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Galván-Casas C, Ortiz-Álvarez J, Martínez-García E, Corbacho-Monné M. Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) expert recommendations for the management of sexual transmitted parasitosis. Scabies, and pediculosis pubis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:475-492. [PMID: 38061452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections are communicable diseases where the pathogen is transmitted through sexual contact. The Sexually Transmitted Infections Working Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) is engaged in the drafting of documents to guide dermatologists and health care personnel who treat Spanish patients with these infections. This document analyzes the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and control characteristics of 2 sexually transmitted parasitosis: scabies due to Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and pubic pediculosis due to Phthirus pubis. Both parasitoses share a sort of mixed spread through sexual and community transmission regardless of the route through which the infection was initially acquired. This specific feature creates particularities in the management and control of the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galván-Casas
- Unidad Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections; Fundación Lucha contra las Infecciones, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, España.
| | - J Ortiz-Álvarez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
| | - E Martínez-García
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España
| | - M Corbacho-Monné
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, España
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Galván-Casas C, Ortiz-Álvarez J, Martínez-García E, Corbacho-Monné M. [Translated article] Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) expert recommendations for the management of sexual transmitted parasitosis. Scabies, and pediculosis pubis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:T475-T492. [PMID: 38479688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections are communicable diseases where the pathogen is transmitted through sexual contact. The Sexually Transmitted Infections Working Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) is engaged in the drafting of documents to guide dermatologists and health care personnel who treat Spanish patients with these infections. This document analyzes the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and control characteristics of 2 sexually transmitted parasitosis: scabies due to Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and pubic pediculosis due to Phthirus pubis. Both parasitoses share a sort of mixed spread through sexual and community transmission regardless of the route through which the infection was initially acquired. This specific feature creates particularities in the management and control of the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galván-Casas
- Unidad Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections; Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Ortiz-Álvarez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Martínez-García
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Corbacho-Monné
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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Sharaf MS. Scabies: Immunopathogenesis and pathological changes. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:149. [PMID: 38433167 PMCID: PMC10909795 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Scabies is an itchy skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. During their lifespan, the female mites invade the stratum corneum and create tunnels, in which they reside, move, feed, deposit fecal pellets, and lay eggs. Recently, scabies was included in the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge about the mite's biology and the disease pathogenesis, pathological changes, and complications. Generally, the host-parasite interaction in scabies is highly complex and involves different mechanisms, some of which are yet largely unknown. Elucidation of the nature of such interaction as well as the underlying mechanisms could allow a better understanding of the mite's biology and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for scabies control programs. Moreover, identification of the molecular basis of such interaction could unveil novel targets for acaricidal agents and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Sharaf
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt.
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Hasan J, Bok S. Plasmonic Fluorescence Sensors in Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:130. [PMID: 38534237 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for rapid, cost-effective, and reliable diagnostic tools in personalized and point-of-care medicine is driving scientists to enhance existing technology platforms and develop new methods for detecting and measuring clinically significant biomarkers. Humanity is confronted with growing risks from emerging and recurring infectious diseases, including the influenza virus, dengue virus (DENV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus, tuberculosis, cholera, and, most notably, SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19), among others. Timely diagnosis of infections and effective disease control have always been of paramount importance. Plasmonic-based biosensing holds the potential to address the threat posed by infectious diseases by enabling prompt disease monitoring. In recent years, numerous plasmonic platforms have risen to the challenge of offering on-site strategies to complement traditional diagnostic methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Disease detection can be accomplished through the utilization of diverse plasmonic phenomena, such as propagating surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized SPR (LSPR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF), surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy, and plasmonic fluorescence sensors. This review focuses on diagnostic methods employing plasmonic fluorescence sensors, highlighting their pivotal role in swift disease detection with remarkable sensitivity. It underscores the necessity for continued research to expand the scope and capabilities of plasmonic fluorescence sensors in the field of diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juiena Hasan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Sangho Bok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
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Hesari R, Schur N, Tyndall N, Chuchla T, Gazy N. The Itchy Truth About Scabies: A Case of Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission and Treatment Failure. Cureus 2023; 15:e50744. [PMID: 38239556 PMCID: PMC10794788 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Scabies, a common and highly contagious skin infestation, is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Identifying individuals with scabies often poses a diagnostic challenge, as its clinical features resemble other dermatologic conditions such as drug reactions, atopic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis. Furthermore, the cutaneous manifestations arise from delayed-type immunologic reactions to the mites and their byproducts, allowing some individuals to carry the mite without showing symptoms. The significant transmissibility of scabies, along with the potential for asymptomatic carriers, creates multiple treatment hurdles for cohabiting individuals, as the failure to treat all close contacts can result in re-infestation. This report presents the case of a 46-year-old Vietnamese male who suffered from a worsening erythematous, scaly, and pruritic rash for four months. Despite being prescribed topical corticosteroids by three different dermatologists, his rash persisted. Upon thorough evaluation, scabies was diagnosed. The patient was treated with scabicidal agents, which initially alleviated his symptoms; however, three weeks later, his symptoms resurfaced. Further investigation revealed that his wife was an asymptomatic carrier who had not received treatment. This case highlights the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment options for scabies while emphasizing the importance of promptly identifying and treating all close contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Hesari
- Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, USA
| | - Nina Schur
- Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, USA
| | - Nicholas Tyndall
- Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, USA
| | - Thaddeus Chuchla
- Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, USA
| | - Nicky Gazy
- Dermatology, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, USA
- Dermatology, Beaumont Hospital, Trenton, USA
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Guan Z, Bi T, Li Q. Dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopic features of children scabies. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13459. [PMID: 37753693 PMCID: PMC10483492 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the image features of dermatoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in children with scabies, and to explore the clinical significance in the diagnosis of children scabies. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 102 children scabies diagnosed clinically in the dermatology outpatient department of Tianjin Children's Hospital from April 2018 to June 2022. All children were examined by dermatoscopy and RCM, and images were collected. RESULTS 102 patients, 92 patients (90.2%) showed characteristic dermoscopic manifestations: white tunnels and small brown or dark brown triangular structures at their ends. 91 patients (89.2%) showed characteristic reflectance confocal microscopic manifestations: tunnels, scabies mites, feces, and eggs in the epidermal layer. All patients showed different degrees of non-specific manifestations of dermoscopy and RCM. CONCLUSION Children scabies have typical dermatoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopic characteristics, and dermatoscopy and RCM are effective non-invasive diagnostic methods with high clinical application value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of children scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Guan
- Department of DermatologyTianjin Children's HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Tiantian Bi
- Department of DermatologyTianjin Children's HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Qinfeng Li
- Department of DermatologyTianjin Children's HospitalTianjinChina
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Al-Dabbagh J, Younis R, Ismail N. The current available diagnostic tools and treatments of scabies and scabies variants: An updated narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33805. [PMID: 37233429 PMCID: PMC10219715 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a neglected tropical disease that continues to have global impacts and long-term health consequences. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis, which is an obligate ectoparasite that lives in the epidermis of the human skin. Scabies is common in poor communities due to overcrowding in places like old age homes, prisons, and homeless and displaced children. However, developed countries are also susceptible to scabies infestations, such as in institutional outbreaks or small epidemics under war conditions or during natural disasters. The diagnosis of scabies may be assisted by invasive and noninvasive tools; However, the history and examination findings are usually adequate to confirm the clinical suspicion. Here, we present an updated review of scabies by focusing on the diagnostic approaches, treatment, and prevention of scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Razan Younis
- Faculty of Medicine, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria
| | - Nemat Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
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DI Bartolomeo L, Argenziano G, Borgia F, Vaccaro F, Vaccaro M. Efficacy evaluation of scabies treatment through super high magnification dermoscopy. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2023; 158:161-162. [PMID: 37153952 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.22.07447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca DI Bartolomeo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy -
| | | | - Francesco Borgia
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Vaccaro
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Vaccaro
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Nie YL, Yi H, Xie XY, Fu GL, Zheng YQ. Dermoscopic features of children scabies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1097999. [PMID: 36895725 PMCID: PMC9988913 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1097999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a common skin disorder, caused by the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei. The scabies mites burrow is highly diagnostic but illegible by the naked eye, because it is tiny and may completely be obscured by scratch and crust. The classic technique is opening the end of an intact mite burrow with a sharp instrument and inspecting its contents in the light microscope under loupe vision. Dermatoscope is a new method to diagnose scabies, with the advantages of non-invasive and more sensitive. This study verified the characteristic manifestations of scabies under dermoscopy. Under the closer examination of the curvilinear scaly burrow, the scabies mite itself may be seen as a dark equilateral triangular structure, which is often referred to as a "jet with contrail." Besides, this study found that the positive detection rate of microscopic characteristic manifestations under the dermoscopy ordered by the external genitals, the finger seams and the trunk, which were statistically different (P-value < 0.05). Of note, this is the first study to explore the regional distribution of the characteristic dermoscopic manifestations of scabies. We are the first to propose to focus on examining the external genitalia and finger seams with dermoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Nie
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gui-Li Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Quan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Rasti S, Talaee R, Abdoli A. Disseminated scabies in a 2‐month‐old infant. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6334. [PMID: 36110337 PMCID: PMC9465694 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. We report disseminated scabies in a 2‐month‐old girl as well as eczematoid lesions in her mother. The diagnosis was made by skin scraping and microscopic examination of the crusts. The patients were successfully treated with permethrin cream (5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Rasti
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Rezvan Talaee
- Department of Dermatology, Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Jahrom Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Jahrom Iran
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Grodner C, Miquel J, Hadj-Rabia S, Mallet S, Boralevi F, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Benzebouchi N, Dhers M, Goujon E, Bensaïd P, Mahé E. Crusted scabies in children in France: a series of 20 cases. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:1167-1174. [PMID: 34782946 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the risk factors for crusted scabies in children in France. The retrospective multicenter study, conducted in France, of children (aged < 18 years) with profuse and/or crusted scabies confirmed by dermoscopy and/or microscopy. Data were obtained using a standardized questionnaire. We included 20 children. The mean age was 4.5 years, and 70% of the patients were girls. Their medical history revealed a neurological pathology (agenesis of the corpus callosum; n = 1, 5.0%), prematurity (n = 1, 5.0%), Down syndrome (n = 1, 5.0%), atopic dermatitis (n = 2, 10%), and asthma (n = 2, 10.0%). Fifteen (75.0%) children were treated with steroids before being diagnosed with scabies: 12 (60.0%) with topical steroids, one (5.0%) with a systemic steroid, and two (10.0%) with inhaled steroids. One child (5.0%) lived in a precarious environment. The mean duration of pruritus was 3.4 months, and that of the skin lesions was 3.1 months. The most commonly affected areas for crusted scabies were the palms/hands (66.7%) and the armpits (33.3%). Thirteen children (65.0%) were hospitalized, 14 (70.0%) were treated with ivermectin and all received topical treatments; 85.7% were cured within an average of 38 days, but one child had a relapse 3 months later in the form of common scabies.Conclusion: The main risk factor for developing crusted scabies in France was the misdiagnosis and the use of corticosteroids, especially topical forms typically used in "healthy" children. Management of the children was effective and similar to that used in adults. What is Known: • Crusted scabies is an extremely contagious disease which is rarely reported in infancy, especially in healthy children. • The main risk factors include immunosuppression, physical debilitation, and intellectual disability. What is New: • The main risk factor of severe scabies in this study was delayed diagnosis associated with the use of topical or systemic corticosteroids. • The treatment was successful in 85.7% of cases, and 65% of children needed to be hospitalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Grodner
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, Paris, France.
| | - Juliette Miquel
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit, Pierre University Hospital, SaintSaint-Pierre, la Réunion, France
| | - Smaïl Hadj-Rabia
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Mallet
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital de La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Assistance Publique Des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Boralevi
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital Pellegrin, University Hospital of Bordeaux, INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France
| | - Juliette Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Department of Dermatology, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares de La Peau, ERN-Skin, Larrey Hospital, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Nacer Benzebouchi
- Department of Dermatology, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares de La Peau, ERN-Skin, Larrey Hospital, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Dhers
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier William Morey, Chalon-sur-Saône, France
| | - Elisa Goujon
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier William Morey, Chalon-sur-Saône, France
| | - Philippe Bensaïd
- Pediatric Department, Hôpital Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Mahé
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, Paris, France
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Legnani S, Buckley L. The use of dermoscopy to support the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in two dogs. Vet Dermatol 2022; 33:255-e67. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Legnani
- The University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - Laura Buckley
- The University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
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13
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Revita E, Dayani DP, Isfandiari MA. Relationship between Perception of Individual Susceptibility and Barriers to Treatment Action in Scabies Patients. JURNAL BERKALA EPIDEMIOLOGI 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/jbe.v9i32021.310-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Scabies is found in crowded residential areas such as orphanages, dormitories, prisons, and Islamic boarding schools. In 2017, it was reported that scabies was among the 15 most common types of skin infections in Sumenep District, which reported 12,229 cases of scabies. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the perception of individual susceptibility and barriers to treatment action in scabies patients at the Nasy’atul Muta’alimin Islamic Boarding School, Sumenep District, East Java. Methods: This research was an observational analytic study using a case-control design. The study population was patients with scabies in Nasy’atul Mutaalimin Islamic Boarding School, Sumenep District, East Java. The sample size was 70 people, consisting of 35 scabies patients who did not seek treatment as a case group and 35 scabies patients who did seek treatment as a control group. The sampling method used was simple random sampling. The two independent variables studied were the perception of individual susceptibility and barriers to treatment, while the dependent variable was treatment measures. The data analysis techniques employed were univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: This study shows that there are variables that have a relationship (p < 0.05) with the perception of individual susceptibility (OR = 99.00 95% CI 17.85 < OR < 548.86) and perceived barriers (OR = 29.00 95%, CI 7.968 < OR < 105.55). Conclusion: There is a relationship between the perception of individual susceptibility and barriers to treatment action in scabies patients.
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Ogbuefi N, Kenner-Bell B. Common pediatric infestations: update on diagnosis and treatment of scabies, head lice, and bed bugs. Curr Opin Pediatr 2021; 33:410-415. [PMID: 34074914 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review will update pediatric providers on the recent data regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of common skin infestations affecting children and adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Standard superficial skin biopsy for scabies and the vacuum method for head lice can increase diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. There is growing resistance to some of the traditional treatments for scabies and head lice, and progress has been made in finding newer and potentially more effective treatments, such as oral moxidectin for scabies and abametapir for head lice. Recent studies have established the safety of traditional treatments, such as permethrin and oral ivermectin in infants and small children. SUMMARY Permethrin and ivermectin are both considered safe and effective for children and adolescents with scabies. Permethrin is generally considered safe in infants less than two months of age. Proper application of permethrin is critical, and providers should emphasize proper application technique. Treatment of head lice should only be initiated with active infestations. Resistance to permethrin continues to increase and other options are now available, including an over-the-counter topical ivermectin formulation. Identification and eradication of bed bug infestations are crucial in preventing bedbug bites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandi Kenner-Bell
- Division of Dermatology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
Dermatitis is a common condition frequently encountered by dermatologists. The diagnosis of dermatitis can be challenging because this condition is often multifactorial, and many skin diseases that can mimic dermatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. It is important to recognize and be familiar with these conditions because some of them can represent signs of systemic disease or malignancies and misdiagnosis can lead to mismanagement and adverse outcomes for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana A Bailiff
- Geisinger Dermatology, 16 Woodbine Lane, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Christen M Mowad
- Geisinger Dermatology, 16 Woodbine Lane, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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Glennie M, Gardner K, Dowden M, Currie BJ. Active case detection methods for crusted scabies and leprosy: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009577. [PMID: 34297724 PMCID: PMC8336788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crusted scabies is endemic in some remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia and carries a high mortality risk. Improvement in active case detection (ACD) for crusted scabies is hampered by a lack of evidence about best practice. We therefore conducted a systematic review of ACD methods for leprosy, a condition with similar ACD requirements, to consider how findings could be informative to crusted scabies detection. METHODS AND PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We conducted systematic searches in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews for studies published since 1999 that reported at least one comparison rate (detection or prevalence rate) against which the yield of the ACD method could be assessed. The search yielded 15 eligible studies from 511. Study heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Contact tracing and community screening of marginalised ethnic groups yielded the highest new case detection rates. Rapid community screening campaigns, and those using less experienced screening personnel, were associated with lower suspect confirmation rates. There is insufficient data to assess whether ACD campaigns improve treatment outcomes or disease control. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates the importance of ACD campaigns in communities facing the highest barriers to healthcare access and within neighbourhoods of index cases. The potential benefit of ACD for crusted scabies is not quantified, however, lessons from leprosy suggest value in follow-up with previously identified cases and their close contacts to support for scabies control and to reduce the likelihood of reinfection in the crusted scabies case. Skilled screening personnel and appropriate community engagement strategies are needed to maximise screening uptake. More research is needed to assess ACD cost effectiveness, impact on disease control, and to explore ACD methods capable of capturing the homeless and highly mobile who may be missed in household centric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Glennie
- Public Sector Research Group, University New South Wales, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Karen Gardner
- Public Sector Research Group, University New South Wales, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
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Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021; 70:1-187. [PMID: 34292926 PMCID: PMC8344968 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 243.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
These guidelines for the treatment of persons who have or are at risk for
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were updated by CDC after consultation
with professionals knowledgeable in the field of STIs who met in Atlanta,
Georgia, June 11–14, 2019. The information in this report updates the
2015 guidelines. These guidelines discuss 1) updated recommendations for
treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis,
and Trichomonas vaginalis; 2) addition of
metronidazole to the recommended treatment regimen for pelvic inflammatory
disease; 3) alternative treatment options for bacterial vaginosis; 4) management
of Mycoplasma genitalium; 5) human papillomavirus vaccine
recommendations and counseling messages; 6) expanded risk factors for syphilis
testing among pregnant women; 7) one-time testing for hepatitis C infection; 8)
evaluation of men who have sex with men after sexual assault; and 9) two-step
testing for serologic diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus. Physicians and
other health care providers can use these guidelines to assist in prevention and
treatment of STIs.
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Greco V, Scalvenzi M, Fabbrocini G, Megna M. Is It Possible to Improve Scabies Diagnosis Performance? Dermatol Pract Concept 2021; 11:e2021015. [PMID: 33954011 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1102a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Greco
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Scalvenzi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Matteo Megna
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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Thompson R, Westbury S, Slape D. Paediatrics: how to manage scabies. Drugs Context 2021; 10:dic-2020-12-3. [PMID: 33828606 PMCID: PMC8007207 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2020-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review addresses scabies, a highly contagious, pruritic infestation of the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. Scabies is a common disorder that has a prevalence worldwide estimated to be between 200 and 300 million cases per year. Infestation is of greatest concern in children, the elderly, immunocompromised people and resource-poor endemic populations at risk of chronic complications. A diagnosis of scabies involves a clinical suspicion, a detailed targeted history, clinical examination and contact tracing. Dermoscopy and microscopy, where available, is confirmatory. Due to its infectivity and transmissibility, the management for scabies requires a multimodal approach: topical antiscabetic agents are the first line for most cases of childhood classic scabies and their contacts, which must also be identified and treated to prevent treatment failure and reacquisition. Environmental strategies to control fomite-related reinfestation are also recommended. Oral ivermectin, where available, is reserved for use in high-risk cases in children or in mass drug administration programmes in endemic communities. The prevention of downstream complications of scabies includes surveillance, early identification and prompt treatment for secondary bacterial infections, often superficial but can be serious and invasive with associated chronic morbidity and mortality. Post-scabetic itch and psychosocial stigma are typical sequelae of the scabies mite infestation. The early identification of patients with scabies and treatment of their contacts reduces community transmission. Although time consuming and labour intensive for caregivers, the implementation of appropriate treatment strategies usually results in prompt cure for the child and their contacts. Here, we provide a summary of treatments and recommendations for the management of paediatric scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Thompson
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Sean Westbury
- St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Dana Slape
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool and Campbelltown Hospitals, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Scabies is an infestation of the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. In 2017, scabies was recognised by the World Health Organisation as a disease of public importance and was consequently added to the list of neglected tropical diseases. An estimated 200 million people currently have scabies worldwide. Scabies is endemic in many developing countries, with the highest prevalence being in hot, humid climates such as the Pacific and Latin American regions. Scabies causes a host immune response which is intensely itchy. Scratching of the lesions can lead to secondary bacterial infections of the skin, such as impetigo, most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. This can have fatal consequences, such as septicaemia, glomerulonephritis, and rheumatic heart disease. Advances over the past 5 years indicate that mass drug administration is an effective strategy to treat scabies. This review will outline advances in the mite biology, epidemiological understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Welch
- St Vincent’s Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Margot J Whitfeld
- St Vincent’s Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Morgado-Carrasco D, Fustà-Novell X, Rizo D, Alsina M. Slowly Spreading Scabies With a Diagnosis Confirmed by Confocal Reflectance Microscopy: New Technologies for Diagnosis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Chng L, Holt DC, Field M, Francis JR, Tilakaratne D, Dekkers MH, Robinson G, Mounsey K, Pavlos R, Bowen AC, Fischer K, Papenfuss AT, Gasser RB, Korhonen PK, Currie BJ, McCarthy JS, Pasay C. Molecular diagnosis of scabies using a novel probe-based polymerase chain reaction assay targeting high-copy number repetitive sequences in the Sarcoptes scabiei genome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009149. [PMID: 33626043 PMCID: PMC7939366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of available diagnostic methods for scabies hampers clinical management, trials of new therapies and epidemiologic studies. Additionally, parasitologic diagnosis by microscopic examination of skin scrapings requires sample collection with a sharp scalpel blade, causing discomfort to patients and difficulty in children. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assays, combined with non-invasive sampling methods, represent an attractive approach. In this study, we aimed to develop a real-time probe-based PCR test for scabies, test a non-invasive sampling method and evaluate its diagnostic performance in two clinical settings. Methodology/Principal findings High copy-number repetitive DNA elements were identified in draft Sarcoptes scabiei genome sequences and used as assay targets for diagnostic PCR. Two suitable repetitive DNA sequences, a 375 base pair microsatellite (SSR5) and a 606 base pair long tandem repeat (SSR6), were identified. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were tested using relevant positive and negative control materials and compared to a published assay targeting the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Both assays were positive at a 1:100 dilution of DNA from a single mite; no amplification was observed in DNA from samples from 19 patients with other skin conditions nor from house dust, sheep or dog mites, head and body lice or from six common skin bacterial and fungal species. Moderate sensitivity of the assays was achieved in a pilot study, detecting 5/7 (71.4% [95% CI: 29.0% - 96.3%]) of clinically diagnosed untreated scabies patients). Greater sensitivity was observed in samples collected by FLOQ swabs compared to skin scrapings. Conclusions/Significance This newly developed qPCR assay, combined with the use of an alternative non-invasive swab sampling technique offers the possibility of enhanced diagnosis of scabies. Further studies will be required to better define the diagnostic performance of these tests. As scabies control efforts continue to grow, scarcity of diagnostic options hinders success of elimination efforts in endemic areas. Efficiency in large-scale monitoring is further obstructed by invasive sample collection techniques, which are often uncomfortable for patients, and lack sensitivity. We have developed two PCR-based diagnostic assays targeting repetitive DNA elements. These were identified using new data on the S. scabiei genome. Targeting these elements by PCR improved the detection of scabies DNA. Enhanced sensitivity was demonstrated when tested against routine microscopy and a published PCR-based diagnostic assay. When combined with a non-invasive, effective FLOQ swab sampling method, the developed qPCR-based assays may provide a useful complementary tool for diagnosis of scabies, and its application will likely improve scabies control in target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Chng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deborah C. Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Genome Informatics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joshua R. Francis
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Dev Tilakaratne
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
- Darwin Dermatology, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Milou H. Dekkers
- Queensland Animal Science Precinct, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Greg Robinson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Mounsey
- University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pavlos
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Asha C. Bowen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | | | - Cielo Pasay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Alberfkani MI, Mero WMS. The Incidence of Scabies and Head Lice and Their Associated Risk Factors among Displaced People in Cham Mishko Camp, Zakho City, Duhok Province, Iraq. Pol J Microbiol 2021; 69:463-469. [PMID: 33574874 PMCID: PMC7812363 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the incidence and the effects of associated risk factors of scabies and head lice on displaced people in Cham Mishko camp, Zakho city, Duhok Province, Iraq. The study included 1300 internally displaced people (IDPs) who visited the dermatology clinic and health care center in Cham Mishko camp from January 2018 to December 2019. Participants' bio-information was collected on special questionnaire form after receiving permission from the camp's health authorities and verbal consent from the participants. Monthly weather data were collected from Duhok Directorate of Meteorology and Seismology. The total rate of ectoparasites was 81.2% (45% for scabies and 36.2% for head lice). Ages from 1-10, 21-30, and 31-40 years showed the highest rates with scabies (48.1%, 46.7% and 46.1%, respectively), while the highest rates of head pediculosis were at ages from 1-10 and 11-20 years (40% and 36.6%, respectively). Scabies rate was slightly higher in males than females (46.6% vs. 43.4%), while the rate of head pediculosis was significantly higher in females than males (58.2% vs. 13.9%). Families with more than ten people showed the highest rates of scabies and head pediculosis (49.5% and 74.5%). Scabies was more common in cold months than in summer while head pediculosis was more common in hot months. The number of scabies and head pediculosis cases increased by 123 and 85 cases, respectively, in 2019. It is inferred that the effects of scabies and head pediculosis in IDPs will be considerable, with a higher carriage rate than other studies in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wijdan M S Mero
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Zakho, Zakho, Duhok, Iraq
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25
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Lupu M, Voiculescu VM, Vajaitu C, Orzan OA. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of scabies. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e240507. [PMID: 33495171 PMCID: PMC7839875 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Lupu
- Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucuresti, Romania
- Dermatology, Med-As Medical Center, Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Vlad Mihai Voiculescu
- Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucuresti, Romania
- Dermatology and Allergology, University Emergency Hospital Elias, Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Cristina Vajaitu
- Dermatology and Allergology, University Emergency Hospital Elias, Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Olguta Anca Orzan
- Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucuresti, Romania
- Dermatology and Allergology, University Emergency Hospital Elias, Bucuresti, Romania
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26
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Li FZ, Chen S. Diagnostic Accuracy of Dermoscopy for Scabies. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:669-674. [PMID: 33412771 PMCID: PMC7806431 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy (DS) for scabies, a highly contagious parasitic disease, remains disputed. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of DS in scabies, analyze the factors influencing DS, and explore its role in post-treatment evaluation. Patients with suspected scabies were randomly divided into 2 groups: 71 patients in the skin scraping (SS) group and 73 patients in the DS group. The diagnostic efficiencies of SS and DS in these groups were calculated. We also analyzed the influence of body part and investigator competence on the accuracy of DS. Then 16 body parts with typical signs of scabies were monitored by DS 2 and 4 day after sulfur ointment treatment. The sensitivity and specificity of DS were 98.3% and 88.5%, respectively. Hands, arms, and the abdomen had higher positivity rates than other body parts (P<0.001). The accuracy of dermatologists’ interpretations of images negative for scabies in the intermediate- and high-level groups was higher than that in the low-level group (P<0.001). At follow-up, the mites were still visible on 43.8% to 62.5% of the skin lesions 2 and 4 day after sulfur ointment treatment. These results showed that DS could significantly increase the accuracy of diagnosing scabies owing to its high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, it may be useful for monitoring clinical responses to anti-parasitic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Zeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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27
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Trane L, Scarfì F, Silvestri F, Venturi F, Pisano L, De Giorgi V. Fluorescence advanced videodermatoscopy for the rapid and safe diagnosis of misdiagnosed scabies. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 37:230-232. [PMID: 33300166 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Trane
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Scarfì
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavia Silvestri
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Venturi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Pisano
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Giorgi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Morgado-Carrasco D, Fustà-Novell X, Rizo D, Alsina M. Slowly Spreading Scabies With a Diagnosis Confirmed by Confocal Reflectance Microscopy: New Technologies for Diagnosis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020; 112:271-273. [PMID: 33130014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Morgado-Carrasco
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - X Fustà-Novell
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - D Rizo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - M Alsina
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
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Engelman D, Yoshizumi J, Hay R, Osti M, Micali G, Norton S, Walton S, Boralevi F, Bernigaud C, Bowen A, Chang A, Chosidow O, Estrada‐Chavez G, Feldmeier H, Ishii N, Lacarrubba F, Mahé A, Maurer T, Mahdi M, Murdoch M, Pariser D, Nair P, Rehmus W, Romani L, Tilakaratne D, Tuicakau M, Walker S, Wanat K, Whitfeld M, Yotsu R, Steer A, Fuller L. The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:808-820. [PMID: 32034956 PMCID: PMC7687112 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies has been limited by a lack of standardization of diagnostic methods. OBJECTIVES To develop consensus criteria for the diagnosis of common scabies that could be implemented in a variety of settings. METHODS Consensus diagnostic criteria were developed through a Delphi study with international experts. Detailed recommendations were collected from the expert panel to define the criteria features and guide their implementation. These comments were then combined with a comprehensive review of the available literature and the opinion of an expanded group of international experts to develop detailed, evidence-based definitions and diagnostic methods. RESULTS The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies include three levels of diagnostic certainty and eight subcategories. Confirmed scabies (level A) requires direct visualization of the mite or its products. Clinical scabies (level B) and suspected scabies (level C) rely on clinical assessment of signs and symptoms. Evidence-based, consensus methods for microscopy, visualization and clinical symptoms and signs were developed, along with a media library. CONCLUSIONS The 2020 IACS Criteria represent a pragmatic yet robust set of diagnostic features and methods. The criteria may be implemented in a range of research, public health and clinical settings by selecting the appropriate diagnostic levels and subcategories. These criteria may provide greater consistency and standardization for scabies diagnosis. Validation studies, development of training materials and development of survey methods are now required. What is already known about this topic? The diagnosis of scabies is limited by the lack of accurate, objective tests. Microscopy of skin scrapings can confirm the diagnosis, but it is insensitive, invasive and often impractical. Diagnosis usually relies on clinical assessment, although visualization using dermoscopy is becoming increasingly common. These diagnostic methods have not been standardized, hampering the interpretation of findings from clinical research and epidemiological surveys, and the development of scabies control strategies. What does this study add? International consensus diagnostic criteria for common scabies were developed through a Delphi study with global experts. The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria categorize diagnosis at three levels of diagnostic certainty (confirmed, clinical and suspected scabies) and eight subcategories, and can be adapted to a range of research and public health settings. Detailed definitions and figures are included to aid training and implementation. The 2020 IACS Criteria may facilitate the standardization of scabies diagnosis.
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Martínez-Pallás I, Aldea-Manrique B, Ramírez-Lluch M, Manuel Vinuesa-Hernando J, Ara-Martín M. Scabies outbreak during home confinement due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e781-e783. [PMID: 32810303 PMCID: PMC7461221 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Martínez-Pallás
- Department of Dermatology, Lozano Blesa Clinical Hospital, 15th San Juan Bosco Ave, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B Aldea-Manrique
- Department of Dermatology, Lozano Blesa Clinical Hospital, 15th San Juan Bosco Ave, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Ramírez-Lluch
- Department of Dermatology, Lozano Blesa Clinical Hospital, 15th San Juan Bosco Ave, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - M Ara-Martín
- Department of Dermatology, Lozano Blesa Clinical Hospital, 15th San Juan Bosco Ave, Zaragoza, Spain
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31
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Mass migration and climate change: Dermatologic manifestations. Int J Womens Dermatol 2020; 7:98-106. [PMID: 33537399 PMCID: PMC7838242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major changes in climate resulting in mass migrations have unique dermatologic implications for global vulnerable populations. Dermatologic manifestations commonly accompany the infectious and communicable diseases that proliferate in the settings of confinement, crowding, and limited sanitation associated with mass migration. Ectoparasitic infestations abound in refugee camps, and poor nutrition, hygiene, and compromised immunity put refugees at an increased risk for more dangerous infectious diseases carried by these ectoparasites. Climate change also profoundly affects the worldwide distribution of various vector-borne illnesses, thereby leading to the emergence of various communicable diseases in previously nonendemic areas. Natural disasters not only disrupt important lifesaving treatments, but also challenge various infectious disease control measures that are critical in preventing rapid transmission of highly infectious diseases. This article reviews the infectious diseases commonly found in these scenarios and provides an in-depth discussion of important implications for the dermatologist.
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Lacarrubba F, Borghi A, Verzì AE, Corazza M, Stinco G, Micali G. Dermoscopy of genital diseases: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2198-2207. [PMID: 32531092 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The male and female external genital regions are anatomical areas in which various types of skin disorders may occur. Although most of these conditions can be diagnosed by means of clinical examination and an accurate medical history, in most cases further investigations with time-consuming and/or invasive procedures are needed in order to reach the correct diagnosis. Dermoscopy, as a modern non-invasive tool, is able to better diagnose pigmented and non-pigmented skin tumours along with various inflammatory and infectious skin and appendage disorders. The aim of this paper was to provide a review of the use of dermoscopy in genital disorders based on published data and to include personal experience gained from real life, focusing on any possible gender difference and whether disease mucosal/semimucosal dermoscopy features may differ from those observed on the skin. In conclusion, genital dermoscopy should always be considered during clinical inspection in order to enhance the diagnosis or to rule out those conditions that may look similar but that show a different dermoscopy pattern, thus narrowing down the differential diagnoses and avoiding unnecessary invasive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lacarrubba
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Borghi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - A E Verzì
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Corazza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Stinco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Dermatology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - G Micali
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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33
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Melo ED, Ribas CBDR, Encarnação ICL. Digital dermoscopy: a complementary method in the diagnosis of scabies. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95:638-640. [PMID: 32651044 PMCID: PMC7563001 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is an ectoparasitosis caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, characterized clinically by pruritic lesions in typical locations; the crusted form is a rare manifestation. The diagnosis is usually established based on the clinical picture, but dermoscopy can be an important complementary method, as it allows the observation of a brownish triangular structure with a hang-glider appearance. A case of crusted scabies is reported; the magnification of the images obtained by digital dermoscopy allowed the demonstration of a structure usually observed only with videodermoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Dias Melo
- Teaching and Research Department, Fundação de Dermatologia Tropical e Venereologia Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Carla Barros da Rocha Ribas
- Pediatric Dermatology Clinic, Fundação de Dermatologia Tropical e Venereologia Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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34
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Cox V, Fuller LC, Engelman D, Steer A, Hay RJ. Estimating the global burden of scabies: what else do we need? Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:237-242. [PMID: 32358799 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scabies is one of the most common disorders identified in any estimate of global skin disease prevalence. Furthermore, quantifying its impact on individuals and societies has been problematic. There has been a lack of clear case definitions and laboratory tests. There have been few epidemiological studies, particularly those focusing on low-income countries, variation in prevalence within high-income countries, or estimates of the effect of scabies on health beyond the skin, such as renal disease or mental wellbeing. Economic studies are also lacking. However, the new strategy of integrating surveillance for skin Neglected Tropical Diseases may well produce advancements on these issues, in addition to providing an overarching structure for health improvement and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cox
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - L C Fuller
- International Foundation for Dermatology, London, UK.,Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Engelman
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Children's Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Steer
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Children's Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R J Hay
- International Foundation for Dermatology, London, UK.,St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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35
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Ruini C, Schuh S, Pellacani G, French L, Welzel J, Sattler E. In vivo imaging of
Sarcoptes scabiei
infestation using line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e808-e809. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ruini
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University Hospital Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
- Department of Dermatology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - S. Schuh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University Hospital Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - G. Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - L. French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University Hospital Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - J. Welzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University Hospital Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - E. Sattler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University Hospital Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
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36
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Leung AKC, Lam JM, Leong KF. Scabies: A Neglected Global Disease. Curr Pediatr Rev 2020; 16:33-42. [PMID: 31544694 DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666190717114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a skin disease caused by an obligate human parasite mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Children under the age of two and elderly individuals are at the greatest risk. Knowledge of this condition is important for an early diagnosis to be made and treatment to be initiated. OBJECTIVE The review aimed to familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of scabies. METHODS A search was conducted using Pubmed with the built-in "Clinical Queries" tool. The search term "Scabies" was used. The categories of "epidemiology", "diagnosis", "therapy", "prevention" and "prognosis" had a limited scope for primary clinical studies. Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews were included. Only papers published in the English language were included. A descriptive, narrative synthesis was provided of the retrieved articles. RESULTS Worldwide, scabies affects 200 to 300 million individuals annually. The average prevalence is estimated to be 5 to 10% in children of developing countries. Transmission usually occurs after close prolonged skin-to-skin contact. Classic scabies is characterized by an erythematous papular eruption, serpiginous burrows, and intense pruritus. Sites of predilection include the webs of the fingers, volar wrists, lateral aspects of fingers, extensor surfaces of elbows and knees, waist, navel, abdomen, buttocks, groins, and, genitals. A clinical diagnosis of classic scabies can be made on the basis of the history and clinical findings. Other clinical variants include crusted scabies, nodular scabies, and bullous scabies. Finding the mite, ova, or fecal pellets on microscopic examination of scrapings taken from skin lesions confirms the diagnosis of scabies infestation. For eradication of scabies mites, the drugs of choice are topical permethrin and oral ivermectin. CONCLUSION Scabies is a highly contagious parasitic cutaneous disease that is stigmatising and debilitating. Increased awareness, accurate diagnosis, and prompt treatment are essential for the effective control of scabies and for the prevention of the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kin F Leong
- Pediatric Institute, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Gopinath H, Karthikeyan K. Genital scabies: Haven of an unwelcome guest. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020; 41:10-16. [PMID: 33062975 PMCID: PMC7529175 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_69_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis has been a menace to humanity for ages. Diagnosing scabies can be a challenge in view of the varied presentations of the disease. The male genitalia are an important area of predilection of the mite. Examination of this often overlooked area is essential as it may reveal both characteristic and atypical manifestations of scabies. Genital involvement also attains special relevance in view of the possible sexual transmission of the mite. In addition to the morbidity caused by itching, patients may have to deal with myths, stigma, and embarrassment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Gopinath
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kaliaperumal Karthikeyan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India
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38
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Fustà-Novell X, Morgado-Carrasco D, Alejo B, Riera-Monroig J, Puig S. Diagnosis and treatment response monitoring of scabies with reflectance confocal microscopy: A diagnostic pearl. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2020; 86:101-103. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_482_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
These are cutaneous diseases caused by insects, worms, protozoa, or coelenterates which may or may not have a parasitic life. In this review the main ethological agents, clinical aspects, laboratory exams, and treatments of these dermatological diseases will be studied.
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40
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Hamm H, Stoevesandt J, Sunderkötter C. [Scabies in old age]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 52:795-807. [PMID: 31732810 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-019-01650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a frequent ectoparasitosis the prevalence of which also seems to increase in older patients. Correct and timely diagnosis of scabies in older age is hampered by atypical clinical manifestations, the potential lack of pruritus and a variety of differential diagnoses. Scabies crustosa, a highly contagious subtype due to the presence of innumerable mites, is of particular importance. It predominantly occurs in immunosuppressed patients as well as in mentally or physically disabled persons and is the most important source of scabies outbreaks in residential and nursing homes. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of scabies and the strategies for managing outbreaks with special reference to older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hamm
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland.
| | - Johanna Stoevesandt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - Cord Sunderkötter
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Deutschland
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41
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Kim JH, Cheong HK. Epidemiologic Trends and Seasonality of Scabies in South Korea, 2010-2017. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:399-404. [PMID: 31533406 PMCID: PMC6753298 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic skin infection with intense itching. Scabies infection seriously impairs quality of life, while outbreaks in medical institutions cause financial losses. This study aimed to present the annual and seasonal trend of prevalence of scabies in the national population. Scabies cases were extracted from National Health Insurance Service database and its epidemiologic characteristics were assessed. To analyze the seasonality of scabies occurrence, temperature and humidity were included in the model as weather factors, and the per capita gross national income index was adjusted. The annual prevalence by age group was 0.56-0.69 per 1,000 persons until the age of 40 years and peaked at 3.0-4.1 per 1,000 persons in the age group over 80 years. The number of women diagnosed with scabies has been consistently higher compared to that of men since 2010. Mean number of cases diagnosed as scabies was lowest in spring, approximately 4,000 cases, when the average temperature was less than 5°C at 2 months prior, whereas more than 6,000 scabies cases occurred in autumn when temperatures exceeded 25°C at 2 months prior. This study presents the epidemiological characteristics and seasonality of all cases nationwide over 8 years and will help to establish control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hae-Kwan Cheong
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
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42
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Francisco G, Eilers S, Haroon A, Virmani P, Cha J, Pappert A, Rao B. No wonder it itches: quick bedside visualization of a scabies infestation using reflectance confocal microscopy. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 45:877-879. [PMID: 30419160 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Francisco
- Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven Eilers
- Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Attiya Haroon
- Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pooja Virmani
- Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jisun Cha
- Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amy Pappert
- Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Babar Rao
- Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
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43
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Thomas C, Coates SJ, Engelman D, Chosidow O, Chang AY. Ectoparasites: Scabies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 82:533-548. [PMID: 31310840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is an ectoparasitic dermatosis caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and is a public health issue in all countries regardless of socioeconomic status. In high-income countries, delays in diagnosis can lead to institutional outbreaks; in low- and middle-income countries, poor access to health care contributes to disease undertreatment and long-term systemic sequelae. With scabies now recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization, increased awareness and systematic efforts are addressing gaps in diagnosis and treatment that impede scabies control. This review summarizes the available data and provides an update on scabies epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and public health considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Thomas
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Coates
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel Engelman
- International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville, Australia; Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville, Australia.
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44
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Engelman D, Cantey PT, Marks M, Solomon AW, Chang AY, Chosidow O, Enbiale W, Engels D, Hay RJ, Hendrickx D, Hotez PJ, Kaldor JM, Kama M, Mackenzie CD, McCarthy JS, Martin DL, Mengistu B, Maurer T, Negussu N, Romani L, Sokana O, Whitfeld MJ, Fuller LC, Steer AC. The public health control of scabies: priorities for research and action. Lancet 2019; 394:81-92. [PMID: 31178154 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic disease of the skin that disproportionately affects disadvantaged populations. The disease causes considerable morbidity and leads to severe bacterial infection and immune-mediated disease. Scientific advances from the past 5 years suggest that scabies is amenable to population-level control, particularly through mass drug administration. In recognition of these issues, WHO added scabies to the list of neglected tropical diseases in 2017. To develop a global control programme, key operational research questions must now be addressed. Standardised approaches to diagnosis and methods for mapping are required to further understand the burden of disease. The safety of treatments for young children, including with ivermectin and moxidectin, should be investigated. Studies are needed to inform optimum implementation of mass treatment, including the threshold for intervention, target, dosing, and frequency. Frameworks for surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation of control strategies are also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Engelman
- Tropical Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul T Cantey
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France
| | - Wendemagegn Enbiale
- Department of Dermatovenerology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dirk Engels
- Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases, Switzerland
| | - Roderick J Hay
- Department of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Hendrickx
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter J Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John M Kaldor
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike Kama
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghoefer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Toby Maurer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lucia Romani
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Margot J Whitfeld
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L Claire Fuller
- Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK; International Foundation for Dermatology, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Tropical Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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45
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46
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Gaitanis G, Voulgari P, Bassukas I. Image Gallery: Capillaroscopy for noninvasive scabies diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:e133. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Gaitanis
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Health Sciences; University Ioannina Medical School - Skin & Venereal Diseases; University of Ioannina; University Campus Ioannina Ioannina GR-45110 Greece
| | - P.V. Voulgari
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Health Sciences; University Ioannina Medical School - Skin & Venereal Diseases; University of Ioannina; University Campus Ioannina Ioannina GR-45110 Greece
| | - I.D. Bassukas
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Health Sciences; University Ioannina Medical School - Skin & Venereal Diseases; University of Ioannina; University Campus Ioannina Ioannina GR-45110 Greece
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47
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Verzì AE, Lacarrubba F, Dinotta F, Micali G. Dermatoscopy of Parasitic and Infectious Disorders. Dermatol Clin 2018; 36:349-358. [PMID: 30201144 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of dermatoscopy in the diagnosis and management of parasitic and infectious skin disorders has been defined as entodermoscopy, and several studies have confirmed its advantages in dermatology. Dermatoscopic patterns of several parasitic, viral, and fungal skin infections have been identified and herein described. A noninvasive, fast, and accurate diagnosis plays an important role in containing the spread of contagious skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Elisa Verzì
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacarrubba
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Franco Dinotta
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Micali
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy.
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48
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Lacarrubba F, Ardigò M, Di Stefani A, Verzì AE, Micali G. Dermatoscopy and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Correlations in Nonmelanocytic Disorders. Dermatol Clin 2018; 36:487-501. [PMID: 30201157 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dermatoscopy and in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy are noninvasive techniques that provide a horizontal approach, with an en face view of the skin structures. Both techniques assist in the clinical diagnosis of a variety of inflammatory and infectious cutaneous disorders. In many cases, they have shown concordance. Their combined use represents, in several instances, a promising option to reach the final diagnosis without the need for invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lacarrubba
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy.
| | - Marco Ardigò
- Department of Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Elisa Verzì
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Micali
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
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49
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Abdel-Latif AA, Elshahed AR, Salama OA, Mohamed L. E. Comparing the diagnostic properties of skin scraping, adhesive tape, and dermoscopy in diagnosing scabies. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2018. [PMID: 29945263 DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Engelman D, Steer AC. Diagnosis, treatment, and control of scabies: can we do better? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:822-823. [PMID: 30068496 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Engelman
- Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; International Alliance for the Control of Scabies
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; International Alliance for the Control of Scabies.
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