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Damodar T, Dunai C, Prabhu N, Jose M, Akhila L, Kinhal UV, Anusha Raj K, Marate S, Lalitha AV, Dsouza FS, Sajjan SV, Gowda VK, Basavaraja GV, Singh B, Prathyusha PV, Tharmaratnam K, Ravi V, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Solomon T, Turtle L, Yadav R, Michael BD, Mani RS. Diagnostic markers of acute encephalitis syndrome and COVID-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children from Southern India. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29666. [PMID: 38738569 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in children poses a significant public health challenge in India. This study aims to explore the utility of host inflammatory mediators and neurofilament (NfL) levels in distinguishing etiologies, assessing disease severity, and predicting outcomes in AES. We assessed 12 mediators in serum (n = 58) and 11 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (n = 42) from 62 children with AES due to scrub typhus, viral etiologies, and COVID-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in Southern India. Additionally, NfL levels in serum (n = 20) and CSF (n = 18) were examined. Clinical data, including Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and Liverpool outcome scores, were recorded. Examining serum and CSF markers in the three AES etiology groups revealed notable distinctions, with scrub typhus differing significantly from viral and MIS-C causes. Viral causes had elevated serum CCL11 and CCL2 compared with scrub typhus, while MIS-C cases showed higher HGF levels than scrub typhus. However, CSF analysis showed a distinct pattern with the scrub typhus group exhibiting elevated levels of IL-1RA, IL-1β, and TNF compared with MIS-C, and lower CCL2 levels compared with the viral group. Modeling the characteristic features, we identified that age ≥3 years with serum CCL11 < 180 pg/mL effectively distinguished scrub typhus from other AES causes. Elevated serum CCL11, HGF, and IL-6:IL-10 ratio were associated with poor outcomes (p = 0.038, 0.005, 0.02). Positive CSF and serum NfL correlation, and negative GCS and serum NfL correlation were observed. Median NfL levels were higher in children with abnormal admission GCS and poor outcomes. Measuring immune mediators and brain injury markers in AES provides valuable diagnostic insights, with the potential to facilitate rapid diagnosis and prognosis. The correlation between CSF and serum NfL, along with distinctive serum cytokine profiles across various etiologies, indicates the adequacy of blood samples alone for assessment and monitoring. The association of elevated levels of CCL11, HGF, and an increased IL-6:IL-10 ratio with adverse outcomes suggests promising avenues for therapeutic exploration, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Damodar
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Cordelia Dunai
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Namratha Prabhu
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Maria Jose
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - L Akhila
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Uddhava V Kinhal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - K Anusha Raj
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Srilatha Marate
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - A V Lalitha
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, St John's Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Sushma Veeranna Sajjan
- Department of Pediatrics, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Vykuntaraju K Gowda
- Department of Pediatrics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - G V Basavaraja
- Department of Pediatrics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Bhagteshwar Singh
- Tropical & Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - P V Prathyusha
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Tom Solomon
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Pandemic Institute, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Neurology, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Benedict D Michael
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Pandemic Institute, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Neurology, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Shingu M, Fujishima C, Hara S, Nishioka H. Japanese spotted fever complicated by acute sensorineural hearing loss. J Infect Chemother 2024:S1341-321X(24)00104-1. [PMID: 38599283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Japanese spotted fever is an emerging rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia japonica and is characterized by high fever, rash, and eschar formation. Other symptoms are often vague and nonspecific and include headaches, nausea, vomiting, and myalgia. We present a case of a 46-year-old woman with Japanese spotted fever, complicated by transient bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and presenting cutaneous IgM/IgG immune complex vasculitis. The patient was admitted with a history of several days of high fever, generalized skin erythema, and hearing impairment. Laboratory findings revealed thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzyme and C-reactive protein levels. Pure-tone audiometry revealed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, and a skin biopsy revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis with deposition of C3 and IgM on the vessel walls. Under the tentative diagnosis of rickettsiosis, scrub typhus, or Japanese spotted fever, the patient was treated with minocycline, and her symptoms improved within approximately 10 days. A definitive diagnosis was made on the basis of a serological test showing increased antibody levels against Rickettsia japonica. Japanese spotted fever can cause transient sensorineural hearing loss, a rare complication that presents with cutaneous IgM/IgG immune complex vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Shingu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1 Minami-machi, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chieko Fujishima
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1 Minami-machi, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hara
- Department of Pathology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1 Minami-machi, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishioka
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1 Minami-machi, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
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Datta AK, Mukherjee A, Biswas A. Post-Infective Rhombencephalitis with Bilateral Olivary Hypertrophic Degeneration. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2024; 27:210-212. [PMID: 38751909 PMCID: PMC11093165 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_931_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amlan K. Datta
- Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Adreesh Mukherjee
- Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Chunduru K, A R M, Poornima S, Hande H M, Devaki R, Varghese GM, Saravu K. Clinical, laboratory profile and molecular characterization of Orientia tsutsugamushi among fatal scrub typhus patients from Karnataka, India. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:220-229. [PMID: 38069822 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2290106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrub typhus is a vector-borne infection caused by the obligate intracellular organism Orientia tsutsugamushi. In some cases, scrub typhus can result in severe complications, multiorgan failure and death. OBJECTIVE To study the clinical and laboratory profiles of patients who succumbed to scrub typhus. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted from August 2019 through April 2023 on scrub typhus patients admitted to our hospital. Clinical and laboratory parameters of all the patients were recorded, and blood samples were drawn. To confirm scrub typhus, a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was performed in collected samples. Viable amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify infecting genotypes. RESULTS A total of 261 patients were enrolled. Of these, nine (3.45%) patients succumbed at a median (Interquartile Range) duration of 5 (1.5, 10.5) days after admission. Sepsis with septic shock (9, 100%) and acute kidney injury (AKI) (6, 66%) were noted among the succumbed patients. All the succumbed patients (100%) required intensive care admission, inotropic and ventilatory support. While 5 (55%) patients required dialysis, two (22%) required blood transfusion. Three (33%) patient samples were co-positive for Leptospira IgM, and four (44%) patients had superinfection with Candida tropicalis, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) E. Coli sepsis, pan drug-resistant (PDR) Acinetobacter Baumanii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed Orientia tsutsugamushi Japanese Gilliam-variant (JG-v) like (50%), Karp-like (37.5%), and Japanese Gilliam (JG) like (12.5%) strains among succumbed patients. CONCLUSION Delay in scrub typhus diagnosis can result in severe complications, septic shock, and multisystem organ failure, culminating in death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Chunduru
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Manoj A R
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhadra Poornima
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Life Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manjunatha Hande H
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramakrishna Devaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, LB Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - George M Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Han S, Yang S, Wang Y, Xu Y. Case Report: Encephalitis with Initial Manifestation of Orientia Tsutsugamushi Infection Detected by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:749-760. [PMID: 38433784 PMCID: PMC10906725 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s450693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is characterized by fever, eschars, lymphadenopathy, and rash. The absence of eschars in some cases makes it difficult to distinguish it from other diseases, complicating the diagnosis process. Atypical Scrub typhus is difficult to diagnose and often leads to delayed treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment through effective detection methods have high clinical value. Here, a case of scrub typhus with encephalitis symptoms is reported. Patients and Methods A 64-year-old man and mNGS testing. Results A 64-year-old man developed cough, headache, and fever, dismissing it as a respiratory tract infection. Initial treatment with cephalosporin antibiotics had minimal effect. Admission to the respiratory department showed inflammation in blood tests. Subsequent CT and further treatment provided no improvement. Multidisciplinary discussions and neurology department guidance were conducted to consider the suspected diagnosis of encephalitis in the patient. After improving the mNGS detection, the patient was diagnosed with "Orientia tsutsugamushi encephalitis". After treatment with doxycycline, the patient's symptoms were alleviated. He remained afebrile in follow-up and adhered well to medical advice. Conclusion Our case demonstrates that it is difficult to distinguish Orientia tsutsugamushi encephalitis from central nervous system infectious diseases such as meningitis and encephalitis using conventional diagnostic methods, which may affect the treatment plan for the disease. mNGS is a useful and valuable method for early diagnosis of scrub typhus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suge Yang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People’s Republic of China
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Thiriot JD, Liang Y, Gonzales C, Sun J, Yu X, Soong L. Differential cellular immune responses against Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp and Gilliam strains following acute infection in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011445. [PMID: 38091346 PMCID: PMC10752558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus is a leading cause of febrile illness in endemic countries due to infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot), a seriously understudied intracellular bacterium. Pulmonary involvement associated with vascular parasitism in patients is common and can develop into life threatening interstitial pneumonia. The diverse antigenicity of Ot genotypes and inter-strain differences in genome content are connected to varied virulence and clinical outcomes; however, detailed studies of strain-related pulmonary immune responses in human patients or small animal models of infection are lacking. In this study, we have used two clinically prevalent bacterial strains (Karp and Gilliam) to reveal cellular immune responses in inflamed lungs and potential biomarkers of disease severity. The results demonstrate that outbred CD-1 mice are highly susceptible to both Karp and Gilliam strains; however, C57BL/6 (B6) mice were susceptible to Karp, but resistant to Gilliam (with self-limiting infection), corresponding to their tissue bacterial burdens and lung pathological changes. Multicolor flow cytometric analyses of perfused B6 mouse lungs revealed robust and sustained influx and activation of innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells), followed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, during Karp infection, but such responses were greatly attenuated during Gilliam infection. The robust cellular responses in Karp-infected B6 mice positively correlated with significantly early and high levels of serum cytokine/chemokine protein levels (CXCL1, CCL2/3/5, and G-CSF), as well as pulmonary gene expression (Cxcl1/2, Ccl2/3/4, and Ifng). In vitro infection of B6 mouse-derived primary macrophages also revealed bacterial strain-dependent immune gene expression profiles. This study provided the lines of evidence that highlighted differential tissue cellular responses against Karp vs. Gilliam infection, offering a framework for future investigation of Ot strain-related mechanisms of disease pathogenesis vs. infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Thiriot
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Casey Gonzales
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Liang Y, Aditi, Onyoni F, Wang H, Gonzales C, Sunyakumthorn P, Wu P, Samir P, Soong L. Brain transcriptomics reveal the activation of neuroinflammation pathways during acute Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194881. [PMID: 37426673 PMCID: PMC10326051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus, an acute febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot), is prevalent in endemic areas with one million new cases annually. Clinical observations suggest central nervous system (CNS) involvement in severe scrub typhus cases. Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) associated with Ot infection is a major public health problem; however, the underlying mechanisms of neurological disorder remain poorly understood. By using a well-established murine model of severe scrub typhus and brain RNA-seq, we studied the brain transcriptome dynamics and identified the activated neuroinflammation pathways. Our data indicated a strong enrichment of several immune signaling and inflammation-related pathways at the onset of disease and prior to host death. The strongest upregulation of expression included genes involved in interferon (IFN) responses, defense response to bacteria, immunoglobulin-mediated immunity, IL-6/JAK-STAT signaling, and TNF signaling via NF-κB. We also found a significant increase in the expression of core genes related to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and dysregulation in severe Ot infection. Brain tissue immunostaining and in vitro infection of microglia revealed microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine production, suggesting a crucial role of microglia in neuroinflammation during scrub typhus. This study provides new insights into neuroinflammation in scrub typhus, highlighting the impact of excessive IFN responses, microglial activation, and BBB dysregulation on disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Aditi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Florence Onyoni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Casey Gonzales
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Piyanate Sunyakumthorn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (United States MD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Lamichhane S, Achhami E, Mahaju S, Gautam R, Adhikari A. A case of acute encephalitis syndrome and cranial nerve palsy secondary to scrub typhus: A rare presentation from Western Nepal. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7376. [PMID: 37215963 PMCID: PMC10196419 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message This case report highlights the importance of considering scrub typhus as a differential diagnosis for acute encephalitis with cranial nerve palsy in the region of the tsutsugamushi triangle. Abstract Scrub typhus is a zoonotic rickettsiosis caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. This disease is endemic to a region called the tsutsugamushi triangle that extends from Southeast Asia to the Pacific Ocean. We report a 17-year-old girl from western Nepal who presented with fever, headache, vomiting, and altered sensorium, as well as bilateral lateral rectus palsy, dysphagia, regurgitation of food, dysarthria, and left-sided upper motor neuron type facial palsy. Following laboratory and imaging tests, the patient was diagnosed with scrub typhus and was treated successfully with high-dose dexamethasone and doxycycline. This case highlights the importance of considering scrub typhus in the differential diagnosis of encephalitis with cranial nerve palsy, especially in the region of the tsutsugamushi triangle. It also emphasizes the need for timely diagnosis and treatment of scrub typhus to prevent the development of various complications and ensure earlier recovery of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliz Achhami
- Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease HospitalKathmanduNepal
| | - Satyam Mahaju
- Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease HospitalKathmanduNepal
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Cente M, Danchenko M, Skultety L, Filipcik P, Sekeyova Z. Rickettsia Deregulates Genes Coding for the Neurotoxic Cell Response Pathways in Cerebrocortical Neurons In Vitro. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091235. [PMID: 37174635 PMCID: PMC10177168 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsial infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are manifested by severe neurological symptoms and represent a serious life-threatening condition. Despite the considerable health danger, only a few studies have been conducted focusing on the pathogenesis induced by Rickettsia sp. in CNS. To investigate the signaling pathways associated with the neurotoxic effects of rickettsiae, we employed an experimental model of cerebrocortical neurons combined with molecular profiling and comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. The cytopathic effect induced by Rickettsia akari and Rickettsia slovaca was demonstrated by decreased neuronal viability, structural changes in cell morphology, and extensive fragmentation of neurites in vitro. Targeted profiling revealed the deregulation of genes involved in the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic cell response pathways. Although quantitative analysis showed differences in gene expression response, functional annotation revealed that the biological processes are largely shared between both Rickettsia species. The identified enriched pathways are associated with cytokine signaling, chemotaxis of immune cells, responses to infectious agents, interactions between neurons, endothelial and glial cells, and regulation of neuronal apoptotic processes. The findings of our study provide new insight into the etiopathogenesis of CNS infection and further expand the understanding of molecular signaling associated with neuroinvasive Rickettsia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cente
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Danchenko
- Department of Rickettsiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Skultety
- Department of Rickettsiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Filipcik
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Sekeyova
- Department of Rickettsiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wang G, Fu R, Zhang L, Xue L, Al-Mahdi AY, Xie X, Qin A, Tang C, Du J, Huang Y, Wang Y, Su J, Huang S, Peng R, Lu Z, An J, Sun C, Yang H, He C, Yuen KY, Chan JFW, Du Y, Xiao M, Sun L, Yin F. Genomic bacterial load associated with bacterial genotypes and clinical characteristics in patients with scrub typhus in Hainan Island, Southern China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011243. [PMID: 37083859 PMCID: PMC10155967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus, caused by mite-borne Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi), is a major febrile disease in the Asia-Pacific region. The DNA load of O. tsutsugamushi in the blood was previously found to be significantly higher in patients with fatal disease than those with non-fatal disease and correlated with the duration of illness, presence of eschar, and hepatic enzyme levels. In this prospective observation study, we analyzed the association of bacterial DNA load with clinical features, disease severity, and genotype using real-time PCR targeting the 56 kDa TSA gene of O. tsutsugamushi in the blood samples of 117 surviving patients with scrub typhus who had not received appropriate antibiotic treatment. The median O. tsutsugamushi DNA load was 3.11×103 copies/mL (range, 44 to 3.3×106 copies/mL). The severity of patients was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe based on the number of dysfunctional organs, and no significant difference in O. tsutsugamushi DNA load was found among these groups. Patients infected with the Karp group showed a significantly higher O. tsutsugamushi DNA load than those in the Gilliam (P < 0.05) and TA763 (P < 0.01) groups. Patients belonging to the Li ethnic group showed a significantly higher DNA load than those in the Han ethnic groups. The blood bacterial DNA load of patients showed no significant difference between groups divided by gender, age, with or without eschar, or the season of disease onset. The highest body temperature recorded during fever onset was positively correlated with O. tsutsugamushi DNA load (ρ = 0.272, P = 0.022). Correlation analyses indicated that the serum total bilirubin level was positively correlated with O. tsutsugamushi DNA load. In conclusion, the findings in this study demonstrated the association of DNA load of O. tsutsugamushi with the severity and genotype in patients with scrub typhus in Hainan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyu Wang
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
| | - Ruijia Fu
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Liying Xue
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
| | | | - Xiaofei Xie
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
| | - Aiping Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanning Tang
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
| | - Yueping Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, the First affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Su
- Department of Infectious Disease, the First affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shengkai Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, the First affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ruoyan Peng
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Changjia Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Changhua He
- Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongguo Du
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Meifang Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
- Faculty of medicine, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, the First affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Feifei Yin
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University; Haikou, China
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11
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Kim J, Seok H, Jeon JH, Choi WS, Seo GH, Park DW. Association of scrub typhus with incidence of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Korea. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:127. [PMID: 36859244 PMCID: PMC9976677 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrub typhus is a mite-borne infectious rickettsial disease that can occur in rural and urban areas, with an especially high prevalence in older populations. This disease causes systemic vasculitis that can invade the central nervous system. Considering these characteristics, here we examined whether scrub typhus was associated with the occurrence of dementia, using large population-based cohort data. METHOD This population-based cohort study enrolled patients aged 60-89 years using data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment database of South Korea between 2009 and 2018. We defined scrub typhus and dementia using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition diagnostic codes. The control group was stratified according to age and sex at a ratio of 1:5 to the case group in the study population. The index date was set after 90 days beyond the date of the scrub typhus diagnosis, while the observation period was from the time of the index appointment to December 31, 2020. The primary outcome was newly diagnosed dementia. The secondary outcome was dementia classification, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and other. All analyses were conducted by matching age, gender, and comorbidity. RESULTS During the observation period, 10,460 of 71,047 (14.7%) people who had a history of scrub typhus versus 42,965 of 355,235 (12.1%) people in the control group, that is, with no history of scrub typhus, were diagnosed with dementia (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.15, p < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier curves for time to cumulative incidence of dementia showed that the dementia incidence in both groups increased over time, while individuals with a past history of scrub typhus had a higher incidence of dementia than the control group. Second, the risk of Alzheimer's disease was significantly higher among patients with a history of scrub typhus (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval 1.13-1.18, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, a history of scrub typhus infection in old age is significantly associated with an increase in dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease. Our results suggest that prevention and appropriate treatment of scrub typhus should be emphasized as a dementia prevention measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyun Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123 Jeukgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan, 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Seok
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123 Jeukgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan, 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeon
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123 Jeukgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan, 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123 Jeukgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan, 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hyeon Seo
- Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, 60 Hyeoksin-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26465, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Won Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123 Jeukgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Imaging of Uncommon Bacterial, Rickettsia, Spirochete, and Fungal Infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2023; 33:83-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Alam AM, Gillespie CS, Goodall J, Damodar T, Turtle L, Vasanthapuram R, Solomon T, Michael BD. Neurological manifestations of scrub typhus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and case fatality. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010952. [PMID: 36441812 PMCID: PMC9731453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrub typhus has become a leading cause of central nervous system (CNS) infection in endemic regions. As a treatable condition, prompt recognition is vital. However, few studies have focused on describing the symptomology and outcomes of neurological scrub typhus infection. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to report the clinical features and case fatality ratio (CFR) in patients with CNS scrub typhus infection. METHODS A search and analysis plan was published in PROSPERO [ID 328732]. A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus was performed and studies describing patients with CNS manifestations of proven scrub typhus infection were included. The outcomes studied were weighted pooled prevalence (WPP) of clinical features during illness and weighted CFR. RESULTS Nineteen studies with 1,221 (656 adults and 565 paediatric) patients were included. The most common clinical features in CNS scrub typhus were those consistent with non-specific acute encephalitis syndromes (AES), such as fever (WPP 100.0% [99.5%-100.0%, I2 = 47.8%]), altered sensorium (67.4% [54.9-78.8%, I2 = 93.3%]), headache (65.0% [51.5-77.6%, I2 = 95.1%]) and neck stiffness 56.6% (29.4-80.4%, I2 = 96.3%). Classical features of scrub typhus were infrequently identified; an eschar was found in only 20.8% (9.8%-34.3%, I2 = 95.4%) and lymphadenopathy in 24.1% (95% CI 11.8% - 38.9%, I2 = 87.8%). The pooled CFR (95% CI) was 3.6% (1.5%- 6.4%, I2 = 67.3%). Paediatric cohorts had a CFR of 6.1% (1.9-12.1%, I2 = 77%) whilst adult cohorts reported 2.6% (0.7-5.3%, I2 = 43%). CONCLUSION Our meta-analyses illustrate that 3.6% of patients with CNS manifestations of scrub typhus die. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for scrub typhus in patients presenting with AES in endemic regions and consider starting empiric treatment whilst awaiting results of investigations, even in the absence of classical signs such as an eschar or lymphadenopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Alam
- Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Conor S. Gillespie
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Goodall
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Damodar
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Lance Turtle
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Pandemic Institute, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Vasanthapuram
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Tom Solomon
- The Pandemic Institute, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict D. Michael
- Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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14
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Ghosh R, Mandal A, León-Ruiz M, Roy D, Das S, Dubey S, Benito-León J. Rare neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of scrub typhus: a case series of 10 cases. Neurologia 2022:S2173-5808(22)00081-5. [PMID: 35907627 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scrub typhus is a potentially life-threatening but curable disease that can produce multi-organ failure. Neurological manifestations in scrub typhus have gained attention recently, where the entire neural axis except the myoneural junction can be involved. Although the pathogenesis of neurological involvement has not been established, immune-mediated mechanisms are suspected. This article reports the clinicopathological features of scrub typhus cases presenting several rare neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations. METHODS Three hundred fifty-four serologically confirmed scrub typhus cases were admitted to the Department of General Medicine of Burdwan Medical College and Hospital (West Bengal, India) between May 2018 and May 2022. There were 50 patients who had predominantly neurological manifestations. Of these 50 cases, ten patients presented with extremely rare neurological manifestations. RESULTS We report 10 cases of scrub typhus (four men and six women) who presented with complex neurological pictures (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Opalski syndrome, parkinsonism, cerebellitis, isolated opsoclonus, acute transverse myelitis, myositis, polyradiculoneuropathy with cranial neuropathy, acute transient behavioral changes, and fibromyalgia). Immune-mediated mechanisms might have mediated the pathogenesis of most cases following scrub typhus infection. CONCLUSION From a clinicopathological point of view, each case was unique in its presentation and treatment response. In any acute onset neurological disorders associated with febrile illness in the tropics or subtropics, scrub typhus infection should be included in the differential diagnosis, despite the absence of eschar and unremarkable neuroimaging findings. This otherwise curable disease may result in multi-organ dysfunction syndrome and death if the diagnosis is delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Ghosh
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpan Mandal
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Moisés León-Ruiz
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital "La Paz", Madrid, Spain
| | - Dipayan Roy
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Humanities, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shambaditya Das
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Dubey
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Majumder S, Samanta M, Sinha Mahapatra TK. Acute demyelination of the medulla oblongata owing to scrub typhus in a 7-year-old boy: case report. Paediatr Int Child Health 2022; 42:48-51. [PMID: 35132943 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2022.2035622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ADEM: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PGCS: paediatric Glasgow coma scale; PICU: paediatric intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinanda Majumder
- Academic Junior resident, Department of Paediatrics, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Moumita Samanta
- Associate professor, Department of Paediatrics, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Sinha Mahapatra
- Professor and Head of the department, Department of Paediatrics, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
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16
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Nagarajan B, Kumar P, Sudeep K, Suthar R, Biswal M, Muralidharan J, Sankhyan N, Lal V. Optic Neuritis, Miller Fisher Syndrome, and Guillain Barre Syndrome Overlap Secondary to Scrub Typhus in a North Indian Girl. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:958-959. [PMID: 36561036 PMCID: PMC9764917 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_176_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - K.C Sudeep
- Pediatric Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Renu Suthar
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Renu Suthar, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Unit, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. E-mail:
| | | | - Jayashree Muralidharan
- Pediatric Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naveen Sankhyan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Lal
- Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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17
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Behera B, Satapathy AK, Ranjan J, Chandrasekar S, Patel S, Mishra B, Mahapatro S, Das RR. Profile of Scrub Typhus Meningitis/Meningoencephalitis in Children with and without Scrub Typhus IgM Antibody in CSF. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2021; 12:786-791. [PMID: 34737516 PMCID: PMC8559072 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1734003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article was to study the spectrum of scrub typhus meningitis/meningoencephalitis (STM) cases in children. Children ≤14 years of age with acute undifferentiated febrile illness were included. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was done in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with suspected STM. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory details were expressed as descriptive statistics. Factors associated with neurological involvement were identified on univariate analysis. A total of 76 children had ST during the study period (meningitis/meningoencephalitis = 8 [10.5%], of which 5 [62.5%] had detectable ST IgM antibodies in CSF). The included children were 4 to 12 years of age with boys > girls. Headache and vomiting were common in those with STM, whereas hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia were common in those without STM. All children with STM recovered with sequelae in one child (right lateral rectus palsy). There was no mortality. STM has an incidence of 10.5% in children with ST from Eastern India. Headache and vomiting were significant predictors of STM, whereas hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia were significant predictor of non-STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijayini Behera
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Kumar Satapathy
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jai Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shyam Chandrasekar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subhakanta Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Baijayantimala Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Samarendra Mahapatro
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Das
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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18
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Mukhopadhyay K, Chakrabarty S, Chatterjee C, Misra SC. Mortality and complications of scrub typhus in the paediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1234-1246. [PMID: 34595519 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus is a leading cause of treatable febrile illness. It can produce complications and dysfunction of multiple organs in children and is associated with considerable mortality. We attempted to perform a systematic review of original articles published between 1990 to 2020 based on certain selection criteria to estimate the case fatality risk of this disease in children. We addressed the pattern of complications of this disease with its impact on mortality We calculated pooled prevalence with a random effects model (restricted maximum likelihood method) that assumed varying effect sizes between studies using R statistical software. We reported the case fatality rate and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the pooled analysis. Thirty-seven articles with a total of 3329 children were identified for inclusion. The case fatality rate was 1.1% (CI 0.05 to 2, I2=58% and prediction interval 0-6%). The mortality rate showed a declining trend over the last 5 y. Hepatitis (30.68% [95% CI 18.52 to 44.38]) remains the most common complication, followed by shock (14.45% [95% CI 7.71 to 22.85]), pneumonia (14.71% [95% CI 9.76 to 20.48]), acute kidney injury (13.72% [95% CI 8.49 to 19.97]) and meningitis/meningoencephalitis (11.57% [95% CI 7.83 to 15.92]). Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome was the main contributor to mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mukhopadhyay
- Pharmacology, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Diamond Harbour Road, Joka, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India
| | - Samir Chakrabarty
- General Medicine, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Diamond Harbour Road, Joka, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandan Chatterjee
- Pharmacology, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Diamond Harbour Road, Joka, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India
| | - Saheli Chatterjee Misra
- Pediatrics, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Diamond Harbour Road, Joka, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India
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19
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Garg D, Manesh A. Neurological facets of scrub typhus: A comprehensive narrative review. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:849-864. [PMID: 35359522 PMCID: PMC8965938 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_739_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus is one of the most frequent causes of acute febrile illness in South and South-east Asian countries. Neurological features accompany 20% of scrub typhus infections, and may affect the central or peripheral nervous system, and sometime, may even occur in combination. Of late, its recognition among clinicians has increased with widening detection of its cutaneous hallmark, called eschar. Multiple mechanisms underlie neurological involvement, including direct invasion (meningitis, encephalitis), vasculitis (myositis) or immune-mediated mechanisms (opsoclonus, myoclonus, optic neuritis, Guillain–Barre syndrome). Despite an immunological basis for several neurological manifestations, response to doxycycline is remarkable, although immune therapy may be necessary for severe involvement. Scientific literature on scrub typhus neurology chiefly emanates from case reports, case series and small studies, and a comprehensive review is warranted to aid clinicians in recognising neurological involvement. This review aims at enriching this gap, and summarises clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment options for various neurological facets of scrub typhus.
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