.F.L., J.L.F., M.D., S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Regina Lamendella
- Ohio State University, Wright Labs, LLC, Huntingdon, PA (R.L., J.W.)
| | - Jason L Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.P., S.L.C., A.L.F.L., J.L.F., M.D., S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Mariana Dupont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.P., S.L.C., A.L.F.L., J.L.F., M.D., S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Sunil K Noothi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.P., S.L.C., A.L.F.L., J.L.F., M.D., S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | | | - Justin Wright
- Ohio State University, Wright Labs, LLC, Huntingdon, PA (R.L., J.W.)
| | - Amanda R Jensen
- Riley Hospital for Children, Pediatric Surgery (A.R.J., T.A.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Ohio State University, Wright Labs, LLC, Huntingdon, PA (R.L., J.W.)
| | - Troy A Markel
- Riley Hospital for Children, Pediatric Surgery (A.R.J., T.A.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | - Alexander G Obukhov
- From the Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology (Y.D., A.G.O.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.P., S.L.C., A.L.F.L., J.L.F., M.D., S.K.N., M.B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Nagareddy P, Sreejit G, Abdel-Latif A, Athmanathan B, Annabathula R, Dhyani A, Noothi S, Quaife-Ryan G, Hudson J, Smyth S, Porrello E, Murphy A. Nlrp3 Inflammasome-Primed Neutrophils Return To The Bone Marrow To Propagate Granulopoiesis Following Myocardial Injury. Atherosclerosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Sreejit G, Quadri N, Ananthakrishnan R, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R. RAGE‐DIAPH1 modulates hyperglycemia driven induction of Serum response factor target genes in cardiac cells. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.830.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Abdel-Latif A, Athmanathan B, Sreejit G, Dhyani A, Annabathula R, Smyth S, Murphy A, Nagareddy P. In response to myocardial injury, the Nlrp3 inflammasome-primed neutrophils make a round trip to the bone marrow to amplify granulopoiesis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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O'Shea KM, Ananthakrishnan R, Li Q, Quadri N, Thiagarajan D, Sreejit G, Wang L, Zirpoli H, Aranda JF, Alberts AS, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R. The Formin, DIAPH1, is a Key Modulator of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. EBioMedicine 2017; 26:165-174. [PMID: 29239839 PMCID: PMC5832565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemical, ionic, and signaling changes that occur within cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia are exacerbated by reperfusion; however, the precise mechanisms mediating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have not been fully elucidated. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) regulates the cellular response to cardiac tissue damage in I/R, an effect potentially mediated by the binding of the RAGE cytoplasmic domain to the diaphanous-related formin, DIAPH1. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of DIAPH1 in the physiological response to experimental myocardial I/R in mice. After subjecting wild-type mice to experimental I/R, myocardial DIAPH1 expression was increased, an effect that was echoed following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in H9C2 and AC16 cells. Further, compared to wild-type mice, genetic deletion of Diaph1 reduced infarct size and improved contractile function after I/R. Silencing Diaph1 in H9C2 cells subjected to H/R downregulated actin polymerization and serum response factor-regulated gene expression. Importantly, these changes led to increased expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase and reduced expression of the sodium calcium exchanger. This work demonstrates that DIAPH1 is required for the myocardial response to I/R, and that targeting DIAPH1 may represent an adjunctive approach for myocardial salvage after acute infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M O'Shea
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Radha Ananthakrishnan
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nosirudeen Quadri
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Devi Thiagarajan
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lingjie Wang
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hylde Zirpoli
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Aranda
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arthur S Alberts
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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26
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Thiagarajan D, O’ Shea K, Sreejit G, Ananthakrishnan R, Quadri N, Li Q, Schmidt AM, Gabbay K, Ramasamy R. Aldose reductase modulates acute activation of mesenchymal markers via the β-catenin pathway during cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188981. [PMID: 29190815 PMCID: PMC5708684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR: human, AKR1B1; mouse, AKR1B3), the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, plays a key role in mediating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In earlier studies, using transgenic mice broadly expressing human AKR1B1 to human-relevant levels, mice devoid of Akr1b3, and pharmacological inhibitors of AR, we demonstrated that AR is an important component of myocardial I/R injury and that inhibition of this enzyme protects the heart from I/R injury. In this study, our objective was to investigate if AR modulates the β-catenin pathway and consequent activation of mesenchymal markers during I/R in the heart. To test this premise, we used two different experimental models: in vivo, Akr1b3 null mice and wild type C57BL/6 mice (WT) were exposed to acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) followed by recovery for 48 hours or 28 days, and ex-vivo, WT and Akr1b3 null murine hearts were perfused using the Langendorff technique (LT) and subjected to 30 min of global (zero-flow) ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Our in vivo results reveal reduced infarct size and improved functional recovery at 48 hours in mice devoid of Akr1b3 compared to WT mice. We demonstrate that the cardioprotection observed in Akr1b3 null mice was linked to acute activation of the β-catenin pathway and consequent activation of mesenchymal markers and genes linked to fibrotic remodeling. The increased activity of the β-catenin pathway at 48 hours of recovery post-LAD was not observed at 28 days post-infarction, thus indicating that the observed increase in β-catenin activity was transient in the mice hearts devoid of Akr1b3. In ex vivo studies, inhibition of β-catenin blocked the cardioprotection observed in Akr1b3 null mice hearts. Taken together, these data indicate that AR suppresses acute activation of β-catenin and, thereby, blocks consequent induction of mesenchymal markers during early reperfusion after myocardial ischemia. Inhibition of AR might provide a therapeutic opportunity to optimize cardiac remodeling after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Thiagarajan
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen O’ Shea
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Radha Ananthakrishnan
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nosirudeen Quadri
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qing Li
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Gabbay
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Mahamed D, Boulle M, Ganga Y, Mc Arthur C, Skroch S, Oom L, Catinas O, Pillay K, Naicker M, Rampersad S, Mathonsi C, Hunter J, Wong EB, Suleman M, Sreejit G, Pym AS, Lustig G, Sigal A. Correction: Intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after macrophage cell death leads to serial killing of host cells. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28475039 PMCID: PMC5419738 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Mahamed D, Boulle M, Ganga Y, Mc Arthur C, Skroch S, Oom L, Catinas O, Pillay K, Naicker M, Rampersad S, Mathonsi C, Hunter J, Wong EB, Suleman M, Sreejit G, Pym AS, Lustig G, Sigal A. Intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after macrophage cell death leads to serial killing of host cells. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28130921 PMCID: PMC5319838 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of pulmonary tuberculosis is the formation of macrophage-rich granulomas. These may restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth, or progress to central necrosis and cavitation, facilitating pathogen growth. To determine factors leading to Mtb proliferation and host cell death, we used live cell imaging to track Mtb infection outcomes in individual primary human macrophages. Internalization of Mtb aggregates caused macrophage death, and phagocytosis of large aggregates was more cytotoxic than multiple small aggregates containing similar numbers of bacilli. Macrophage death did not result in clearance of Mtb. Rather, it led to accelerated intracellular Mtb growth regardless of prior activation or macrophage type. In contrast, bacillary replication was controlled in live phagocytes. Mtb grew as a clump in dead cells, and macrophages which internalized dead infected cells were very likely to die themselves, leading to a cell death cascade. This demonstrates how pathogen virulence can be achieved through numbers and aggregation states. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22028.001 Every year, around two million people worldwide die from tuberculosis, a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The bacteria generally infect the lungs. In response, the immune system forms structures called granulomas that attempt to control and isolate the infecting pathogens. Granulomas consist of immune cells known as macrophages, which engulf the M. tuberculosis bacteria and isolate them in a cellular compartment where the bacteria either cannot grow or are killed. However, if a large number of macrophages in a granuloma die, the granuloma’s core liquefies and the structure is coughed up into the airways, from where M. tuberculosis bacteria are transmitted to other people. But how do the bacteria manage to cause the extensive death of the cells that are supposed to control the infection? By imaging M. tuberculosis in human macrophages using time-lapse microscopy, Mahamed et al. reveal that the bacteria break down macrophage control by serially killing macrophages. M. tuberculosis cells first clump together and ‘gang up’ on a macrophage, which engulfs the clump and dies because the bacteria overwhelm it. This does not kill the bacteria, and they rapidly grow inside the dead macrophage. The dead cell is then cleaned up by another macrophage. However, the increasing number of bacteria inside the dead macrophage means that the new macrophage is even more likely to die than the first one. Hence, the bacteria use dead macrophages as fuel to grow on and as bait to attract the next immune cell. Overall, Mahamed et al. show that once a clump of M. tuberculosis initiates death of a single macrophage, it may lead to serial killing of other macrophages and a loss of control over the infection. An important next step will be to understand how the initial clump of bacteria is allowed to form. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22028.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeqa Mahamed
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mikael Boulle
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yashica Ganga
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Chanelle Mc Arthur
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Steven Skroch
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lance Oom
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oana Catinas
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kelly Pillay
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Myshnee Naicker
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sanisha Rampersad
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colisile Mathonsi
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jessica Hunter
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Emily B Wong
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Moosa Suleman
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Alexander S Pym
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gila Lustig
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Sreejit G, Ahmed A, Parveen N, Jha V, Valluri VL, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. The ESAT-6 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis interacts with beta-2-microglobulin (β2M) affecting antigen presentation function of macrophage. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004446. [PMID: 25356553 PMCID: PMC4214792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ESAT-6, an abundantly secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an important virulence factor, inactivation of which leads to reduced virulence of M. tuberculosis. ESAT-6 alone, or in complex with its chaperone CFP-10 (ESAT-6:CFP-10), is known to modulate host immune responses; however, the detailed mechanisms are not well understood. The structure of ESAT-6 or ESAT-6:CFP-10 complex does not suggest presence of enzymatic or DNA-binding activities. Therefore, we hypothesized that the crucial role played by ESAT-6 in the virulence of mycobacteria could be due to its interaction with some host cellular factors. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified that ESAT-6 interacts with the host protein beta-2-microglobulin (β2M), which was further confirmed by other assays, like GST pull down, co-immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance. The C-terminal six amino acid residues (90–95) of ESAT-6 were found to be essential for this interaction. ESAT-6, in complex with CFP-10, also interacts with β2M. We found that ESAT-6/ESAT-6:CFP-10 can enter into the endoplasmic reticulum where it sequesters β2M to inhibit cell surface expression of MHC-I-β2M complexes, resulting in downregulation of class I-mediated antigen presentation. Interestingly, the ESAT-6:β2M complex could be detected in pleural biopsies of individuals suffering from pleural tuberculosis. Our data highlight a novel mechanism by which M. tuberculosis may undermine the host adaptive immune responses to establish a successful infection. Identification of such novel interactions may help us in designing small molecule inhibitors as well as effective vaccine design against tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is a dangerous and highly successful pathogen that has evolved several mechanisms to manipulate the host immune regulatory network. Proteins secreted by M. tuberculosis play important roles in virulence. One such protein is ESAT-6, which is secreted along with its chaperone CFP-10. Despite a host of studies highlighting modulation of immune responses by ESAT-6, there have not been many that identified host proteins interacting with ESAT-6. We have now found that the host protein β2M interacts very specifically with ESAT-6 at its C-terminal region. The soluble ESAT-6:CFP-10 complex was found to be trafficked into the endoplasmic reticulum, and treatment with recombinant ESAT-6:CFP-10 or the over-expression of ESAT-6 reduced cell surface expression of β2M and molecules which remain associated with it like HLA-I. Recombinant ESAT-6:CFP-10 was also found to reduce classical and cross presentation of peptide antigens by MHC-I molecules. In summary, our data indicate that interaction between ESAT-6 and β2M can reduce the levels of available free β2M that associate with HLA/MHC-I molecules. This could be an interesting mechanism by which M. tuberculosis inhibits classical and cross presentation of peptide antigens in order to prevent or delay the onset of anti-mycobacterial adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nazia Parveen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vishwanath Jha
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, LEPRA Society-Blue Peter Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania Hyderabad, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: ,
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