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Shen N, Wei W, Chen Y, Liu S, Xiong L, Xiao J, Gu X, Xie Y, Xu J, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Vaccination with a cocktail vaccine elicits significant protection against Sarcoptes scabiei in rabbits, whereas the multi-epitope vaccine offers limited protection. Exp Parasitol 2023; 245:108442. [PMID: 36509170 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei cause scabies in humans or sarcoptic mange in animals. Currently, information regarding vaccines against S. scabiei is limited and no commercial vaccine is available. In present study, we expressed and mixed recombinant S. scabiei serpin (rSs-serpin), recombinant S. scabiei chitinase-like protein-5 [rSs-CLP5] and -12 [rSs-CLP12] as a cocktail vaccine (three proteins mixed), and also a multi-epitope protein derived from these three S. scabiei genes was expressed as a vaccine candidate to evaluate the effects of two vaccine strategies. Four test groups (n = 12 per group) and a control group (n = 12 per group) were involved in this vaccination trial. The results showed that 91.67% (11/12) and 83.33% (10/12) of rabbits exhibited no detectable skin lesions from S. scabiei infestation in cocktail vaccine groups, whereas two multi-epitope groups produced only a few rabbits (5/12, 6/12) having no detectable skin lesions. Four test groups displayed significant increases in specific IgG antibodies (Abs) and total IgE Abs after immunized with recombinant proteins. Taken together, our data demonstrated a mixture of rSs-serpin, rSs-CLP5 and rSs-CLP12 was a promising vaccine candidate that induced robust immune protection and could significantly decrease mite populations to reduce the direct transmission between rabbits. However, vaccination with the multi-epitope protein showed limited protection in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Wenrui Wei
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China; Mianyang Animal Disease Control Center, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Lang Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China.
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2
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Gazi U, Taylan-Ozkan A, Mumcuoglu KY. Immune mechanisms in human Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) infestations. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12900. [PMID: 34923637 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic infestation of human and animal skin caused by different strains of the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared scabies in human as a neglected tropical disease, and today over 200 million people worldwide are affected. The two most commonly reported clinical manifestation of the condition are ordinary (OS) and crusted scabies (CS). CS, which can lead to fatal consequences due to secondary bacterial infections, is mostly observed in immunocompromised subjects but can also, although rarely, be detected in immunocompetent individuals. Innate and adaptive immune system components are involved in protection and pathogenesis of scabies, although with some differences between OS and CS. While the cutaneous immune response is dominated by CD4+ T-cells in OS, it is mainly mediated by CD8+ T-cells in CS. The two clinical conditions also differ in CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune responses with mixed TH 1/TH 2 (protective) and TH 2/TH 17 (non-protective) immunoprofiles in OS and CS, respectively. Moreover, the development of CS is associated with early immunosuppression that is followed by deleterious immune response to uncontrolled mite proliferation. However, the immune response to scabies still needs further attention due to inconsistent results in the literature. The aim of this study is to attract more attention to this area by summarizing the current literature on innate and adaptive immune responses triggered against S. scabiei mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Prakash PS, Weber MHW, van Hellemond JJ, Falcone FH. Are humanized IgE reporter systems potential game changers in serological diagnosis of human parasitic infection? Parasitol Res 2021; 121:1137-1144. [PMID: 34767081 PMCID: PMC8986668 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is thought to have evolved to protect mammalian hosts against parasitic infections or toxins and plays a central role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of IgE-mediated allergy. Despite the prominence of IgE responses in most parasitic infections, and in stark contrast to its use in the diagnosis of allergy, this isotype is almost completely unexploited for parasite diagnosis. Here, we discuss the perceived or real limitations of IgE-based diagnosis in parasitology and suggest that the recent creation of a new generation of very sensitive cellular IgE-based reporters may represent a powerful new diagnostic platform, but needs to be based on a very careful choice of diagnostic allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S Prakash
- Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael H W Weber
- Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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4
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Abstract
Dermatitis is a common condition frequently encountered by dermatologists. The diagnosis of dermatitis can be challenging because this condition is often multifactorial, and many skin diseases that can mimic dermatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. It is important to recognize and be familiar with these conditions because some of them can represent signs of systemic disease or malignancies and misdiagnosis can lead to mismanagement and adverse outcomes for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana A Bailiff
- Geisinger Dermatology, 16 Woodbine Lane, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Christen M Mowad
- Geisinger Dermatology, 16 Woodbine Lane, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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5
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Siddig EE, Hay R. Laboratory-based diagnosis of scabies: a review of the current status. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:4-9. [PMID: 33763705 PMCID: PMC8776561 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of the skin that is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is considered to be an important public health problem in many regions. The disease is at its most prevalent in low-resource countries where there are overcrowded living conditions coupled with poor hygiene. In some regions, mass drug administration using ivermectin is a key population-based approach to the control of scabies. Before starting a patient on specific treatment, confirming the diagnosis by accurate and rapid identification of the organism is critical. Different laboratory-based techniques for scabies have been developed in the last few decades. These include direct microscopy and histopathology. More recently, serological testing, dermoscopy and different molecular techniques have been developed as diagnostic methods for scabies. To date, none of these, apart from microscopy and dermoscopy, has been translated into routine clinical laboratory practice. A simple point-of-care or laboratory test would provide a rapid and confirmed diagnosis and early institution of effective treatment. In this review we present an update on the laboratory techniques currently in use for the identification of scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
- Nile University, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan.,Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick Hay
- Kings College London, Guys Campus, London SE1 9RT,UK
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6
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Development of a rapid scabies immunodiagnostic assay based on transcriptomic analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei var. nyctereutis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6455. [PMID: 33742008 PMCID: PMC7979781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that affects many mammals. However, the sensitivity of traditional tests for scabies diagnosis in humans is less than 50%. To simplify the diagnosis of scabies, methods that are simple, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective are required. We developed an immunodiagnostic test based on S. scabiei var. nyctereutis RNA-seq data collected from Japanese raccoon dogs with sarcoptic mange. Three candidate antigens-a highly expressed hypothetical protein "QR98_0091190," another mite allergen known as "SMIPP-Cc," and an abundant "vitellogenin-like protein"-were evaluated by western-blot analysis. A lateral flow immunoassay, using specific antibodies against the vitellogenin-like protein, successfully detected scabies in the skin flakes of S. scabiei-infected raccoon dogs. This assay can potentially diagnose scabies more accurately in wildlife, as well as in humans.
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Chng L, Holt DC, Field M, Francis JR, Tilakaratne D, Dekkers MH, Robinson G, Mounsey K, Pavlos R, Bowen AC, Fischer K, Papenfuss AT, Gasser RB, Korhonen PK, Currie BJ, McCarthy JS, Pasay C. Molecular diagnosis of scabies using a novel probe-based polymerase chain reaction assay targeting high-copy number repetitive sequences in the Sarcoptes scabiei genome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009149. [PMID: 33626043 PMCID: PMC7939366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of available diagnostic methods for scabies hampers clinical management, trials of new therapies and epidemiologic studies. Additionally, parasitologic diagnosis by microscopic examination of skin scrapings requires sample collection with a sharp scalpel blade, causing discomfort to patients and difficulty in children. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assays, combined with non-invasive sampling methods, represent an attractive approach. In this study, we aimed to develop a real-time probe-based PCR test for scabies, test a non-invasive sampling method and evaluate its diagnostic performance in two clinical settings. Methodology/Principal findings High copy-number repetitive DNA elements were identified in draft Sarcoptes scabiei genome sequences and used as assay targets for diagnostic PCR. Two suitable repetitive DNA sequences, a 375 base pair microsatellite (SSR5) and a 606 base pair long tandem repeat (SSR6), were identified. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were tested using relevant positive and negative control materials and compared to a published assay targeting the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Both assays were positive at a 1:100 dilution of DNA from a single mite; no amplification was observed in DNA from samples from 19 patients with other skin conditions nor from house dust, sheep or dog mites, head and body lice or from six common skin bacterial and fungal species. Moderate sensitivity of the assays was achieved in a pilot study, detecting 5/7 (71.4% [95% CI: 29.0% - 96.3%]) of clinically diagnosed untreated scabies patients). Greater sensitivity was observed in samples collected by FLOQ swabs compared to skin scrapings. Conclusions/Significance This newly developed qPCR assay, combined with the use of an alternative non-invasive swab sampling technique offers the possibility of enhanced diagnosis of scabies. Further studies will be required to better define the diagnostic performance of these tests. As scabies control efforts continue to grow, scarcity of diagnostic options hinders success of elimination efforts in endemic areas. Efficiency in large-scale monitoring is further obstructed by invasive sample collection techniques, which are often uncomfortable for patients, and lack sensitivity. We have developed two PCR-based diagnostic assays targeting repetitive DNA elements. These were identified using new data on the S. scabiei genome. Targeting these elements by PCR improved the detection of scabies DNA. Enhanced sensitivity was demonstrated when tested against routine microscopy and a published PCR-based diagnostic assay. When combined with a non-invasive, effective FLOQ swab sampling method, the developed qPCR-based assays may provide a useful complementary tool for diagnosis of scabies, and its application will likely improve scabies control in target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Chng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deborah C. Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Genome Informatics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joshua R. Francis
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Dev Tilakaratne
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
- Darwin Dermatology, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Milou H. Dekkers
- Queensland Animal Science Precinct, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Greg Robinson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Mounsey
- University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pavlos
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Asha C. Bowen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | | | - Cielo Pasay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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8
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Lam Hoai XL, De Maertelaer V, Simonart T. Prevalence of scratching during examination among patients with scabies and among patients with other pruritic dermatoses. Int J Dermatol 2020; 60:70-72. [PMID: 33252818 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a parasitic skin disease. Its clinical diagnosis may be challenging. METHODS In a prospective observational study, we enrolled all consecutive patients ≥16 years of age with a presumptive diagnosis of scabies and all patients ≥16 years of age with a diffuse itchy dermatosis lasting for more than 1 week. We investigated whether patients with scabies were more prone to scratch themselves during the consultation than patients with other pruritic dermatoses. RESULTS We observed that a significant proportion of patients (25/62, 40%) with scabies had to scratch while talking or being examined. This clinical sign was less frequently noticed in patients with pruritic dermatoses of other origins (26/196, 13%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The observation of a patient scratching himself during the consultation should prompt serious consideration of scabies. This easily observable clinical sign may be especially useful in low-resource settings, where scabies is known to be very prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuân-Lan Lam Hoai
- Dermatology Department, St Pierre - Brugmann - HUDERF University Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Thierry Simonart
- Department of Dermatology, Delta Hospital, CHIREC, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Engelman D, Yoshizumi J, Hay R, Osti M, Micali G, Norton S, Walton S, Boralevi F, Bernigaud C, Bowen A, Chang A, Chosidow O, Estrada‐Chavez G, Feldmeier H, Ishii N, Lacarrubba F, Mahé A, Maurer T, Mahdi M, Murdoch M, Pariser D, Nair P, Rehmus W, Romani L, Tilakaratne D, Tuicakau M, Walker S, Wanat K, Whitfeld M, Yotsu R, Steer A, Fuller L. The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:808-820. [PMID: 32034956 PMCID: PMC7687112 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies has been limited by a lack of standardization of diagnostic methods. OBJECTIVES To develop consensus criteria for the diagnosis of common scabies that could be implemented in a variety of settings. METHODS Consensus diagnostic criteria were developed through a Delphi study with international experts. Detailed recommendations were collected from the expert panel to define the criteria features and guide their implementation. These comments were then combined with a comprehensive review of the available literature and the opinion of an expanded group of international experts to develop detailed, evidence-based definitions and diagnostic methods. RESULTS The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies include three levels of diagnostic certainty and eight subcategories. Confirmed scabies (level A) requires direct visualization of the mite or its products. Clinical scabies (level B) and suspected scabies (level C) rely on clinical assessment of signs and symptoms. Evidence-based, consensus methods for microscopy, visualization and clinical symptoms and signs were developed, along with a media library. CONCLUSIONS The 2020 IACS Criteria represent a pragmatic yet robust set of diagnostic features and methods. The criteria may be implemented in a range of research, public health and clinical settings by selecting the appropriate diagnostic levels and subcategories. These criteria may provide greater consistency and standardization for scabies diagnosis. Validation studies, development of training materials and development of survey methods are now required. What is already known about this topic? The diagnosis of scabies is limited by the lack of accurate, objective tests. Microscopy of skin scrapings can confirm the diagnosis, but it is insensitive, invasive and often impractical. Diagnosis usually relies on clinical assessment, although visualization using dermoscopy is becoming increasingly common. These diagnostic methods have not been standardized, hampering the interpretation of findings from clinical research and epidemiological surveys, and the development of scabies control strategies. What does this study add? International consensus diagnostic criteria for common scabies were developed through a Delphi study with global experts. The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria categorize diagnosis at three levels of diagnostic certainty (confirmed, clinical and suspected scabies) and eight subcategories, and can be adapted to a range of research and public health settings. Detailed definitions and figures are included to aid training and implementation. The 2020 IACS Criteria may facilitate the standardization of scabies diagnosis.
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10
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Cox V, Fuller LC, Engelman D, Steer A, Hay RJ. Estimating the global burden of scabies: what else do we need? Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:237-242. [PMID: 32358799 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scabies is one of the most common disorders identified in any estimate of global skin disease prevalence. Furthermore, quantifying its impact on individuals and societies has been problematic. There has been a lack of clear case definitions and laboratory tests. There have been few epidemiological studies, particularly those focusing on low-income countries, variation in prevalence within high-income countries, or estimates of the effect of scabies on health beyond the skin, such as renal disease or mental wellbeing. Economic studies are also lacking. However, the new strategy of integrating surveillance for skin Neglected Tropical Diseases may well produce advancements on these issues, in addition to providing an overarching structure for health improvement and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cox
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - L C Fuller
- International Foundation for Dermatology, London, UK.,Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Engelman
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Children's Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Steer
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Children's Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R J Hay
- International Foundation for Dermatology, London, UK.,St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Arora P, Rudnicka L, Sar-Pomian M, Wollina U, Jafferany M, Lotti T, Sadoughifar R, Sitkowska Z, Goldust M. Scabies: A comprehensive review and current perspectives. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13746. [PMID: 32484302 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It is a common skin disease worldwide that occurs not only in the underprivileged sections of society but also in developed countries. In 2009, World Health Organization (WHO) recognized scabies as "neglected tropical disease (NTD)" or NTD thus emphasizing the need for community awareness and proper treatment strategies. This review attempts to summarize the varied clinical presentation of the disease and describes the advances in diagnosis and management including the ongoing search for novel agents to overcome the problems associated with conventional treatments. The literature research includes peer-reviewed articles (clinical trials or scientific reviews). Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) till February 2020 and reference lists of respective articles. Only articles published in English language were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Arora
- Department of Dermatology, PGIMER and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Sar-Pomian
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohammad Jafferany
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, Michigan, USA
| | - Torello Lotti
- University of Studies Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Zuzanna Sitkowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- University of Rome G. Marconi, Rome, Italy.,Bidar Skin Center, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Shen N, Wei W, Chen Y, Ren Y, Xiong L, Tao Y, Gu X, Xie Y, Peng X, Yang G. An Antibody Persistent and Protective Two rSsCLP-Based Subunit Cocktail Vaccine against Sarcoptes scabiei in a Rabbit Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010129. [PMID: 32187979 PMCID: PMC7157647 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a highly contagious disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei which burrows into stratum corneum of host's skin. In this study, after optimizing vaccination schedule, a vaccination trial is comprised of three test groups of rabbits (n = 10/group) by immunization with (1) rSsCLP5; (2) rSsCLP12; or (3) a mixture of rSsCLP5 and rSsCLP12, three biological replicates groups (n = 10/group) and three control groups (n = 10/group). Levels of specific IgG, total IgE and cytokines in sera were detected and histopathologically analyzed as indicators of vaccine effects. The results showed that 85% (17/20) of rabbits exhibited no detectable skin lesions of S. scabiei infestation in mixed protein groups compared to single protein groups with 75% (15/20) and 70% (14/20), respectively. Moreover, the deworming rates of mixed groups are increased by 10%-20% compared with that of single groups. Each of six groups immunized with rSsCLP displayed significant increases of specific IgG, total IgE, IL-10, and TNF-α. The degree of skin damage in test groups also significantly lower than that of control groups. Thus, purified rSsCLP5 and rSsCLP12 subunit cocktail vaccine induced robust immune protection and could significantly decrease mite populations to reduce the direct transmission between rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (N.S.); (W.W.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (Y.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wenrui Wei
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (N.S.); (W.W.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (Y.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (N.S.); (W.W.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (Y.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China;
| | - Lang Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (N.S.); (W.W.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (Y.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yuanyuan Tao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (N.S.); (W.W.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (Y.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (N.S.); (W.W.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (Y.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (N.S.); (W.W.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (Y.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China;
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (N.S.); (W.W.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (Y.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Niedringhaus KD, Brown JD, Sweeley KM, Yabsley MJ. A review of sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:285-297. [PMID: 31304085 PMCID: PMC6599944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The "itch mite" or "mange mite", Sarcoptes scabiei, causes scabies in humans and sarcoptic mange in domestic and free-ranging animals. This mite has a wide host range due to its ability to adapt to new hosts and has been spread across the globe presumably through human expansion. While disease caused by S. scabiei has been very well-studied in humans and domestic animals, there are still numerous gaps in our understanding of this pathogen in free-ranging wildlife. The literature on sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife is particularly limited, which may be due to the relatively limited number of clinically-affected species and lack of severe population impacts seen in other continents. This review article provides a summary of the current knowledge of mange in wildlife, with a focus on the most common clinically-affected species in North America including red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), gray wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and American black bears (Ursus americanus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Niedringhaus
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Justin D. Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kellyn M. Sweeley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E Green Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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14
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Engelman D, Cantey PT, Marks M, Solomon AW, Chang AY, Chosidow O, Enbiale W, Engels D, Hay RJ, Hendrickx D, Hotez PJ, Kaldor JM, Kama M, Mackenzie CD, McCarthy JS, Martin DL, Mengistu B, Maurer T, Negussu N, Romani L, Sokana O, Whitfeld MJ, Fuller LC, Steer AC. The public health control of scabies: priorities for research and action. Lancet 2019; 394:81-92. [PMID: 31178154 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic disease of the skin that disproportionately affects disadvantaged populations. The disease causes considerable morbidity and leads to severe bacterial infection and immune-mediated disease. Scientific advances from the past 5 years suggest that scabies is amenable to population-level control, particularly through mass drug administration. In recognition of these issues, WHO added scabies to the list of neglected tropical diseases in 2017. To develop a global control programme, key operational research questions must now be addressed. Standardised approaches to diagnosis and methods for mapping are required to further understand the burden of disease. The safety of treatments for young children, including with ivermectin and moxidectin, should be investigated. Studies are needed to inform optimum implementation of mass treatment, including the threshold for intervention, target, dosing, and frequency. Frameworks for surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation of control strategies are also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Engelman
- Tropical Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul T Cantey
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France
| | - Wendemagegn Enbiale
- Department of Dermatovenerology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dirk Engels
- Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases, Switzerland
| | - Roderick J Hay
- Department of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Hendrickx
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter J Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John M Kaldor
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike Kama
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghoefer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Toby Maurer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lucia Romani
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Margot J Whitfeld
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L Claire Fuller
- Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK; International Foundation for Dermatology, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Tropical Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Dietrich A, Joshi K, Sayed C. Infestations in the Geriatric Patient. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-018-0255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Castro I, Espinosa J, Granados JE, Cano-Manuel FJ, Fandos P, Ráez-Bravo A, López-Olvera JR, Soriguer RC, Pérez JM. Characterizing the growth of Sarcoptes scabiei infrapopulations. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 76:41-52. [PMID: 30155594 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the course of parasitic disease infestations, parasite population sizes change at both individual host (infrapopulation) and host population (metapopulation) levels. However, most studies only report epidemiological values for specific locations and times. In this study we analysed the dynamics of several Sarcoptes scabiei infrapopulations from experimentally infested Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica. We obtained mite counts by digesting small skin biopsies, which we compared with indices obtained from histopathological analyses performed on adjacent skin biopsies. We obtained the finite growth rate and the daily growth rate for the mite infrapopulations: mean ± SE = 11.53 ± 10.17 and 0.10 ± 0.08 mites/day, respectively. Mite counts derived from skin sample digestion did not correlate with the histological mite indices obtained from adjacent skin biopsies. At a metapopulational level, both indices of mite abundance were modelled using GLMMs and the factors influencing their variation are analysed and discussed. Our results suggest that mites are not distributed uniformly over the whole area of the skin lesion. Therefore, direct diagnoses of mange and mite counts could be inaccurate if only small skin samples are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Castro
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and Ecology, Jaén University, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n.; 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - José Espinosa
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and Ecology, Jaén University, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n.; 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - José E Granados
- Espacio Natural de Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua de Sierra Nevada, Km 7, 18071, Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cano-Manuel
- Espacio Natural de Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua de Sierra Nevada, Km 7, 18071, Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Fandos
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Arián Ráez-Bravo
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge R López-Olvera
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón C Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Av. Américo Vespucio, s.n, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pérez
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and Ecology, Jaén University, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n.; 23071, Jaén, Spain
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Fraser TA, Carver S, Martin AM, Mounsey K, Polkinghorne A, Jelocnik M. A Sarcoptes scabiei specific isothermal amplification assay for detection of this important ectoparasite of wombats and other animals. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5291. [PMID: 30065882 PMCID: PMC6065476 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The globally distributed epidermal ectoparasite, Sarcoptes scabiei, is a serious health and welfare burden to at-risk human and animal populations. Rapid and sensitive detection of S. scabiei infestation is critical for intervention strategies. While direct microscopy of skin scrapings is a widely utilised diagnostic method, it has low sensitivity. PCR, alternatively, has been shown to readily detect mite DNA even in microscopy-negative skin scrapings. However, a limitation to the latter method is the requirements for specialised equipment and reagents. Such resources may not be readily available in regional or remote clinical settings and are an important consideration in diagnosis of this parasitic disease. Methodology A Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the ITS-2 gene for S. scabiei was developed and evaluated on clinical samples from various hosts, previously screened with conventional S. scabies-specific PCR. Species specificity of the newly developed LAMP assay was tested against a range of DNA samples from other arthropods. The LAMP assays were performed on a real-time fluorometer as well as thermal cycler to evaluate an end-point of detection. Using skin scrapings, a rapid sample processing method was assessed to eliminate extensive processing times involved with DNA extractions prior to diagnostic assays, including LAMP. Results The S. scabiei LAMP assay was demonstrated to be species-specific and able to detect DNA extracted from a single mite within a skin scraping in under 30 minutes. Application of this assay to DNA extracts from skin scrapings taken from a range of hosts revealed 92.3% congruence (with 92.50% specificity and 100% sensitivity) to the conventional PCR detection of S. scabiei. Preliminary results have indicated that diagnostic outcome from rapidly processed dry skin scrapings using our newly developed LAMP is possible in approximately 40 minutes. Discussion We have developed a novel, rapid and robust molecular assay for detecting S. scabiei infesting humans and animals. Based on these findings, we anticipate that this assay will serve an important role as an ancillary diagnostic tool at the point-of-care, complementing existing diagnostic protocols for S. scabiei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamieka A Fraser
- USC Animal Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia
| | - Alynn M Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia
| | - Kate Mounsey
- USC Animal Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia.,School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- USC Animal Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- USC Animal Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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18
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Molecular characterization and allergenicity potential of triosephosphate isomerase from Sarcoptes scabiei. Vet Parasitol 2018; 257:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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He R, Shen N, Zhang H, Ren Y, He M, Xu J, Guo C, Xie Y, Gu X, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular characteristics and serodiagnostic potential of chitinase-like protein from Sarcoptes scabiei. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83995-84005. [PMID: 29137399 PMCID: PMC5663571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is an allergic skin disease that affects millions of people and other mammals worldwide. This highly contagious parasitic disease is among the top 50 epidemic disease and is regarded as a neglected tropical disease. Diagnosis of scabies is difficult in the early stage, and the pathogenesis of scabies is not currently clear. Here, we expressed, identified and located the chitinase-like protein of S. scabiei (SsCLP), and evaluated its potential as an early-stage diagnostic antigen for rabbit scabies. Indirect ELISA using recombinant SsCLP (rSsCLP) exhibited diagnostic sensitivity of 94.4% (17/18) and specificity of 86.7% (26/30). Early diagnostic test after artificial infection of rabbits with S. scabiei for 1 week showed a positive detection rate of 96.7% (29/30). Immunolocalization assays showed that fluorescence signals were localized on the surface of mites and, in infected rabbits, were observed in keratinized skin and embedded mites. Intradermal skin tests of rabbits by injecting rSsCLP showed a wheal, flare and erythema reaction. These results suggest that S. scabiei chitinase-like protein is conducive to host invasion, participates in inducing the allergic response of the host, and is an effective antigen for the diagnosis of S. scabiei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Manli He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
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Bhat SA, Mounsey KE, Liu X, Walton SF. Host immune responses to the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, in humans. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:385. [PMID: 28797273 PMCID: PMC5553898 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic disease due to infestation of skin by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Scabies is a major public health problem and endemic in resource poor communities worldwide affecting over 100 million people. Associated bacterial infections cause substantial morbidity, and in severe cases can lead to renal and cardiac diseases. Mite infestation of the skin causes localised cutaneous inflammation, pruritus, skin lesions, and allergic and inflammatory responses are mounted by the host against the mite and its products. Our current understanding of the immune and inflammatory responses associated with the clinical manifestations in scabies is far outweighed by the significant global impact of the disease. This review aims to provide a better understanding of human immune responses to S. scabiei in ordinary and crusted scabies phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad A. Bhat
- Inflammation & Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558 Australia
| | - Kate E. Mounsey
- Inflammation & Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558 Australia
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- Inflammation & Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558 Australia
| | - Shelley F. Walton
- Inflammation & Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558 Australia
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Thomas WR. House Dust Mite Allergens: New Discoveries and Relevance to the Allergic Patient. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:69. [PMID: 27600386 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent findings on house dust allergens and their contribution to knowledge that will significantly impact on current and future allergy treatments are appraised. RECENT FINDINGS Quantitation of IgE binding to a spectrum of allergen components in several independent studies in varying locations has largely affirmed the main components as the groups 1 and 2 and possibly 23 allergens with mid-tier contributions from the groups 4, 5, 7, and 21. Prevalent binding to Der p 23 has been recapitulated sometimes with low titers. The IgE of non-asthmatic atopic subjects binds at lower titer and to fewer components than that of asthmatics, and their IgG binding relative to IgE is higher especially for children hospitalized for exacerbation. The higher IgG ratios were associated with increased IL-10 a cytokine more readily induced from T cells of allergic subjects. Peptides representing the groups 1 and 2 allergens can be used to stimulate ex vivo T cells showing responses correlating with IgE binding and providing a valuable tool for ascertaining the contribution of IgE and T cells to disease. Also, the induction of Th2 and follicular helper T cells are shown to make different contributions in mice. Cross-reactivity of IgE binding assays with high-titer cross-reactive antibodies induced by scabies is a problem in the many areas of the world where scabies is highly prevalent and endemic and from recent increases in immigration. In the last few years, allergen research has produced results that warrant rapid translation into diagnostic tools and the formulation of allergen components for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Thomas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
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Harris J, Nathoo R, Vincek V. Scabies Associated with Granulomatous Dermatitis. Case Rep Dermatol 2017; 9:60-64. [PMID: 28868002 PMCID: PMC5567089 DOI: 10.1159/000477958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a relatively common parasitic infection, which has sometimes been associated with the formation of granuloma annulare. We report the case of an 86-year-old female who developed a non-necrotizing granulomatous dermatitis after a scabies infestation. This case highlights the importance of considering scabies in the differential diagnosis when granulomatous dermatitis is noted histologically that cannot be explained by other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Harris
- *Jessica Harris, MD, Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 4037 NW 86th Terrace, 4th Floor, Gainesville, FL 32606 (USA), E-Mail
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Abstract
The disease scabies is one of the earliest diseases of humans for which the cause was known. It is caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, that burrows in the epidermis of the skin of humans and many other mammals. This mite was previously known as Acarus scabiei DeGeer, 1778 before the genus Sarcoptes was established (Latreille 1802) and it became S. scabiei. Research during the last 40 years has tremendously increased insight into the mite’s biology, parasite-host interactions, and the mechanisms it uses to evade the host’s defenses. This review highlights some of the major advancements of our knowledge of the mite’s biology, genome, proteome, and immunomodulating abilities all of which provide a basis for control of the disease. Advances toward the development of a diagnostic blood test to detect a scabies infection and a vaccine to protect susceptible populations from becoming infected, or at least limiting the transmission of the disease, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Arlian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
| | - Marjorie S Morgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
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Morgan MS, Rider SD, Arlian LG. Identification of antigenic Sarcoptes scabiei proteins for use in a diagnostic test and of non-antigenic proteins that may be immunomodulatory. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005669. [PMID: 28604804 PMCID: PMC5481144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies, caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, infects millions of humans, and many wild and domestic mammals. Scabies mites burrow in the lower stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin and are the source of substances that are antigenic or modulate aspects of the protective response of the host. Ordinary scabies is a difficult disease to diagnose. Objective The goal of this project was to identify S. scabiei proteins that may be candidate antigens for use in a diagnostic test or may be used by the mite to modulate the host’s protective response. Methods An aqueous extract of S. scabiei was separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. A parallel immunoblot was probed with serum from patients with ordinary scabies to identify IgM and/or IgG-binding antigens. The genes coding for 23 selected proteins were cloned into E. coli and the expressed recombinant proteins were screened with serum from patients with confirmed ordinary scabies. Results We identified 50 different proteins produced by S. scabiei, 34 of which were not previously identified, and determined that 66% were recognized by patient IgM and/or IgG. Fourteen proteins were screened for use in a diagnostic test but none possessed enough sensitivity and specificity to be useful. Six of the 9 proteins selected for the possibility that they may be immunomodulatory were not recognized by antibodies in patient serum. Conclusions Thirty-three proteins that bound IgM and/or IgG from the serum of patients with ordinary scabies were identified. None of the 14 tested were useful for inclusion in a diagnostic test. The identities of 16 proteins that are not recognized as antigens by infected patients were also determined. These could be among the molecules that are responsible for this mite’s ability to modulate its host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. Scabies, caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, infects millions of humans, and many wild and domestic mammals. Scabies mites burrow in the lower stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin and are the source of substances that are antigenic or modulate aspects of the protective response of the host. Ordinary scabies is a difficult disease to diagnose. We identified 50 different proteins produced by S. scabiei, 33 of which bound IgM and/or IgG from the serum of patients with ordinary scabies. A set of 23 recombinant proteins were produced and screened for use in a diagnostic test but none possessed enough sensitivity and specificity to warrant further consideration although some could be among the molecules that are responsible for this mite’s ability to modulate its host’s innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie S. Morgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - S. Dean Rider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Larry G. Arlian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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He R, Gu X, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Transcriptome-microRNA analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei and host immune response. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177733. [PMID: 28542251 PMCID: PMC5441584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic disease, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, and is considered one of the top 50 epidemic diseases and one the most common human skin disease, worldwide. Allergic dermatitis, including an intense itch, is a common symptom, however diagnosis is difficult and there is currently no effective vaccine. The goal of this study was to examine the immune interaction mechanism of both S. scabiei and infected hosts. mRNA-seq and microRNA-seq were conducted on the S. scabiei mite and on infected and uninfected hosts. We focused on differential expression of unigenes and microRNAs, as well as the real targets of unigenes in enriched immune signaling pathways. S. scabiei enhanced host immune function and decreased metabolism after infection, while the immune response of the host inhibited S. scabiei proliferation and metabolism signaling pathways. Differentially expressed unigenes of S. scabiei were enriched in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The differential expression analysis indicated that microRNAs of S. scabiei and hosts have major roles in regulating immune interactions between parasites and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
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He R, Shen N, Lin H, Gu X, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular characterization of calmodulin from Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kandi V. Laboratory Diagnosis of Scabies Using a Simple Saline Mount: A Clinical Microbiologist's Report. Cureus 2017; 9:e1102. [PMID: 28435762 PMCID: PMC5398661 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a skin condition caused by infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis is an arthropod member belonging to the order Acarina. Scabies is present throughout the world and is prevalent in all age groups, mostly involving people frequently in contact with animals, children, women, and elderly people. Predisposing factors for scabies include individuals with immunosuppressive conditions and people residing under low socioeconomic conditions. Skin lesions that occur during mite infestation closely resemble dermatological disorders caused by microbes, including fungi, parasites, and viruses. Laboratory diagnosis of scabies greatly relies on an accurate clinical suspicion and the demonstration of mites in the skin scrapings could be used for confirmation. It should be noted that a greater understanding between a clinician or a dermatologist and a clinical microbiologist is required to successfully diagnose scabies. This report details an easily performed, cost-effective method, the simple saline mount, that a clinical microbiology laboratory should follow to successfully identify mites in skin scrapings.
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Morgan MS, Arlian LG, Rider SD, Grunwald WC, Cool DR. A Proteomic Analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:553-561. [PMID: 26792847 PMCID: PMC4892810 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The pruritic skin disease scabies is caused by the burrowing of the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei (De Geer). It is difficult to diagnose this disease because its symptoms often resemble those of other skin diseases. No reliable blood or molecular diagnostic test is available. The aim of this project was to begin to characterize the scabies proteome to identify scabies mite proteins, including those that may be useful in the development of a diagnostic test or vaccine. Various scabies mite extracts were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and 844 Coomassie Blue-stained protein spots were excised, subjected to trypsin digestion, and analyzed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight/Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Tryptic fragment sequences determined by MS were searched against the recently completed S. scabiei annotated genome, leading to the identification of >150 proteins. Only 10 proteins hit to previously identified scabies proteins including actin, tropomyosin, and several ABC transporters. Thirteen proteins had homology to dust mite allergens (members of groups 8, 10, 13, 17, 20, 25, and 28). Most other sequences showed some homology to proteins in other mites and ticks including homologs of calmodulin, calreticulin, lipocalin, and glutathione-S-transferase. These data will now allow the identification of the proteins to which scabies patients produce antibodies, including those that may be good candidates for inclusion in a diagnostic test and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie S Morgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; ; )
| | - Larry G Arlian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; ; ),
| | - S Dean Rider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; ; )
| | - William C Grunwald
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; )
| | - David R Cool
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; )
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